DESIGN OF MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA AT

2.4 GHz FOR WLAN APPLICATIONS USING HFSS

A Report on Minor Project

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY

K.V.K. Jagannadh-20331A04J2
S. Harsha Vardhan Pai-21335A0414
Sk. Arshad-21335A0415

Under the guidance of

Dr. V. N. Lakshmana Kumar, M. Tech, (Ph.D.)

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR,
DEPARTMENT OF ECE

MVGR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(Autonomous)
VIZIANAGARAM-535005, AP (INDIA)
(Accredited by NBA, NAAC, and Permanently Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru
Technological University Kakinada)

2022-2023

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 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
MVGR College of Engineering(A)

This is to certify that the project entitled “design of microstrip patch antenna at
2.4GHz for WLAN applications”, being submitted by
K.V.K.JAGANNADH(20331A04J2), S.HARSHA VARDHAN PAI (21335A0414),
Sk. ARSHAD(20335A0415)in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of
the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Communication
Engineering is cord of bonafide work done by them under my supervision during the
academic year 2022-2023.

PROJECT GUIDE : HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT:

Dr. V.N. Laskhmana Kumar, M. Tech, Ph.D Dr. Shaik Mastan Vali, M.E, Ph. D
ASSISTSNT PROFESSOR, PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF ECE, DEPARTMENT OF ECE,
MVGR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MVGR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We wish to express our deep sense of gratitude to Dr. V.N. Laskshmana
kumar, Assistant Professor, E.C.E Department for his whole hearted
cooperation, unfailing inspiration and valuable suggestions. Constant
encouragement has helped us a long way. We thank her for giving his valuable
time at odd hours, for the patience and understanding she showed.

We consider it a privilege to express our gratitude to Dr. Shaik Mastan

Vali, Professor and Head of the Department, E.C.E, for his valuable suggestions
andconstant motivation that greatly helped the project work to get successfully
completed.

We thank Dr. K. V. L. Raju, Principal, for extending his utmost support

and cooperation in providing all the provisions for the successful completion of the
project.

With great solemnity and sincerity, we offer our profuse thanks to our
management, MANSAS, for providing all the resources to complete our project
successfully.

We sincerely thank all the members of the staff of the Department of

Electronics & Communication Engineering for their sustained help in our pursuit.
We thank all thosewho contributed directly or indirectly in successfully carrying out
this work.

By

K.V.K. Jagannadh-20331A04J2
S. Harsha Vardhan Pai-21335A0414
Sk. Arshad-21335A0415

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Mission adVision of the Institute:

Institute Vision:

Maharaj Vijayaram Gajapathi Raj College of Engineering strives to become a

center parexcellence for technical education where aspiring students can be
transformed into skilled and well-rounded professionals with strong
understanding of fundamentals, a flair for responsible innovation in engineering
practical solutions applying the fundamentals, and confidence and poise to meet
the challenges in their chosen professional spheres.

Institute Mission:

The management believes imparting quality education in an atmosphere that

motivates learning as a social obligation which we owe to the students, their
parents/guardians andsociety at large and hence the effort is to leave no stone
unturned in providing the same with all sincerity.

Department of ECE Vision:

To evolve as a center of excellence in Electronics and Communication

Engineering inthe country training students in contemporary technologies
meeting the standards of global industry and to develop them into skillful
engineers who are technologically superior and ethically strong with
knowledge of core as well as inter disciplinary domains.

Department of ECE Mission:

The Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering focuses on

imparting quality education for students to make them compete internationally,
able to effectivelyaddress societal challenges, develop intellectual qualities and
social responsibility.

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Program Educational Objectives (PEOs):

PEO1: Graduates will have the ability to formulate and solve problems in
electronicsand communication engineering domain with strong foundation in
mathematics, science and engineering fundamentals.

PEO2: Graduates will have required knowledge for a successful career in the
field ofelectronics and communication engineering.

PEO3: Graduates will have the ability to pursue higher studies and / or
productivelyengage in research and to instill a passion and systematic approach
for continuous learning so that they can adapt to the evolving knowledge in their
chosen profession.

PEO4: Graduates will apply professional and communication skills to function

as leaders and members of multidisciplinary teams with strong organizational
skills andethical responsibility.

Program outcomes (POs):

1. An ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science and engineering.

2. An ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data.

3. An ability to design a system, component or process to meet desired needs

within realistic constraints such as economic, environmental, social, political,
ethical, healthand safety, manufacturability and sustainability.
4. An ability to function on multidisciplinary teams.

5. An ability to identify, formulates, and solves engineering problems.

6. An understanding of professional and ethical responsibility.

7. An ability to communicate effectively.

8. The broad education necessary to understand the impact of engineering

solutions ina global, economic, environmental and societal context.
9. A recognition of the need for and ability to engage in life-long learning.

