3.1.

The physical characteristics of

• coaxial cable

• Twisted pair cable

(STP, UTP)

• fiber-optic
Twisted Pair Cable
 Twisted-pair cable consists of color-coded pairs of
insulated copper wires.
 Every two wires are twisted around each other to
form pairs and all the pairs are encased in a plastic
sheath.
 The more twists per inch in a pair of wires, the more
resistant the pair will be to crosstalk.
Twisted Pair Cable

 It is relatively inexpensive, flexible, and easy to

install.
 Twisted-pair cable falls into one of two categories:
STP (shielded twisted-pair) or UTP (unshielded
twisted-pair)
Twisted Pair Cable… STP (Shielded Twisted-Pair)
 surrounded by a shielding made of a metallic substance
such as foil.
 The shielding acts as a barrier to external
electromagnetic forces, thus preventing them from
affecting the signals traveling over the wire inside the
shielding

metallic substance
(foil)
Twisted Pair Cable… UTP (Unshielded Twisted-Pair)
 UTP does not contain additional shielding for the twisted
pairs.
 Only consists of one or more insulated wire pairs encased
in a plastic sheath.
Twisted Pair Cable… cable construction
Twisted Pair Cable… UTP (Unshielded Twisted-Pair)
 Throughput—STP and UTP can both transmit data at
10, 100, and 1000 Mbps (1Gbps), depending on the
grade of cabling and the transmission method in use.
 Cost—STP is more expensive than UTP because it
contains more materials and it has a lower demand.

 Connector—STP and UTP use RJ-45 (Registered Jack

45) and RJ-11 (Registered Jack 11).

RJ45 Maximum Cable Length. In theory, an ethernet

cable can be run 100 meters (about 328 feet).
However, cables can pick up electrical noise on long
runs.
Twisted Pair Cable… UTP (Unshielded Twisted-Pair)

 Noise immunity—Because of its shielding, STP is

more noise-resistant than UTP. (disebabkan ia mengandungi pelindung,
STP lebih tahan hingar(noise) daripada UTP)

 Size and scalability—The maximum segment length

for both STP and UTP is 100 m, or 328 feet. (Panjang
maksimum segmen bagi kedua-dua STP dan UTP adalah 100 m, atau 328 kaki)
 UTP categories

Category 1 Voice only (Telephone)

Category 2 Data to 4 Mbps (Localtalk)

Category 3 Data to 16Mbps (Ethernet)

Category 4 Data to 16Mbps up to 100meter(Token ring)

Data to 100Mbps (Fast Ethernet/100baseT) – 2
Category 5 pair cable
Data to 1000Mbps (Gigabit Ethernet)– 4 pair cable

Category 5e Data to 1000Mbps (Gigabit Ethernet)

Data to 1000Mbps (Gigabit Ethernet/

Category 6
Ethernet/1000base-T)
Extra notes
Twisted Pair Cable…
UTP cable type
CAT 5e (Enhanced • A higher-grade version of CAT 5 wiring that contains
Category 5) high-quality copper, offers a high twist ratio, and uses
advanced methods for reducing crosstalk.
• Enhanced CAT 5 can support a signaling rate as high as
350 MHz, more than triple the capability of regular CAT
5.

CAT 6 (Category 6) • A twisted-pair cable that contains four wire pairs, each
wrapped in foil insulation.
• Additional foil insulation covers the bundle of wire
pairs, and a fire-resistant plastic sheath covers the
second foil layer.
• The foil insulation provides excellent resistance to
crosstalk and enables CAT 6 to support a 250-MHz
signaling rate and at least six times the throughput
supported by regular CAT 5. Extra notes
Twisted Pair Cable…
UTP cable type
CAT 6e (Enhanced  A higher-grade version of CAT 6 wiring that reduces
Category 6) attenuation and crosstalk, and allows for potentially
exceeding traditional network segment length limits.
 CAT 6e is capable of a 550 MHz signaling rate and can
reliably transmit data at multi-Gigabit per second
rates.

CAT 7 (Category 7)  A twisted-pair cable that contains multiple wire pairs,

each surrounded by its own shielding, then packaged
in additional shielding beneath the sheath.
 CAT 7 cabling is that it can support signal rates up to 1
GHz.

Extra notes
Twisted Pair Cable…

Extra notes
 UTP categories

categories of
signal carrying capacity Typical uses
Ethernet cable
Home, Home Office, small
cat 5 Ethernet and Fast Ethernet
office
Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, and Gigabit Home, small office, gaming
cat 5e
Ethernet (short distance) consoles, computer networks
Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, and 1 Gigabit large network, data centers,
cat 6
Ethernet (consistent) office, cat 6 certified network
large data center, large
Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, and 10 Gigabit
cat 6a office, server farms, futuire
Ethernet
proofing new equipment

Extra notes
Comparison between STP & UTP
Comparison between STP & UTP(characteristics)

• STP and UTP transmit the same rates.

• Transmit data at 10Mbps, 100Mbps, 1Gbps depending on
Throughput
the grade of cabling and the transmission method used.

• STP and UTP vary.

Cost • STP actually more costly.

