LECTURES IN MEDECAL PHYSICS

2019/2020

Dr. Issam ALkahtani 1

 CHAPETER1: MEASUREMENTS

Dr. Issam alkahtani 2

 Physics Science

It is a natural science based on experiments, measurements and

mathematical analysis with the purpose of f inding quantitative
physic al laws for everything from the nanoworld of the
microcosmos to the planets, solar systems and galaxies.

What is the relation between physics and medicine?

The student in the medical f ie ld must conversant the basics of
physics because many applications of physics are used in the
medical field, such as pressure, temperature, X-rays, etc.

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Medical physics

M e d i c a l physi c s i s a bra nc h o f a ppl i e d physi c s

concerning the application of physics principles to
medicine or health care. It is a way of using our physics
knowledge to develop tools and treatments that help
humans live longer and be healthier.

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The measurement

is the expression of any natural

phenomenon with a given specific number
and a unit.
is simply a comparison of physical quantity
with unit.

Measurement = numerical value × unit

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Systems of Measurement
Commonly used systems of units are:
International system (SI system):
International system, length is measured in meter, mass is
measured in kilogram and time is measured in second, it called
MKS system.
French system (Gaussian system):
In Gaussian system, length is measured in centimeter, mass is
measured in gram and time is measured in second, it called
CGS system.
The British system:
In British system, length is measured in foot, mass is measured
in pound and time is measured in second, it called FPS system. 7
 Physical quantity

is the name of a characteristic or property or

phenomenon in our nature, which can be measured.

Physical quantities

Basic quantities Derived quantities

cannot be expressed in terms of
any other quantity. be expressed in terms of ma
basic quantities.

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I-Basic quantities

Quantity Name Symbol

Length meter m
Mass kilogram kg
Time second s
Electric Current ampere A

Temperature kelvin K
Amount of mole mol
substance
L u m i n o u s candela Cd
intensity
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 1- Length
The basic unit of length is the meter (m) in the International System of
Units (SI). The SI unit symbol is m. The meter is def ined as the length
of the path travelled by light in a vacuum in 1/299 792 458 of a
second.
1 nanometer = 1 nm = 10-9m
1 micrometer = 1 μm = 10-6m
1 millimeter = 1 mm = 10-3m 1 ft = 30.48 cm
1 centimeter = 1 cm = 10-2m 1 mile = 1609 m
1 mile = 1.609 km
1 kilometer = 1 km = 103m. 1 yard = 3 ft
1m = 3.28 ft or ft = 0.3048 m 1 yd = 0.91 m
1 inch = 2.54 cm
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2- Mass
is a fundamental measure of the amount of matter in
the object. The basic unit of mass is the kilogram

(Km).
The kilogram is defined by the standard international prototype: a
cylinder of platinum-iridium kept in a vault somewhere in Paris; it is
almost exactly the mass of one liter of water.

1 microgram = 1 μg = 10-6g = 10-9kg

1 milligram = 1 mg = 10-3g = 10-6kg
1 gram = 1 g = 10-3kg.
1ton=103 kg =106 g
Pound mass (lb) = 0.45 kg
A slug = 14.6 kg

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 3- Time

is what a clock reads.

The second is a measurement unit of time. It is def in ed as the

duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to
the transition between two hyperf ine levels of the ground state of
cesium 133.

1 year = 365.25 days

1 Day = 24 hr
1 hr = 60 min
1 min = 60 s
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4- Temperature

is a measure of how hot or cold something.

Temperature scales

Fahrenheit Celsius Kelvin

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 5- Electric current
is a measure of the amount of electrical
charge transferred per unit of time.

the flow of electrons through a conductive

material

The SI unit of electrical current is the ampere

dQ is the changing of electric charge

in coulombs (C),
dt is the changing of time in seconds
(s).

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 6- Amount of substance
quantity that measures amount of an ensemble of
elementary entities, such as atoms, molecules, electrons,
and other particles.
The SI unit of amount of substance is mole.

