National Apprentice & Industrial

Training Authority

Report on Industrial Training

At

East Lanka Engineering PVT (Ltd)

Batticaloa

Faculty of Engineering,
University of Jaffna

Name : R.J.S.Prashanth

Student Number : 2016/E/032

Course : General Industrial Training

Field : Civil Engineering

Training Period : 22nd January 2019 to 12th April 2019

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The success of the training is the result of many people munificence. I would like to express my
sincere thanks to each and every one who spent their valuable time and effort on many
circumstances and to all who shared their wisdom and professional experience.
I am also conveying my sincere thanks of the NAITA for giving this golden opportunity to gain
practical knowledge in the field of Civil Engineering.

I would like to thank all, Faculty of Engineering, University of Jaffna.

for guiding and enlightening me on key aspect regarding field activities and given me a good
background in Civil Engineering Theory, which helped me to continue and complete my
Industrial Training.

I’m grateful to the East Lanka Engineering PVT (Ltd) for continuing to recruit trainees in their
projects. And my Gratitude to Site Engineers V.Araventhan and S.Muraly . Who support and
advices were extremely beneficial and is much appreciated.
Finally, I should be grateful to my parents, family members, all of my friends and all others who
have contributed by any means to make this report and my training period successes.
Thank You,

R.J.S.Prashanth,
2016/E/032,
Faculty of Engineering,
University of Jaffna.
PREFACE

An important part of the Civil Engineering the industrial training for the 3rd and 4th year
Engineering students. This training period usually consist of two sessions each three month in
duration.

I had my first industrial training experience from 22nd of January 2019 to 12th of April 2019 in
the construction of Private Hospital, consisting of seven storied building at Batticaloa, which is
being carried out by East Lanka Engineering PVT (Ltd).

National Apprentice and Industrial Training Authority guides to apprentices and the training
session and also they inspect and guide trainee for a provable training. Trainees and the
organization are bonded by agreement which should be signed and submitted to NAITA.
This report is based on the experience I gained during my training period on project proposed
building Eastern Medical Service (EMS) private hospital.

I could able to get more experience within short time and I tried to express my idea about overall
training period, difficulties and problems I faced. This construction had occurred more variations
which are most important to improve knowledge.

I
CONTENTS PAGE NO
CHAPTER 01

1. Institution of the profile and training out line

1.1. Introduction of the training establishment 1

1.1.1. Nature of business 1

1.1.2. Company profile 2
1.1.3. Organizational structure 3
1.1.4. Co-operate plan 4
1.1.5. Vision and mission 4
1.1.5.1. Vision 4
1.1.5.2. Mission 4
1.1.6. Objectives 4
1.1.7. Resources and strength 5
1.1.8. Management practices 5
1.1.8.1. Usefulness to the society 5
1.1.8.2. Employment opportunity 5
1.1.9. Employees provident and trust fund 6
1.1.9.1. Employees provident fund (EPF) 6
1.1.9.2. Employees trust fund (ETF) 6

1.2. Introduction about the site 7

1.3. Site safety 9
1.3.1. Safety rules to be followed in site 9
1.3.2. Safety equipment 9

II
CHAPTER 02

2. Training experience
2.1. Reinforcement 12
2.1.1. Introduction 12
2.1.2. Indication of reinforcement in drawing 13
2.1.3. Lap length 14
2.1.4. Crank length 14
2.1.5. Covering 14
2.1.6. Cover blocks 14

2.2. Formwork 15
2.2.1. Inspection of formwork alignment 17
2.2.2. Removing of formwork 17

2.3. Concrete 18
2.3.1. Materials of concrete 19
2.3.2. Mix proportions of concrete 20
2.3.3. Checks before concreting 20
2.3.4. Placing and compaction of concrete 20

2.4. Concrete test 21

2.4.1. Cube test 22
2.4.2. Slump test 23
2.5. Masonry work 24
2.5.1. Introduction 24
2.5.2. Brick work 25

2.6. Plastering 26
2.6.1. Surface preparation 26
2.6.2. Procedure of plastering 26

2.7. Chemical anchoring 27

2.7.1. Setting operation 28

2.8. Honey combs defect 29

2.8.1. Honey comb repairing 29
III
2.9. Machineries and equipment 30
2.9.1. Introduction 30
2.9.2. Equipment 31

CHAPTER 03

3. Conclusion
3.1. Summary of training experience 33
3.2. Weakness and means of overcoming them 34
3.3. Training establishment’s ability to provide useful training 34
3.4. Overall assessment and suggestions to impure the training program 34
3.5. I faced difficulties in my site 34
3.6. Reference 35

