7-8-Freshwater Biology and Ecology - ADMANLICLIC-compressed

Lecture Notes in
AQUATIC RESOURCES AND ECOLOGY

Mentor: ADRIAN DEIL C. MANLICLIC
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
Click to edit Master title style AQUATIC RESOURCES

AND ECOLOGY
FRESHWATER BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY
ADRIAN DEIL C. MANLICLIC

Lecture 7-8
11 S e p t e m b e r 2 0 2 1
ONLINE MENTORING PROGRAM

Licensure Examination for
FISHERIES TECHNOLOGISTS 2021 1
FRESHWATER BIOLOGY
AND ECOLOGY
ADRIAN DEIL C. MANLICLIC, MSc LFT
Fisheries Development Network

Licensure Exam for Fisheries Technologists
Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
Aquatic Ecosystems
Inland (Freshwater) Oceanic (Saltwater)
Lakes, and Ponds Ocean
Rivers, and Streams Seashores
Swamps, Marshes, and Bogs Rocky
Sandy
Coral Reefs
Estuaries and Salt Marshes
Earth’s
Freshwater
Earth’s Water
Freshwater habitats occupy a relatively

small portion of the earth’s surface as
compared to marine and terrestrial
habitats.

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
• ASD
What is Limnology?
• is a field of study that is concerned
with the physical, chemical and
biological characteristics of inland
waters
• derived from the Greek word

“limne” meaning pool, marsh or lake
• François-Alphonse Forel pioneered

François-Alphonse Forel
the study of lakes, and is thus (1841-1912)
considered the founder, and the
Father of limnology

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
The Freshwater Environment

Importance of freshwater to
man:
1.They are the most
convenient and cheapest
source of water for
domestic and industrial
needs
2.The freshwater
components are the
“bottle-neck” in the
hydrological cycle
3.Freshwater ecosystem
provide the more
convenient and cheapest
waste disposal systems
Limiting Factors in
Freshwater Environment
1. Temperature
2. Transparency
3. Current
4. Concentration of
respiratory gases
5. Concentration of biogenic
salts

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
1. Temperature
• Temperature is a major
limiting factor because
aquatic organisms often
have narrow tolerances
(stenothermal).
• Temperature changes
produce characteristics
patterns of circulation and
stratification
which greatly influence
aquatic life
2. Transparency
• Penetration of light is
often limited by
suspended materials,
restricting the
photosynthetic zone.
• Turbidity, especially when

caused by clay and silt
particles is often important
as a limiting factor.
• Conversely, when turbidity

is the result of living
organisms, measurements
of transparency
become indices of
productivity.

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
3. Current
• Currents often largely determine the
distribution of vital gases, salts, and small
organisms.
4. Concentration of Respiratory Gases

• Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
concentration are often limiting
in the freshwater environment
• Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide

behave reciprocally. When
Oxygen is high, Carbon Dioxide
is usually low and vice versa
• Oxygen is needed in the

respiration of organisms while
carbon dioxide is important in
photosynthesis process.

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
5. Concentration of Biogenic Salts

• Freshwater organisms have a definite problem “to solve” in regard to
osmoregulation
• Osmoregulation
• Is the active regulation of the osmotic pressure of bodily fluids to maintain
the homeostasis of the body's water content; that is it keeps the body's
fluids from becoming too dilute or too concentrated.
• Tonicity
• Refers to the relative concentration of solute on either side of a
membrane

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
ECOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS
BASED ON THEIR POSITION IN THE FOOD CHAIN
• Autotrophs – producers
• Phagotrophs –
macroconsumers
(herbivores, carnivores)
• Saprotrophs –
microconsumers or
decomposers
ECOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF
ORGANISMS
BASED ON THEIR MODE OF LIFE

1. Benthos – attached/resting/living in the
bottom sediments
2. Periphyton (Aufwuchs) – organisms
attached or clinging to stems and leaves
of plants or other surfaces projecting
above the bottom
3. Plankton – floating organisms whose
movements are dependent on currents
• zooplankton (animal); phytoplankton
(plant)
4. Nekton – swimming organisms able to
navigate at will
5. Neuston – organisms resting or swimming
on the surface

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
The Freshwater
Environment
Freshwater habitats may be
conveniently considered in two
series:
I. Standing-water or Lentic
(lentus, sluggish) habitats
• water is essentially static (it does
not move continuously in one
direction)
• Lake, pond, marsh, swamp, or bog
II. Running-water or Lotic (lotus,

washed) habitats
• water moves continuously in a
definite direction
• Spring, stream, or river

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
I. Lentic Habitats
a. Ponds
• small shallow body of water with extensive occupancy by higher
aquatic plants are common.
• It is usually shallow, enough to permit the growth of rooted plants
from one shore to the other.
• Small bodies of water in which the littoral zone is relatively large
and the limnetic and profundal regions are small or absent.

