Computer Fundamental Notes

Computer

Computer is an electronic machine used to solve different problems according to a set

of instructions given to it. A computer can accept data, process data into useful information
and store it for later use.

History of Computer

(i) Abacus

Abacus was the first computing device. It was developed 5000 years ago. It was used
to perform simple addition and subtraction.

(ii) John Napier’s Bone

John Napier was a Scottish mathematician. He created logarithm tables to facilitate

calculations. He also created a device known as Napier’s Bones.

(iii) Blaise Pascal

Blaise Pascal was a French mathematician. He invented a mechanical adding

machine in 1642 known as Pascaline calculator.

(iv) Von Leibnitz

Von Leibniz was a German scientist. He developed a calculation machine in 1694. It

was the first calculator that could multiply and divide also. It was similar to Pascal’s
calculator but it was more reliable and accurate.

(v) Charles Xavier

A French scientist Charles Xavier developed a machine that could perform addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division.

(vi) Punched Board

A French engineer Joseph developed the punchboard system for power looms. It was
used to create specific weaving patterns on cloths. Later on, the system was used in
computing devices.

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(vii) Charles Babbage (1791–1871)

In 1822, a mathematician Charles Babbage invented a difference engine for

mathematical calculations. In 1842, he developed the Analytical Engine that was automatic.
Charles Babbage known as Father of Computer.

(viii) Herman Hollerith

In 1889, Herman applied the idea of punchboards in computers. He used punch cards
in computers for input and output.

(ix) Atanasoff

Atanasoff was a professor at Lowa University. He invented an electronic computer.

He applied Boolean algebra to computer circuitry. Berry was co-founder. Also known as
ABC (Atanasoff and Berry Computer).

(x) George Boole

George Boole simplified binary system of algebra. His rule states that any
mathematical equation can be stated simply as either true or false.

Early Computer Age

The Mark 1 Computer (1937–44)

It is also known as Automatic Sequence Controlled calculator. It was first fully

automatic calculating machine. It was designed by Howard A. Aiken of Harvard University.
It was very reliable but huge in size.

Generation of Computers

(i) First Generation Computers (Vacuum tube) 1946–1959

(ii) Second Generation Computers (Transistor) 1959–1965
(iii) Third Generation Computers (Integrated Circuits) 1965–1971
(iv) Fourth Generation Computers (Microprocessor) 1971–1980
(v) Fifth Generation Computers (Artificial intelligence) 1980–Present

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(i) First Generation Computers

Duration: 1946–1959

Technology: Vacuum Tubes

→ ENIAC and UNIVAC were computers of first generation

(ii) Second Generation Computer

Period: 1959–65

Technology: Transistors

Inventor of transistor John Bardeen

→ Transistors was developed by Bell Laboratories in 1947.

→ Computer are IBM 7094 series, IBM 1400, CDC 164.

(iii) Second Generation Computer

Period: 1965–1971

Technology: Integrated Circuits

→ IBM 370, IBM 360.

(iv) Fourth Generation Computer

Period: 1971–1980

Technology: Microprocessor

LSI: Large Scale Integration

VLSI: Very Large Scale Integration

→ IBM PC and Apple Macintosh

(v) Fifth Generation Computer

Period: 1980–Present
 Technology: Artificial Intelligence

ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration)

Different Types of Computers

Analog Computer

Digital Computer

Hybrid Computer

Analog Computer (1930)

Analog Computer, any of a class of devices in which continuously variable physical

quantities such as voltage pressure, speed etc. (1930) Father: Mihailo Petrovic Alas

Digital Computer

Digital Computer use (on) and (off) and (on) means (1) and (off) mean 0.

Examples: IBM, Apple Macintosh are Digital Computers.

Hybrid Computer

Combination of both analog and Digital Computer these computers are used in
Robotics and Laborites.

Classification of Computers

(i). Super Computer

(ii). Mainframe Computer

(iii). Minicomputer

(iv). Microcomputer or Personal Computer

Super Computer

→ Most Powerful Computer

→ Most Fastest Computer

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• Used for Tanks, Weather forecasting and Atomic research.

Examples:

• Roadrunner • Blue Gene

• Cray T90 • ASCI White

Mainframe Computer

• Also very big

• Powerful than Micro and Mini

→ Used in institutions, Ranks and Research institutions. Air companies control ticket
system by the help of mainframe computers.

Example:

IBM system =10

Minicomputer

• Minicomputer are smaller than Mainframe.

Example:

HP 3000

Microcomputer or personal computer

• Microcomputer also called personal computer.

• IBM introduced 1 st Microcomputer in 1981 that was IBM–PC.

Types

• Desktop Father of personal

• Laptop Computer is Henry
Edward Roberts
• Handhold
What is Program?

 A set of instructions that given to computer for perform a task.

Programming Languages

(i) High Level Languages

(ii) Law Level Languages

High Level Languages

A type of language that is close to human language and far from computer is called
high level language.

Example:

(i).FORTRAN (ii). COBOL (iii). BASIC (iv). PASCAL

(v). JAVA (vi). C/C++ (vii). Python

FORTRAN

FORTRAN Stands for Formula Translation. Introduced in 1957.

BASIC

BASIC Stands for Beginners All Purpose Symbolic Instructions Code.

COBOL

COBOL Stands for Common Business Oriented Language. Introduced in 1959

JAVA

JAVA was created at Sun Microsystems in 1995. JAVA Founder is James Gosling.

C/C++

 C language invented by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Laboratories in 1972.

 C Language is called mother of all programming language.

C++

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  C++ invented by Bjarne Stroustrup in 1880s.

Python

 Python invented by Guido Van Rossum in 1989.

LISP (High Level Languages)

LISP stands for list processing. Developed in 1950.

Visual Basic

Designed by Microsoft.

Low Level Language

Near to computer and Far From human Languages.

Types

(i) Machine Language (0,1, Binary)

(ii) Assembly Language (Ne–Monics)

Language Translators

Language translator is a type of system software that are used to convert high level
language into low level language or assembly programs into machine code.

(i) Assembler
(ii) Compiler
(iii) Interpreter

Assembler

Assembler is a program that is used to convert Assembly program into machine

language.

Compiler

Compiler is a program that is used to convert high level program into machine
language as a whole.

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Interpreter

Interpreter is a program that is used to translate source program into, machine

language line by line.

What is source code?

A code written in high level language is called source code.

What is object code?

A code written in low level language is called object code.

Keyboard

Inventor: Christopher Latham Sholes

Input Device–QWERTY

101–105 Keys

Function Keys

F1–F12

ESC Key

ESC Key is used to terminate a command or current task.

Tab Key

Tab Key is used to move the cursor to next tab stop.

