TRAINING PROGRAM ON

STATISTICAL PROCESS
CONTROL (SPC)

BHUVANESWARI CONSULTANCY SERVICES

CELL NO. : 98416 33063 / 80722 78386
1
• Overview of SPC
• Statistics / Process / Control means
• Why use SPC
• Understanding Common and Special cause variation
• Process Capability calculation
• Charting for Variable data
• Charting for Attribute data

2
CONCEPTS OF SPC
Control Chart

40.00

30.00

Sample Statistic
20.00
CL

10.00 UCL
LCL
0.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Sample #
SPC means Controlling the
process through the use of
statistics

4
POPULATION AND SAMPLE :-

The entire set of items is called the Population.

The small number of items taken from the population to make a judgment of
the population is called a Sample.

The numbers of samples taken to make this judgment is called Sample size.

SAMPLE OF
POPULATION SIZE THREE
 POPULATION :
A collection of all
possible individuals,
objects or measurement
of interest
POPULATION

SAMPLE

SAMPLE:
A portion, or part, of the
population of interest

We use samples to make measured estimates of

6 the characteristics of the population
Average (X bar) = x1 + x2 + x3 + .. Xn / n

Range = Max - Min

Formula for Standard Deviation :

( x − x )
2

s=
n -1
 data set 1

49 + 50 + 50 + 50 + 51 mean (xbar) = ------------

data set 2

38 + 50 + 50 + 51 + 61 mean (xbar) = ------------

The whole picture ?

8
DETERMINE WHICH SAMPLE IS GOOD ?
SAMPLE –1
15,15,14,15,16,15,15
SAMPLE –2
14,15,20,15,16,10,15
SAMPLE - 3
19,20,15,14,11,10,16

9
 What is a Process?
A process is the mechanism that
combines many inputs to produce
the desired output. This output
may be a product or a service.
INPUTS
OUTPUT
PROCESS
10
 Causes of Variation
Input (X’s) Process
Output (Y’s)
(Xs)

The variation in Y is caused by variation of the Xs

Therefore we need to understand the Xs and improve and control the
ones with most influence on Y Y

X1 . . . . . XN Y
Independent Dependent
Input Output
Cause Effect
Process Symptom
Control Monitor
 Control means

Comparing actual performance

with target and what corrective
action is necessary to achieve the
target

12
 “Voice Of Customer” Vs.
“Voice Of Process”
LSL USL

Defects Acceptable Defects

Voice Of Customer

Voice Of Process
Inadequate Inadequate
Process Design
Capability Margin
Unstable/Unpredictable Process

Voice Of Process must be predictable and acceptable over

time to deliver the Voice Of Customer.
Pg 13
 QUALITY Means

• Quality is conformance to specification.

• Quality is a measure of how good a product is
• Quality is zero defects.
• Quality is the absence of variation.

14
 Quality can be broken down into three
areas of concern to the customer :

1) Design Quality
2) Manufacturing Quality
3) Performance Quality or Reliability

15
Quality is inversely proportional to
variability.

Quality improvement is the reduction of

variability in processes and products

16
 Why use SPC?
• SPC can be used to understand the variation
coming from a process.
• This knowledge can help us to develop controls
and improvements for the process.
• SPC can predict when parts will be out of
specification so that adjustments can be made
BEFORE parts are made out of specification. This
reduces the amount of scrap.
17
 Detection Systems /
Traditional Quality systems
Adjust Process 5

1 The Process

Tools &
Scrap
People Equipment Materials
or
3 Rework
Mass 4
Output Inspection
Product OK
2
Methods Environment

Maintenance Schedule

18
 Process Control Systems
SPC CHARTS
3 Action 2 Information 4 Action
on the about on the
Process Performance Output

1 The Process
Tools &
People Equipment Materials

OK
Output Product
Methods Environment

19
General Form of a Control Chart

Upper control limit

UCL

Center line
CL

Lower control limit

LCL | | | | | | | |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ...
Sample number
DISTRIBUTION