IV
FIGURE AND TABLE INDEX

FIGURE INDEX PAGE NO

Figure 1 East lanka engineering PVT (Ltd)…………………………………………..…. 2
Figure 2 Organizational chart of East lanka engineering PVT (Ltd) ………………....… 3
Figure 3 Site Location …………………………………………………………………... 7
Figure 4 Organization chart of kallady site ……………………………………………... 7
Figure 5 Layout of site ………………………………………………………………….. 8
Figure 6 Helmet ………………………………………………………………………… 9
Figure 7 Safety boot ……………………………………………………………………. 10
Figure 8 Goggles ……………………………………………………………………….. 10
Figure 9 Safety belt …………………………………………………………………….. 10
Figure 10 Gloves ……………………………………………………………………….. 11
Figure 11 Safety shoos …………………………………………………………………. 11
Figure 12 Face masks …………………………………………………………………... 11
Figure 13 Indication of reinforcement in drawing ……………………………………... 13
Figure 14 Typical reinforcement arrangement …………………………………………. 13
Figure 15 Lap length and crank length …………………………………………………. 14
Figure 16 Cover blocks …………………………………………………………………. 14
Figure 17 Column formwork …………………………………………………………… 15
Figure 18 Vertical level check of a column formwork …………………………………. 16
Figure 19 Slab and beam form work leveling …………………………………………... 16
Figure 20 Cube casting ………………………………………………………………….. 22
Figure 21 Slump equipment ……………………………………………………………... 23
Figure 22 English bond ………………………………………………………………….. 24
Figure 23 Stretcher bond ………………………………………………………………… 25
Figure 24 Checking vertical plastering ………………………………………………….. 27
Figure 25 Chemical anchoring …………………………………………………………... 27
Figure 26 Chemical anchoring bonding agent (HIL TI RE 500) ……………………….. 28 V
Figure 27 Honey comb defect ……………………………………………………….….... 29
Figure 28 After the repairing honey comb ……………………………………………...... 30
Figure 29 Poker vibrator …………………………………………………………………. 31
Figure 30 Site concrete Mixer ……………………………………………………………. 31
Figure 31 Wheel barrow ………………………………………………………………..... 32
Figure 32 Hoist and Buckets ……………………………………………………………... 32

TABLE INDEX PAGE NO

Table 01 Minimum period for removal of formwork ………………………………….. 18
Table 02 Material ratio …………………………………………………………………. 20
Table 03 Chemical anchoring hole depth details ………………………………………. 28

CHAPTER 01 INSITUTION PROFILE AND TRAINING OUTLINE

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE TRAINING ESTABLISHMENT

The East Lanka Engineering PVT (Ltd) was established in 2009 to provide engineering contractor
services with the commitment to sustainable development.
East Lanka Engineering PVT (Ltd) provides services for the country from the construction.
The services are provided by the East Lanka Engineering PVT (Ltd) include feasibility studies for
hydroelectricity, irrigation projects and other water resource projects, engineering of high rise
buildings, town planning, hospitals, highways, water supply and sewerage and building
constructions. The facilities at East Lanka Engineering PVT (Ltd) has been extended into geological
and geo technical investigation, soil and material testing, surveying and environmental impact
assessments.
Contractor services are provided by East Lanka Engineering PVT (Ltd) range in size and engineering
complexity from minor projects such as housing schemes to the requirements of large multi-
disciplinary projects. Contractor services have been extended into various aspects of engineering
projects from pre-feasibility study stages to design, drafting of specifications, contract
documentation, project managements and commissioning of projects.

1.1.1 Nature of business

The East Lanka Engineering PVT (Ltd) performs under three main units. They are:
1. Construction unit
2. Administrative unit
3. Financial unit

Specialized field and services of East Lanka Engineering PVT (Ltd)

A) Specialized fields
 Architectural and structural
 Electrical and mechanical
 Irrigation
 Power generation
 Transportation and geo technical
 Public health and environmental
 Land surveying
B) Services

 Comprehensive architectural services

 Detailed engineering design
 Engineering procurement and construction
 Environmental and feasibility studies
 Project identification
 Supervision and project management

1.1.2 Company Profile

East Lanka Engineering PVT (Ltd)

Figure 1 East Lanka Engineering PVT (Ltd) Logo

Address : East Lanka Engineering PVT (Ltd)
50, Vammiyadi road, Addalachenai 12.
Srilanka.
Telephone : +94-0672052033
E-mail : [email protected]
Fax : +94-0672052034

1.1.3 Organizational structure

East Lanka Engineering PVT (Ltd) has good organizational structure that more efficient in handling
large numbers of project at a time.

