COMMUNICATION SYSTEM LAB

LAB SESSION 13

VERIFICATION OF SAMPLING THEOREM

Roll No.: …………………………………Section: …………………

Date of Experiment: ………………………………………………….

Report submitted on: …………………………………………………

Marks obtained: ……………………………………

Remarks: ……………………………………………

Instructor’s Signature: ……………………………...

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

1
 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM LAB

Objective:
1. To study the sampling theorem and its reconstruction.
2. To study the effect of amplitude and frequency variation of modulating signal
on the output.
3. To study the effect of variation of sampling frequency on the demodulated
output.
THEORY:
Pulse Modulation is used to transmit analog information. In this system
continuous wave forms are sampled at regular intervals. Information regarding
the signal is transmitted only at the sampling times together with synchronizing
signals.
At the receiving end, the original waveforms may be reconstituted from the
information regarding the samples.
Sampling Theorem Statement:
A band limited signal of finite energy which has no frequency components
higher than fm Hz, is completely described by specifying the values of the
signal at instants of time separated by ½ fm seconds.
The sampling theorem states that, if the sampling rate in any pulse modulation
system exceeds twice the maximum signal frequency, the original signal can be
reconstructed in the receiver with minimum distortion.
Fs > 2fm is called Nyquist rate.
Where fs – sampling frequency
Fm – Modulation signal frequency.
If we reduce the sampling frequency fs less than fm, the side bands and the
information signal will overlap and we cannot recover the information signal
simply by low pass filter. This phenomenon is called fold over distortion or
aliasing. There are two methods of sampling. (1) Natural sampling (2) Flat top
sampling.
Sample & Hold circuit holds the sample value until the next sample is taken.
Sample & Hold technique is used to maintain reasonable pulse energy. The duty
cycle of a signal is defined as the ratio of Pulse duration to the Pulse repetition
period. The duty cycle of 50% is desirous taking the efficiency into account.
PROGRAM:
%program for verification of sampling theorem
close all;
clear all
clc
t=-10:.01:10;

2
 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM LAB

T=4;
fm=1/T;
x=cos(2*pi*fm*t); % input signal
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(t,x);
xlabel('time');ylabel('x(t)');title('continous time signal');
grid;
n1=-4:1:4;
fs1=1.6*fm;
fs2=2*fm;
fs3=8*fm;
%discrete time signal with fs<2fm
x1=cos(2*pi*fm/fs1*n1);
subplot(2,2,2);
stem(n1,x1);
xlabel('time');ylabel('x(n)');
title('discrete time signal with fs<2fm');
hold on
subplot(2,2,2);
plot(n1,x1)
grid;
%discrete time signal with fs=2fm
n2=-5:1:5;
x2=cos(2*pi*fm/fs2*n2);
subplot(2,2,3);
stem(n2,x2);
xlabel('time');ylabel('x(n)');
title('discrete time signal with fs=2fm');
hold on
subplot(2,2,3);

3
 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM LAB

plot(n2,x2)
%discrete time signal with fs>2fm
grid;
n3=-20:1:20;
x3=cos(2*pi*fm/fs3*n3);
subplot(2,2,4);
stem(n3,x3);
xlabel('time');ylabel('x(n)');
title('discrete time signal with fs>2fm');
hold on
subplot(2,2,4);
plot(n3,x3)
grid;

4
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM LAB