One mole is equal to approximately 6.022169 x 10 23, and is called the

Avogadro constant.

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7- Luminous intensity
is the quantity of visible light that is emitted in
unit time per unit solid angle.

 SI unit of luminous intensity is also called the standard

candle, or candela, one lumen per steradian (lm/sr).

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II- Derived quantities
Can be expressed in terms of many basic quantities

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 Physical quantities

calar quantities Vector quantities

can be completely specified by cab be specified by both
a magnitude. a magnitude and a directio
Examples Examples:
length, area, energy, time, displacement, acceleration
volume, temperature. force.

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Vector Notation

 Vectors can be represented by an arrow with a tail and a

head.

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
Fvas

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CH2: WORK,ENERGY
AND POWER IN
HUMAN BODY

Dr. Issam alkahtani 22

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Ex5: See to the photo and calculate the perform work.

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Exercises:
1. How far can a mother push a 20.0 kg baby carriage, using a force of
62.0 N at an angle of 30.0º to the horizontal, if she can do 2920 J of work?
2. If a small motor does 520. J of work to move a toy car 260. m, what
force does it exert?
3. You move a 25 N object 5.0 meters. How much work did you do?
4. You use 35 J of energy to move a 7.0 N object. How far did you move it
?

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No work is done if :
(i) The displacement is zero.
(ii) The force is zero. A block moving on a smooth horizontal table is
not acted upon by a horizontal force (since there is no friction), but
may undergo a large displacement.
(iii) The force and displacement are mutually perpendicular This is so
since, for θ = π /2 rad (= 900 ), cos(π/2) = 0.
Work can be both positive and negative. If θ is between 00 and
900, cosθ is positive.If θ is between 900 and 1800, cosθ is
negative. In many examples the frictional force opposes
displacement and θ = 1800. Then the work done by friction is
negative (cos 180 = –1).

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Gravitational work

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What is Energy?
Energy makes change.
 Energy moves cars along the road and boats over the
water.
It bakes a cake in the oven and keeps ice frozen in the
freezer.
It plays our favorite songs on the radio and lights our
homes.
Energy makes our bodies grow and allows our minds to
think.
Energy is the ability to do work. People have learned how to
change energy from one form to another so that we can do
work more easily and live more comfortably.

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In mechanic, there are three forms of Energy:
1)A Gravitational Potential Energy
•n object can store energy as the result of its position.
• the heavy ball of a demolition machine is storing energy
when it is held at an elevated position.
•This stored energy of position is referred to as potential
energy.

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The gravitational potential energy of the body is dependent on
two variables :
the mass of the body
the height to which it is raised
These relationships are expressed by the following equation

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Kinetic Energy
Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. An object which has
motion whether it be vertical or horizontal motion - has kinetic
energy.
There are many forms of kinetic energy
 vibrational (the energy due to vibrational motion),
rotational (the energy due to rotational motion),
translational (the energy due to motion from one location to
another).

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Exercises:
1-A 15 kg bicycle carrying a 50 kg boy is traveling at a velocity of
5 m/s. What is the kinetic energy of the bicycle (including the
boy)?
2- 80 kg of a body has a kinetic energy of 1600 Joules; calculate
its velocity?
3- A body has a kinetic energy of 8000 Joules; it moves with 15
m/s, how much the mass of body?

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 Mechanical energy
 Mechanical energy is the total amount of potential and
kinetic energy in a system and can be expressed by this
equation.
mechanical energy = potential energy + kinetic energy
 The total amount of energy in the universe is constant.

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Ex:

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Ex: Calculate the Kinetic energy and Gravitational Potential energy at the following
points: 1) A 2) B 3) C

m=75 kg

v = o

C
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Ex: see in fig and calculate:
1.The Kinetic and potential energies at points A,B, and C.
2.The total energy at each point.