10. A knowledge of contemporary issues.

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11. An ability to use the techniques, skills and modern engineering tools
necessary for engineering practice.

12. An ability to design, simulate and test systems in a way that demonstrates
comprehensive tradeoffs involved in design choices in RF & Microwave
engineering, VLSI & Embedded systems and Signal/Image processing related
to industry and research activities.

Graduate Attributes:

1. Engineering Knowledge.

2. Problem Analysis.

3. Design and development of solutions.

4. Conduct investigations of complex problems.

5. Modern tool usage.

6. The Engineer and society.

7. Environment and sustainability.

8. Ethics.

9. Individual and team work.

10. Communication.

11. Project management and finance.

12. Life – long learning.

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 PROJECT WORK

PROJECT OBJECTIVES:

1. Students will acquire the ability to identify, describe the project,

collect and analyse the data required to solve the problems using
modern engineering tools and techniques.

2. Students will acquire the skills to communicate the ideas clearly

and effectively in both written and oral forms.

3. Students will acquire collaborative skills through working in a

team to achieve common goals.

4. Students will be able to learn on their own, reflect on their

learning and take appropriate actions to improve it.

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 CONTENTS

S.No Description Page No.

1 Abstract 9
2 Introduction 10-11
3 Antenna design 12
4 Antenna design in HFSS 14
5 Simulated Results 14
6 S11 Plot 15
7 VSWR Plot 15
8 2D Radiation Plot 16-17
9 3D Radiation Plot 18
10 Conclusion 18
11 References 19

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ABSTRACT:

As a result of developments in communication systems in recent decades, the

need for smaller, more lightweight, and higher-performance antennas has
increased. One of the leading antenna types that can meet these needs is
microstrip antennas. They provide many advantages such as their small size,
easy to manufacture, and low cost. In addition to these advantages, they also
have weaknesses such as low bandwidth.

In this paper, a rectangular microstrip patch antenna is

designed using Ansoft HFSSV13software. The designed antenna has a resonating
frequency of 2.4 GHz which is applicable to Wireless Local Area Network
(WLAN). This paper shows the design considerations of the proposed antenna as
well as the simulated results of the same. The design is made on FR-4(fiberglass-
reinforced) Epoxy material used as a dielectric material with its dielectric
constant = 4.4 and thickness of 1.6mm. Designed antenna provides return loss
less then -10dB the parameters such as return loss, voltage standing wave ratio
(VSWR), mutual coupling, gain, radiation pattern has been simulated and

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LITERATURE SURVEY:

A microstrip patch antenna configuration consists of two sides: one side of

dielectric and other side on ground plane. The conductors of patch are usually
made of copper and sometimes in gold which can be of any shape. However,
regular shapes are normally used for simplification of analysis and performance
prediction. On the dielectric substrate, the radiating elements and the feed lines
are photo etched. Square, circular, rectangular elliptical or other irregular shapes
are some of the radiating patches. But most commonly used shapes are square,
rectangular and circular due to its fabrication and ease of analysis. Microstrip
patch antennas have numerous advantages such as,
 Low profile, low volume
 Fabrication cost is low
 Mass production
 Simple feed can provide easy linear and circular polarization
 Integration of MIC is easy.

Patch antennas can be used in variety applications from military to commercial,

because of their ease of design and fabrication. Due to the rapid developments in
wireless communication, the WLAN plays a vital role for short distance
communication and also users can access internet in their portable devices by
using 3G/4G through the WLAN.

Because it is recognized as a cost effective with high-speed data connectivity and

communication network in the world. Many types of WLAN standards are
available in market such as 802.11a, 802.11b, and 802.11g. The 802.11a usually
found in business network due to its higher cost. The 802.11 group announces the
WLAN covered frequencies are 2.4 GHz, 3.6 GHz, 4.9 GHz, 5 GHz, and 5.9
GHz. Due to modern developments in WLAN standard, the application can be
extended from home networks to large buildings, hotels, food courts and also for
portable devices like mobile phones, tablets and others. This paper presents a
novel design of a patch antenna for WLAN applications. The proposed design
will operate on the frequency of 2.4 GHz range. The entire dimension of the patch
antenna is 29.2 x 29.2 x 1.6mm. The proposed patch antenna design is for
802.11b/g/n.

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 The choice of substrate material significantly impacts the antennas
characteristics. Various dielectric materials, such as FR4, Rogers RT/Duroid and
Teflon to achieve better performance in terms of efficiency, radiation pattern, and
impedance matching. Various feeding techniques have been investigated to
improve the antennas impedance matching and radiation properties. They are
microstrip line feed, coaxial probe feed, aperture-coupled feed, and proximity
coupling.

Various researches have been done to support multiple

frequency bands, researches have developed dual-band and multiband microstrip
antennas operating at 2.4GHz and other frequencies. Techniques such as
introducing additional resonators, using multiple patched, or incorporating
frequency selective surfaces (FSS) have been explored to achieve desired
frequency response characteristics.