21
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

22
 THREE TYPES OF PROCESS CONTROL

• QA

• QC / SPC

• INSPECTION

23
SPC is the Most economical
way of controlling the process
in comparison with Mistake
Proofing and 100% inspection

24
 PRINCIPLES OF SPC

VARIATION IS ---------------------------------------

VARIATION IS ---------------------------------------

VARIATION IS -------------------------------------
 VARIATION & CAUSES
TYPES OF VARIATION

RANDOM VARIATION (OR) ------------------------- VARIATION

NON RANDOM VARIATION (OR) --------------------- VARIATION

CAUSES OF VARIATION
COMMON OR ---------------------------- CAUSES

SPECIAL OR ----------------------------------- CAUSES

COMMON CAUSES

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SPECIAL CAUSES

28
 Common Causes
 Car condition
Special Causes  Road condition
 car breaks down  Amount of traffic
 accident
29
 Left Painted Line on the Road

Path of the Car

Imaginary Line

Normal Driver
Right Painted Line on the Road
 Left Painted Line on the Road

Path of the Car

Imaginary Line

Drunken Driver
Right Painted Line on the Road
 CAUSES
COMMON CAUSES SPL./ASSIGNABLE
Understanding Process Behavior

33
34
 Understanding Process Behavior

• If special causes of variation are present, the process output

is not stable over time
• We are unable to predict

prediction

time

Something is changing
35
 week 5

week 3 week 4

week 2

week 1
If special causes of variation are
present the process output (described by the
distribution) may not be stable over time

36
 MONDAY’S OUTPUT

TUESDAY’S OUTPUT

WEDNESDAY’S OUTPUT

THURSDAY’S OUTPUT

FRIDAY’S OUTPUT ? 37
MONDAY’S OUTPUT

TUESDAY’S OUTPUT

WEDNESDAY’S OUTPUT

THURSDAY’S OUTPUT

38
 MONDAY’S OUTPUT

TUESDAY’S OUTPUT

WEDNESDAY’S OUTPUT

THURSDAY’S OUTPUT

FRIDAY’S OUTPUT ? 39
9.1.1.3 Application of statistical concepts
Statistical concepts, such as variation, control
(stability), process capability, and the
consequences of over-adjustment, shall be
understood and used by employees involved
in the collection, analysis, and management of
statistical data

40
Variation means

Stability / Control means

Process Capability means

Over adjustment means

41
42
43
 STATISTICAL CONTROL & PROCESS
CAPABILITY
A PROCESS FREE FROM ASSIGNABLE CAUSES
(PREDICTABLE PROCESS)

PROCESS CAPABILITY IS
A MEASURE OF COMMON CAUSES OF VARIATION
(MANAGEMENT CONTROLLABLE)
 PROCESS CAPABILITY
Process Capability is.
* an assessment on a characteristic.
* the proportion of the process output
within the specification.

The radiator grille on a car

must be within certain limits,
so as to look O.K to the customer.

THIS PROCESS IS

CAPABLE
shortest
OK length
( 579mm ) lon
OK length
( 581 mm )

ge
st

THIS PROCESS IS

NOT CAPABLE
shortest longest
OK length OK length
( 579mm ) ( 581 mm )

45
 Process Capability Cp
-3 +3

LSL 
USL

Spec Width (road) USL – LSL (T)

Cp = =
Mfg. Capability (car) ± 3
 Visualizing Process Capability
Lower Upper
Cust. Tolerance Lower Upper
Spec. Spec. Cust. Tolerance
Spec Spec.
Limit Limit
0.4 0.4 Limit Limit
0.3 0.3

0.2
0.2

0.1
0.1

0.0
0.0
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8

Process
Process Capability Capability

Cp = 1 Cp = 2
47
48
 Estimate of Process Spread

-3 -2 -1 1 2 3

Process Capability

6
The process capability or spread is
estimated by 6

49
 Process Capability Cp
Capability : Ratio of the specification width to 6 times
the process or standard deviation.

LSL USL

6 Sigma
Tolerance

Process Capability (Cp) : (USL – LSL) / 6 Sigma

50
51
 Normal Distribution

LSL USL

Defects

Process Capability

52
 Process Capability

LSL USL

Defects

Process Capability

53
Process Capability Index Cpk

54
 Process Capability Index
Actual Capability : Ratio of the difference between the process mean
and the nearest specification limit to 3 times the standard deviation.