Organization chart of East Lanka Engineering PVT (Ltd)

Figure 2: Organizational chat of East Lanka Engineering PVT (Ltd)

1.1.4 Co - operate plan

East Lanka Engineering PVT (Ltd) has experienced in engineering geology, geo technical and
foundation engineering as large scale such as dams, tunnels and underground power station
and also sub structural works.
1.1.5 Vision and mission of East Lanka
1.1.5.1 Vision
“To be the technical in building works ensuring the public sector organization possess safe
economical sustainable and elegant built environment to deliver high quality services to the
nation CSS 1-CS 1.”
1.1.5.2 Mission
To provide excellent services for the development of public sector building works by provision
of architectural Engineering design construction maintenance project management and
technical assistance ensuring technical accountability in quality for the total satisfaction by a
team of dedicated multidisciplinary professional.
1.1.6 Objectives
The specific objectives of the East Lanka Engineering PVT (Ltd) identified in 1917 are as follows:

 To provide knowledge on construction and supervision of engineering projects

 To facilitate to carry out the research and training in the engineering field to promote
and enhance capabilities of the engineering and technical personnel required for such
purposes
 To provide consultation to the government on engineering construction of multi-
purpose irrigation projects, high way and power generation, introduction of flood
controls engineering systems, water supply and drainage mechanisms
 To plan, design, and estimate of mega projects such as irrigation, water supply,
drainage, power generation, flood management and disaster management including
dam and safety
The above objectives further expanded by the government in 1970 as per the development
requirement of the country

 Formation of joint ventures and limited liability companies to provide engineering.

 Undertake engineering projects on design built or turnkey basis

1.1.7 Resources and strength

 Human resources
 It is the most valuable resource of organization including civil engineering, Electrical or
Mechanical engineering, geotechnical engineering, architects, surveyors, Quantity surveyors,
engineering and technical assistant, lab technicians and other technical and non- technical
staffs
 Machinery and equipment

 East Lanka Engineering PVT (Ltd) has financial strength to purchase the machine and
equipment they want to complete their performances.
 Financial strength
East Lanka Engineering PVT (Ltd) has good financial strength because of well management and
profit of large projects they earn. That is the reason it.

1.1.8 Management practices

1.1.8.1 Usefulness to the society

East Lanka Engineering PVT (Ltd) is an organization based on Srilanka engineering capacity and
management. Therefore, was able to serve the society many more useful projects to buildup
Srilankan economy.

1.1.8.2 Employment opportunities

East Lanka Engineering PVT (Ltd) gives large numbers of opportunities to employ young
engineers pass out from university system. It’s a real chance to practice them as fresh engineers.
Not only that,

 Leaves for employees

There are 28 leaves can be taken for the workers according to well procedure. This leaves consist
of 14 annual days, 7 sickness leaves and 7 casual leaves.
Maternity leaves entitlement with pay by women workers who delivered a child. Any women
worker who has no child is entitled 6 weeks maternity leave for confinement. Husband of women
who delivered a child can take 1 week leave.
1.1.9. Employees provident and trust fund
1.1.9.1. Employee’s Provident Fund (EPF)
Contribution 8% from the basic salary of employee per month. Contribution 12% of employer
considering the salary of employee per month. This will be remitted to the central bank of
Srilanka employee’s provident fund. EPF benefits could be withdraw on resignation/retirement
or after completion of 55 years for male employees and after completion of 50 years for female
employees.
1.1.9.2 Employee’s Trust Fund (ETF)
Company will contribute an amount of 3% of the employee’s salary to employee’s trust fund.
This ETF money can be withdraw after completing five years of working time period.

1.2 INTRODUCTION ABOUT THE SITE

I have completed my 3 month (12 weeks) industrial training in East Lanka Engineering PVT
(Ltd) from 22nd of January 2019 to 12th of April 2019. I worked at “Eastern medical
service” at Batticaloa.
 Figure 3 - Site location

The organization chart of our site

Figure 4 – Organization chart of Kallady Site

Detail of project :
Project name : E.M.S. Hospital
Project location : New kalmunai road, Kallady, Batticaloa.
Name of client : Eastern medical service.
Consultant : Central Engineering Consultancy Bureau.
Contractor : East Lanka Engineering (PVT) ltd.
Estimate value : 300 million
Project duration : 2 years
No of stories : G+6

Site layout

Figure 5 - Layout of site

1.3. SITE SAFETY

Health and safety is an important factor in a site. Since there is high probability of accident in
construction industry, safety is considered to be of prime importance. Since human resource
is the most valuable resource at the site, safety programs should be an integrated part of the
operation
1.3.1 Safety rules to be followed in site
 Safety helmets for workers and officers
 Correct tools should be used for specified work
 Tools should be stored after working
 Using boots and gloves for hand work
 Mast to avoid dust grinders
 Do not work at height if feeling week & dizzy
 Damaged tools should be kept away from working
 Safety equipment whenever necessary
1.3.2 Safety Equipment
A civil engineering site should be sound and safe enough to each and every personnel at
work such as engineers, supervision, masons, laborers, riggers, bar benders, carpenters etc. In
our site, everyone was highly interested in this respect. Hence everyone at this site was given
safety equipment such as
 Helmet
Helmets are used as a protection against injuries to ahead from falling or flying objects.
(Engineers- white, other- colour)

Figure 6 – Helmet

 Boots
It should be worn when instances like a slab concreting is going on, as the cement can
adversely affect the human skin, when walking on grounds having harmful particles such as
unwanted nails, etc.

