Uluslararası Liderlik Çalışmaları Dergisi: Kuram ve Uygulama (International Journal of Leadership Studies: Theory and Practice)

4(3), 163-178.

Received Date (Başvuru Tarihi): 06.08.2021 Accepted Date (Kabul Tarihi): 01.09.2021
Article Type (Makale Türü): Research Article / Araştırma Makalesi

doi: 10.52848/ijls.892827
Citation Information: Farooq, M., & Ahmed, R. (2021). Classroom management practices and learners’
academic achievement in public secondary schools in Rubaga division, Kampala-Uganda. International Journal
of Leadership Studies: Theory and Practice, 4(3), 163-178. doi: 10.52848/ijls.892827

CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND LEARNERS’ ACADEMIC

ACHIEVEMENT IN PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN RUBAGA DIVISION,
KAMPALA-UGANDA
Miiro FAROOQ1 & Rahma AHMED2

Abstract
The research evaluated three subconstructs of classroom management namely classroom organization, classroom discipline
and classroom instructional methods as predictors of learners’ academic achievement. To attain the goal of this research, two
hundred fifty-five (N=255) respondents randomly chosen from two public secondary schools participated in this study. Data
was collected from the volunteer using 29 items adopted and adapted from the previous studies analyzed on this subject. A
five- point likert scale oscillating from strongly agree (1), to strongly disagree (5) was employed in this study. Simple and
multiple linear regression technique was used in data analysis. The research findings generated from the empirical cross-
sectional survey using simple linear regression indicated that classroom organization offered a prediction rate of .041% on
learners’ academic achievement hence no significant relationship (.514). However, the other two sub variables namely
classroom discipline and classroom instructional methods were significant (.000). Classroom discipline contributed .59% and
classroom instructional methods was .56% towards learners’ academic achievement. Using multiple linear regression, the
results further revealed that the model of classroom management and learners’ academic achievement deemed fit for the data
and represent the intention of the study well.
Keywords: Classroom Management, Classroom Organization, Classroom Discipline, Classroom İnstructional Methods,
Learners’ Academic Achievement.

Introduction
Of recent, numerous studies towards the concept of learner’s academic achievement has been
going on among scholars and implementers of educational management practices. Their findings have
caused an intense debate on what learner’s academic achievement should entail. For instance; some
state learner’s academic achievement as learners’ academic performance, students’ achievement,
students’ engagement, or students’ responsibility. However, studies arrived at certain sub-variables “in
common” depending on the methodology of data analysis. There is however no unanimous agreement
in their findings on what variables should specifically measure and determine in regards to learners’
academic achievement. This hence forms a strong background for carrying out a further study in the
area of predicting learners’ academic achievement with an aim establishing the current situation in
Rubaga Division, Kampala, Uganda.

1Dr., Department of Educational Management and Administration, Faculty of Education Islamic University in Uganda, E-
mail: [email protected], ORCID: 0000-0002-1369-7535
2Doctoral Student, Department of Educational Management and Administration, Faculty of Education Islamic University in
Uganda, E-mail: [email protected], ORCID: 0000-0003-3205-9827

