MODULE 3

Addressing modes of 8086

The different ways in which a source operand is denoted in an instruction is known
as addressing modes. There are 8 different addressing modes in 8086
programming 1.Immediate addressing mode
The addressing mode in which the data operand is a part of the instruction itself is
known as immediate addressing mode.
Example
MOV CX, 4929 H, ADD AX, 2387 H, MOV AL, FFH
2.Register addressing mode
It means that the register is the source of an operand for an instruction.
Example
MOV CX, AX ; copies the contents of the 16-bit AX register into
; the 16-bit CX register),
ADD BX, AX
3.Direct addressing mode
The addressing mode in which the effective address of the memory location is
written directly in the instruction.
Example
MOV AX, [1592H], MOV AL, [0300H]
4.Register indirect addressing mode
This addressing mode allows data to be addressed at any memory location through
an offset address held in any of the following registers: BP, BX, DI & SI.
Example
MOV AX, [BX] ; Suppose the register BX contains 4895H, then the contents
; 4895H are moved to AX
ADD CX, {BX}
5.Based addressing mode
In this addressing mode, the offset address of the operand is given by the sum of
contents of the BX/BP registers and 8-bit/16-bit displacement.
Example
MOV DX, [BX+04], ADD CL, [BX+08]
6.Indexed addressing mode
In this addressing mode, the operands offset address is found by adding the
contents of SI or DI register and 8-bit/16-bit displacements.
Example
MOV BX, [SI+16], ADD AL, [DI+16]
7.Based-index addressing mode
In this addressing mode, the offset address of the operand is computed by summing
the base register to the contents of an Index register.
Example
ADD CX, [AX+SI], MOV AX, [AX+DI]
8.Based indexed with displacement mode
In this addressing mode, the operands offset is computed by adding the base
register contents. An Index registers contents and 8 or 16-bit displacement.
Example
MOV AX, [BX+DI+08], ADD CX, [BX+SI+16]

Assembly Level Programming 8086

The assembly programming language is a low-level language which is
developed by using mnemonics. The microcontroller or microprocessor can
understand only the binary language like 0’s or 1’s therefore the assembler
convert the assembly language to binary language and store it the memory
to perform the tasks. Before writing the program the embedded designers
must have sufficient knowledge on particular hardware of the controller or
processor, so first we required to know hardware of 8086 processor.
Simple Assembly Language Programs 8086
The assembly language programming 8086 has some rules such as

 The assembly level programming 8086 code must be written in

upper case letters
 The labels must be followed by a colon, for example:  label:
 All labels and symbols must begin with a letter
 All comments are typed in lower case
 The last line of the program must be ended with the END directive
8086 processors  have  two other instructions to access the data, such as
WORD PTR – for word (two bytes), BYTE PTR – for byte.

Op-Code and Operand

Op-code:  A single instruction is called as an op-code that can be executed

by the CPU. Here the ‘MOV’ instruction is called as an op-code.
Operands:  A single piece data are called operands that can be operated by
the op-code. Example, subtraction operation is performed by the operands
that are subtracted by the operand.
Syntax: SUB b, c
8086 microprocessor assembly language programs
Write a Program For Read a Character From The Keyboard
MOV ah, 1h                    //keyboard input subprogram
INT 21h            // character input
// character is stored in al
MOV c, al              //copy character from alto c

Write a Program For Reading and Displaying a Character

MOV ah, 1h            // keyboard input subprogram
INT 21h            //read character into al
MOV dl, al            //copy character to dl
MOV ah, 2h            //character output subprogram
INT 21h             // display character in dl
Write a Program Using General Purpose Registers
ORG 100h
MOV AL, VAR1         // check value of VAR1 by moving it to the AL.
LEA BX, VAR1         //get address of VAR1 in BX.
MOV BYTE PTR [BX], 44h // modify the contents of VAR1.
MOV AL, VAR1         //check value of VAR1 by moving it to the AL.
RET
VAR1 DB 22h
END

Write a Program For Displaying The String Using Library Functions

include emu8086.inc    //Macro declaration
ORG 100h
PRINT ‘Hello World!’
GOTOXY 10, 5
PUTC 65             // 65 – is an ASCII code for ‘A’
PUTC ‘B’
RET                 //return to the operating system.
END                 //directive to stop the compiler.

Instruction set of 8086

The 8086 microprocessor supports 8 types of instructions −
 Data Transfer Instructions
 Arithmetic Instructions
 Bit Manipulation Instructions
 String Instructions
 Program Execution Transfer Instructions (Branch & Loop Instructions)
 Processor Control Instructions
 Iteration Control Instructions
  Interrupt Instructions
Let us now discuss these instruction sets in detail.