Figure 7 – Safety boot

  Goggles
For the protection of eyes, the goggles should be used while welding, otherwise light ray
emitted by welding arcs can impair the human eyesight

Figure 8 – Goggles

 Safety belt
It’s a must when laborers are working at higher elevations

Figure 9 – Safety Belt

 Gloves
It should be worm when bar fixing and tying is going on, as the r/f bars and binding wires can easily
damage the human skin.

Figure 10 – Gloves
  Safety shoes
Safety shoes provide a good protection to the legs. The steel innersole prevents penetration of sharp
objects, as shown in the figure below, while the steel toe cap prevents damages to the fingers from
falling high weights on the toe. Oil resistance, non-slip sole is a good protector when working along
slippery oily surfaces

Figure 11 – Safety Shoe

 Face mask
It should be used when dust particles are present

Figure 12 – Face Mask

CHEPTER 02

2.0 TRAINING EXPERIENCE

2.1 REINFORCEMENT

2.1.1 Introduction
Since there reinforcement can with stand tensions it is important in the construction. Concrete is
strong in compressive, but weak intension, to with stand the tension steel reinforcement bar are
provided into the concrete. There are several factors to be considered before selecting there
reinforcement for the construction work such as maximum tensile strength, availability in the market,
unit price.
We used steel bars to the construction according to our need. Because when we used the
reinforcement in our structure we considered about these things list below
 Lapping length
 Crank length
  Lapping place
 Off cut (wastage )

That’s means when we used the reinforcement it should be efficient and economical. Main thing is if
we used the 6m steel bar, we will have to waste some amount of steel as offcut. By that we used 12m
bars to minimize the offcut. Also in our site we used “lanwa, GTB” steel bars with 8mm, 10mm,
12mm, 16mm,20mm, and 25mm size bars. The reinforcement was laid according to the structural
drawings. After that the following checks are done
 Spacing
 Diameter & type of bars
 No of stirrups
 Lap length
 Stater bars if needed
 Cover blocks, stools and covering
 Regular binding of bars together
 Placement of tension and compression bars

2.1.2 Indication of reinforcement in drawing

Engineering drawing is a language of communication of details. Therefore there is a stand to
indicate reinforcement in drawing such as

Figure 13
Typical reinforcement arrangement
T1 : Outer layer of top reinforcement
T2 : Inner layer of top reinforcement
B1 : outer layer of bottom reinforcement
B2 : Inner layer of bottom reinforcement

2.1.3 Lap length

When two reinforcement bars get over-lapping, there should be enough length to transfer the
tensile force from one bar to other bar. That length is called “Lap length”. Generally, this
length depends on the bar diameter.50d lap length is used where’d’ is the bar diameter.
2.1.4. Crank Length
Crank is a slight bending in bars at the lap so it maintains the clear cover even at the lap
position. The rule that is generally practice is that the slope of crank 1:10 & minimum length
of crank 300mm. in our site, normal proportion of crank was 1:10

Figure 15 - Lapping and crank details

 Lap length LL =50*D (the smallest diameter from two bars)
Crank length = (D1+D2+5)*10
2.1.5 Covering
To protect the reinforcement from corrosion, for the composite action of the reinforcement
and for the concrete to be effective, it is absolutely for the steel bars to be surrounded by
sufficiently impermeable strong concrete. If moisture and chlorides penetrate in to concrete,
the steel bar will rust and due to formation of ferrous oxide or ferrous hydroxide there will be
an expansion in the volume of steel. This increase in volume of steel creates tensile forces in
concrete especially in the cover portion and cause swelling of concrete of concrete and
exposes the concrete to further attack
2.1.6 Cover blocks
Cover blocks have to be laid while erecting the reinforcement as it would be easier. But, after
reinforcement work is finished, the entire members should be check and mixed cover blocks
must be laid. Spacing between cover blocks are judge by the workers by practice.25mm
cover blocks were used for walls and for slabs, 50mm cover blocks are used for columns.

Figure 16 – Cover Blocks

2.2 Form work

A. Column form work
Form work is the temporary structural system, which provides support to take the weight of the
fresh concrete. It must be built &erected so that required shape, size, position and finish of the
concrete are obtained. The form work system should capable of bearing the loads till the concrete
gets the strength in order to self-standard. The finished appearance of the concrete is directly
depending on the quality of the form work. Then, if we are willing to have a good finished
concrete we should keep the concentration on the form work system.
Tape reading = (off line length-plywood thickness)
A = (200-15) mm
=185mm
 Figure 17 - column formwork

Verticality of columns formworks

Just after fixing of formwork the vertical line of column was checked by using plumb bob and
adjustable jack. Some adjustment was done by adjustable jack when we tighten the column for
bracing and the dimension of the column should be always considered

Figure 18 - vertical level check of a column form work

B. Slab and Beam form work leveling

The level machine was placed on the tripod and machine was leveled by adjusting foots screws. Then
by turning the axis perpendicular to the previous direction and checked weather machine was leveled
or not at any direction of the axis of the machine, the circular bubble should be at the middle. After
the reinforcement cage was placed the beam bottom was leveled. Height of the line of collimation
was found by an existing 1000mm elevation line of a column by using a steel tape.