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According to Narad & Abdullah (2016), academic achievement can be defined as the
knowledge gained after assessment has been done by a teacher to meet educational goals as enshrined
in the curriculum for a fixed time period. Meanwhile, for these goals to be achieved, it requires
continuous assessment or examination results. Academic achievement of students, is not only a guide
to the efficacy of a specific school, but also a significant determinant of the future of young people in
particular and the nation at large. Learner’s outcomes have become a common subject of discussion in
all fields of education because they are important for the future state of a particular nation and thus
causing scholars to carryout numerous studies to unravel factors that militate against good academic
achievement Sunday-Piaro (2018).
Since academic achievement of learners has attracted attention of scholars, parents,
policymakers and planners all over the world, Adeyemo (2012), asserts that, the school's primary aim
is to help learners achieve academic excellence. Therefore, the school may have other peripheral
targets, but priority should be put on sound scholarship achievement. In addition, nearly all stake
holders associated with education strive for academic achievement with outstanding academic
achievement of children.
It can however be noted that, the factors that have an effect on students' academic achievement
at secondary school level are not decisively recognized. They could be many in nature given the
divergence of opinions among different scholars of educational management. Some of the influencing
factors include students’ exceptions towards school, interest in learning environment, study
understanding, civic responsibility, self-discipline, building student's capacity, and self-motivation.
In addition, the academic achievements of learners are affected by various factors relevant
from one context to another. Socioeconomic status, academic institutional structures and individual
student characteristics are the large dimensions of such variables. Ganyaupfu (2013) declares that the
teaching methods used by teachers in conducting their lessons have a positive effect on students'
academic achievement, Hakizimana (2016) maintains that student academic success is a phenomenon
with educational, psychological and sociological connotations. As a consequence, academic
achievement cannot be entirely described by either one or two factors, but rather by a mixture of them.
Inclusive among which are classroom management practices. Since learners’ academic achievement
depends on a number of variables, classroom management practices could be enhanced through
identifying and manipulating each of such variables.
Classroom management is a key determinant factor for child upbringing in terms of academic
excellence and moral uprightness. To achieve academic excellence and moral uprightness schools
must ensure that there is a conducive, adequate and sustainable friendly classroom environment which
enables both learners and instructors to interact freely. It is therefore implying that classroom
environment plays a key role in the education sector. For quality achievement and good marketing
strategy, the School Heads need to equip their school with modern and standardized systems that make
classrooms a pleasant place for learners’ academic achievement. Several scholars define classroom
management as indicated below.
Classroom management does not only imply avoiding chaotic environment but also includes
establishment of an enabling situation that facilitates both teaching and learning (Nwankwo, Matthew
& Christina, 2019; Oliver, Wehby & Reschly 2011). It may also mean the efficient and effective way
of organizing classroom to achieve the targeted academic goals, because of this, normally unwanted
indiscipline challenges are avoided in order to attract good academic scores from learners.
In addition, classroom management can refer to mechanisms that a teacher uses to better his or
her teaching and learning sessions. These strategies include, proper sitting arrangement, monitoring

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behaviour, effective learning process, co-coordinating learners’ activities, provision of instruction in
an interactive way, getting feedbacks from students, acceptance of diversity, favorable instructional
material, and classroom organization (Akomolafe & Adesua, 2016; George, Sakirudeen & Sunday,
2017; Melesse & Molla, 2018). Since there is no clear agreement on what classroom management
entails while effecting learners’ academic achievement, this study employed classroom organization,
classroom discipline, classroom instruction methods with a purpose of understanding the extent to
which these variables predict learners’ academic achievement in a Ugandan context
Furthermore, it is clear that various intertwined factors could be responsible for poor academic
achievement among secondary school students. However, it should be noted that these findings differ
based on location, academic levels and subjects involved. Therefore, these underlying issues
prompted the undertaking of this research. The relevancy and applicability of related research to the
context of Public Secondary Schools in Rubaga Division, Kampala, has not been established. Hence,
this study seeks, to assess the perceived effect of classroom management practices on learners’
academic achievement in selected Public Secondary Schools in Rubaga Division, Kampala Capital
City.
Literature
Learners’ Academic Achievement
In developing cognitive and emotional learning skills among learners, the role of teachers
should not be underestimated. This is because teachers’ efforts normally set up a foundation for
effective classroom management. Schools that often have disorganized and chaotic classroom
environment normally tends to fail in achieving reasonable results of learners’ due to behavioral
threats. Therefore, a healthy environment for both teaching and learning leads to plausible academic
achievement (Sunday-Piaro, 2018).
Leaners’ academic achievement is the degree at which a leaner, teacher and an institution
achieve their intended short- and long-term educational targets. This is normally done through the use
of examination results or continuous assessment. The academic achievement of a leaner is normally
influenced by several factors like family background, education levels of parents, student’s effort, self-
motivation, type and nature of the school, peer group among others. However, many schools of
thought put much emphasis on student’s education background as a major predictor for future
achievements. (Hakizimana, 2016).
For students to achieve plausible outcomes, there must be a mutual and friendly attachment
between the students and the teacher. The training and background of a teacher play an important role
towards learners’ academic achievement. The goal of an education system, is to ensure that children
develop skills that lead to competence and productivity in their communities (Hughes, 2014; Yıldız,
2017). Since students skills are translated into their future academic excellence, social-emotional and
economic transformation, it is an onus on the teachers and administrators to create optimum
opportunities for students to excel in their academic endeavors (Kieti, Maithya & Mulwa, 2017).
Furthermore, since teachers play a great role towards learners’ academic role, little or none can be
achieved without proper classroom management. Several studies done before were so much on the role
of teachers towards learner’s academic achievement, and it was against this background that results
pertaining to classroom management and learner academic achievement evolved.
Classroom Management Practices
The concept of classroom management practices is an idea that has so far attracted several
scholars and experts of educational management theories to invest in its related research studies. Due

