(Page 240 (1) ) : Sub S. (2) Act No. 3 of 2011 Subsection
(Page 240 (1) ) : Sub S. (2) Act No. 3 of 2011 Subsection
(Page 240 (1) ) : Sub S. (2) Act No. 3 of 2011 Subsection
Conduct of meetings.—(1) Before any person may attend or participate in a shareholders meeting—
(a) that person must present reasonably satisfactory identification; and
(b) the person presiding at the meeting must be reasonably satisfied that the right of that person to participate and
vote, either as a shareholder, or as a proxy for a shareholder, has been reasonably verified.
[Page 240(1)]
(2) Unless prohibited by its Memorandum of Incorporation, a company may provide for—
(a) a shareholders meeting to be conducted entirely by electronic communication; or
(b) one or more shareholders, or proxies for shareholders, to participate by electronic communication in all or part of
a shareholders meeting that is being held in person,
as long as the electronic communication employed ordinarily enables all persons participating in that meeting to communicate
concurrently with each other without an intermediary, and to participate reasonably effectively in the meeting.
[Subs. (2) substituted by s. 41 (a) of Act No. 3 of 2011.]
(3) If a company provides for participation in a meeting by electronic communication, as contemplated in subsection (2)—
(a) the notice of that meeting must inform shareholders of the availability of that form of participation, and provide
any necessary information to enable shareholders or their proxies to access the available medium or means of
electronic communication; and
(b) access to the medium or means of electronic communication is at the expense of the shareholder or proxy, except
to the extent that the company determines otherwise.
(4) At a meeting of shareholders, voting may either be by show of hands, or by polling.
[Subs. (4) substituted by s. 41 (b) of Act No. 3 of 2011.]
(5) If voting is by show of hands, any person who is present at the meeting, whether as a shareholder or as proxy for a
shareholder and entitled to exercise voting rights has one vote, irrespective of the number of voting rights that person would
otherwise be entitled to exercise.
[Subs. (5) substituted by s. 41 (b) of Act No. 3 of 2011.]
(6) If voting on a particular matter is by polling, any person who is present at the meeting, whether as a shareholder or as
proxy for a shareholder, has the number of votes determined in accordance with the voting rights associated with the securities
held by that shareholder.
[Subs. (6) inserted by s. 41 (c) of Act No. 3 of 2011.]
(7) Despite any provision of a company’s Memorandum of Incorporation or agreement to the contrary, a polled vote must
be held on any particular matter to be voted on at a meeting if a demand for such a vote is made by—
(a) at least five persons having the right to vote on that matter, either as a shareholder or a proxy representing a
shareholder; or
(b) a person who is, or persons who together are, entitled, as a shareholder or proxy representing a shareholder, to
exercise at least 10% of the voting rights entitled to be voted on that matter.
[Subs. (7) inserted by s. 41 (c) of Act No. 3 of 2011.]
Notes
[Formerly 197, 198]
General Note.—This section deals with the general conduct at a meeting: see also Company Secretarial Practice
Part D. Before a person can attend or participate in a shareholders’ meeting he or she must present reasonably
satisfactory identification. The persons presiding the meeting should also be satisfied that the person’s right to
participate in the meeting has been verified.
[Page 240(2)]
The Companies Act does not provide for the election or appointment of a chairperson for a meeting of
shareholders, but it does provide for the regulation of certain actions by a chairperson: see subs (5). I t i s
submitted that the Memorandum of Incorporation (or the Rules) of the company (see s 15 sv Subsection (3)) can
provide for such an election or appointment and the procedure therefor or merely who will chair the meeting as well
as the duties of the chairperson. The model Memorandum of Incorporation provided for different companies in the
Act does not provide for the position of the chairperson of the meeting of shareholders: see CoR 15.1 A–E for the
standard Memorandum of Incorporation for the different types of companies and General Note on s 13. The 1973
Companies Act provided for the position of a chairman in s 191, which applied in the absence of any provision in the
articles. If there is no provision in the Memorandum of Incorporation (or the Rules) of the company in respect of the
appointment of a chairperson, the common law should apply, and the person named as such in the notice of the
meeting or the chairperson of the board cannot be ipso facto chairperson of the meeting of shareholders: see
General Note on s 72. The chairperson of the board of directors has a fiduciary duty to act objectively at the board
meeting (South African Broadcasting Corporation Ltd v Mpofu [2009] 4 All SA 169 (GSJ) at 182; s 20 sv Authority; s 66
sv Business and affairs and Michele Havenga 2005 SA Merc LJ 137–149), a duty, it is submitted, will also apply in
respect of the meeting of shareholders. If this person is also a director of a company, these duties as chairperson
will be separate from those in her capacity as director and the fact that the chairperson has conflicting interests in
respect of the matters to be decided, does not exclude her from being chairperson: see also Corporate Law in
Canada 491.
A meeting of shareholders may be conducted entirely by electronic communication or if a meeting is being held in
person, one or more shareholders, or proxies for shareholders, may participate in that meeting by electronic
communication but the electronic communication employed must enable all persons participating in that meeting to
simultaneously communicate with each other and participate effectively in the meeting. The company’s Memorandum
of Incorporation can prohibit this. If a company provides for participation in a meeting by electronic communication,
the notice of that meeting must inform shareholders thereof and access to the medium or means of electronic
communication is at the expense of the shareholder or proxy, except to the extent that the company determines
otherwise (s 63 (3)). See s 73 sv Minutes of the meetings for privilege and confidentiality at meetings. The Act,
however, does not directly require minutes of meetings to be kept, but does require minutes and resolutions of
shareholders to be maintained for seven years: see s 24.