Backspace Key

Backspace key is used to delete single character on the left of the cursor.

Enter Key

Enter Key is used to move the cursor to the beginning of the next line.
Numeric Keys

Numeric keys are located on the right side of most keyboards. If Num Lock is on the
Keys are used to enter numeric data (+,-,*,/) if Num Lock key is off, the numeric key perform
such operations:

End

It is used to move the cursor to the right corner of screen.

Page Down

It is used to move the cursor one page down on the screen.

↓(Down Arrow)

It moves the cursor down one line.

← (Left Arrow)

It moves the cursor one character to the left.

→ (Right Arrow)

It moves the cursor one character to the right.

Home

It is used to move the cursor to the top of the screen.

↑(Up Arrow)

It moves the cursor one line up.

Page Up

It is used to move the cursor one page up on the screen.

Ins or Insert Key

It is used to switch between Insert Mode and Overtype Mode. It is a toggle Key.

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Del

It deletes characters to the right of cursor. It is also used to delete files.

Pointing Devices

•Mouse • Trackball • Pointing Stick • Joystick

•Touch Pad • Touch Screen • Light Pen

Mouse

Inventor Douglas Engelhard

Scanning Devices

1) Bar Code Reader

2) Mark Character Recognition Devices
(i) MICR
(ii) OMR
(iii)OCR

Barcode Reader

Barcode reader uses laser bean to read bar codes.

UPC→ Universal Product Code

MICR

MICR Stands for Magnetic-Ink character Recognition-used to read cheques.

OCR

OCR Stands for Optical Character Recognition. Used to scan documents or images.

OMR

OMR Stands for Optical Mark Reader: SAT, GRE etc.

Output Devices

It deletes characters to the right of cursor. It is also used to delete files.

•Monitors • Printers

•Plotters • Speakers

Input Devices

•Keyboard • Mouse

•Scanner • Microphones

Video Display Adapters

A display screen must have a video display adapter attached with the computer to
display graphics. It is also called video graphics card.

Different types of Graphics Cards

(i) VGA

VGA Stands for video Graphics Array. It Supports 16 to 256 colors. 4 bit

(ii) SVGA

SVGA Stands for Super Video Graphics Array. 8bit

(iii) XGA

XGA Stands for Extended Graphics Array. 24 bit

Types of Display Screens

1) CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)

2) Flat Panel Display
(i) LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
(ii) ELD (Electro Luminescent Display)
(iii) Gas Plasma Display

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What is Printer?

A printer is an output device that prints characters, Symbols and Graphics on paper.

Types of Printers

Impact Printer

An impact printer works like a typewriter. Different types of impact printer. DDL

 Dot Matrix Printer

 Daisy Wheel Printer
 Line Printer

Non-Impact Printer

An non-impact printer prints characters and graphics on paper without striking paper
different types of non-impact. LTI

 Laser Printer

 Inkjet Printer

 Thermal Printer

→ Resolution of printer is measured in dots per inch (DPI).

→ Speed of Dot Matrix Printer is measured in characters per second (CPS).
→ Speed of Lin Printer is measured in Lines per minuet (LPM)
→ LASER → Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation.
→ Laser Printer also known as page printer.
→ The speed of LASER Printer is measure din Pages per Minute (PPM).

What is Plotter?

A plotter is an output device that is used to produce high quality graphics in a variety
of colors. Plotters are used to create maps, architectural drawings, graphs and charts.
Types of Plotters

 Flatbed Plotter
 Drum Plotter

Basic Units of Data Storage

(i) Bit

Computer works with Binary Digits. These digits are in the form of 0 and 1. A binary
digit is called bit. One bit takes one storage location in memory. It is the smallest unit
for data storage.

(ii) Byte

A collection of 8 bits is called byte. It is used to store single character. The capacity of
the memory or the storage is expressed in terms of bytes.

(iii) Kilobyte (KB)

A kilobyte consists of 1024 bytes. It is denoted by KB.

(iv) Megabyte (MB)

A megabyte consists of 1024 kilobytes. It is denoted by MB.

(v) Gigabyte

A Gigabyte consists of 1024 megabytes. It is denoted by GB.

(vi) Terabyte (TB)

A terabyte consists of 1024 Gigabytes. It is denoted by TB.

→ One Nibble Contains 4 bits.

Bit 0 and 1
Nibble 4 bits
Byte 8 bits
KB 1024 bits
MB 1024 bytes
GB 1024 KB
TB 1024 GB

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SDLC

SDLC stands for software Development life cycle.

STORAGE DEVICES

Floppy Disk

Floppy disk is also called diskette. It consists of a thin plastic disk coated with
magnetic material. It was introduced by IBM in early 1970s. The standard size of floppy
disk is 3 ½ inch. Capacity 1.44 MB.

Hard Disk

Hard disk is a type of magnetic disk. A hard disk consists of several circular disks
called platters. The platters are used to store data. A platter in a hard disk is coated with a
magnetic material. Hard disk provides large storage capacity. 1500 GB or more. It is much
faster than floppy disk.

CD–ROM

CD–ROM Stands for Compact disk-Read-only Memory. It can store about 700MB of
Data.

Computer Based Training (CBT)

Primary Storage Devices Secondary Storage Devices
It refers to the main memory such as RAM & It refers to auxiliary memory, external
ROM memory or secondary memory.
It holds data or instructions that are currently It is used to store and retrieve data or
in use. information on a long term basis.
It is a volatile memory. It is not volatile memory.
Data is directly accessed by the CPU. Data is not directly accessed by the CPU.
Common examples or primary storage Common examples of secondary storage
include RAM, ROM and cache memory. include HDD, CD, DVD, Floppy Disk, Flash
Drives etc.
Organizations to define network standards

ANSI = American National Standard Institute

IEEE = Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

ISO = International Standard Organization

ITU = International Telecommunication Union

EIA = The Electronic Industries Association

Network Topology

The physical layout or arrangement of connected devices in a network is called

network topology.

Different Topologies

(i). Bus Topology (ii). Ring Topology (iii). Star Topology

(iv). Tree Topology (v). Mesh Topology

Devices used to connect networks of computers

(i). Router (ii). Gateway (iii). Bridges

Routers

A router is a device that connects multiple networks that use similar or different
protocols. It manages the bet rout between any two communication networks. It consists of
hardware and software. The hardware can be a network server or a separate computer. The
software includes operating system and routing protocol.

Routers are used when several networks are connected together. They can connect
networks of different countries. They transfer data in less time.

Gateway

Gateway is a device that connects two or more networks with different types of
protocols. Two different types of networks require a gateway to communicate with each

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other. It receives data from one network and converts it according to the protocol of other
network.

Bridges

Bridge is a device that connects two network segments. It is used to connect similar
types of networks.