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
b. Marsh – characterized by grassy or soft

vegetation (non-woody emergent plants),
periodically or continually filled with water.
Receives water from flood
c. Swamp – occupied by rooted or

woody vegetation whose stalks extend
to the air. Dominated by trees or shrubs.
Receives water from flood
d. Bogs –acidic and has poor soil

quality, and receive most of its water
from precipitation
Agusan Marsh
Agusan del Sur, Mindanao

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
Candaba Swamp
Candaba, Pampanga
e. Lakes
• body of water occupied in a
basin (depression) and lacking
continuity with the sea.
• It has a considerable area and

deep enough to stratify.

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
Aral sea
Lakes
• Lakes are born to die because of sediment
traps.
• They begin filling up with sediments upon
formation. Solutes and particulate, organics
and minerals accumulate in the lake
• Sediments origins could be
• ALLOCHTHONOUS (originating from the
outside) or 1989
• AUTOCHTHONOUS (self-formed or
formed in place) from the lake itself
(throughphotosynthesis, mineral
precipitation).
• Other lakes are so big that they are called
seas.
• The Caspian Sea, in Europe and Asia, is the
world’s largest lake, with an area of more
Caspian Sea
than 370,000 square kilometers.

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
Aquatic Succession
(in lentic series)
• Lakes are ephemeral. As they
are created, they age, and
they die, in a predictable
pattern.
• This process of aging is what
we call succession.
• Natural processes work
toward progressive but
inevitable reduction of a large
standing body of water (lake)
to a small body (pond) and
finally to a wetland (swamp)
or to a relatively dry land.
Caliraya Dam
Importance of lakes
• Lakes provide a multitude of uses
and are prime regions for human
settlement and habitation.
• drinking and municipal water
supply;
• industrial and cooling water supply;
• power generation; Pantabangan Dam
• navigation;
• commercial and recreational
fisheries;
• body contact recreation
• other aesthetic recreational uses
In addition, lake water is used for
agricultural irrigation, canalization
and for waste disposal.

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
Classification of lakes
1. Physical or thermal lake classification
2. Classification based on trophic level or
productivity
3. Origin and classification of the Lake Basins

-classified according to annual circulation patterns
1. Dimictic lakes - occur in the cool temperate latitudes.
Overturn occurs twice a year.
2. Monomictic lakes – overturn once a year.

a) Cold monomictic lakes water never gets warmer than 4°C and turnover
occurs once in summer. Lakes in the Arctic are often cold monomictic.
b) Warm monomictic lakes occur in temperate latitudes in subtropical

mountains and in areas strongly influenced by oceanic climates.

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021

3. Polymictic lakes -frequent mixing throughout the year.
This type of mixing can occur in lakes across the world and
depends on characteristics like depth, size, and shape of a
lake.
4. Oligomictic lakes -occur in tropical regions and are
characterised by rare, or irregular, mixing with water
temperatures well above 4 °C. Thermally stable.
5. Amictic lakes occur in the polar regions and at high
altitudes. They are always frozen and never circulate or
mix.
2. Classification by
trophic level
The underlying concept of this
classification is related to the internal
generation of organic matter which is
also known as autotrophic
production.
a. Oligotrophic lakes
• low primary productivity and low
biomass (nutrient-poor).
• saturated with oxygen throughout

the water column.
• Deep, and plankton blooms are

rare.
• “geologically and biologically

young”

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
2. Classification
by trophic level
b. Eutrophic lakes.
• high concentrations of
nutrients and an associated
high biomass production
(nutrient-rich)
• usually with a low
transparency.
• oxygen concentrations can get
very low, often less than 1
mg/l in the hypolimnion
during summer stratification.
• Shallower and have a greater
primary productivity
• “geologically and biologically
old”
2. Classification by
trophic level
c. Mesotrophic lakes.
• Medium/ nutrient
rich
• In between
oligotrophic and
eutrophic lakes are
mesotrophic lakes