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to numerous findings, many scholars have arrived at sub constructs such as classroom organization,
discipline and instruction and their significances towards teaching and learning process. Effective
implementation of classroom management normally leads to a positive class climate and
compassionate environment which can be observed though pupils’ socialization while learning thus
leading to precautionary discipline management and fruitful teaching (Obwoya, 2013). Meanwhile,
classroom management involves the way teachers work, how the class functions, how the teacher and
students collaborate and how teaching and learning occur. For students, classroom management means
having some control on how the classroom works and understanding visibly the way the teacher and
the students cooperate with each other (Chandra, 2015). Also, classroom management is not a
condition but a process for both teachers and students. Moreover, some teachers, especially new
entrants in the field of teaching may take it as an ever-present concern that requires close monitoring
and precautions conditions. Even though it is true that some teachers adapt to classroom management
easily, teachers should always take classroom management as a talent and a skill that can be taught or
practiced to achieve proficiency.
Despite the fact that much has been written about classroom management, teachers have not
been taught detailed and realistic classroom management techniques. Moreover, there has been little
focus on “assisting teachers in understanding the issues in successful classroom management and the
relationships among various strategies” (Korpershoek et al., 2016). Furthermore, many teachers play
with classroom management concepts and techniques by tossing them spontaneously and
inconsistently into the classroom. This approach is however generally discouraged because the desired
result and hope does not materialize since successful classroom management necessitates specialized
skills such as planning, arranging, and focusing on ways to attract aptitude for teamwork and
collaboration. Achieving this goal requires a great deal of commitment and willingness to adjust one’s
thinking and actions to unlearn and relearn new strategies that lead to proper organization of both
teaching and learning processes. This implies that a teacher who shows willingness to unlearn, relearn
and accommodate new trends of classroom management, will always achieve well organized
classroom environment that lead to better learners’ academic achievement (Mwaniki, 2012).
Classroom Organization and Learners’ Academic Achievement
Classroom organization is the process through which a teacher plans to put teaching and
learning into existence. It is the science of making decisions and taking control of whatever is taking
placing during the teaching and learning session. The predetermined goals and objectives of learning
are normally attained through the teamwork of both learners and their teacher (Hughes, 2014;
Vairamidou & Stravakou, 2019). The concept of classroom management is wide and many of the
studies done reflect variant findings with an effect on learner’s academic achievement. For instance it
can be observed that characteristics of schools as well as leadership qualities of the principal, teachers’
efficacy, motivation needs and the size of the student body all affect student outcomes (Adeyemo,
2012; Yıldız, 2013; Zein, 2018).
In line with above, teachers' ability to coordinate classrooms and control their students' actions
is crucial for achieving positive educational outcomes. This is because classroom organization is a
sophisticated activity that requires organizing or disorganizing activities that may require or
discourage certain situations which may arise during the learning environment.
Furthermore, Gacheri (2017) reports that in classrooms that are innovative, neat, and friendly,
successful classroom organization promotes independent learning and achievement for all learners. In
addition, Igbinoba & Marvelous (2015) states that rules are a "strong, preventive component of
classroom organization and management plans.” The purpose of rules is to determine expected habits,
reinforcers, and penalties for unacceptable conduct. As a result, concentrating on good classroom