LAN

LAN Stands for Local Area Network. It is the most common type of network. It
covers a small area.

WAN

WAN Stands for Wide Area Network. This type of network covers a large area.

MAN

MAN Stands for Metropolitan Area Network. This type of network covers an area of
a city. MAN is larger than LAN but smaller than WAN.

NIC

NIC Stands for Network Interface Card. It is also known as LAN adapter. It is used to
connect computer to a network.

Ethernet

Ethernet is the most commonly used LAN protocol. It use a high speed network cable
and bus topology.

Token Rings

Token Ring is also a LAN technology. It allows network devices to access the
network by passing a special signal called token. Token is a like a ticket.

ARC net

ARC net stands for Attached Resource Computer Network.

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TCP/IP

TCP/IP Stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol.

Lines for communication over Telephone Network

ISDN = Integrated Services Digital Network

DSL = Digital Subscriber Line

Internet

The work on the internet was started in the 1960s during the cold war of Russia and
America. DARPA= Defense Advanced Research Project Agency. In 1989, all previous
networks were replaced by NSFNET of National Science Foundation.

Father off Internet Vinton Gray Cerf. (U.S.A)

World Wide Web (WWW)

Invented by Tim Berners-Lee and Robert Cailliau in 1989. HTML→ Hypertext

Markup Language.

HTML invented by Tim Berners Lee in 1989.

World Wide Web is being standardized W3C.

Email

Email stands for Electronic Mail. First Email sent in 1971. Ray Tomlinson is the
founder of Email. Invent in 1965.

Shiva Ayyadurai is also called the founder of Email, Yahoo, Hotmail and Gmail are
emails.

FTP

FTP stands for File Transfer protocol.

Intranet

Intranet is a private and secure business network.

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Extranet

Extranet is a collection of two or more intranets.

HTTP

HTTP stands for Hyper Text Transfer Protocol. It is a communication protocol used
to connect to servers on the World Wide Web.

OSI Model

OSI Stands for Open System Interconnection. OSI Model was developed by
International Standards Organization (ISO) in 1983.

Different Layers of OSI Model.

(7). Application Layer

(6). Presentation Layer

(5). Session Layer

(4). Transport Layer

(3). Network Layer

(2). Data Link Layer

(1). Physical Layer

ASP → Application Service Providers

DMS → Document Management System

ATM → Automated Teller Machine

CBT → Computer Based Training

CAL → Computer Aided Learning

CAD → Computer Aided Design

ICT → Information communication Technology

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CIM → Computer Integrated Manufacturing

CAM → Computer Aided Manufacturing

Application Software

Application Software is used to perform various applications or tasks on the

computer. Application software use to perform hundred of tasks such as?

 Writing Letters
 Making Presentations
 Managing Finances
 Managing Business Inventory
 Preparing Tax Returns
 Designing and Editing Images
 Accessing the Web Based Resources
 Playing Games

Forms of Application Software

 Packaged Software
 Custom Software
 Shareware
 Freeware
 Public Domain Software
 Web Applications

Productivity Software

Productivity Software help the user to work more effectively and efficiently to
perform various tasks at home, school and business etc. productivity software include word
processors, spreadsheets, databases, project management and personal information
management etc.

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Word Productivity Software

Word Productivity Software is the most widely used type of application software. It is
also called word processor.

Examples

 Microsoft Word
 I Work Pages
 Libre Office Writer

Spreadsheet Software

Spreadsheet is a widely used application software for calculations.

Examples

 Microsoft Excel
 I Work Numbers
 Google Docs spreadsheets
 Libre Office Cale

Presentation Software

Presentation Software is a type of application software that uses graphics, animation,

sound and data or information to make visual presentation.

Examples

 MS PowerPoint
 I work keynote
 Google Docs Presentation
 Libre Office Impress

Database Software

A database is a collection of organized data. Database Software is application

software that is used to create, access and manage a database.

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Examples

 MS Access
 File Maker Pro
 Libre Office Base
 Oracle
 My SQL

Project Management Software

Project Management Software is used for planning large projects, scheduling project
tasks and tracking project costs.

Examples:

 MS Project
 Basecamp

PIM→ Personal Information Manager

Software Suite

A set of application software available as a single package is called software suite.

Example of Software Suites:

 Google Docs
 i work
 Libre Office
 MS Office
 MS Office 365
 Zoho Office Suite

Accounting Software

Accounting Software is an application software that records and processes accounting

transactions.

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Examples:

 Quick Books
 Sage Peachtree

Graphic and Multimedia Software

Graphics Software is used to create, manipulate and print graphics. It is also known as
digital imaging software.

Examples of Multimedia Software

 CAD → Computer Aided Design use 3D Graphics

 Engineers, Architects and Graphic artists use graphic and multimedia software.

Example

 CAD

Desktop Publishing (DTP)

Paint Software

Paint Software is used to create and modify graphic images.

Examples

 MS Paint
 Illustrator

Photo Editing Software

Photo editing software is used to modify the existing image.

Examples

 Adobe Photoshop
 Apple iphoto
 MS Office Picture Manager

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Drawing Software

Drawing software provides a set of lines, shapes and colors to create diagrams and
logos etc.

Examples

 Coral Draw
 Adobe Illustrator
 Auto Desk
 Sketch Book

Video and Audio Editing Software

Video editing software is used to modify video clips.

Audio editing software is used to editing audio clips.

Examples

 Premiere Pro
 Audition
 Sound booth

Educational Software

→ CBT → Computer Based Training

→ CAI → Computer Assisted Instruction
→ CBL → Computer Based Learning
→ CAL → Computer Aided Learning

Email

Email stands for electronic mail first email was send in 1971. Ray Tomlinson.

Gmail

Gmail stands for Google web email service. Gmail was launched in the year 2004.
Paul BGuchheit is the founder of Gmail.

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FTP

FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol. It is used on internet for sending files from one
place to another.

Example:

 Cute FTP
 WS-FTP

IRC→ Internet Relay Chat

System Unit

Motherboard is also called system board or main board.

CPU→ Central Processing Unit located on the motherboard. CPU consists of two main units
arithonic 8 logical unit and control unit.

(1). ALU (Arthmetic and Logic Unit)

(i). Arthmetic Unit

Arthmetic Unit of ALU performs basic arthmatic functions such as addition,

substraction, multiplication and division.

(ii). Logic Unit

Logic Unit perform logical operations like comparing two data items to find which
data item is greater than, equal to or less than the other.

(2). Control Unit

Control Unit is an important component of CPU. It acts like a supervisor of the

computer.

Machine Cycle

CPU uses the machine cycle to process each instruction. Their Four:

(i). Fetch (ii). Decode (iii). Execute (iv). Storing

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System Clock

System clock is an electronic component. It generates electric signals at a fast speed.