• STP more noise resistant.

Noise immunity • UTP subject to techniques to offset noise.

Size and sclability • STP and UTP maximum segment length 100 meters.
Coaxial cable
 Coaxial cable consists of a central copper core
surrounded by an insulator, a braided metal
shielding, called braiding, and an outer cover, called
the sheath or jacket. (Kabel Coaxial terdiri daripada teras tembaga pusat
dikelilingi oleh pembalut, logam perisai, disebut braiding, dan penutup luar yang disebut
sarung atau jaket)

 The core carries the electromagnetic signal, and the

braided metal shielding acts as both a shield against
noise. (teras membawa isyarat elektromagnet, dan logam perisai bertindak sebagai
perisai terhadap hingar)

 all types have been assigned an RG (radio guide)

specification number.
Coaxial cable
construction
Coaxial cable

Coaxial cable F-Type connector

Coaxial cable…
 Have two categories: Thicknet and Thinnet.
 Thicknet
– Its diameter is approximately 1 cm
– IEEE has designated Thicknet as 10BASE-5 Ethernet
– maximum segment length are 500 meters.

 Thinnet
– Its diameter is approximately 0.64 cm
– IEEE has designated Thinnet as 10BASE-2 Ethernet
– maximum segment length are 185 meters (or roughly 200)
Coaxial cable…(characteristics)

Throughput

Cost

Noise immunity

Size and sclability

Fiber-optic Cable
 Fiber-optic cable, or simply fiber, contains one or
several glass or plastic fibers at its center, or core.
 Surrounding the fibers is a layer of glass or plastic
called cladding.
 Outside the cladding, a plastic buffer protects the
cladding and core.
Fiber-optic Cable
 To prevent the cable from stretching, and to protect
the inner core further, strands of Kevlar (an
advanced polymeric fiber) surround the plastic
buffer.
 Finally, a plastic sheath covers/outer jacket the
strands of Kevlar.
 Have two categories: single-mode and multimode.
Fiber-optic Cable

 Cable jacket/sheath covers/outer jacket the strands of Kevlar.

 Kevlar - an advanced polymeric fiber surround the plastic
buffer.
 Coating /buffer- protects the cladding and core.
 Cladding - a layer of glass or plastic.
 Core - contains one or several glass or plastic fibers at its
center
Fiber-optic Cable
Fiber-optic Cable…SMF (Single-Mode Fiber)
 SMF (single-mode fiber) uses a narrow core (less
than 10 microns in diameter) through which light
generated by a laser travels over one path, reflecting
very little. (menggunakan teras yang kecil(kurang dari 10 mikron dalam diameter)
yang mana cahaya yang dihasilkan oleh laser dihantar melalui satu jalur, pantulan sangat
sedikit)

 Because it reflects little, the light does not disperse

as the signal travels along the fiber. (Oleh kerana pantulannya
sedikit, cahaya tidak akan tersebar sebagai isyarat perjalanan sepanjang melalui serat)

 accommodate high bandwidths and long distances.

(menyediakan bandwidth yang tinggi dan jarak yang panjang)
Fiber-optic Cable…MMF (Multimode Fiber)

 MMF (multimode fiber) contains a core with a larger

diameter than single-mode fiber (between 50 and
115 microns in diameter; the most common size is
62.5 microns) over which many pulses of light
generated by a laser or LED travel at different angles.
(mengandungi teras dengan diameter yang lebih besar daripada serat single-mode (antara
50 dan 115 mikron diameter; saiz paling umum adalah 62,5 mikron) di mana banyak pulsa
cahaya yang dihasilkan oleh laser atau LED bergerak pada sudut yang berbeza)

 It is commonly found on cables that connect a router

to a switch or a server on the backbone of a network.
(kebiasaanya dijumpai pada kabel yang menghubungkan router ke switch atau server di
tulang belakang rangkaian)
Fiber-optic Cable

Dispersion = penyebaran
Fiber-optic Cable

cladding

core
Fiber-optic Cable…Connector

(a) ST (Straight Tip) (b) SC (Standard Connector)

(c) LC (Local Connector) (d) MT-RJ (Mechanical Transfer

Registered Jack)
Fiber-optic Cable (characteristics)
• Fiber has proved reliable in transmitting
Throughput data at rates that exceed 10 Gigabits (or
10,000 Megabits) per second.
• Fiber-optic cable is the most expensive
Cost
transmission medium.
• Because fiber does not conduct electrical
Noise
immunity
current to transmit signals,it is unaffected
by EMI
• Depending on the type of fiber-optic cable
Size and
scalability
used, segment lengths from 150 to 40,000
meters.
Fiber-optic Cable…submarine cable
Fiber-optic Cable…submarine cable
 Comparison
• Discuss the comparison between all type of
cable
 Group Discussion
QUESTION:
1. List the best practices for cabling buildings and work
areas.

2. How to manage this problem?? :

 Proper cable forming
• Avoid unnecessary bends
• Minimize jacket twisting
• Replace damaged cable
• Avoid high temperature areas
• Apply cable ties loosely
• Maintain at least a 4 times the diameter bend
radius