LSL USL
X

3 sigma
tolerance

CPL = X bar - LSL CPU = USL – X bar CPK = Min {CPL, CPU}
3 Sigma 3 Sigma

Process Capability Index (Cpk) : Min of { (USL – x bar) / 3 Sigma , (X bar – LSL ) / 3 Sigma }
 Process Capability Index

Min(USL −  ,  − LSL)
Cpk =
3 std dev
LSL USL
The Cpk is different for all 3 processes!

LSL USL

LSL USL

Which spec limit do you use?

56
Process Capability Index

57
 If the Process is Off Target
Lower Cust. Tolerance Upper
Spec. Spec.
0.4 Limit Limit
0.3
Cp = 1.33
0.2

Cpk = 1.33 0.1

0.0
-5.33 -4.0 -2.67 -1.33 0 1.33 2.67 4.0 5.33

Lower Upper
Cust. Tolerance
Spec. Spec.
0.4 Limit Limit

Cp = 1.33
0.3

0.2

Cpk = 0.83 0.1

0.0
-5.33 -4.0 -2.67 -1.33 0 1.33 2.67 4.0 5.33

The greater the design margin,

the better the Rolled Throughput Yield

58
 Giving us three ways of improving the process

Reduce manufacturing variation (vehicle width)

Increase the specification limits (road width)

Target nominal of the specification

(Drive in the center of the road)
59
 3 Sigma Process:
No Mean Shift
Cp = 1.00
L ow er S pec U pper S pec

Process 6
35 45 55 65

Tolerance 6

60
 Six Sigma Process,
No Mean Shift
Cp = 2.00
Lower Spec Lower Spec

Process2 0 30 40
6
50 60 70 80

Tolerance 12

61
 From A Statistical Perspective,
There Are Only Two Problems

Target Target
Centering – the process is
not on target

Spread – the process

variation is too large
LSL USL LSL USL

Target
Center Process Reduce Spread

LSL USL

62
Acceptable values for Process Capability Indices

63
Acceptable values for Process Capability Indices

Critical Non Critical

Characteristic Characteristic

New Process

Old Process
USL LSL X BAR SIGMA Cp Cpk

525 510 516 2.5

112 100 107.5 2.5

12.8 12.2 12.5 0.125

2.66 2.0 2.27 0.1

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 Sample Control Chart
Control Chart

40.00

30.00

Sample Statistic
20.00
CL

10.00 UCL
LCL
0.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Sample #

66
• It is a Graphical means for detecting &
analyzing systematic variation within a process
• To keep a process stable
• It is useful for process monitoring technique
• A statistical tool to determine if a process is in
control.
67
 OBJECTIVES OF CONTROL CHART

TO DETECT SPECIAL / ASSIGNABLE CAUSES

TO MAINTAIN THE ACHIEVED PROCESS

CAPABILITY

TO IDENTIFY THE OPPORTUNITY FOR

IMPROVEMENT
 CONTROL CHARTS
• When action should be taken
• When action should not be taken (over
adjustment)
• Common language for communicating information
about the performance of a process
• A graph of process characteristic,
• used to display the behavior of a process,
• identify patterns of process variation,
• assess stability, indicated process direction.
69
 Reasons for using Control Charts
• Improve productivity
• Make defects visible
• Determine what process adjustments need to
be made
• Determine if process is “in” or “out of control
• Continually improve of your process
• Increased profits
• Zero defects
WHAT ARE THE CONDITIONS
TO BE FOLLOWED BEFORE
CONTROL CHART
IMPLEMENTATION

71
TYPES OF DATA

Measurable or Variable Type -

Length, OD, Tensile Strength,
Hardness

72
▪ Attribute Type or Non Measurable Type
- Good, Bad, OK, Not OK.