MIPS → Millions of instructions per second.

FLOPS → Floating point operations per second.

Types of processors

CISC → Complex instruction set computing.

RISC → Reduced instruction set computing

Registers

A register is a small high speed memory inside CPU. The CPU contains a number of
registers. Registers are used to store information being processed. These are temporary
storage areas from instructions or data. The temporary results during processing are also
stored in registers. Each register has a predefined function. The size of registers is in bytes.
Each byte can store one character of data. A register can be 1, 24 or 8 bytes.

Different Registers:

1) Memory Address Register (MAR)

2) Memory buffer Register (MBR)
3) Program Counter (PC)
4) Instruction Register (IR)

Parallel Processing

A method that uses multiple processors or multi-core processor to speed up

processing is called parallel processing.

→ Single Instruction/Multiple Data (SIMD)

→ Multiple Instruction/Multiple Data (MIMD)
 i. BCD Code

BCD stands for Binary Coded Decimal. It is a 4 bit code.

ii. EBCDIC Code

EBCDIC stands Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code. It is an 8 bit

code.

iii. ASCII

ASCII stands for American standard code for information interchange. It is published
in 1968 by ANSI.

iv. Unicode

Unicode is a 16 bit code.

Memory

Memory is an area of computer that stores data and instructions to be accessed by

processor as well as the results of processing.

Structure of Main Memory

The main memory of a computer consists of thousands or millions of cells of storage

locations. Each cell can store a bit one bit can represent 0 or 1. Bit stand for Binary Digit. The
memory cells are logically organized into groups of 8 bits known as byte.

Types of Memory

1) Volatile Memory

Volatile memory loses its contents when the computer is turned off. RAM is the most
common type of volatile memory.

2) Non-Volatile Memory

It does not lose its contents when the computer is turned off. ROM, Flash memory
and CMOS are examples of non-volatile memory.

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RAM

RAM stands for Random Access Memory. It is also called direct access memory.
Random Access means that each individual byte in entire memory can be accessed directly.
RAM is a volatile memory. RAM is also called main memory or primary storage.

(i) DRAM → Dynamic Random Access Memory

(ii) DRAM → Dynamic Random Access Memory
(iii) DRAM → Dynamic Random Access Memory

ROM

ROM stands for Read Only Memory

→ BIOS→ Basic Input / Output System. ROM contains a small set of instructions
called ROM BIOS.

(i) PROM → Programmable Read Only Memory

(ii) EPROM → Erasable Programmable Read Only
(iii)EEPROM→ Electronically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory.

Cache Memory

A cache is a small and very fast memory. It is designed to speed up the transfer of
data and instructions. It is located close to the CPU Chip. It is faster than RAM. The data and
instructions that are most recently and most frequently used by CPU are stored in cache.

Flash Memory

Flash Memory consists of non-volatile memory chips. Most computer use it to store
startup instructions as it allows computer to update its constants easily. BIOS are stored in
flash memory.

CMOS

CMOS stands for complementing metal-oxide semiconductor. It stores configuration

information of computer.
Memory Access Time

The amount of time required by processor to read data, instructions and information
from memory is called access time.

(i) Millisecond → It is one thousandth of a second. It is denoted by MS.

(ii) Microsecond → It is one millionth of a second. It is denoted by US.
(iii) Nanosecond → It is one billionth of a second. It is denoted by NS.
(iv) Picosecond → It is one trillionth of a second. It is denoted by PS.
(v) Megahertz → It can be converted in to nanoseconds by dividing it into 1 billion. It is
devoted by MHZ.

DVI → Digital Video interface

HDMI→ High Definition Media Interface

NIC → Network Interface Card

Port

A port is an interface or connection point through which peripheral devices connect to

the computer.

Types of ports

1) Serial Ports

A type of interface that transmits one bit at a time called serial port.

2) Parallel Ports

A type of interface that transmits many bits at a time called parallel port.

3) USB Ports

USB stands for Universal Serial Bus. USB is the most common type of port to
connect devices to a computer.

4) HDMI Ports

HDMI stands for High Definition Multimedia Interface.

 5) eSATA Port

eSATA stands for external Serial Advanced Technology Attachment.

Other Parts

MIDI → Musical Instrument Digital Interface.

SCSI → Small Computer System Interface

IrDA → Infrared Data Association

Bus

The devices are connected together by a communications channel called bus. A bus
consists of a set of communication lines to move a large amount of bits in the form of
electrical pulses from one unit to another.

PCI → Peripheral Component Interconnect

AGP → Accelerated Graphics Port

ISA → Industry Standard Architecture.

PSU → Power Supply Unit

Input Devices

(1). Keyboard

i. Numeric Keypad

Numeric Keypad is located on the right hand side of most keyboards. It has arithmetic
operators keys +,-,÷,*,/ and digits from 0-9 it also has Num Lock.

ii. Function Keys

Function Keys are from F1 to F12.

iii. Alphanumeric Keys

Keys from (A to Z) and digits from (0–9).

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iv. Tab Key

Tab Key is used to move the cursor to the next tab stop.

v. Modifier Keys

These are used to modify the input of other keys.

→ Ctrl Key
→ ALT Key
→ Shift Key

Cursor Control Keys

(i) Home
(ii) End
(iii)Arrows
(iv) Page Up
(v) Page Down

Special Purpose Keys

(i) Esc
(ii) Delete
(iii)Insert
(iv) Print
(v) Scroll Lock

(2). Mouse (Pointing Device)

(3). Trackball (Pointing Device)

(4). Pen Input

(5). Touch Screen

(6). Toy Stick (Pointing Device)

Consist of a base and stick

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(7). Digital Camera

DSLR→ Digital Single Lens Reflex

(8). Web Cams

(9). Optical Scanner

(10). Barcode Readers

(11). Optical Readers

OCR → Optical Character Recognition

OMR → Optical Mark Recognition

MICR → Magnetic Ink Character Recognition

RFID → Radio Frequency Identification

Output

The data has been processed into useful information is called output. The output can
be in two forms:

Soft Copy Output Hard Copy Output

The output shown on display screen is called The output printed on paper is called hard
soft copy. Soft copy output is not tangible. It copy. The common devise to produce hard
means that it cannot be touched. copy output are printers and plotters.