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discipline decreases discipline conflicts and leaves the classroom with less interruptions and
disturbances. Students' success is affected by how well procedures are set out and taught to them by
teachers. In others words, Teachers should arrange classrooms appropriately to promote a healthy
learning environment, such as textbook use, chalkboard use, and maintaining classroom cleanliness
and tidiness.
In addition Obwoya (2013) the most challenging aspect for schools in terms of classroom
organization is to meet the needs of students with varying levels of prior experience and learning rates.
Obwoya asserts that some students may fail to understand the lesson because they lack advanced
knowledge of the subject matter. As a consequence, teachers must focus on continuity,
appropriateness, motivation as well as time if they want to make a big difference in students'
achievement. Teachers, in particular, must be mindful that addressing problems relating to one aspect
does not result in the creation of new problems relating to another. The failure of the individualized
training systems of the 1970s was through frequent loss of quality of instruction, motivation, and time
on duty at the correct level of instruction (Cotton, 1994; Franklin & Harrington, 2019; George et al.,
2017; Sowell, 2013b). According to Arens, Morin & Watermann (2015), when researchers looked into
the various learning practices and experiences of gifted children in normal classroom environments,
they discovered that the preservation of contextual variables for further analysis via a database-driven
record-keeping method that preserves disaggregated data from a series of short observational segments
aids the instructor in exercising successful teaching, Obwoya's (2013) research indicates that
observational classroom organization, through data management, minimized disruptive activity and
enhanced student participation, allows teachers to spend less time addressing misbehavior and more
time on instructional instruction. Database management, on the other hand, is a new system that does
not extend to public secondary schools in Rubaga division.
Classroom Discipline and Learners’ Academic Achievement
The term "discipline" derives from the Latin "discipulus," which means "to teach and learn."
The word has the essence of discipline, which means “to teach someone to follow rules and control
their actions or to punish someone in order to preserve order and control” (Dohi et al., 2010). As a
result, it is often correlated with punishment for disobedience. Detention and other disciplinary
methods “the premise that isolation gives the perpetrator time to reflect on what happened, realize the
error of his or her ways, and return to the same situation but with a change of behaviour and attitude”
(Moreen, 2018; Gacheri, 2017). According to study, the classroom atmosphere helps students learn
more efficiently by offering conducive learning environments (Suleman, Aslan & Hussain, 2014).
Furthermore, numerous studies have shown that the efficiency, continuity, and effectiveness of
learners' personal and social experiences affect their academic and social growth. (Coffey, 2003;
Hughes, 2014; Sunday-Piaro, 2018; Vairamidou & Stravakou, 2019). Indiscipline among learners
should be uncalled for since it affects their learning outcome and their progress in schools negatively.
For instance Stanley (2014), argued that effective schools demonstrate sound inclusive practices which
include emphasizing school discipline and collaborative leadership. The school discipline therefore
prescribes the standard of behaviour expected of the teachers and the students. Meanwhile, Gacheri
(2017) asserts that a law-abiding student is expected to arrive on time for class and wait for the
instructor, while a law-abiding teacher is expected to obey all of the time given to him or her on the
timetable. Hughes (2014) and Taylor (2009) argue that efficient time management by students and
teachers is related to better academic success, and that extra time has a positive effect on academic
achievement, In a related review, Stanley (2014) emphasizes that time management can be viewed as a
means of controlling and managing one's own performance of multiple tasks within a given time
frame. As a result, both student and staff self-attitude and involvement are needed as a norm of time

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management practice in order to enhance academic achievement. It's important to remember that when
the classroom atmosphere is positive, teachers are more successful with a diverse community of
students who have different skills, learning styles, and cultures. Conversely, another important item to
note towards learners’ academic achievement is the perception that students performed better in math
while they were in a more fun classroom. As a consequence, when the classroom environment is
constructive and free of distractions, students are more likely to engage in self-reflective thought and
learning. Other researchers have discovered the following correlates of a healthy classroom climate:
Lower dropout rates, better attendance records, increased participation, deep learning rather than
surface learning, improved grades, and increased motivation to learn (Donnelly & Lambourne, 2011).
Furthermore, research indicates that successful teaching often produces an appropriate level of
classroom discipline, which contributes to a favorable climate that discourages students' misbehavior
which can interrupt the learning and teaching process. Successful teaching also lowers dropout rates,
promotes higher attendance records, encourages greater participation, and leads to deep rather than
shallow learning. Meanwhile, Punitive methodologies tend to be of limited value in fostering
responsible student conduct and academic outcomes (Donnelly & Lambourne, 2011), and should be
supplemented by constructive and interactive disciplinary methods. Discipline is synonymous with
teaching students self-control based on a contract that ties an instructor and a group of students
together so that learning can be more successful in this setting. By bargaining, debating, and
contracting between teachers and students, an emphasis is placed on student self-regulation.
According to Rahimi and Karkami (2015), students who misbehave in class should always be
called out on it and forced to take responsibility for their behavior. When teachers are interested in
their students' decision-making or appreciate their good conduct, they behave more responsibly in
class, have a more positive influence on their teachers, and believe that the intervention was
appropriate (Korpershoek et al., 2016). Furthermore, Gacheri, (2017) asserts that teachers' effective
discipline methodologies assist students in learning better because class discipline prevents students
from disturbance, which is an emotional and cognitive hazard (Mutungwa & Orodho, 2015).
According to the results of the above studies, instructor management styles boost students' academic
performance and keep them on track, engage students in learning, and affect motivation and
achievement. “The more those students think their instructor cares about them, the more they will care
about the class, and the more likely they will pay attention in class,” according to this cycle. In Africa,
Rahimi & Karkami (2015) looked at the use of corporal and verbal punishment to discipline students
in Sudanese schools. Teachers used disciplinary measures as a result of the tension and anger they felt
at school as a result of the poor school atmosphere and lack of proper facilities management, according
to the results. The author, on the other hand, there is no connection between discipline measures and
student achievement. According to Ahmad et al. (2017), broad classes are correlated with poor class
control, difficulty management, and indiscipline, particularly in secondary schools. Because of the
overcrowding, teachers are able to have less lessons and practice, as well as less time for group work
and material coverage. Lateness to classes, absenteeism, and failure to complete syllabi were also
found to be factors in students' low academic achievement in a study conducted in Ghana (Gacheri,
2017).
Despite the fact that the reviewed studies agree that classroom discipline is a major factor
affecting learners' academic achievement, they fail to show which classroom discipline methodologies
produce positive results and which ones produce negative results. As a result, the present research
aims to analyze particular classroom disciplinary steps and how they affect students' academic
achievement in public secondary schools.