Figure 19 - Slab and Beam formwork leveling

 Required height for slab(Y)

=Floor to floor height-(Slab thickness + instrument height + plywood thickness)
=3900mm-(165+1500+15) mm
=2200mm

 Required height of beam (X)

=Floor to floor height – ((Slab beam) thickness+ instrument height +plywood thickness)
=3900mm-((165+500) +1500+15) mm
=1720mm

2.2.1 Inspection of formwork alignment

During the formwork arrangement or before the concreting all the formwork arrangement should
be checked. The following checks can be performed
  Mold oil application on the form work surface, which is going to be contact with concrete
surface. It will reduced absorption of water from the concrete and easy to remove the
formwork.
 Dimension check: According to the drawing specifications the dimensions of formwork
should be checked .otherwise, it may lead to misshape.
 Tightness of the form ties, jacks, props and all the supports.
 Sponge between to plywood joints and between formwork and previous concrete surface
to avoid leakage of grout during the concreting.
 Vertically checks

2.2.2 Removing of formwork

When removing form work, must be given to minimize the damages to the forms, as they are
reusable generally, a formwork made out of ordinary plywood sheets can be used 3-5 times, if
handled with care & protected from weather effects. The striking times depend on cement type,
great of concrete, dimension of the section, the false work and the temperature of concrete. In
cold weather striking times are grater.
Vertical surface from work such as column & wall from work, beams side boards could be
removed early stage. But soffit from work of beam & slab could not be removed until the
concrete reaches a sufficient strength to support its self-weight and any other loads transferred
formwork should be removed minimum time period after concreting as given below,

 Side board of the beam, slab & column 24 hours

Table 01 - Minimum period for removal of Form work

2.3 Concrete
Today the concrete, it’s the most important material for all types of construction works and has
been used for innumerable construction work. Some forms of concrete are reinforced cement
concrete, plain concrete, precast concrete, pre-stressed concrete & many others. In construction
industry, the concrete is mainly used for foundation, column, slabs & beams, staircase, lintels,
doors, window frames, sunshades, storage tanks.
Concrete is mainly comp0sed of cement, water and aggregates with or without additions known
as an admixture to improve strength, and other physical properties. It is used to contract most of
the structure in construction field. Concrete cannot bear high tensile forces (only compressive
forces), so reinforcement are used with it where required
Basically concrete is a mixture of cement, fine aggregate (sand), coarse aggregate (matel) water,
and admixtures. Admixtures are used to delay or accelerate the setting times of cement in
concrete. The above mentioned types of jobs. Also coarse aggregates sizes are varying for
different mixes (ex: lean concrete, reinforcement concrete, chip concrete)
In a site, concrete can be produced by using a concrete mixture or by hand outside the sites concrete
is produced at the bathing plants. In our used both manual & mechanical mixing methods

2.3.1. Materials of concrete

 Cement
Cement is finely ground powder used for making concrete and mortars and having off provides a
very hard and strong, and substances which bind together the particles of aggregates to from a
mass of high compressive strength. After used cement for any construction, the product is
environment friendly. The most commonly used cement is Portland cement.
 Fine Aggregates
Sand is most common material used for construction. This should be river sand, pit sand or
crushed stone sand. Fine aggregates used for building construction, should be hard durable
cleaned and free from clay, salt and old other matters. Generally sea sand should not be used
directly for construction, because it contains salts, which have reaction with cement.
 Coarse Aggregates

It should be hard and free from decay cracks and sand holes. Generally stones which are heavy,
tough and compact gained are considered to be stone and durable. The maximum size of coarse
aggregate is determined by the class of work with rein forced concrete. This type of aggregate used
directly influences the fire protection and thermal insulation qualities of the concrete.

 Water
Water needs to be added to mix due to too reason. One of them, water is required for reacting with
cement so that the practical is bound to gather. The other resin is for making the contrite sufficiently
workable to be placed and compacted. Water for concreting was equal in quality to a good drinking
water. Sea water maybe used but it has certain disadvantages such as delayed hardening and
subsequent efflorescence. If sea water is used in reinforced concrete it easily Leeds to corrosion of
the reinforcing steel.

2.3.2. Mix proportions of concrete

Following are the grades in producing concrete,

Table 02 – Material ratio

2.3.3 Checks before concreting

The following procedures must be checked before placing the concrete.

 The dimension of the formwork and it’s properly supported and there is no possibility of
leakage.
 Diameter and type of reinforcement
 No of reinforcement bars, Spacing, Anchorage length and Lap lengths.
 Cover blocks have been placed at necessary places and thickness of cover block
 Cleaning of formwork

2.3.4 Placing and compaction of concrete

The concrete should be placed before its initial setting time is elapsed. The mixed concrete was lifted
by a hoist for upper floor and transferred by using wheel barrow. After that concrete was compacted.
The purpose of compacting concrete by vibration is the elimination of entrapped air and forcing the
particles into a closer configuration. In our site compaction is done by vibrators as porker vibrators.
Those are operated by mechanically and electrically. The porker vibrator should be held vertically,
until the air bubbles cease to come up to the surface. The over vibration as well as the under vibration
should not be allowed. Over vibration would make the concretes aggregated while under vibrated
concrete would have honey combs in it.