Output Devices

(1). Monitor

CRT → Cathode Ray Tube

LCD → Liquid Crystal Display

LED → Light Emitting Diode

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 OLED → Organic Light Emitting Diode

HDTV → High-Definition Television

(2). Printer

Impact Printer

(i) Dot Matrix Printer (CPS)

(ii) Line Printer (LPM)
(iii)Daisy Wheel Printer

Non-Impact Printer

(i) Laser Printer (PPM) LASER→ Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of

Radiation
(ii) Inkjet Printer
(iii)Thermal Printer

(3). Plotter

(4). Speakers

(5). Headphones, Headsets, Earbuds

ATM→ Automated Teller Machine

Storage Devices

Storage:

Storage is used to store data, information and programs permanently. It is also known
as secondary storage auxiliary storage or mass storage.

Storage is required for the following reasons:

 The main memory is a temporary memory. The storage is required to store data and
program permanently.
 The capacity of main memory is limited. The storage is required to store a large
amount of data and programs.

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 Basic Units of Data Storage

i. Bit

Computer works with binary digits. These digits are in the form of 0 and 1. It is the
smallest unit of data storage.

ii. Byte

A collection of 8 bits is called byte. It is used to store single character.

iii. Kilobyte

A Kilobyte consists of 1024 bytes (210 bytes) it is denoted by KB.

iv. Megabyte

A Megabyte consists of 1024 KB (220 bytes). It is denoted by MB.

v. Gigabyte

A Gigabyte consists of 1024 MB (230 bytes). It is denoted by GB.

vi. Terabyte

A Terabyte consists of 1024 GB (240 bytes). It is denoted by TB.

vii. Petabyte

A Petabyte consists of 1024 TB (250 bytes). It is denoted by PB.

viii. Exabyte

An Exabyte consists of 1024 PB (260 bytes). It is denoted by EB.

ix. Zettabyte

A Zettabyte consists of 1024 EB (270 bytes). It is denoted by ZB.

x. Yottabyte

A Yottabyte consists of 1024 ZB (280 bytes). It is denoted by YB.

34
 Magnetic Disk

Magnetic disk use magnetic material to store data, instructions and information on
disk surface. The data on magnetic disks is stored in tracks and sectors. Tracks form circles
on the surface of a magnetic disk. Each track on a disk is divided into sectors. Each sector
typically stores up to 512 bytes of data. Hard Disk is the most widely used magnetic disk.

Hard Disk

Hard disk is the primary storage device in a computer to store the programs and data
permanently. It is also known as hard disk drive (HDD) or hard drive (HD).

RPM → Resolution per minute

Optical Disk

Optical disk is a form of removable storage.

CD

CD stands for Compact Disk.

Types of CDs:

i. CD–ROM

CD-ROM stands for Compact Disk read only memory. The data on CD-ROM can be
read. It cannot be deleted or charged. It can store up to 700 MB of data.

ii. CD–R

Compact Disk Recordable

iii. CD–RW

Compact Disk Recordable

CD–R is also known as WORM (Write Once Read Many)

DVD

DVD stands for Digital Video Disc-17GB Storage.

35
 i. DVD-ROM

DVD-ROM stands for Digital Video Disc Read Only Memory.

ii. DVD-R

DVD-R stands for Digital Video Disc Recordable.

iii. DVD-RW

DVD-RW stands for Digital Video Disc Rewritable.

Blue-Ray Disc

Blue Ray Disk is new and more expensive DVD format it can store up to 100GB of
data.

SSD → Solid State Drives

Memory Cards

Types:

(i) Compact Flash (CF)

(ii) Secure Digital High Capacity (SDHC)
(iii)Security Digital Extended Capacity (SDXC)

Cloud Storage

Cloud storage is a service to the computer and mobile device users to store data
online.

(i) One Drive

(ii) Dropbox
(iii)Google Drive

Enterprise Storage

Enterprise storage is the centralized data storage that is designed for the needs of large
organization.

36
Techniques:

RAID → Redundant Array of Independent Disks.

NAS → Network Attached Storage.

SAN → Storage Area Network

Disk Controllers

A disk controller consists of a chip and electronic circuits.

Types:

EIDE → Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics

SCSI → Small Computer System Interface

SAS → Serial Attached SCSI

SATA → Serial Advanced Technology Attachment

File System

A file system is the underlying structure used by the computer to organize data on a
hard disk or partition.

FAT → File Allocation Table

NTFS → New Technology File System

CDFS → Compact Disk File System

ACL → Access control List

MBR → Master Boot Record

OPERATING SYSTEM

Software

A set of instructions given to the computer to solve a problem is called software.

37
Types of Software

 System Software
 Application Software

Types of System Software

System Software

System software is a set of programs to control and manage the actual operations of a
computer hardware.

(1). Operating System

An operating system is a set of programs that manages all computer components and
operations.

 MS Windows
 Linux

Open Source Closed Source

Open source operating system refers to the Closed source operating system refers to the
computer software which source is open computer software which source code closes
means general public can access and use. mean public is not given access to the source
Example: Linux code.
Example: Microsoft Windows, UNIX, Mac
OS
(2). Utility Programs

A Utility program is a type of system software that is used for effective management
of computer system.

 Antivirus Software
 File Compression

Application Software

Application Software is used to perform various applications on the computer.

38
Examples:

 MS Word
 MS Excel
 MS Access and Oracle
 Graphics Software Such as Corel Draw and Adobe Photoshop.

Operating System

 Windows
 Linus
 UNIX
 Sun Solaris
 Mac OS

Multiuser Operating System

A multiuser operating system allows multiple users to use same computer at same
time.

Example:

 Linux
 UNIX
 Windows Server 2008

Multiprocessor Operating System

An operating system that supports two or more processors that running programs at
the same time is called multiprocessor operating system.

Example:

 Linux
 UNIX
 Windows Server 2008

39
Multitasking Operating System

An operating system that can execute more that one programs at the same time is
called multitasking operating system.

Example:

 UNIX
 Windows Server 2008

Multithreading Operating System

An operating system that allows different parts of a program to run concurrently is

called multithreading operating system.

Example:

 Linux
 UNIX
 Windows

Time Shorting Operating System

Time sharing system allows many users to share the computer simultaneously.

Functions of Operating System

(1). Booting

Booting is a process of starting or restarting the computer operating system sports the
computer to work.

Two type of Booting

(i) Cold Boot

(ii) Worm Boot

1). Cold Boot

When the computer is turned on after it has been powered off completely, it is called
cold boot.

40
2). Warm Boot

When the computer is restarted it is called warm boot.

(2). Memory Management

(3). Job Scheduling

(4). Device Controlling

(5). Accessing the Web

(6). Monitoring Performance

(7). Housekeeping Services

(8). Controlling Network

(9). Administrating Security

(10). Providing User Interface

(i) Command Line

(ii) Menu driver
(iii)Graphical User Interface

Types of operating system

(i) Stand-alone Operating System

(ii) Server Operating System
(iii) Hobile Operating System

Stand-alone Operating System

An operating system that works on a desktop or notebook computer is called stand-

alone operating system. Some standalone operating systems can work with a server operating
system and are called client operating system.