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Classroom Instruction Methodologies and Learners’ Academic Achievement
A teacher's classroom instructional methodologies are the tools he or she uses to ensure that
teaching and learning go as expected. Successful classroom teaching and mentoring usually assist
students in discovering their environment with a sense of trust and autonomy, with the end goal of
intrinsic self-regulation and increased academic achievement and performance. Teachers' effectiveness
in developing a healthy and productive learning atmosphere for students' quality secondary education
is based on classroom management methodologies. As a result, teachers should be able to use and
apply these methodologies in a number of circumstances that can occur in the classroom (Obwoya,
2013).
An instructor can also use a range of instructional strategies to ensure that students accomplish
their objectives without difficulty. As a result, successful teachers distinguish teaching based on the
needs of their students. In a typical classroom, Rahimi & Karkami (2015) suggest how to distinguish
students' needs and abilities. Differentiating instruction happens when a teacher changes his or her
teaching style in order to have the best possible learning environment. Teachers can usually
distinguish four classroom elements based on student preparation, interest, or learning profile,
according to Rahimi & Karkami (2015); depending on the student's preparation, interest, or learning
profile, teachers can usually discern four classroom elements: (a) content—what the student wants to
learn or how he or she can obtain information; (b) process—activities in which the student participates
in order to comprehend or master the material; (c) products—crowning assignments that enable the
student to rehearse, and (d) learning environment—the way the classroom functions and feels.
When teaching is based on the learners' own preparation levels, interests, and learning profiles,
learners are more effective. According to Vairamidou & Stravakou (2019), students who are
disinterested in something have lower achievement than students who are interested. As a result,
students who demonstrate a lot of interest also see their grades increase. Teachers must be mindful of
differences between children and take a personal interest in each pupil in order to be successful
(Sunday-Piaro, 2018). Teachers must assess what students are capable of and to what extent they are
capable. Students' learning can be hindered by learning tasks that are either too difficult or too easy.
Those that are too complicated take too much time and do not boost efficiency, whereas those that are
too quick are a waste of time (Hughes, 2014; Kieti et al., 2017; Sowell, 2013b; Sunday-Piaro, 2018;
Vairamidou & Stravakou, 2019). Students who are actively involved are obviously more likely to do
better academically than students who are not. As a result, teachers need a complex collection of
instructional methodologies in order to involve a wide range of students. As a consequence, successful
instruction method selection leads to high efficiency. Furthermore, Hughes (2014) argues that teachers
can only do this if they are "adequately prepared with information and skills that increase their
effectiveness and, as a result, improve learning efficiency."
Furthermore, cooperative teaching and learning methods are important in the classroom for
enhancing reading skills and achievement among students with reading disabilities. Teachers intend
for students to work in small groups to help one another learn in Cooperative learning takes many
types, but the most effective are those in which students work in groups with mixed abilities. After the
instructor has presented a lesson, groups of four have daily opportunities to teach each other, and they
are accepted based on the learning of all members of the community
Structured teaching has also been suggested as a tool for teaching reading to students with
reading disabilities, According to Kausar (2017) and Kapur (2018), emphasized the value of
comprehensive and intense instruction and claimed that standardized personalized tuition for failing
readers is more successful than eclectic approaches. In order to help learners with reading difficulties
develop academically, direct instruction incorporates essential principles of effective instruction,