• Variable Control Charts

• Attribute Control Charts
73
74
 Variable Data Control Charts
# SAMPLE SIZE TYPE OF CHARTS TO BE USED

1 1 Unit / Group

2 2 to 5 units / group

3 6 to 9 units / group

4 > 9 units / group

75
76
77
 X bar chart “R” chart
• Chart for measuring • Chart for measuring
variability between the variability Within the
groups groups
• To monitor the Shift • To monitor the drift

78
 CONTROL CHART STEPS

1. GATHER DATA
2. INITIAL STUDY
3. CALCULATE CONTROL LIMITS
4. INTERPRET FOR PROCESS CONTROL
5. INTERPRET FOR PROCESS CAPABILITY
6. ESTABLISH ONGOING CONTROL CHART
7. MONITOR, REVIEW AND IMPROVE PROCESS
CAPABILITY
Bar - Chart

80
Day Sample1 Sample2 Sample3 Sample4 Sample5 Sum Avg(Xbar) RangeR
1 81.3 80.4 78.6 83.1 81.8 405.2 81.04 4.5
2 74.3 76.4 82.4 77.8 82.5 393.4 78.68 8.2
3 78.7 77.4 79.4 81.6 81.0 398.1 79.62 4.2
4 80.4 81.7 81.4 79.7 80.2 403.4 80.68 2.0
5 79.4 75.6 80.3 80.2 77.4 392.9 78.58 4.7
6 85.0 75.4 73.8 75.8 78.6 388.6 77.72 11.2
7 78.5 86.2 77.1 73.3 76.4 391.5 78.30 12.9
8 81.7 84.0 80.2 78.6 80.9 405.4 81.08 5.4
9 84.5 82.4 78.8 83.2 83.0 411.9 82.38 5.7
10 82.7 80.5 85.9 82.7 84.0 415.8 83.16 5.4
11 78.4 83.1 80.1 78.5 86.6 406.7 81.34 8.2
12 82.9 82.4 78.9 78.2 78.4 400.8 80.16 4.7
13 75.6 80.1 81.1 78.3 80.4 395.5 79.10 5.5
14 78.2 76.4 82.3 81.7 85.1 403.7 80.74 8.7
15 81.8 80.6 79.1 79.3 83.6 404.4 80.88 4.5
16 75.2 82.2 79.6 83.6 81.9 402.5 80.50 8.4
17 78.6 80.1 80.6 79.3 80.4 399.0 79.80 2.0
18 82.3 80.8 79.7 76.5 85.6 404.9 80.98 9.1
19 83.0 83.6 75.2 83.3 81.3 406.4 81.28 8.4
20 77.6 79.1 78.7 80.8 80.2 396.4 79.28 3.2
21 75.0 81.0 82.9 80.0 81.9 400.8 80.16 7.9
22 82.7 78.8 81.2 74.8 81.7 399.2 79.84 7.9
23 76.9 82.5 82.5 81.4 84.4 407.7 81.54 7.5
24 78.1 82.9 73.7 81.5 75.9 392.1 78.42 9.2
25 79.9 78.7 81.3 80.0 78.5 398.4 79.68 2.8
26 Avg of Xbar 80.1976 81
27 Avg of R Rbar 6.488
 CONTROL LIMITS : It is derived from actual process
performance and are designed to show whether or not the
process is in statistical control.

Control
Bar Chart Chart
limits

UCL

LCL
From table for constants:
(for 5 samples) d2=2.326, A2 = 0.577, D4 = 2.114, D3 = 0

UCLR = D4*R bar = ,

LCLR = D3 * R bar =
UCL x bar = X bar + A2*R bar,
LCL x bar = X bar - A2*R bar

Sigma = R bar/d2 =
for Spec of 80.15 +/-11.25,
Cpk = Min of (USL-X bar) / 3 Sigma & (X bar-LSL) / 3 Sigma
=

83
FACTORS FOR COMPUTING LIMITS

n d2 A2 D3 D4 E2

2 1.128 1.880 0 3.268 2.66

3 1.693 1.023 0 2.574 1.77

4 2.059 0.729 0 2.282 1.46

5 2.326 0.577 0 2.114 1.29

6 2.534 0.483 0 2.004 1.18

84
 Chart Interpretation
2. Runs - 7 consecutive points above
1. Points outside of control limits
or below average
UCL UCL
CL CL