41
 Examples:

(i) Disk Operating System (DOS)

(ii) Windows
(iii) Unix
(iv) Linux
(v) Mac OS
(vi) Chrome OS

(1). DOS

DOS stands for Disk Operating System. It was developed by Microsoft in early
1980s for personal computers. It is a single-user operating system. A type of operating
system in which only one user can work at a time is called single user operating system.

Some important commands of DOS:

DIR : It is used to display all files and sub-directories of current directory.

MD : It is used to clear the screen.

CD : It is used to change directory.

(2). Windows

Windows is the most widely used operating system developed by Microsoft. It uses
graphical user interface (GUI). Some important versions of window:

• Windows 8 • Windows 7

• Windows Vista • Windows XP

Windows 8.1 was released in 2013.

(3). Mac OS

Mac OS is a product of Apple. It became the first commercially available operating

system with a graphical user interface. It was released with Mac in Tosh computers in 1984.

42
 Examples:

• Mac OS Mavericks (2013) • i Mac

• Mac book Pro • Mac Book Air

(4). UNIX

UNIX is a multitasking operating system. It was developed at Bell Laboratories in

1970s. Some versions of UNIX have a Compound-Line interface but most versions provide
graphical user interface.

(5). Linux

Linux is free and multitasking operating system. It was developed in 1991. It is an

open source operating system. It means that the code is available to the public.

Versions:

• Red Hat • Caldera

(6). Chrome OS

Chrome OS is a Linux-based operating system. It is designed by Google to primarily

work with web applications.

Server Operating System

An operating system that is designed to support a network is called server operating

system. It is also called network operating system.

Examples:

 Windows server 2012

 OS X Server
 UNIX
 Linux
 Solaris
 Net ware

43
Mobile Operating System

An operating system used in handhold computers and mobile devise is called mobile
operating system.

Examples:

 Android
 IOS
 Windows Phone
 Black Berry
 Firefox OS

Embedded Operating System

An embedded computer typically uses an embedded operating system. It is also called

real-time operating system (RTOS). The devices such as ATM machines, GPS, video game
consoles, digital video recorders, HDTV receivers, ticket machines etc. are examples of real
time operating system or embedded operating system.

Utility Programs

A utility program is a type of system software that is used for effective management
of computer system. The user can use utility programs to perform maintenance tasks related
to different devices and programs. The utility programs keep the computer system running
smoothly. Most operating systems include different built-in-utility programs. The user can
also buy stand-alone utility programs.

Types of Utility Programs

1) File Manager
2) Image Viewer
3) Search Utility
4) Drive Imaging
5) Disk Burning
6) File Compressor
7) Diagnostic Utility

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8) Personal Computer Maintenance Utility
9) Disk Scanner
10) Antivirus
11) Disk Defragmenter
12) Backup & Restore Utility
13) Task Manager Utility
14) Disk Cleanup
15) Uninstaller
16) Task Scheduler Utility
17) Personal Firewall
18) Spyware Remover
19) Adware Remover
20) File Conversion Utility

45
Data Communication and Networks

Data Communication

Data communication is a process of transferring data electronically from one place to

another.

Basic Elements of Data Communication:

1) Sending Device
2) Receiving Device
3) Communication Devices
4) Transmission Medium

Data Transmission Modes

They way in which data is transmitted from one place to another is called data
transmission modes.

1) Simplex Mode

A B

2) Half-Duplex Mode

A B

3) Full-Duplex Mode

A B

Forms of Data Transmission

i. Digital Data Transmission

ON and OFF
1 and 0
High and Low
 ii. Analogy Data Transmission

Types of Data Transmission

i. Asynchronous Transmission

In asynchronous transmission, data is transmitted character by character.

Stop (Data) Start Stop (Data) Start

Send Receive

ii. Synchronous Transmission

In the synchronous mode, the saved data is transmitted block by block.

Data
Sender Receiving
GPS → Global Positioning System

Computer Network

Computer network consists of two or more computers that are connected together to
share information and resources.

Types of Computer Networks

1. LAN → Local Area Network

2. WAN → Wide Area Network
3. MAN → Metropolitan Area Network
4. PAN → Personal Area Network

LAN

LAN stands for Local Area Network. It is the most type of network. It covers a small
area. It usually connects the computers and other devices within one office or a building or
group of buildings. Speed 10 Mbps to 100 Mbps.
WAN

WAN stands for Wide Area Network. This type of network covers a large area. It
connects computers and other devices in different cities and countries. WAN usually consists
of several LANs connected together speed 56 Kbps to 50 Mbps.

MAN

MAN stands for Metropolitan Area Network. This type of network covers an area of a
city. MAN is larger than LAN but smaller then WAN. It is usually used to connect two or
more LANs in a city or town.

PAN

PAN stands for personal Area Network. It is a network that connects personal devices
using wired and wireless technology. Range about 30 Feet.

Network Architecture

Network architecture is the design of computers and other devices in a networks and
how they communicate.

i. Peer-to-Peer Network

Peer-to-Peer is a simple and irresponsive network. It normally connects less than

ten computers.

ii. Client-Server Network

Client-Server is a network in which one or more computers work as servers and

other computers work as clients.

Network Topologies

The physical layout or arrangement of connected devices in a network is called

topology.

● Bus Topology ● Ring Topology ● Star Topology

● Tree Topology ● Mesh Topology

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TCP/IP

TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. It is used to

transfer data overt eh internet and consists of two protocols. The TCP is responsible for the
delivery of data and IP provides addresses and rating information. TCP/IP uses packet
switching to transmit data over the internet.

WIFI

WIFI stands for Wireless Fidelity.

UWB

UWB stands for Ultra-Wideband.

RFID

RFID stands for Radio Frequency Identification.

NFC

NFC stands for Near Field Communications.

WiMAX

WiMAX stands for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access.

WAP

WAP stands for Wireless Application Protocol.

Switched Networks

Switched network consists of interconnected nodes. Data is transferred from source to

destination through these nodes. Data is switched from node to node so it is called switched
network.

Circuit Switching

Circuit Switching creates a dedicated path between two nodes. The entire circuit must
be available to transfer data. Data is sent on circuit switching in three phases.

49
Packet Switching

Packet Switching network divides messages into a fixed or variable sized packets and
sent them to the destination.

PSTN → Public Switched Telephone Network.

ISDN → Integrated Services Digital Network.

DSL → Digital Subscriber Line

ADSL → Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line

Twisted Pair

Twisted Pair is the most commonly used physical transmission medium. It is used in
local area network to connect computers and other devices.