For the beam ;-Covering with wetted gunny bags.

For the column :-Covering with wetted gunny bags.

For the slab :-Pond type for the whole day.

For foundation :-Spreading water.

2.3.5 Porker vibrators

This consists of Poker, housing eccentric shaft driven through a flexible rive from a motor. The
poker is immersed in concrete and thus applies approximately harmonic forces to concrete. In
our site we used me chemical and electrical vibrators. The available sizes of porkers are ½//, 1//,
1½// (the diameter of the shaft) in our site weused1 ½ size porker.
2.3.6 Curing
Curing should be done to provide water required for the hardening of concrete. It should be
started once the concrete has begun to harden. The general method of applying water is through
exposed faces of the concrete. By covering the faces of columns, beams and walls with wet
canvas gunny bags the surface can be kept wet. But in our site we used various methods for the
elements. Those are
2.3.7. Test for concrete
Normally two types of test word and for concrete in our construction site
They are,
 Cube test
 Slump test

2.3.7.1. Cube test

Testing concrete cubes act as an important test carried out in the site. Cubes were tested in 7 days
and 28 days after casting. ICB (international center for sustainable and build environment) did
the cube tests of our site. No of cubes casted varied with the quantity of concrete and method
batched. One set of cubes casted from the same truck mixture. Moulds placed on a flat concreted
with a roof avoid settlements
150mm*150mm*150mm moulds used to cast cubes compacts using 25mm*25mm square based
rod and tamped 35 times to each layer. Concrete filled in 3 layers to the mould cubed are labeled
for easy identification. Casted cubes are measured to calculate the density of cubes. Later on
cube crushing machine was fixed in the site. Therefore, we got the opportunity to handle the
machines and calculate the compressive strength of cubes by adding relevant corrections.

Figure 20 – Cube casting

2.3.7.2. Slump test

Workability of the concrete is measured using the slump test. Slump value checked at the
batching plant and before pouring. They checked slump in every truck mixture. Slump cone
should be kept at the middle of the plate. Slump cone filled 3 layers of concrete and each
compacted 25 times with the tamping rod. Then lifted the cone and measured the slump value. In
our site, recommended slump for slab, walls and beam is (200+or- 25) mm. for downwards
resulting segregation which reduces the strength of the structure. If the slump is lesser, concrete
mixture is less workable resulting honeycombs.
Apparatus
 Slump cone
 Tamping rod
 Base plate
 Measuring tape
 Figure 21 – Slump Equipments

2.4Masonry work
2.4.1 Brick work
2.4.1.1 Introduction
The Brick work is the outer body of the structure. So it is one of the important processes in the
building construction. In our site the brick walls were the partition walls. The bricks were wetted
before using, because dry ness of brick will cause them or tar to bed ride quickly so weak bond
will be the result. The standard size of brick is 215*102.5*65mm.
The mortar used for brick work transfer the stresses between adjacent bricks. To do this perfectly
it must satisfy certain requirements.
 Having adequate strength
 Having work ability and well bond between the bricks
 Being able to produce economic cost

According to arrangement of bricks in the wall and thickness of the wall there are two types of
bond
 English Bond (9”)
  Stretcher Bond (4.5”)

In our site two types of bricks bond types were used.

I. 225mm (for external wall and where higher loads are expected)[English bond]
II. 112mm (for internal walls and where lower load are expected)[Stretcher bond]

2.4.1.2 English bond:

 English bond used in the external wall areas because, English bond is stronger than
stretchers bond. It was necessary to place the queen closer

Figure 22 - English bond

2.4.1.3 Stretcher bond

In this arrangement of bonding all the bricks are laid as stretchers. (In the direction of wall).This
bond is also called as running bond and this pattern was used for half brick walls.

Figure 23 - Stretcher bond

2.4.1.4Tools Used For Brick Masonry

 Hammer
 Brick axe
  Sprit level
 Plumb bob
 Mason’s square
 Mason’s trowel
 Tape
 Iron pan and shovel
 String

2.4.1.5MixofMortar
OPC is the basic type of cement which is used on large scale in all general type of construction
work. The whole mixing for brick masonry were one by manually (hand mix). The Cement and
sand are first mixed with the help of shovels until the mixer a trains a uniform color by the ratio
of 1:5 cement : sand .Then by adding adequate water the mortar mix were prepared.
2.4.1.6 General Principle Considered in Brick Masonry.
 Brick should be strong, durable has sharp edges
 Bricks should be soaked in water before being used
 Bricks should be raised uniformly

While standard mortar thickness to be 10mm, 10-15mm range was allowed no continuous joints
were allowed
 The constructed walls were allowed to cure atleast for 3-4 days watering 2 times per day
 While it is designed to increase the length of the wall under construction at future or line
1st obelic the wall was stopped with the other end. This is necessary to ensure continuous
bonding between the old and new work.