LCL LCL

3. Trends - 7 consecutive points

moving up or down

UCL

CL

LCL
Chart Interpretation

86
87
88
89
90
X – R Chart

91
Basic Chart Elements

92
 CONTROL CHART X BAR – R CHART

PLANT DEPT. OPN. DATE OF CL. SPEC. 80.15 ± 11.25 PART No

M/C No. S SIZE/FREQ. CHARCTR. NAME.
X2bar = Mean = 80.20 UCL= X2bar+A2*R bar = 83.94 LCL = X2bar - A2*R bar = 76.45 AVERAGE CHART

R bar = MEAN R = 6.488 UCL R = D4*R bar = 13.63 LCL R = D3*R bar = 0 RANGE CHART

D/T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

AD

IN

SUM

AVG

RNG
93
ATTRIBUTE TYPE CONTROL CHARTS

94
ATTRIBUTE TYPE CONTROL CHARTS

95
96
 Control Charts np - Chart
➢ N = 25 Where, n = sample size

➢ The central is at average proportion Defectives

per sample = np

➢ The UCL for np - Chart = np + 3 √np ( 1-p )

The LCL for np - Chart = np - 3 √np ( 1-p )
Total no. of defectives
np = -----------------------------
No. of sub groups (N)
np
p = -----------------------
Sample size (n) 97
 nP – CHART (NUMBER OF NCs FOR A PARTICULAR
CHARACTRISTIC) FOR SAMPLE SIZE – CONSTANT

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 i Sum
i-date =25
Time 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5

ni 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 NA
Sample
Size 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

nPi No 2 5 4 3 3 6 5 0 7 5 4 1 2 3 6 3 8 4 4 4 6 4 2 3 7 nPi
of NCs
sum
101

nP bar = 101/25 = 4.04,

P bar = 4.04/62 = 0.0652,
UCL & LCL (ignore negative value & make it 0),
Cpk = (1 - P bar) = 1-0.0652 = 0.9348
98
 nP – CHART (NUMBER OF NCs FOR A PARTICULAR CHARACTRISTIC) FOR SAMPLE SIZE – CONSTANT

PLANT : DEPT: CHARACTERISTIC ENGG SPEC: PART NO. ( GRADE ) : DATE :

M/C-Eqt NO : OPERATION: DATE of CL SAMPLE SIZE / FREQ PART NAME :

98700

652

000

Date/Time 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 18 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 5
Sample 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 62 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 15
62
Size 50
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
No. Of 2 5 4 3 3 6 5 0 7 5 4 1 2 3 6 3 8 9 4 4 6 4 2 3 7 10
NCs. 1
 nP – CHART (NUMBER OF NCs FOR A PARTICULAR CHARACTRISTIC) FOR SAMPLE SIZE – CONSTANT

PLANT : DEPT: CHARACTERISTIC ENGG SPEC: PART NO. ( GRADE ) : DATE :

M/C-Eqt NO : OPERATION: DATE of CL SAMPLE SIZE / FREQ PART NAME :

9.8700

4.04

000

Date/Time 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 18 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 5
Sample 62 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 62 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 15
Size 50
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
No. Of 2 5 4 3 3 6 5 0 7 5 4 1 2 3 6 3 8 9 4 4 6 4 2 3 7 10
NCs. 1
101
 Control Charts – Attributes p - Chart

➢ The central is at average proportion Defectives

per sample = p

➢ The UCL for p - Chart = p + 3 √p ( 1-p ) / n bar

√p ( 1-p ) / n bar
The LCL for p - Chart = p - 3

102
103
 P – CHART (PROPORTION OF NCs CHART)
FOR SAMPLE SIZE – NOT CONSTANT
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 24 25 i
i-date 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 Su
Time m
=25
ni 9 1 8 1 1 99 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 9 1 1 3 1 1 1352 11 ni
Sample 6 2 0 4 3 5 2 0 1 4 3 0 7 3 1 3 3 7 0 2 9 4 2 87 sum
Size 8 1 4 0 7 0 2 8 2 2 6 2 0 9 0 6 3 5 4 2 3 2 298
6 1 6 2 8 4 5 6 1 5 0 6 5 8 4 3 5 58

nPi No 8 1 1 1 1 15 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 9 1 9 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 15 21 nPi
of NCs 3 3 6 4 3 0 4 8 6 7 9 4 3 5 9 0 7 3 sum
356