Data Transfer Instructions

These instructions are used to transfer the data from the source operand to the destination
operand. Following are the list of instructions under this group −
Instruction to transfer a word
 MOV − Used to copy the byte or word from the provided source to the
provided destination.
 PPUSH − Used to put a word at the top of the stack.
 POP − Used to get a word from the top of the stack to the provided location.
 PUSHA − Used to put all the registers into the stack.
 POPA − Used to get words from the stack to all registers.
 XCHG − Used to exchange the data from two locations.
 XLAT − Used to translate a byte in AL using a table in the memory.
Instructions for input and output port transfer
 IN − Used to read a byte or word from the provided port to the accumulator.
 OUT − Used to send out a byte or word from the accumulator to the provided
port.
Instructions to transfer the address
 LEA − Used to load the address of operand into the provided register.
 LDS − Used to load DS register and other provided register from the memory
 LES − Used to load ES register and other provided register from the memory.
Instructions to transfer flag registers
 LAHF − Used to load AH with the low byte of the flag register.
 SAHF − Used to store AH register to low byte of the flag register.
 PUSHF − Used to copy the flag register at the top of the stack.
 POPF − Used to copy a word at the top of the stack to the flag register.
Arithmetic Instructions
These instructions are used to perform arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division, etc.
Following is the list of instructions under this group −
Instructions to perform addition
 ADD − Used to add the provided byte to byte/word to word.
 ADC − Used to add with carry.
 INC − Used to increment the provided byte/word by 1.
 AAA − Used to adjust ASCII after addition.
 DAA − Used to adjust the decimal after the addition/subtraction operation.
Instructions to perform subtraction
 SUB − Used to subtract the byte from byte/word from word.
 SBB − Used to perform subtraction with borrow.
 DEC − Used to decrement the provided byte/word by 1.
 NPG − Used to negate each bit of the provided byte/word and add 1/2’s
complement.
 CMP − Used to compare 2 provided byte/word.
  AAS − Used to adjust ASCII codes after subtraction.
 DAS − Used to adjust decimal after subtraction.
Instruction to perform multiplication
 MUL − Used to multiply unsigned byte by byte/word by word.
 IMUL − Used to multiply signed byte by byte/word by word.
 AAM − Used to adjust ASCII codes after multiplication.
Instructions to perform division
 DIV − Used to divide the unsigned word by byte or unsigned double word by
word.
 IDIV − Used to divide the signed word by byte or signed double word by
word.
 AAD − Used to adjust ASCII codes after division.
 CBW − Used to fill the upper byte of the word with the copies of sign bit of
the lower byte.
 CWD − Used to fill the upper word of the double word with the sign bit of the
lower word.
Bit Manipulation Instructions
These instructions are used to perform operations where data bits are involved, i.e. operations
like logical, shift, etc.
Following is the list of instructions under this group −
Instructions to perform logical operation
 NOT − Used to invert each bit of a byte or word.
 AND − Used for adding each bit in a byte/word with the corresponding bit in
another byte/word.
 OR − Used to multiply each bit in a byte/word with the corresponding bit in
another byte/word.
 XOR − Used to perform Exclusive-OR operation over each bit in a byte/word
with the corresponding bit in another byte/word.
 TEST − Used to add operands to update flags, without affecting operands.
Instructions to perform shift operations
 SHL/SAL − Used to shift bits of a byte/word towards left and put zero(S) in
LSBs.
 SHR − Used to shift bits of a byte/word towards the right and put zero(S) in
MSBs.
 SAR − Used to shift bits of a byte/word towards the right and copy the old
MSB into the new MSB.
Instructions to perform rotate operations
 ROL − Used to rotate bits of byte/word towards the left, i.e. MSB to LSB and
to Carry Flag [CF].
 ROR − Used to rotate bits of byte/word towards the right, i.e. LSB to MSB
and to Carry Flag [CF].
 RCR − Used to rotate bits of byte/word towards the right, i.e. LSB to CF and
CF to MSB.
 RCL − Used to rotate bits of byte/word towards the left, i.e. MSB to CF and
CF to LSB.
String Instructions
String is a group of bytes/words and their memory is always allocated in a sequential order.
Following is the list of instructions under this group −
 REP − Used to repeat the given instruction till CX ≠ 0.
 REPE/REPZ − Used to repeat the given instruction until CX = 0 or zero flag
ZF = 1.
 REPNE/REPNZ − Used to repeat the given instruction until CX = 0 or zero
flag ZF = 1.
 MOVS/MOVSB/MOVSW − Used to move the byte/word from one string to
another.
 COMS/COMPSB/COMPSW − Used to compare two string bytes/words.
 INS/INSB/INSW − Used as an input string/byte/word from the I/O port to the
provided memory location.
 OUTS/OUTSB/OUTSW − Used as an output string/byte/word from the
provided memory location to the I/O port.
 SCAS/SCASB/SCASW − Used to scan a string and compare its byte with a
byte in AL or string word with a word in AX.
 LODS/LODSB/LODSW − Used to store the string byte into AL or string
word into AX.
Program Execution Transfer Instructions (Branch and Loop
Instructions)
These instructions are used to transfer/branch the instructions during an execution. It includes
the following instructions −
Instructions to transfer the instruction during an execution without any condition −
 CALL − Used to call a procedure and save their return address to the stack.
 RET − Used to return from the procedure to the main program.
 JMP − Used to jump to the provided address to proceed to the next instruction.
Instructions to transfer the instruction during an execution with some conditions −
 JA/JNBE − Used to jump if above/not below/equal instruction satisfies.
 JAE/JNB − Used to jump if above/not below instruction satisfies.
 JBE/JNA − Used to jump if below/equal/ not above instruction satisfies.
 JC − Used to jump if carry flag CF = 1
 JE/JZ − Used to jump if equal/zero flag ZF = 1
 JG/JNLE − Used to jump if greater/not less than/equal instruction satisfies.
 JGE/JNL − Used to jump if greater than/equal/not less than instruction
satisfies.
 JL/JNGE − Used to jump if less than/not greater than/equal instruction
satisfies.
 JLE/JNG − Used to jump if less than/equal/if not greater than instruction
satisfies.
 JNC − Used to jump if no carry flag (CF = 0)
 JNE/JNZ − Used to jump if not equal/zero flag ZF = 0
 JNO − Used to jump if no overflow flag OF = 0
 JNP/JPO − Used to jump if not parity/parity odd PF = 0
 JNS − Used to jump if not sign SF = 0
 JO − Used to jump if overflow flag OF = 1
  JP/JPE − Used to jump if parity/parity even PF = 1
 JS − Used to jump if sign flag SF = 1
Processor Control Instructions
These instructions are used to control the processor action by setting/resetting the flag values.
Following are the instructions under this group −
 STC − Used to set carry flag CF to 1
 CLC − Used to clear/reset carry flag CF to 0
 CMC − Used to put complement at the state of carry flag CF.
 STD − Used to set the direction flag DF to 1
 CLD − Used to clear/reset the direction flag DF to 0
 STI − Used to set the interrupt enable flag to 1, i.e., enable INTR input.
 CLI − Used to clear the interrupt enable flag to 0, i.e., disable INTR input.
Iteration Control Instructions
These instructions are used to execute the given instructions for number of times. Following
is the list of instructions under this group −
 LOOP − Used to loop a group of instructions until the condition satisfies, i.e.,
CX = 0
 LOOPE/LOOPZ − Used to loop a group of instructions till it satisfies ZF = 1
& CX = 0
 LOOPNE/LOOPNZ − Used to loop a group of instructions till it satisfies ZF
= 0 & CX = 0
 JCXZ − Used to jump to the provided address if CX = 0
Interrupt Instructions
These instructions are used to call the interrupt during program execution.
 INT − Used to interrupt the program during execution and calling service
specified.
 INTO − Used to interrupt the program during execution if OF = 1
 IRET − Used to return from interrupt service to the main program