2.5. Plastering
This is the process of covering rough surface with a plastic material to obtain an even smooth
regular, clean and durable surface. Plastering and conceals defective workmanship and covers up
unsound and cheap quality material. Often plastering is required to provide a satisfactory basic
for decorating the surface by white washing distempering or painting.
The plastic of plaster is made by working together a mixture of building materials which maybe
cement, lime or clay, fine aggregates (usually sand ) and water when cement issued as the
binding material, the plaster is termed as cement plaster. Sand normally forms the greatest
proportion of the continents of plaster. Sand controls the shrinkage, porosity, strength and
adhesive properties of plaster. Sand used should be clean, sharp and free from deleterious matter.
Two types of plasters were used in over site as an exterior and interior plaster. All work relevant
to plastering shall be proceeding from top to bottom.
2.5.1. Surface preparation
Loose particles dried mortar being on the wall surface to be removed, as well as if there are some
oil surface, unevenness and the wall shell be corrected try backing of concrete, brick or tri base
coat shell be properly wetted, cleaned thoroughly.
 Concrete surface preparation

Concrete surface, which may be to smooth to plaster shell be roughened by chipping. Dry
surface shell be properly wetted and cleaned thoroughly.

2.5.2. Procedure of plastering

First of all should be prepared. The walls were brushed clean of all dust and thoroughly wetted
and surface dried before start the plaster. In order to get correct thickness and proper surface of
plaster, reference lines, which was aligned to marked line on the floor.200-250mm wide strip of
chicken mash were fixed to all joints of block walls and concrete.

Face of concrete wall, column and beams where to receive other finishing were applied with a
coat of spatter dash of from a key of plater. All surface of spatter dash were well wetted to
minimized water absorption before the application of plastering .Spatter dash was prepared of .1-
part cement 1 part of sand with chemifix.
When plastering is done, level gauges were set up initially. For internal walls center plum bob
was used to make the level gauges which is plumb to the 200mm off from both top edge
S of the walls.
Next, by keeping measuring tape perpendicular to the plumb string top and bottom level gauges
pasted over the wall according to the specified thickness of the plaster was embedded top of level
gauges. After mortar mixture was made by 1 – part cement 5-part sand. The order mixture should
be applied on the walls between guide points

Figure 24

2.6 CHEMICAL ANCHORING

Chemical anchoring was done to insert reinforcement bars to already set concrete. This should
have to done when dowels are not provided or extension is needed to already construct structure.
Products used foe chemical anchoring are HIT-RE-500 for horizontal & vertical anchoring

Figure 25

2.6.1. Setting operation

 Location were marked to insert bars and holes were drill using electrical drill.
 Firstly, drilled holes were cleaned using a brush, then dust was removed by sponge
 According to the re-bar diameter, hole diameter and depth were selected.
 Foil packs were inserted to the holder and nozzle was fixed
 Then then cartridge was put into dispenser and first 3 trigger pulls were thrown away
 Inserted the nozzle into hole and injected the HILTY RD500 chemical by releasing
dispenser. Numbers of triggers given were counted
 Holes were filled up to 2/3 of its depth for first hole. This was checked by inserting a re-
bar for other holes number of triggers counted was gotten as the measurement.
 Any load should not be applied to the re-bar during its setting time
 Partially used foil packs should be used within four week
 Figure 26 - Chemical anchoring bonding agents (HIL Ti RE 500)

Table 03 : chemical anchoring Hole depth details

2.6. HONEYCOMBS DEFECT

Honeycombs-these is the major defect in concrete. Honeycombs will occur due to, segregation of
material when placing concrete
 Usage of improper mixture of concrete
 By using incorrect proportions of material
 Due to high water cement ratio
 Slump of concrete lower of higher required value
 Poor compaction of concrete
 Bad formwork arrangement
 When joints of formwork are loose there can be leakage of grout through these joints.
This will be lead to occur honeycombs
 Formation of cracks in the surface – due to have evaporation of water from concrete,
 Cracks are formed in the surface. This can be avoided by curing the concrete properly
 Figure 27

2.6.1. Honey comp repairing

Material required:
 Polycrete MC (high strength free flowing micro concrete)
 Ployzinc (zinc epoxy corrosion protective coating)

 Method of repairing:
 Hack and remove the weak concrete area to expose the surface
 Thoroughly clean the reinforcement with wire brush makes it free from grout
 Wash and clean the hacked area to free from dust with water

 Apply poly zinc to the expose reinforcement

 Arrange suitable agent (L-Bond)to the hacked surface
 Thoroughly seal the formwork arrangement to prevent grout leakages
 Pour the polucrete MC (micro Crete) and compact it
 Finally cure the repairing surface
Only construction grout 180 should be used in minor honey comp repairing