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 Power
Power is the rate at which work is done (or energy is used)

W
P 
t

Units (metric or SI)

1 joule J
1 w att  1
1 seco n d s

Power can also be expressed in terms of force and

velocity
W F d co s 
P    Fv
t t

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 W F d co s 
P    Fv
t t

W
P 
t 43
Energy Conversions in our Body

Our body stores energy in the form of fat and other chemical
compounds.
This chemical potential energy is used to fuel the processes
that keep we alive, such as making our heart beat and digesting
the food we eat.
Our body also converts this energy to heat that is transferred to
our surroundings, and we use this energy to make our body move.
Some of the chemical potential energy stored in our body is
used to maintain a nearly constant internal temperature.

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Food Energy:
The food Calorie (C) is a unit used to measure how much
energy you get from various foods 1 C is equivalent to about
4.184 J.
Every gram of fat a person consumes can supply 9 C of
energy.
Carbohydrates and proteins each supply about 4 C of
energy per gram.
Alcohol supply 7 C of energy per gram

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Dr. ISSAM ALKAHTANI 47
Dr. ISSAM ALKAHTANI 48
 CH3:
ELECTOMAGNETIC
SPECTRUM

Dr. Issam alkahtani 49

Wave motion
Examples:
water waves,
vibrational waves in solids,
sound waves in air,
light waves.
Wave is a way of transferring energy by means of
vibration.

waves are characterized by four
parameters:

 Wavelength,  (size of the wave) is the distance from
the peak of one wave to the next one.
 Amplitude (A), strength of disturbance (intensity) is
distance from the rest (line of origin) of the wave to
the crest or trough.
 Frequency, f (number of waves/second) is the
number of waves per second. it is measured in cycles
per second or Hz.
 Wave speed, c These are all related by: c = f




Waves:
•MECHANICAL WAVES require medium for transfer; cannot be
transferred through a vacuum, examples, sound waves, water waves,
etc.

•ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES do not require a medium for transfer; can be
transferred through a vacuum, Examples, light waves, radio waves,
microwaves, X-rays, etc.
THE MECHANICAL WAVES are classified in two categories that are:
• Transverse waves cause the medium to move perpendicular to
the direction of the wave, for example the waves on a string.
•Longitudinal waves cause the medium to move parallel to the
direction of the wave, for example sound waves
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The Nature of Light
It called electromagnetic radiation or electromagnetic wave.
It travels very fast about 300,000 km/sec.it can be described
either as a wave or as a particle traveling through space.
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 The electromagnetic spectrum comprises a range of
spectra, they are:
1) Gamma rays
Gamma rays are given off by
stars
some radioactive substances.
Prosperities:
Short wavelength
high frequency
carry a large amount of energy
pass through most materials
they are quite difficult to stop - we need lead or
concrete in order to block them out.
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Uses:
kill cancer cells (Radiotherapy) without
having to resort to difficult surgery.

Dangers:
 cause cell damage
cause cancer
 cause mutations in growing tissues

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2) X-rays
X-rays are given off by
 stars
 some types of nebula.

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Uses:
 by doctors to see inside human body
airport security checks, to see inside your luggage
 by astronomers - many objects in the universe emit
X-rays, which we can detect using suitable radio
telescopes
Prosperities
They pass easily through soft tissues ,but not so
easily through bones.

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Dangers:
X-Rays can cause cell damage and cancers.

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3) Ultra-Violet(UV)


Ultra-Violet light is made
by special lamps, for example, on sun beds
 by the Sun in large quantities

Uses:
include getting a sun tan,
detecting forged bank notes in shops,
 hardening some types of dental filling.
make your clothes glow.
kill microbes.
Sterilize surgical equipment and the air in operating
theatres.
 Food and drug companies also use UV lamps to
sterilize their products.   65
Dangers:
damage the retinas in our eyes
cause sunburn and even skin cancer

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4) Visible light
Light waves are given off by
anything that's hot enough to glow
a laser

Uses:
see things
Compact Disc players
in laser printers,
in aircraft weapon aiming systems.
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Dangers:
Too much light can damage the retina in our
eyes

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Infra-red
Infra-red waves are just below visible red light in the
electromagnetic spectrum.
Infra-red given off by
by hot objects
by stars, lamps, flames
Uses:
remote controls for TVs and video recorders,
 physiotherapists use heat lamps to help heal
sports injuries.
see in the dark
cameras use Infra-Red waves instead of "ordinary"
light, which is why people look bright in these
pictures.
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Dangers:
The danger from too much Infra-Red radiation is
very simple - it makes you hot.