Flag Manipulation and Processor Control

Instructions
Instructions of this instruction set are related to flag manipulation and machine
control. The following instructions come under this category:

Instructio Description
n

CLC Clear Carry Flag: This instruction resets the carry flag CF to 0.

CLD Clear Direction Flag: This instruction resets the direction flag DF to 0.

CLI Clear Interrupt Flag: This instruction resets the interrupt flag IF to 0.

CMC This instruction take complement of carry flag CF.

STC Set carry flag CF to 1.

STD Set direction flag to 1.

STI Set interrupt flag IF to 1.

HLT Halt processing. It stops program execution.

NOP Performs no operation.

ESC Escape: makes bus free for external master like a coprocessor or peripheral device.

WAIT When WAIT instruction is executed, the processor enters an idle state in which
processor does no processing.

LOCK It is a prefix instruction. It makes the LOCK pin low till the execution of the
instruction.

Assembler directives
• Assembler directives are the commands to the assembler that direct the assembly process.

• They indicate how an operand is treated by the assembler and how assembler handles the
program.

• They also direct the assembler how program and data should arrange in the memory.

• ALP’s are composed of two type of statements.

• The instructions which are translated to machine codes by assembler.

• The directives that direct the assembler during assembly process, for which no machine
code is generated.

• Assembler Directives of the 8086 Microprocessor :-

• (a) The DB directive
• (b) The DW directive
• (c) The DD directive
• (d) The STRUCT (or STRUC) and ENDS directives (counted as one)
• (e)The EQU Directive
• (f)The COMMENT directive
• (g)ASSUME
• (h) EXTERN
• (i) GLOBAL
• (j) SEGMENT
• (k)OFFSET
• (l) PROC
• (m)GROUP
• (n) INCLUDE