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
2. Classification by trophic level

d. Hypereutrophic lakes.
• Lakes at the extreme end of
the eutrophic range with
exceedingly high nutrient
concentrations and associated
biomass production. Anoxia or
complete loss of oxygen often
occurs in the hypolimnion
during summer stratification.
e. Dystrophic lakes.
• Also called as humic lakes.
These are organic rich lakes
(humic and fulvic acids). the
presence of these substances
causes the water to be brown
in colour

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
3. Origin and classification of the

Lake Basins
The following are 10 categories of

processes involved in the formation of
lake basins.
a. Tectonic lake basins

• Tectonic Lakes are formed
by movements of the
earth's crust in such a way
as to create a basin that
can fill with water.
• Lake Baikal in Russia is the
most famous of ancient
lakes. It is the deepest lake
in the world and was
formed by earth
movement during the
Mesozoic era.
Lake Baikal

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
b. Lake basins produced by volcanic activity
• During a volcanic explosion the top of the cone may be blown off leaving behind a
natural hollow called a crater – cadera or crater lakes
• These are common in certain countries, such as Japan, Philippines, Indonesia, and
parts of Central America and Western Europe.
• A typical example of these lakes is the Taal Lake in the Philippines which was
formed due to series of volcanic activities of Taal Volcano.
• Taal volcano erupted 25 times from 1572 to 1977.
• Other examples: Lake Buhi and Lake Maiinit
Taal Lake Main crater Lake – a lake that is situated on an island (Volcano Island, aka
Taal Island) located in a lake (Lake Taal) within an island (Luzon)
c. Lake basins produced by

landsliding
• These are formed in the valleys

dammed by the superficial
movement of earth materials,
but since the dam are eroded by
streamflow pressure these lakes
disappear rapidly. However,
some of them still persist.
• These lakes are also called
barrier lakes.
Gojal Lake, Northern Pakistan

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
d. Lake basins produced by the

action of glaciers
• Glaciers are by far the most productive
maker of present-day lakes.
• Glacial lakes typically form at the foot of a
glacier. As glaciers move and flow, they
erode the soil and sediment around
them, leaving depressions and grooves on
the land. Meltwater from the glacier fills
up the hole, making a lake.
Red Lake, Croatia
e. Lake basins produced

by the erosion
• This kind of lake forms when the
upper rocks can not bear the
pressures of the covered
vegetation, deposit and broken
stones on the ground, the cave
will collapse
• The collapsed cavity begins to

accumulate water gradually, and
thus form the lake -karst lake.

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
f. Lake basins formed by fluviatile processes

• These lakes are found in the floodplains of large rivers, in meanders
and abandoned channels, wherever small tributaries become
isolated/ cut-off from the mainstream.
• These are called oxbow lakes
Oxbow lake
g. Lake basins formed by shoreline

processes
• Sea currents and sea
waves dislodge
sediments along the
shore, forming bars or
spits that will
eventually isolate a
brackish water lake in
the coast.
Coastal lakes, Chatham Island

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
h. Lake basins formed by organic

accumulation
• These include some lakes
which emerge when the
stream is dammed by
vegetal remains or by the
accumulation of corals on
the shore of tropical and
subtropical seas. Typical
case are the coral lagoons of
the Pacific and Indian
oceans.
Atafu Atoll, Pacific Ocean
i. Lake formed by the

impact of meteorites
• These are crater - shaped

depressions of various sizes.
• Lakes created by the Impact

and explosion of meteorites
• The best- known lake in this

group is Chubb, situated in the
Chubb crater, Ungava region,
Canada
Chubb Crater

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
j. Lake basins formed

by human activity
• Impoundments – artificial lakes
• Artificial lake have a wide range

of sizes and utilities, but they
have also drastically changed
some streamflow, producing
ecological imbalances in the
respective areas.
Lake Zonation
Littoral zone
• the shallow-water region with
light penetration to the
bottom;
• typically occupied by rooted

plants in natural ponds and
lakes, but not necessarily in
managed ponds

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
Lake Zonation
Limnetic Zone
• the open-water zone to the depth of
effective light penetration called
compensation level (the depth at which
photosynthesis just balances with respiration)
• This zone is absent in small, shallow ponds.
• The term euphotic zone refers to the total

illuminated stratum including littoral and limnetic.
Lake Zonation
Profundal Zone
• the bottom and deep-water area
which is beyond the depth of effective
light penetration.
• This zone is often absent in ponds.
• O2 is scanty and CO2 abundant;
characterized by decay rather than organic
matter production

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
Lake Zonation
Euphotic Zone/ Epilimnion

• The total illuminated stratum including
littoral and limnetic zone
• Trophogenic zone is found (where
photosynthesis occur)
• Warm water region, circulating, much
sunlight, high DO, low nutrients
Lake Zonation
Metalimnion/Thermocline
• The transition layer between the warmer
mixed water at the surface and the
cooler deep water below
• Characterized by a sudden change in
temperature

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
Lake Zonation
Hypolimnion
• colder, noncirculating layer of a lake.