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 6) Microwaves
a transmitter chip and an antenna
Stars also give off microwaves

Uses:
 to cook many types of food.
Mobile phones use microwaves
by traffic speed cameras, and for radar, which is used
by aircraft, ships and weather forecasters

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Dangers:
 to cause "cataracts" in your eyes,
Recent research indicates that microwaves from
mobile phones can affect parts of your brain

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7) Radio waves
Rad i o wav e s are m ad e b y v ari ous typ e s of
transmitter, depending on the wavelength.
They are also given off
 by stars,
 by sparks and lightning

Uses:
 communications.
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They are divided into:-
Long Wave, around 1~2 km in wavelength.
Medium Wave, around 100m in wavelength
VHF "Very High Frequency" and has wavelengths
of around 2m.
U H F " U l t r a H i g h F r e q u e n c y " , a n d h a s
wavelengths of less than a metre. It's used for
Police radio communications, military aircraft
radios and television transmissions.
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Dangers:
Large doses cause cancer, leukemia and other
disorders.
Some people claim that the very low frequency f ie ld
from overhead power cables near their homes has
affected their health.

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Properties of light waves:
These are the properties of light waves:
1.Reflection: When light waves all on a shiny surface
, they are reflected back. The angle of incidence and
the angle of reflection is equal for a perfect
reflection.

2.Refraction: Light waves change speed when they

change mediums or travel from one medium to
another. Hence bending of light waves takes place.

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3. Dispersion: As the light waves are made up of rays
of different wavelength hence when they pass
through prism we see all the 7 colors. Also it is
visible in a rainbow due to dispersion form rain
drops.

4. Diffraction: The process of diffraction is also

common for light rays.

5. Interference: Light waves follow both constructive

and destructive interference.

6. Polarization: Polarization is an phenomena in 77

CH4: FLUIDS MECHANIC

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FLUIDS
Definition: fluid is a substance that can flow, that does not
maintain a fixed shape, as Gases and liquids.
STATES OF MATTER
Solids Liquids Gases

substances which tend to  substances, which can flow.  have all three
be hard. They have all three types of  types of motion,
T he y are ve ry close  motion and Gases expand to
together with no they are close together but fill their container
translational or rotational can slide past one another there are no
motion, only vibration They are still not very intermolecular
about fixed points. compressible and have a forces acting to
This means they are not  fixed volume but take on the keep them
very compressible and shape of the container, yet attracted to one
have a f ixed shape, size, may not fill the container. another.
and volume. They are very
compressible,
have no fixed size,
shape, or volume.
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4) Plasma
Plasma exists only at very high temperatures and consists of ionized
atoms.

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ρ water = 1g/cm3 = 1000 kg/m3
ρ Mercury = 13.6g/cm3 = 13600 kg/m3

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Ex2: The density of iron is 7700 kg/m3 Calculate :
( i ) its relative density

(ii) The mass of a rod of iron 50 cm long and 10 cm in diameter.

Ex3: Calculate the mass of

(i)50 cm3 of water

(ii)50 m3 of water
(iii)500 mm3 of iron
(iv)500 mm3 of methanol.

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EXERSICES

Ex1: Calculate the density of gasoline if 51 g occupies 75 cm3. Ex2: A flask has a mass
of 25 g when empty 75 g when filled with water and 88 g when filled with glycerin.
Calculate the density of glycerin.