Array configuration of 2.4GHz microstrip antennas have been

studied to improve directivity, gain, and radiation pattern control. Array
geometries, element spacing and feeding mechanisms are optimized to achieve
desired beamforming capabilities. Ongoing studies continue to explore
innovative techniques and material to further improve the performance,
efficiency, and versatility of these antennas for various wireless communication
applications.

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ANTENNA DESIGN:

The designed antenna is printed on both sides, one side is patch and other side is
ground plane. Microstrip patch antennas can be fed by a variety of methods.
The antenna is designed by using a microstrip feed line because it is one of the
easier methods to fabricate. The designed antenna is used as a substrate material
is FR-4. The dielectric constant of the substrate material is 4.4. The geometry of
the given antenna is illustrated in Fig.2. The antenna is fabricated on FR-4
substrate with Dielectric constant of4.4and substrate thickness 1.6mm.
Mathematically the antenna dimensions are calculated. The width and length of
the patch antenna is calculated as,

The feed depth into the patch is given by,

And the usual method of calculating patch antenna dimensions are given as
follows. For calculating the width,

The effective dielectric constant is calculated as,

The extended incremental length of the patch is given by

Effective length of the patch is

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The length of patch is calculated as

Length of the patch is also calculated as

After using all the above formulae for the calculation of the physical parameters
to design an antenna the values obtained are the dielectric height is 1.6mm, length
of the patch 29.44mm, width of the patch is 38.036mm and the input impedance
of the feed line is 50 ohms, the length of the feed line 17.124mm, width of the
feed line 3.05mm. All the values are tabulated below.

Parameter Value
Resonant Frequency 2.4GHz
Dielectric height 1.6mm
Dielectric constant 4.4
Length of patch 29.44mm
Width of patch 38.036mm
Input impedance of feedline 50 ohms
Width of feed line 3.05mm
Length of feed line 17.124mm

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Antenna design in HFSS:

Fig: Proposed microstrip antenna at a frequency of 2.4GHz

Simulated results:
When we completed the design part of the proposed antenna, we got the simulated
results of the antenna which includes return loss (S11 parameter), VSWR, 2D
radiation pattern as well as 3D radiation pattern. In fig. 4 we could observe that
the designed antenna is providing -12.0505dB return loss at the resonant
frequency of 2.4GHz. And in fig. 5 we got voltage standing wave ratio with
minimum value of 0.5550 at 2.3680GHz.

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S11 PLOT:

VSWR PLOT:

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2D Radiation plot:

Fig: 2D radiation plot at phi=0

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2D Radiation plot:

Fig: 2D Radiation Plot at phi=90

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3D Radiation plot:

Conclusion:
The proposed antenna is having the return loss of -12.0505 dB at 2.4GHz. The
designed MSA has been simulated on HFSS simulation software. Also for this
antenna a sufficient bandwidth is introduced via the microstrip feed line at the
desired resonant frequency of 2.4GHz is achieved. As mentioned above the
designed MSA is optimized such that it covers WLAN. The proposed antenna is
a low profile antenna thus it is very compact, easy to fabricate and is fed by a
microstrip feed line which makes it an attractive structure for current as well as
future WLAN applications.

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Reference:

[1] Tanish Narang; Shubhangi jain; “Microstrip Patch Antenna- A Historical Perpective of the
Development”,Conference on Advances in Communication and Control Systems 2013 (CAC2S
2013)..
[2] Ogunlade Michael Adegoke; Ismael Saad Eltoum; “Analysis and Design of Rectangular
Microstrip Patch Antenna AT 2.4GhzWLAN Applications”, International Journal of Engineering
Research &Technology (IJERT) ISSN: 2278-0181Vol. 3 Issue 8, August – 2014.
[3] J. R. James, P.S. Hall. Handbook of microstrip antennas, I.E.E. Electromagnetic Waves Series 28-
Peter Pereginus LTD, 1989.
[4] C. A. Balanis, “Antenna Theory-Analysis and Design,” 2nd ed., J. Peters, John Wiley and Sons,
pp. 728-730.
[5] Girish Kumar, K.P. Ray, “Broadband microstrip antennas”, Aretch House 2003.
[6] R.J. Mailloux, J.F. Mcllvenna and N.P. Kemweis-Microstrip Array Technology IEEE
Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 29, No.1, January 1981.
[7] Ansoft Corporation, HFSS User's Guide, version 10 &12, Ansoft Corporation,Pittsburgh,CA,20
[8] Nandini Ammanagi, Rahul Khadilkar, Akash Harwani, Disha Budhlani, Disha Dembla;
“Comparison of the performance of Microstrip Antenna at 2.4GHz Using Different Substrate
Materials”, International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) ISSN: 2249 –
8958, Volume-3, Issue-4, April 2014.

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