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Interactive teaching is one form of instruction that fits well within the culturally sensitive pedagogy
model (Bua & Ada, 2015). Interactive teaching involves the use of student-centered learning
approaches that require interactions between the students and the teacher (Austin & Omomia, 2014).
Various scholars agree that instructional methodologies will affect learner efficiency, according to the
reviewed works. Few of them, however, looked at particular instructional approaches that achieve the
desired results in learners' success. As a result, the aim of this study is to see how the classroom
instructional technique, as a method of classroom management by teachers, affects the learners'
academic success in public secondary school.
Statement of the Problem
Education has become one of the parameters that determine the development and economic
transformation of any country worldwide. It is for this reason therefore that education works as a
cornerstone for preparation of a required mass for any society. This process however requires teachers
with standardized skills of classroom management and at the same time train and equip learners with
knowledge that addresses the global challenges.
Besides, the fourth goal of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is “To
ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all”. It
has therefore become important for all countries to ensure that their citizens have access to quality
education. Since education plays an important role towards civilization and development, learners are
expected to achieve some levels of civility and academic excellence through teachers’ effective use of
classroom management. For this reason, many educational practitioners, researchers as well as parents
and other stakeholders in education are expressing concerns about learners’ academic achievement in
public secondary schools. In addition, many countries have embarked on curriculum change with an
aim of attaining citizens who can compete on the global market. Therefore, for proper implementation
of these new curricular, both novice and experienced teachers still struggle with new trends of raising
learners’ grades especially in public secondary schools. This is because teachers play a greater role
towards learners’ academic achievement. However, this idea cannot be achieved without proper
training of teachers. Today many teachers have undergone further training and studies to improve
themselves, however the situation of poor academic achievement seem not to improve world over.
Despite teachers’ effort of further training in classroom management practices to address deficiencies
in improving learners’ academic achievement, proper skills of classroom management is still a puzzle
for learners academic excellence (Austin & Omomia, 2014; Bua & Ada, 2015; Didinya, Ouda &
Ndanu, 2018; Gacheri, 2017; Nzoka & Orodho, 2014). Even though learners’ academic achievement
is a cornerstone for improved classroom management, low academic scores and indiscipline are still a
major challenge that sometimes call for parents’ attention or dismissal of students from school. Since
there is scanty information on the predictors of learners’ academic achievement in Uganda, this study
has been designed to establish the current situation in public secondary schools in Rubaga division.
Objectives
The objectives of the study were;
1. To examine the effect of classroom organization on leaners’ academic achievement,
2. To investigate the effect of classroom discipline management practices on leaners’
academic achievement,
3. To assess the influence of classroom instruction methods on leaners’ academic
achievement,

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4. To analyze the extent at which classroom management variables influence learners’
academic achievement.
Method
The sample of the study of 255 was gathered from two public secondary schools in 2019. The
studied group involved both school administrators and teachers. This data was gathered through the
use of stratified sampling procedure. A likert scale of 1-5 ranging from strongly agree to strongly
disagree was employed in the study. To attain the validity of a question after adoption and adaption,
experts from the field of educational management and administration were consulted. The reliability of
the questionnaire was arrived at through a pilot study conducted on 30 respondents with an intention
of improving the questionnaire and at the same time arrive at the needed Cronbach alpha of α>.70,
(Taber, 2018). Furthermore, the survey tool used was distributed by the research student at Master’s
degree level. 350 questionnaires were distributed and 257 were returned after the entire process.
Through the use of regression to clean the data Mahala Nobis checks showed that, two outliers had
surpassed the recommended percentage of 16.2% (McLachlan, 1999). A cross sectional survey tool
was used to arrive at the needed data. Meanwhile to arrive at answers to the set hypothesis of the
study, regression method of both simple and multiple technique was employed using SPSS version 22.
Data Analysis and Results
From the data analysis, findings from the demographic characteristics of respondents reflected
that 95 (37.3%) were male and 160 (62.7%) were females leading to a total of 255. Age brackets
reflected that 36 (14.1 %) were below 24 years of age, 56 (22.0%) were between 25 and 30 years of
age, 61 (23.9 %) were between 30 and 40 years of age, while 60 (23.5%) were between 40 and 50
years of age, and 42 (16.3%) were above 50 years of age. It therefore suggests that the majority of
respondents were mature and could make a sound judgment on classroom management practices and
leaners academic achievement. In addition, in terms of qualification the majority of respondents held a
bachelor’s degree and were 119 (46.3%), while those with Masters’ degree were 76 (29.6%) and
Diploma 55 (21.4%). In the work experience section, most respondents were over 7 years of
experience and these accounted for 24.9% (64), followed by a group of 3-5 years of work experience
19.8% (51), then less than 3 years of work experience 18.3% (47) and lastly 5-7 years of work
experience 16.7% (43). Meanwhile, since the period spent in a school contributes to the growth of
understanding and experience, the goal of this study was to evaluate the period of service respondents
spent in school with a view to establishing variances in classroom management practices and learners’
academic achievement in secondary schools in Rubaga division. According to the results, 22.2%
worked for over 7 years (57) followed by 22.2% (57) worked for a period of 1-4 years while 19.8%
(51) worked for a period of 4-7 years. Those who served less than a year were 19.5% (51)
The data was further analyzed using simple linear regression with the aim of understanding the
percentage contributed by each of the sub variables of classroom management towards learners’
academic achievement and the results were as follows. To provide answers to the research questions
and hypothesis, data was run using both simple and multiple regression techniques. Further analyses
were executed as shown below.
Study findings on classroom organization and leaners academic achievement as mentioned in
the previous chapter revealed that the hypothesis is not supported by the data of the study. The study
findings generated from 255 respondents reflected that hypothesis is not supported as per the simple
linear regression analysis used. Whereby, model summary table reflected, R-squared= .002, ANOVA
table showed that degree of freedom was 1, p-value coefficients and = .514 and Beta of standardized
coefficient was .041. It means that the sub variable classroom organization has no significant