Pi prpn 8 11 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 7 1 4 1 5 1 1 2 1 1 11 μ 18
of NC μ μ 6 11 0 15 1 0 0 3 2 6 1 μ 2 μ 0 μ 4 5 6 2 1 μ
μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ

n bar = 29858 / 25 = 1194,

np bar = p bar =

UCL p =

LCLp =
Process Capability Cpk = (1- P bar) = 1 - = 104
 P – CHART (PROPORTION OF NCs CHART) FOR SAMPLE SIZE – NOT CONSTANT

PLANT : DEPT: CHARACTERISTIC ENGG SPEC: PART NO. ( GRADE ) : DATE :

M/C-Eqt NO : OPERATION: DATE of CL SAMPLE SIZE / FREQ PART NAME :

215

120

25
Date/Time 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 25

12 8 14 13 99 12 10 11 54 13 10 17 13 11 23 13 973 10 12 39 14 12 13 11 29
Sample 96 85
61 0 01 76 5 02 28 84 2 25 66 21 05 90 06 65 58 44 2 33 25 52 87
Size 8 4 8

No. Of 8 13 1 16 14 15 13 10 24 18 16 17 19 9 14 9 13 5 15 19 10 17 13 15 21 35
NCs. 3 6

Prpn. Of 8µ 11 1 11 10 15 11 10 20 33 12 16 11 07 12 04 10 05 14 15 26 12 11 11 18
NCs µ 6 µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ
µ
 P – CHART (PROPORTION OF NCs CHART) FOR SAMPLE SIZE – NOT CONSTANT

PLANT : DEPT: CHARACTERISTIC ENGG SPEC: PART NO. ( GRADE ) : DATE :

M/C-Eqt NO : OPERATION: DATE of CL SAMPLE SIZE / FREQ PART NAME :

215

120

25
Date/Time 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 25

12 8 14 13 99 12 10 11 54 13 10 17 13 11 23 13 973 10 12 39 14 12 13 11 29
Sample 96 85
61 0 01 76 5 02 28 84 2 25 66 21 05 90 06 65 58 44 2 33 25 52 87
Size 8 4 8

No. Of 8 13 1 16 14 15 13 10 24 18 16 17 19 9 14 9 13 5 15 19 10 17 13 15 21 35
NCs. 3 6

Prpn. Of 8µ 11 1 11 10 15 11 10 20 33 12 16 11 07 12 04 10 05 14 15 26 12 11 11 18
NCs µ 6 µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ
µ
107
 Control Charts – Attributes (non-conformities)

C –Chart a) no. of surface defects observed in a roll of coated paper

b) no. of air bubbles in a glass bottle

➢ The central line is plotted at average no. of Defects / part c

➢ The UCL for c - Chart = c + 3√c

➢ The LCL for c - Chart = c - 3√c

108
 C – CHART ( NUMBER OF NCs CHART) FOR
SAMPLE SIZE CONSTANT

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 i
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5
i-date Sum
Time =25
ni 10 1 10 10 10 10 10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ni
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Sampl sum
e 25
Size
nPi No 9 1 11 8 17 11 5 1 1 7 1 1 4 3 7 2 3 3 6 2 7 9 1 5 8 nPi
5 1 3 0 2
of NCs sum
189

C bar = Total No. of Defects / N =

UCLC =
LCLC =
Process Capability Cpk = (100-C bar) =
109
 C – CHART ( NUMBER OF NCs CHART) FOR
SAMPLE SIZE CONSTANT

PLANT : DEPT: CHARACTERISTIC ENGG SPEC: PART NO. ( GRADE ) : DATE :

M/C-Eqt NO : OPERATION: DATE of CL SAMPLE SIZE / FREQ PART NAME :

1581

756

000

110
Thank You

BHUVANESWARI CONSULTANCY SERVICES

CELL NO. : 98416 33063 / 80722 78386 111