Ex3: The mass of a liter of milk is 1.032 kg. The butterfat it contains has a density of
865 kgm-3And constitutes 4% of the milk by volume. What is the density of fat free
skimmed milk.

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Ex: If your mass is 70 kg and the total area of the
soles of your feet is 0.2m2, what pressure would you
exert on the ground.
Solution:
F = mg = 70 × 9.8 = 686N

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Exercise.
(a) If a pressure gauge measures an increase in 3 × 104 Pa on an area of
0.07m2 what is the increase in the force applied to the area.
(b) Find the pressure produced by a kilogram of lead on a horizontal
surface if the area it rests on is 0.02m2.

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NOTE: Pressure is the same in every direction in a f luid at a given depth; if it
were not, the fluid would be in motion.

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Ex: The surface of the water in a storage tank is 30 m above a water faucet in the
kitchen of a house. Calculate the water pressure at the faucet.

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ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
The atmosphere is defined as the air surrounding the Earth.
The air surrounding us exerts a pressure on us all the time and in all
directions and this air pressure is called atmospheric pressure.
At sea level Patm =1.013 × 105 N/m2
1 atm = 101.3 kPa = 760 mm Hg = 760 torr =1 bar .

NOTES:
The atmospheric pressure is equivalent to the weight of an elephant on
our shoulders.
 we do not feel it because of the presence of air inside our bodies.
The air pressure inside our bodies balances the atmospheric pressure
outside.
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GAUGE PRESSURE AND ABSOLUTE PRESSURE

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 PASCAL’S LAW
"Pressure applied to a confined fluid increases the pressure
throughout by the same amount"

 This is how a hydraulic lift works.

 Fluid is enclosed in a pipe with a small area at one end and a
large area at the other.
 Pressure is applied at the end with the small area.
 That same pressure is transferred to the end with the large
area.

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If the area A2 is much larger than the area A1, then a small force F1 can be
applied to create a large force F2 at the output end. This large force can
be used to jack up a car or lift heavy objects.

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APPLICATIONS
All hydraulic systems are built based on Pascal's law, examples,
hydraulic press, hydraulic jack, hydraulic brake and hydraulic pump.

Ex: hydraulic press an area of its large piston is 1300cm2 and an area
of its small piston is 26 cm2, if 100 N force applied on small piston,
calculate the product force on large piston.

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Exercises
Ex1: In the hydraulic press used in a trash compactor, the radii of the
input Piston and the output plunger are 6.4mm and 5.1mm, respectively.
What force is applied to the trash when the input force is 330 N.
Ex2: If in a hydraulic lift, one of the areas is three times larger than the
other and a force of 15N is applied to the smaller area, what force will
be measured at the larger area.

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PRINCIPLE OF ARCHIMEDES
An object immersed in a fluid experiences a buoyant force in
the direction opposite to gravity, of magnitude equal to the
weight of fluid displaced by the body.

There are three alternatives:

1) Weight of displaced liquid is equal to weight of object: the object is in
equilibrium and will not move.
2) Weight of displaced liquid is greater than the weight of object: the object
will rise.
3) Weight of displaced liquid is less than the weight of object: the object will
sink.

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The buoyant force = weight of fluid displaced by the cylinder
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 VISCOSITY
It is the internal property of a fluid that means "resistance to
flow".
Poiseuille’s law
Poiseuille studied the flow rate of viscos fluid through a pipe.

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Factors control how fast fluids can flow through pipes:
The pressure difference between the ends of the pipe
The length of the pipe.
The radius of the pipe

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Typical values of viscosity of some fluids:

Temperature Viscosity Castor Oil, Viscosity Water, Viscosity Air, Micro

Celsius Poise[p] centiPoise[cp] Poise[ p]

0 53,00 1,792 171

20 9,86 1,005 181

40 2,31 0,656 190

60 0,80 0,469 200

80 0,30 0,357 209

100 0,17 0,284 218

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