Figure 28

2.6 Machineries and Equipment

2.6.1 Introduction
In addition to the laborers it is required to use equipment & machinery to improve the quality
and the efficiency of the work. The cost of equipment varies from 10%-25% of the total cost of
the project depending upon the extent of mechanization, proper planning, and selection,
procurement, installation, operation, maintenance, and equipment replacement policy play an
important role in equipment management for the successful completion of the project
There were many operations to be done in the construction project, such as site clearing,
excavation of earth, and transport of material, cleaning, fixing, & assembling of members. In the
construction process various types of machineries have to be used in order to obtain optimum
result and to ensure that the work program is in a progress.
These lections of machinery depend on the following factors.
 Nature of the work
 Method of construction
 Time allowed for the work
Poker Vibrator:
This is a type of vibrator which is used to compact after placing. This is general purpose
equipment used to compact concrete placed in columns, slabs and beams in site. The main
advantages of this equipment is that this is portable an also comes in various sizes ranging from
25mm diameter to 60mm.The size to be used decided based on the spacing between there in for
cement

Figure 29 – Poker Vibrator

Site Concrete Mixer:

Concrete mixers are used to mix the ingredients of concrete efficiency and the quality of
concrete depends largely time of mixing, speed of drum, and time of water supply. For
preparation of concrete the laborers are required to place the materials. In the hopper and to load
the concrete to buckets or the wheel barrows. This increases the efficiency of placing of concrete
as well.
 Figure 30 – Site Concrete Mixer

Wheel barrow:
This is the main mode used for transportation of concrete in site. This is very useful to transports
mall amount of concrete within the site. One load can handle about 0.03m3 comfortably. The
path, which was used by the Wheel barrow travels, Will be laden with steel plate to provide the
smooth rout required to ensure that the concrete will not get segregated during transportation.

Figure 31 – Wheelbarrow

Hoist & Buckets :

The hoist is used to lift concrete, sand, cement & bricks to the upper floors. This consists of an
electric mortar which wind sand unwinds the cable with a hook at the end. The bucket aroused to
load concrete, sand, cementer bricks to be lifted by the hoist. There were two types bucket. The
Cylindrical bucket is specifically made with as hudder at the bottom to pour out any material in
side. This is mainly used for lifting concrete or sand. The cubic shaped bucket is used for lifting
bricks.
 Figure 32 - Hoist &Buckets

CHAPTER 03
CONCLUSION
3.1 Summary training Experiences
I am very glad to say my industrial training three-month at East Lanka Engineering PVT (Ltd)
for construction project for seven storied building in Batticaloa for Eastern medical service were
very successful to me . Because I could get more practical knowledge about industrial
procedures and technological applications and also, I got a great opportunity to develop my
competencies and attitude according to the industries standards. I could also improve my self-
confidence and develop my ability to behave with varies kind of peoples in the environment
I acquired a considerable knowledge inform work, plastering, honeycomb work, Brick work,
Plastering. That procedure and practices adopted in the field construction. I think I have gained
considerable knowledge and technical skills during my training period.
More importantly during my training experience I had opportunity to collaborate with various
people from engineers to workers in the company and outside the company. I learnt the way to
move with them quite easily and they became very good friend of mine during the training
period and at the end of training. We had chance to discuss with them and share their experience
when we were carrying out work at site. I was so glade to join such a company has field variety
and provided a good training.
This diversity of the field made me and interesting period of my study life. I understood
application of the theories in the industrial practices. The theories I studied from the helped me
to understand complicated problems and circumstances.
I strongly believe that all knowledge and experiences gained from this training over a period of
three-month will help meet with a self-confidence in industry to start my career

3.2 Weaknesses and means of overcoming them

In first few days I could not get a clear idea about site because it was huge area with 400 square
meter. The labors there were using local words for tools and equipment that is not as we learned
at our University. So, it took some times to understand and get familiar with site work. I did not
get opportunity to practically learn about preliminary works, excavation, foundation and filling
work.
I was obtained a lot of knowledge of the consultant and contractor part. But engineer should have
a feeding of labor handling to pass the instructions to those offices to carry out the construction
work.
3.3 Training Establishment’s ability to provide useful training
Obviously, East Lanka Engineering PVT (Ltd) is a structured company that can provide useful
building training with aligned advice and working with experienced engineers and workers in
their project. East Lanka Engineering PVT (Ltd) encourages trainee, we were instructed to gather
more and more knowledge and improve our skills in the construction industry

3.4 Overall Assessment and Suggestions to improve the Training program

Considering overall training program, I believe that I gained a good knowledge and a good
experience in East Lanka Engineering PVT (Ltd) projects. When I look back the early days, I
began our training with lessee construction knowledge. I faced with the difficult situation of this
rural area and the tight schedule of work, now I have this ability to handle such situations
without being stressed.

3.5 I faced difficulties in my site

During the training period, I had a chance to handle labors. Because I worked the contracting
part. This is my major problem. This is the difficulties. I faced in my site

Reference
 General Note
 Method statement
 Chemical anchoring
 Plastering
 Honey repairing