• Little or no sunlight; little affected by
waves; higher nutrients; low/no DO
• Tropholytic zone where respiration
and decomposition predominate.

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
Thermal Stratification
Thermal stratification is the
separation of lakes into three
layers due to temperature
differences:
1. Epilimnion (surface lake) –
the upper, warm circulating
layer of a lake. Much sunlight;
affected by wave energy;
lower nutrients; high DO
2. Metalimnion (or
thermocline) - middle layer
3. Hypolimnion (under lake) –
colder, noncirculating layer of
a lake. Little or no sunlight;
little affected by waves;
higher nutrients; low/no DO Thermal stratification usually happens
during summer (and winter)
Lake Overturning
• Lake overturning (turnover) is the process of a lake's water turning
over from top (epilimnion) to bottom (hypolimnion).
• Turnover ensures hypolimnion oxygenation and increases
nutrients in epilimnion
• Permanently stratified lakes (e.g., deep tropical) may have anoxic
hypolimnions; also can build up H2S in hypolimnion.
• Turnover in “permanently” stratified lakes can lead to “fish kills” or
eutrophication.

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
Lake Overturning
• Summer: Thermal stratification occurs when the water in a lake forms distinct layers
through heating from the sun.
• Fall (Autumn): With the onset of cooler weather, the temperature of epilimnion drops
until it is the same as that of the hypolimnion. Then the water entire lake begins
circulating and oxygen is again returned to the depths during the “fall overturn”
• Winter: during winter, thermal stratification can occur again, but the pattern is reversed
(inversed stratification); cold water rest over warm water because water density
• Spring: In the spring, as ice melts and water becomes warmer, it becomes heavier and
sinks to the bottom. Thus, when the water temperature rises to 4˚C, the lake will
circulate again, - “spring overturn”
Lake overturning
• Lake turnover is
extremely
important in
freshwater lakes, as
it is the event that is
responsible for
replenishing
dissolved oxygen
levels in the
deepest lake
waters; and
providing nutrients
in the surface

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
Nutrient Input and Recycling

Nutrients are transported
into lentic systems via:
• Terrestrial run-off
• Ground water flow
• Atmospheric deposition
(e.g. rain)
• Rock weathering
• Direct input from
terrestrial systems
Nutrient Input and Recycling

Most important nutrients
• Nitrogen
• Carbon
• Phosphorus (most limiting)
Human activity can increase the input of N and P into lentic

systems leading to anthropogenic eutrophication
• Alter the food web structure and reduce water quality

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
Major Lakes
in the
Philippines
https://www.bfar.da.gov.ph/publication.jsp?id=2375#post
II. Lotic Habitats

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
a. River
• a natural flow of running
water that follows a well-
defined, permanent path,
usually within a valley
• is a natural waterway that

transits water through a
landscape from higher to
lower elevations
b. Stream
• a natural flow of water

that follows a more
temporary path that is
usually not in a valley.
• a body of water with a

current, confined
within a bed and
banks.

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
c. Creek
• A small to medium
sized natural stream.
Sometimes navigable
by motor craft and may
be intermittent
• A tidal inlet, typically in

a saltmarsh or
mangrove swamp
d. Tributary
• A contributory stream,
or a stream which does
not reach the sea but
joins another river
(a parent river).