STP → Shielded Twisted Pair

UTP → Unshielded Twisted Pair

Twisted Pair Consists of a pair of copper wires. The pair of wires is covered by a plastic
insulation and it is twisted together.

Coaxial Cable

Coaxial Cable consists of copper wire covered by an insulating material. Coaxial

Cables are used by the TV network and telephone companies.

Fiber Optics

Fiber optic cable consists of thin strands of glass or plastic called core. The strands are
thin like human hair. The core is the center of the fiber optic that uses light to transmit data.
Most telephone companies. ISPs and cable TV operators are using it.

i. MU → Mobile Unit
ii. RBS → Radio Base Station
iii. PSTN → Public Switched Telephone Network
iv. MTSO → Mobile Telephone Switching Office

50
OSI Model

OSI → Open System Interconnection. Developed by ISO (International Standards

Organization) in 1983.

Layers of OSI

7– Application Layer

6– Presentation Layer

5– Session Layer

4– Transport Layer

3– Network Layer

2– Data Link Layer

1– Physical Layer

Data Link Layer

i. LLC → Logical Link Control

ii. MAC → Media Access Control

IANA → Internet Assigned Numbers Authority

IPv4 Addressing (IP Addressing)

Consist of 32 bits.

IPv6 Addressing

Consist of 128 bits.

TCP → Transmission Control Protocol

UDP → User Datagram Protocol

 DHCP → Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

DNS → Domain Name System

SMTP → Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

Firewalls

Firewalls is a set of components used to restrict the access to data and information on
a network. It may consists of hardware and software. Firewalls are used to restrict the
unauthorized users from accessing the resources of an organization.

IP address consists of 32 bits.

Programing Languages

Program

A set of instructions that tells a computer what to do is called program.

Algorithm

Algorithm is a step-by-step procedure to solve a problem.

Flowchart

Flowchart is a graphical representation of an algorithm.

Programming Languages

Low Level languages

i. Machine Language
ii. Assembly Language

High Level languages

i. Procedural languages
 ii. Object Oriented Language
iii. Non-Procedural Languages

(i). Procedural Languages

Procedural languages are also known as 3 rd GL. Procedural language tells the
computer what to do and how to do.

Types:

1. FORTRAN
2. BASIC
3. COBOL
4. PASCAL
5. C

(ii). Object Oriented Languages

Object oriental programming (OOP) is a technique in which programs are written on

the basis of objects. An object is a collection of data and Functions. Example: C++

(iii). Non-Procedural Languages

Non-Procedural languages are also known as Fourth generation languages or 4GL.

Non-Procedural languages tells the computer what to do not how to do.

SQL → Structured Query Language

RPG → Report Program Generator

Natural Programing Languages

Natural Programming Languages are also known as (5GL)

Macros

Macro is a set of statements that tells the application how to complete a task.

VBA → Visual Basic Application

RAD → Rapid Application Development

53
 Web Page Program Development

A collection of connected documents on the internet is called World Wide Web. Each
document is called a webpage. It may consist of text, graphics, audio or video etc. the
developer of the webpages is called webpage author. The techniques are used to develop web
pages.

i. HTML

HTML stands for Hyper Text markup Languages. HTML is not a programming
language.

ii. Scripts

Scripts is an interpreted program that runs on the client computer. It is written in a

scripting language.

iii. Applet

A small save program that can be embedded in HTML page is called an applet.

iv. Servlet

An applet that runs on a web server is called servlet.

Scripting languages

1. JAVA
2. Java Script
3. VB Script
4. PERL → Practical Extraction and Report Language.
5. DHTML → Dynamic Hyper Text Markup Language.
6. XML → Extensible Markup Language
7. XTHML → Extensible Hyper Text Markup Language.

54
Data Processing & Database management System

Data

A collection of raw facts and figures is called data.

Example:

Students fill an admission form when they get admission in college. The form consists
of raw facts about the students. These raw facts are student’s name, father’s name,
address etc. the purpose of collecting this data is maintain the records of the students
during their study period in the college.

Information

Information is the processed form of data. It is more meaningful than data and it is
used for making decision.

Example:

In college and universities the raw facts about students are stored on admission forms.
If we want to find out a list of all students who live in Faisalabad, we will apply some
processing on this data. This processing will give us the desired list. This list is a form of
processed data and will be called information.

Types of Data:

1. Numeric Data (0 to 9)
2. Alphabetic Data (A to Z)
3. Alphanumeric Data (0 to 9, A–Z)
4. Image Data
5. Audio Data
6. Video Data

Data Processing

A process converting data into meaningful information is called data processing

Data Processing Information

Electronic Data Processing

In electronic data processing, all calculations and processings are performed by

computers.

Metadata

Metadata can be defined as data about data.

Database

Database is an organized collection of related data. The word organized means that
data is stored in such a way that the user can store manipulate and retrieve data easily. The
word related means that the database is normally created to store data about a particular topic.

Field

A combination of one or more characters is called field. It is the smallest unit of data
that can be accessed by the user.

Record

A collection of related fields treated as a single unit is called a record.

File

A collection of related records treated as a single unit is called file.

Keys

A key is an attribute or set of attributes that uniquely identifies a tuple in a relation.

Primary Key

An attribute or set of attributes that uniquely identifies a raw or a record in a relation

is known as primary key.

 A relation can have only one primary key

 Each value in primary key attribute must be unique
 Primary key con not contain null values

56
Candidate Key

The attribute or set of attributes that can be used as primary key is called candidate
key.

Alternate Key

The candidate keys that are not selected as primary key are known as alternate keys.

Composite Key

A primary key that consists of two or more attributes is known as composite key.

Foreign Key

A foreign key is an attribute or set of attributes in a relation whose values match a

primary key in another relation.

Relationship

A relationship is a logical connection between different tables.

OODB → Object Oriented Database

SQL → Structured Query Language

DDL → Data Definition Language

DBMS → Database Management System

Information System Development

System

A system is a set of elements or components that interact with one another ot achieve
a common goal.

Elements of System:

Input Processing Output

Information System

An information system (IS) is a collection of hardware, software, data, people and

procedures the work together to produce quality information.

OTS → Office Information System

MIS → Management information system

DSS → Decision support system

EAI → Enterprise Application Integration

SCH → Supply Chain Management

KMS → Knowledge Management System

SDLC → System Development Life Cycle

DFD → Data Flow Diagram

ERD → Entity Relationship Diagram

UML → Unified Modeling Language

OOA → Object-Oriented Analysis

FAST → Facilitated Application

QFD → Quality Function Deployment

INTERNET AND EMAIL

Internet

Network of networks.

TCP/IP→ Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

58
History of Internet

The work on internet was started in 1960s during the cold war of Russia and America.
America wanted to communicate with its armed forces. A network of four computers was
developed in the beginning for this purpose.

