3.1.

5 The characteristics of
wireless transmission
3.1.5

Wireless Transmission
 Networks that transmit signals through the
atmosphere via infrared or radiofrequency (RF)
waves are known as wireless networks. (Rangkaian yang
menghantar isyarat melalui atmosfera menerusi inframerah atau gelombang frekuensi radio
yang dikenali sebagai rangkaian wayarles)

 All wireless signals are carried through the air along

electromagnetic waves. (Semua isyarat wayarles dibawa melalui udara di
sepanjang gelombang elektromagnet)

 Wireless spectrum is a continuum of

electromagnetic waves used for data and voice
communication. (spektrum wayarles merupakan jalur gelombang elektromagnet
yang digunakan untuk komunikasi data dan suara)
Wireless Transmission
Characteristic of Wireless Transmission
 Signal propagation (perambatan isyarat)
 Signal degradation (penurunan isyarat/kehilangan)
 Narrowband, broadband and spread spectrum signal
 Fixed and mobile wireless communication
 FE Dis 2014: label

Signal propagation
 The signal may pass through the object or be absorbed by the
object, or it may be subject to any of the following
phenomena:
 Reflection (pantulan)
 Diffraction (pembelauan)
 Scattering (penyerakkan/penghamburan)
Signal propagation

 The signal may pass through the object or be

absorbed by the object, or it may be subject to any of
the following phenomena: reflection, diffraction, or
scattering. (isyarat boleh melewati objek atau diserap oleh objek, atau mungkin
mengalami salah satu fenomena berikut: pantulan, pembelauan, atau penghamburan)

 Reflection The wave encounters an obstacle and

reflects—or bounces back—toward its source. A
wireless signal will bounce off objects whose
dimensions are large compared to the signal’s
average wavelength. (gelombang bertembung dengan halangan dan
memantul kembali menuju sumbernya. Isyarat wayarles bertembung dengan objek yang
lebih besar berbanding dengan panjang gelombang isyarat itu)
Signal propagation
 In diffraction, a wireless signal splits into secondary
waves when it encounters an obstruction. The
secondary waves continue to propagate in the
direction in which they were split. (isyarat wayarles terbahagi
menjadi gelombang sekunder ketika bertembung dengan suatu penghalang. Gelombang
sekunder akan terus merambat pada arah di mana mereka berpecah)

 Scattering is the reflection in multiple different

directions, of a signal. Scattering occurs when a
wireless signal encounters an object that has small
dimensions compared to the signal’s wavelength.
(adalah pantulan dalam beberapa arah signal yang berbeza. Scattering terjadi apabila isyarat
wayarles bertembung dengan objek yang berukuran lebih kecil berbanding dengan panjang
gelombang isyarat itu)
Signal propagation
Signal degradation
 the original signal issued by the transmitter will
experience fading, or a change in signal strength as a
result of some of the electromagnetic energy being
scattered, reflected, or diffracted after being issued
by the transmitter. (isyarat asal yang dikeluarkan oleh penghantar akan
mengalami pengurangan atau perubahan dalam kekuatan isyarat disebabkan oleh
penghamburan, pantulan, atau pembelauan selepas dikeluarkan oleh penghantar)

 the strength of the signal that reaches the receiver is

lower than the transmitted signal’s strength. (kekuatan
isyarat yang dicapai penerima lebih rendah dari kekuatan isyarat penghantar)

 the farther it moves away from the transmission

antenna the more it weakens. (semakin jauh bergerak dari antena
penghantaran ia akan semakin melemah)
Signal degradation

 Interference can distort and weaken a wireless signal

in the same way that noise distorts and weakens a
wire-bound signal. (gangguan dapat mengubah bentuk dan melemahkan
isyarat wayarles dengan cara yang sama sebagaimana yang berlaku pada kabel)

 Because wireless signals cannot depend shielding to

protect them from extraneous EMI, they are more
vulnerable to noise. (Kerana isyarat wayarles tidak dapat bergantung pada
perisai untuk melindungi mereka dari EMI asing, mereka lebih terdedah kepada hingar)
Narrowband, broadband and spread spectrum signal

 In narrowband, a transmitter concentrates the signal

energy at a single frequency or in a very small range
of frequencies. (Dalam Narrowband, pemancar menumpukan tenaga isyarat
pada frekuensi tunggal atau dalam julat frekuensi yang tersangat kecil)

 broadband uses a relatively wide band of the

wireless spectrum. As a result of their wider
frequency bands, offer higher throughputs than
narrowband technologies. (broadband menggunakan sebuah jalur relatif
yang lebar dari spektrum wayarles. disebabkan dari jalur frekuensi yang lebih luas, maka
throughputs lebih tinggi berbanding dengan teknologi Narrowband.)
Narrowband, broadband and spread spectrum signal

 The use of multiple frequencies to transmit a signal is

known as spread spectrum technology. (Penggunaan beberapa
frekuensi untuk menghantar isyarat dikenali sebagai teknologi spread spectrum)

 spread spectrum signaling is called FHSS (frequency

hopping spread spectrum) & DSSS (direct sequence
spread spectrum). (spread spectrum isyarat adalah FHSS (hopping spread
spectrum) & DSSS (direct sequence spread spectrum))
Narrowband, broadband and spread spectrum signal