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relationship with learners’ academic achievement. Therefore, it can be noticed from this study that it
was not appropriate for teachers to dwell so much on this aspect since it carries no or little influence
towards the out of learners. This is because the findings indicated that the relationship between the two
variables was only predicted at 41% (.041), moreover without being significant due to .541 figure
generated from the data.
These findings were in line with a previous study done Salamat et al. (2018), reflected that
there is no connection between classroom organization and students’ academic achievement. Hence
rendering the model unfit and insignificant. However, in the study done by Nisar, Khan & Khan
(2019), reflected variant finding whereby, the predictors of learners’ academic achievement were
based on involvement and personal effort as subcomponents of classroom organization. Meanwhile,
another study emphasized that learners’ participation through pairs, tasks were the key issues that
influenced classroom organization (Escabias & Ortega-Martín, 2006; Nisar, et al., 2019). It can
therefore be argued that even though the study found that there is no significant relationship between
classroom organization and leaners academic achievement scholars from previous studies have
divergent finding on this variable.
To arrive at answers to the casual relationship between classroom discipline management and
leaners academic achievement, the results of the research on classroom discipline management and
leaners academic achievement showed from the model summary that R-squared was .345, adjusted R-
squared .343, ANOVA and Coefficient tables showed the causal relationship was significant with p-
value of .000, Beta =.588 shown that the assumption is supported. The findings from 255 respondents
showed that the hypothesis “classroom discipline management has significant relationship with leaners
academic achievement”. This is because the results suggested that the relationship between the two
variables was predicted at 58% (.588) towards learners’’ academic achievement. The results were in
agreement with the findings of the study done in Kenya by Simba et al. (2016), this study employed 34
schools randomly selected by use of a questionnaire and found out that discipline had a greater
contribution towards learner’s academic performance even though he called upon the teachers to
improve where scores seemed to have low contributions. Similarly a study done by Stanley (2014)
found out that schools in Nigeria were using corporal punishment to cause an impact on learner’s
academic performance. However, this method also caused variant outcomes on the side of the learners.
Also similar findings were found by George et al. (2017) in their studies and encouraged both staff and
parents to enforce discipline if their learners are to succeed academically. Likewise, Bua & Ada (2015)
in their study about classroom discipline and learners’ academic achievement found out that for
students to pass science and mathematics subjects, teachers used motivation, and innovative ideas
towards learners. From this background it can therefore observed that discipline plays a greater role
towards molding learners in their academic endeavors and future aspirations.
To answer whether classroom instruction methods and leaners’ academic achievement have a
significant relationship, the finding of the study on classroom instruction method and leaners academic
achievement showed from the model summary that R= .561, R-squared= .314, adjusted R-squared=
.312, degree of freedom=1, standardized Beta= .561 p-value= .000, the hypothesis “classroom
instruction method had a significant effect towards leaners academic achievement.” This is because
the results generated between the two sub variables was 56% (.561) towards leaners academic
achievement.
Several studies about this relationship of classroom instruction and learner’s academic
achievement have been done previously and their findings varied due to topics, site, population and
data analysis methods. For instance; in the study conducted by Akama (2015) through the use of
mixed methods, it was established that instructional strategies of managing classroom play an