ARPANET

Russia launched sputnik satellite and America developed a network known as

ARPANET during the cold war. It was developed for Advance Research Project Agency
(ARPA).

Paul Baran

In 1964, Paul Baran published a paper on Distributed Communication Network. It

was a theoretical idea for data transfer.

NCP Protocol

Network control protocol–1970

DARPA

Defense Advanced Research Project Agency.

TCP/IP

Stanford Research Institute Developed TCP/IP.

BITNET & CSNET

BITNET stands for Because It’s Time Network.

CSNET stands for Computer Science Network.

DSL → Digital Subscriber Line

DNS → Domain Name System

ICANN → Internet Corporation for Assigned names and Numbers

WWW → Digital Subscriber Line

59
Email

Email stands for Electronic Mail.

Junk Email

Junk email is an unwanted email. It is also known as spam.

Email Address

Every email account has a unique address. An email address usually has two parts:

 User ID
 Identity of email service

Mailing List

A mailing list is a group of email addressing. An email sent to a mailing list is

received by everyone in the mailing list. Listserv is a popular software program to manage
many educational mailing lists.

VOIP → Voice Over Intent Protocol

E-Commerce → Electronic Commerce

FTP → File Transfer Protocol

IRC → Internet Relay Chat

IM → Instant Messaging

HTTP → Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

HTML → Hyper Text Markup Language

URL → Uniform Resource Locator

ISP → Internet Service Provider

Mozilla Firefox

Released → 2004

60
Internet Explorer

Microsoft → 1995 (Released)

Safari

2003 by Apple

Google Chrome

2008 (Released)

Different Parts of Email Account

1. Inbox

Inbox is a folder that contains all incoming messages.

2. Junk Folder

Junk Folder Contains suspicious or unwanted emails.

3. Deleted or Trash

The deleted or trash folder is used to store the deleted emails.

4. Sent

Sent is a folder that contains all email messages that have been sent.

Parts of an Email Message

i. TO

It is used to enter the email address of the person who will receive the email.

ii. CC

It stands for Carbon Copy. It is used to enter the email address of another person. A
copy of email is sent to this email address.

61
 iii. BCC
Blind Carbon Copy. It works similar to CC. The difference is that the recipient cannot
see the email addresses typed in this box.

iv. Subject

It is used to write the subject of the message.

v. Message

It is the big text box below the subject.

vi. Attach Files

It is used attach files or photos with email.

vii. Inbox
viii. Sent
ix. Deleted

Address Book

Address book is a collection of different email addresses. It is used to store important

emails and related information permanently.

LSD→ Least Significant Digit (LSD)

MSD→ Most Significant Digit (MSD)

Computer Crime

A type of crime in which a computer is the target or tool for an illegal activity is
called computer crime.

Security

Security is a system that is used to protect a computer system and data.

Data Security

The protection of data is called data security.

62
Firewall

A firewall is a set combination of hardware and software that prevents unauthorized

access to a network.

Backup

An additional copy of data or information stored on secondary storage media is called

backup.

Encryption

Some Strong encryption algorithm should be used. Encryption is a process of

encoding data so that only authorized user may understand and use it. If an unauthorized
person gets access to the data, he should not be able to understand it.

Worms

A worm is a program that copies itself repeatedly in memory or in disk until there left
no space. The computer may stop working in this situation. Worm spreads from one
computer to another through networks. Some examples of worm are SQL Slammer, the
Blaster worm, Sasser, I LOVE YOU and Melissa

Worm→ Write Once Read Many

Hacking

An illegal access to a computer or a network is called hacking.

DOS→ Denial of Service

(i). Logic Bombs (ii). Worms (iii). Trojan Horse

Antivirus

Antivirus software is used to detect and remove viruses, worms and adware etc.

Examples:

(i). Symantec Antivirus (ii). McAfee (iii). AVG

63
 (iv). Kaspersky (v). Bit Defender (vi). NOD32

AVG → Antivirus Guard

EPA → Environmental Protection Agency
ACM → Association for Computer Machinery
CASE → Computer Aided Software Engineering

CAD → Computer Aided Design

CAE → Computer Aided Engineering
RAD → Rapid Application Development

Internet
Father of internet is Vinton Gray Cerf (American) in 1960s.

Search Engines

Oldest search engine is web crawler.

Yahoo

Founded : January 1994

Headquarter : California
Founders : Jerry Yang and David Filo
Current CEO : Marissa Mayer Ali Web May 1994`
Google

Founded in: September 4, 1998

Headquarter: California

Founders: Larry Page + Sergey Brain

Current CEO: Sundar Pichai largest search engine of the world.

Sundar Pichai.

Microsoft

Founded in : April 4, 1975

64
 Headquarter : Washington D.C

Founders : Bill Gates + Paul Allen

Current CEO : Satya Nadella

Apple

Founded in : April 1, 1976

Headquarter : California

Founders : Steve jobs + Steve + Wozniat + Ronald Wayne

Current CEO : Tim Cook or Timothy Donald Cook

Amazon

Founded in : July 5, 1994

Headquarter : Washington D.C

Founder : Jeff Bezos

Current CEO : Andy Jassy

Ali Baba

Founded in : 28 June 1999

Founder : Jack Ma

Current CEO : Daniel Zhang

Facebook

Founded in : Feb 4, 2004

Headquarter : California

Founder : Mark Zuckerberg

Current CEO : Mark Zuckerbery

65
YouTube

Founded in : February 2005

Headquarter : California

Founders : chad Hurley + Steve Chen + Jawed Karim

Current CEO : Susan Wojcicki

Twitter

Founded in : March 21, 2006

Headquarter : California

Founders : Jack Dorsey + Noah Glass + Biz Stone + Evan Williams

Current CEO : Jack Dorsey

WhatsApp

Founded in : January 2009

Headquarter : California

Founders : Jan Koum + Brian Acton

Current CEO : Will cathcart

Hewlett-Packard (HP)

Founded in : July 2, 1939

Headquarter : California

Founders : Bill Hewlett and David Packard

Current CEO : Enrique Lores

Samsung

Founded in : March 1, 1938

66
 Headquarter : South Korea

Founders : Lee Byung-Chul

IBM (International Business Machine)

Founded in : June 16, 1911

Headquarter : New York (USA)

Founders : Charles Ranlett flint

Current CEO : Arvind Krishna

Wikipedia

Founded in : January 15, 2001

Headquarter : Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger An online encyclopedia

Current CEO : Katherina Maher

Dell

Founded in : February 1, 1984

Headquarter : Round Rock, Texes (U.S)

Founders : Michael Dell

Current CEO : Michael S. Dell

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)

Formed in : 1968

67