 FHSS a signal jumps between several different

frequencies within a band in a synchronization
pattern known only to the channel’s receiver and
transmitter. (isyarat melompat antara beberapa frekuensi yang berbeza dalam
sebuah jalur dalam pola penyegerakan yang hanya diketahui oleh penerima saluran dan
pemancar)
Narrowband, broadband and spread spectrum signal

DSSS a signal’s bits are distributed over an entire frequency band at once. Each bit
is coded so that the receiver can reassemble the original signal upon receiving
the bits. (bit isyarat yang diedarkan melalui keseluruhan jalur frekuensi sekaligus. Setiap
bit dikodkan sehingga penerima boleh mengumpul semula isyarat asal ketika menerima
bit)
Fixed and mobile wireless communication
 Each type of wireless communication falls into one of two
categories: fixed or mobile. (terdapat 2 kategori: fiexed atau mobile)
 Fixed wireless
– the locations of the transmitter and receiver do not move. (lokasi
penghantar dan penerima tidak berubah)
– The transmitting antenna focuses its energy directly toward the
receiving antenna. (Penghantaran antena ini memfokuskan tenaga terus ke antena
penerima)
– advantage of fixed wireless is that because the receiver’s
location is predictable, energy need not be wasted issuing signals
across a large geographical area. (kelebihannya, oleh kerana lokasi penerima
adalah telah diketahui, tenaga tidak perlu disia-siakan membawa isyarat menerusi kawasan
geografi yang besar)
Fixed and mobile wireless communication

 mobile wireless
– the receiver can be located anywhere within the
transmitter’s range. (penerima boleh berada di mana sahaja dalam liputan
pemancar itu)

– Allows the receiver to roam from one place to another

while continuing to pick up its signal. (Membolehkan penerima untuk
bergerak dari satu tempat ke tempat lain, sambil terus memperolehi signalnya)
3.2 Network Cabling
Preparation
 Network Cabling
• Cable is the medium through which information usually
moves from one network device to another.

• There are several types of cable which are commonly used

with LANs.

• The type of cable chosen for a network is related to the

network's topology, protocol, and size.

• Understanding the characteristics of different types of

cable and how they relate to other aspects of a network is
necessary for the development of a successful network.
 Straight-through UTP cable
• The ANSI/TIA/EIA (American National Standards
Institute/ Telecommunication Industry Association
/Electronic Industry Association) 568-A standard
which was ratified in 1995, was replaced by the
TIA/EIA 568-B standard in 2002 and has been
updated since.

• Both standards define the T-568A and T-568B

pin-outs for using Unshielded Twisted Pair cable
and RJ-45 connectors for Ethernet connectivity
 Straight-through UTP cable
Figure Illustration of TIA/EIA 568-A
TIA/EIA 568 A
+
TIA/EIA 568 A

HP, H, OP, B, BP, O, CP, C

 Straight-through UTP cable
Figure Illustration of TIA/EIA 568-B
TIA/EIA 568 B
+
TIA/EIA 568 B

OP, O, HP, B, BP, H, CP, C

 Cross-over UTP cable
• If you require a cable to connect two Ethernet
devices directly together without a hub or when
you connect two hubs together, you will need to
use a Crossover cable instead.
• Use crossover cable to connect:
– A hub to another hub
– A switch to another switch
– A hub to a switch
– A PC, router, or file server to another PC, router, or
file server.
 Cross-over UTP cable
Figure Illustration of TIA/EIA 568-A and 568-B
TIA/EIA 568 A
+
TIA/EIA 568 B
Comparison straight-through & crossover
Connector at one Connector at the
Cable Type
end other end
Straight-through T568B T568B
Crossover T568A T568B

Use of straight-through cable Use of crossover cable

• straight-through cable are primarily • crossover cable will enable like/same
used for connecting devices. devices to communicate.
• Example: • Example:
a. PC to Switch a. PC to PC
b. PC to Hub b. Switch to Switch
c. Switch to Router c. Hub to Hub
d. Hub to Router d. Switch to Hub
e. PC to Router
 Patch panels and Wall Jacks
• A patch panel is a panel designed for the
management of cable connections.
• On the front side of a patch panel there are jacks
designed to receive short patch cables, while on
the back of the panel there are either jacks or
punch down blocks that receive the connections
of longer and more permanent cables.

Figure : Sample of Patch panels

 Patch panels and Wall Jacks
• Wall Jacks will be installed on the wall near
the computer to be networked as a mediator
between the computer and hub / switch.

Figure : Sample of Wall Jacks

 Cable Tester
• A cable tester is an electronic device used to
verify the electrical connections in a cable or
other wired assembly.
• It is used to verify that all of the intended
connections exist and that there are no
unintended connections in the cable being
tested.

Figure : Sample of Cable Tester

3.3 Analyze network cabling
problem
 Group Discussion
• Investigate the effect of using a flawed
network cable. (kabel cacat)

No
connection
 Reference:
• http://cts1134.blogspot.my/2014/07/network
-guide-to-networks-chapter-3.html