Poll.—A “poll” means, curiously enough, as regards company law, not one vote per “head” (cf polltax) but, on
the contrary, much more nearly, though not exactly, one vote per share held, so that the more shares a
shareholder holds, the greater is the voting power. The Act does not define a “poll” but the differences between
voting by a show of hands and a poll are set out in subs (5) and subs (6) respectively.
Every share has one general voting right, except if provided otherwise in the Act or Memorandum of
Incorporation: see further s 37 sv Voting rights. If voting is by show of hands, any person who is present at the
meeting, [Page 240(3)] whether as a shareholder or as proxy for a shareholder and entitled to exercise voting
rights has one vote, irrespective of the number of voting rights that person would otherwise be entitled to exercise
(subs (5)). If voting on a particular matter is by polling, any person who is present at the meeting, whether as a
shareholder or as proxy for a shareholder, has the number of votes determined in accordance with the voting rights
associated with the securities held by that shareholder (subs (6): see also General Note on s 58 in respect of a
proxy). Although the method of polling is described in this subsection, the calculation of the votes is uncertain, as it
requires that the votes are determined according to the securities held by that shareholder. A shareholder and
holder of securities are, however, not the same: see s 1 ssv Shareholder and Securities.
A polled vote must be held, despite any provision in the Memorandum of Incorporation, if such a demand is made
by at least five persons having the right to vote on that matter, either as a shareholder or a proxy representing a
shareholder; or a person who is, or persons who together are, entitled, as a shareholder or proxy representing a
shareholder, to exercise at least 10% of the voting rights entitled to be voted on that matter.
A shareholder’s right to vote is a proprietary right of his shareholding (Sammel v President Brand Gold Mining Co
Ltd 1969 (3) SA 629 (A) at 680). A shareholder may exercise his right to vote in any way he pleases and with
regard, not to the company’s interests, but to what he considers to be in his own interests (see Coronation
Syndicate Ltd v Lilienfield 1903 TS 489 at 496–497; Gundelfinger v African Textile Manufacturers Ltd 1939 AD 314 at
326; BenTovim v BenTovim 2001 (3) SA 1074 (C) at 1088; Northern Counties Securities Ltd v Jackson & Steeple Ltd
[1974] 2 All ER 625 (Ch) at 635: “When a shareholder is voting for or against a particular resolution he is voting as
a person owing no fiduciary duty to the company who is exercising his own right of property to vote as he thinks fit”
– per Walton J; and see L van Rooyen 1989 TSAR 593 at 594–600. If a shareholder is also a director, attending a
meeting of shareholders and voting at such a meeting in the capacity of shareholder is not per se subject to the
fiduciary duties as director: BenTovim case supra 1088; Van Zyl v Nuco Chrome Bophuthatswana (Pty) Ltd and Others
43825/2012 13 March 2013 (GSJ) para 22; reversed on appeal on different grounds: Butler v Van Zyl (554/13)
[2014] ZASCA 81 (30 May 2014); CDH Invest NV v Petrotank South Africa (Pty) Ltd and Another [2018] 1 All SA 450
(GJ), 2018 (3) SA 157 (GJ) para 44; confirmed on appeal on other grounds: CDH Invest NV v Petrotank South Africa
(Pty) Ltd and Others [2019] JOL 41627 (SCA), 2019 (4) SA 436 (SCA) but see Lancaster 101 (RF) (Pty) Limited v
Steinhoff International Holding NV (Markus Johannes Jooste and Another as third parties) [2021] 4 All SA 810 (WCC)
para 87 and also General Note on s 58 in respect of the director as proxy.).
In terms of the 1973 Act the manner and time of taking a poll were governed by the articles. Where they provide
that it was to be taken in such manner as the chairperson directed, he might direct that it be taken immediately (In
re Chillington Iron Co (1885) 29 Ch 159). A poll taken otherwise than in accordance with the articles was invalid (Re
The British Flax Producers’ Co Ltd (1889) 60 LT 215 (Ch) at 216; McMillan v Le Roi Mining Co Ltd [1906] 1 Ch
331 (where the articles required voting to be by members present in person or by proxy and the chairperson
directed that the vote might be by use of [Page 240(4)] voting papers signed by members and delivered at the
company’s office by a fixed date); In re The Salisbury Gold Mining Co Ltd; Ex parte Hathorn (1894) 15 NLR 232 (where
the articles required notice to be given in the same manner as in the case of an adjourned meeting if the poll was
not to be taken at once upon the demand therefor and, the chairperson directing that it was to be taken on the day
it was demanded and until a fixed time on the following day, no notice was given)). This should still be the case,
subject to the Memorandum of Incorporation.
Unless the articles provided otherwise, votes on a poll were not confidential, ie the members were entitled to
know how each member has voted (cf Haarhaus & Co GmbH v Law Debenture Trust Corp plc [1988] BCLC 640 (QB) at
650–651). It is respectfully submitted that this would still be the case.
Despite any provision of a company’s Memorandum of Incorporation or agreement to the contrary, a polled vote
must be held on any particular matter to be voted on at a meeting if a demand for such a vote is made by at least
five persons having the right to vote on that matter, either as a shareholder or a proxy representing a shareholder
or a person who is, or persons who together are, entitled, as a shareholder or proxy representing a shareholder, to
exercise at least 10% of the voting rights entitled to be voted on that matter. A provision in the Memorandum of
Incorporation (or articles of a preexisting company) or rules that voting shall only be by show of hands is void as
contrary to an unalterable provision: See General Note o n s 15 and that section s v Transitional provisions but
Harri v Silonque Landowner’s Association 2019 JDR 0285 (LP) para 14 for a contrary view.