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
e. Brook
• A stream smaller than a

creek, especially one that is
fed by a spring or seep.
• It is usually small
and easily traversed.
• A brook is characterized by
its shallowness and its bed
being composed solely of
rocks.
Stream Ordering Systems

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
Strahler Stream
Ordering System
• Commonly used in
ecological studies for
giving an index of
scale and the position
within the drainage
basin.
Main Parts of a River

1. Channel – in which the water flows (riffles and
pools/ rapids and pool zone)
2. Floodplain – a flat region of a valley on either
side of the channel

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
Longitudal Profile/Dimension
1. Head reaches/ Headwater (stream
order 1 to 3)
• Fast current flow, usually very narrow and
lined with thick shore vegetation
• Majority of the organic material
(allochthonous) falls into river such as
leaves and sticks.
2. Midreaches (stream order 4-6)
• Rocks and trees play an important role as
supplier of organic material
• P/R>1
3. Lower reaches (stream order >6)
• Receives large influx of particulate material
from upper reaches
• Respiration outpaces photosynthesis
(P:R<1) because of increased turbidity

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
River Continuum
Concept
(Vannote et al 1980)
• describes the entire river

system as a continuously
integrating series of physical
gradients and associated
biotic adjustments as the
river flows from headwater
to mouth.
• As the physical gradient

changes from source to
mouth, chemical systems and
biological communities shift
and change in response. T
Nature of Lotic Cladophora
communities
Organisms in rapids communities,
and to a lesser extent those
inhabiting pool communities, show
adaptations for maintaining position
in swift water. Some of the most
important of these are:
1. Permanent attachment to a firm
substrate – Cladophora, encrusting aquatic moss
diatoms, aquatic mosses, caddis fly
larvae
caddis fly larvae

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
diptera larvae
2. Hooks and suckers –

diptera larvae
(Simulium and
Blepharocera) snails
3. Sticky undersurfaces
• Many animals are able to
adhere to surfaces by flatworms
their sticky
undersurfaces. Ex. snails
and flatworms
4.Positive rheotaxis
• Stream animals almost
invariably orient themselves
upstream and if capable of
swimming movements,
continually move against the
current
5.Positive thigmotaxis
• Many stream animals have
inherent behavior pattern to
cling close to a surface or to
keep the body in close
contact with surface

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
Nature of Lotic communities
6. Streamlined bodies
• Egg-shaped, broadly rounded
in front and tapering
posteriorly, to offer minimum
resistance to water flow. Ex.
insect larvae and fish
Major River Systems

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
Lotic vs. Lentic

habitats
In general, differences between
streams and ponds revolved around a
triad of conditions:
1. Current is much more a of a major
controlling limiting factor in
streams
2. Land-water interchange is
relatively more extensive in
streams, resulting in a more
“open” ecosystem and a
“heterotrophic” type of
community metabolism
3. Oxygen tension is generally more

uniform in streams, and there is
little or no thermal or chemical
stratification
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Thank You!!!
ADRIAN DEIL C. MANLICLIC

Licensure Examination for
FISHERIES TECHNOLOGISTS 2021 80


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Lecture Notes in

AQUATIC RESOURCES AND ECOLOGY

Click to edit Master title style AQUATIC RESOURCES

FRESHWATER BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY

ADRIAN DEIL C. MANLICLIC

ONLINE MENTORING PROGRAM

ADRIAN DEIL C. MANLICLIC, MSc LFT

Fisheries Development Network

Freshwater habitats occupy a relatively

Fisheries Development Network

• derived from the Greek word

• François-Alphonse Forel pioneered

Fisheries Development Network

The Freshwater Environment

Fisheries Development Network

• Turbidity, especially when

• Conversely, when turbidity

Fisheries Development Network

4. Concentration of Respiratory Gases

• Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide

• Oxygen is needed in the

Fisheries Development Network

5. Concentration of Biogenic Salts

Fisheries Development Network

ECOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS

BASED ON THEIR POSITION IN THE FOOD CHAIN

BASED ON THEIR MODE OF LIFE

Fisheries Development Network

II. Running-water or Lotic (lotus,

Fisheries Development Network

Fisheries Development Network

b. Marsh – characterized by grassy or soft

c. Swamp – occupied by rooted or

d. Bogs –acidic and has poor soil

Fisheries Development Network

• It has a considerable area and

Fisheries Development Network

Fisheries Development Network

Fisheries Development Network

1. Physical or thermal lake classification

2. Monomictic lakes – overturn once a year.

b) Warm monomictic lakes occur in temperate latitudes in subtropical

Fisheries Development Network

1. Physical or thermal lake classification

• saturated with oxygen throughout

• Deep, and plankton blooms are

• “geologically and biologically

Fisheries Development Network

Fisheries Development Network

2. Classification by trophic level

Fisheries Development Network

3. Origin and classification of the

The following are 10 categories of

a. Tectonic lake basins

Fisheries Development Network

b. Lake basins produced by volcanic activity

c. Lake basins produced by

• These are formed in the valleys

Gojal Lake, Northern Pakistan

Fisheries Development Network