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Miiro FAROOQ & Rahma AHMED
important role towards leaner’s academic achievement especially when the teachers employs
experiments, however when there is lack of proper training among teachers, learners are bound to fail
in their aspirations. Conversely, Vincent & Udeme, (2014) and Munawaroh, (2017) found different
styles of teaching in their study at university level. This is due to their statements that instructional
strategies employed by institutions normally lead to significance differences whenever employed by a
particular instructor.
To understand the extent at which classroom management variables influence learners’
academic achievement, data using multiple regression by running the three sub variables of classroom
management (classroom organization, classroom discipline management, classroom instruction
method) against learners ‘academic achievement. Results from the model summary showed that
R=.718, R-squared= .516, Adjusted R=.510, ANOVA table reflected the degree of freedom as 3 and p-
p-value=.000. The coefficient table reflected that the standardized Beta for the casual relationship
between classroom organization and academic achievement as -.060 with a p-value=.182, classroom
discipline and academic achievement with a Beta of .462 and p-value=.000, classroom instruction
methods Beta =.440, p-value=.000. This was done with an intention of establishing whether the
hypothesized model fits the data and as well represents the intention of the study. It can be observed
that, the model summary of the general multiple regression the entire model of the study of both the
independent and dependent variables predicts R-squared as .516 which is 56% of the outcome. Also,
the findings reflected that the model fits the data since the ANOVA table displayed the significance
level of the study with a p-value of. (000) and degree of freedom reflected 3. Meanwhile, the table of
coefficients showed percentage of the Standardized Coefficients Beta for each of the sub variables that
include classroom discipline management contributed 46%, p-value (.000) of the model predicted
outcome, classroom instruction 44% with a p-value (.000) and classroom organization 6%, p-value
(.182) towards the dependent variable of learners’ academic achievement.
In reference to the above findings of the model about classroom management and learners’
academic achievement, researchers found variant findings due to methodology, population, sample
and location of respondents. For instance; found that classroom management has a significant
influence towards academic achievement however, these studies used a few of sub variables of
classroom management to enhance their studies (Lu et al., 2018; Rugutt & Chemosit, 2005; Sowell,
2013a). Hence causing different studies’ findings. It can therefore be observed that the model of this
study fitted that the data even though one of the factors did not show any significant relationship
towards academic achievement. This can be tailored to differences among respondents, time of data
collection and the level of exposure among respondents.
Conclusions
In Uganda, many schools seem to have inappropriate number of staff needed with skills that
do not line with the needs of the time. However, the situation appeared different to findings of the
study as indicated below even though one of the objectives was in line with above situation.
Classroom organization according to study findings reflected that, it has no significant effect on
learners’ academic achievement. The results further reflected that classroom discipline management
had a significant effect on leaners academic achievement. The results similarly showed that classroom
instructional methods have a significant effect on learner’s academic achievement. Lastly the model
from the results showed good fitness of the data and presented the intention of the study well since
most of the sub variables were significant and had a positive effect on learners’ academic
achievement.

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Recommendations
Since there were no significant relations between classroom organization and learners’
academic achievement, a similar study can be done in other areas of the country with an aim of
involving more stakeholders in the study and establish if there is a correlation between the two
constructs. In line with objective classroom discipline management has a significant effect on learners’
academic achievement. There is need to conduct similar studies with a bigger number of respondents
in order to further establish whether discipline management still holds a significant relation towards
learners’ academic achievement and then base on the wider findings to formulate more policies that
can help teachers manage discipline effectively. Since classroom instructional method is the gist of
any academic excellence of learners and teachers’ effectiveness in managing classroom management.
The study findings reveal that there was significant relationship between the two variables and
therefore head teachers and stakeholders of all education institutions should continue to improve the
policies for its implementation so as to prepare learners with both soft and hard skills of globalization.
Conversely, the study findings revealed that the model on the classroom management practices
towards learner’s academic achievement deemed fit for the data. However, one of the variables
(classroom organization) did not significantly predict the out. Another study can be done with a big
sample and evaluate whether it plays a significant role. The study was limited in number of
respondents due to several reasons enumerated above, therefore it is recommended that further studies
are done on a similar topic with longitudinal survey technique and mixed methods of data analysis.
Statement of Research and Publication Ethics
The article was written in accordance with the principles of research and publication ethics.
Since the data were collected in 2019, Ethics Committee Permission was not obtained.
Authors' Contribution Rates
Two authors contributed to the article at the same rate, and other authors and organizations did
not support the writing process.
Statement of Interest
The authors have no conflict of interest with any person or organization.

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Miiro FAROOQ & Rahma AHMED
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