Earliest 0+4 = 0+3 = 4+1 = 4+4 = 4+5 = 8+2 = 9+4 = 9+2 =

finish time 4 3 5 8 9 10 13 11
Latest 0+4 = 1+3 = 8+1 = 5+4 = 4+5 = 11+2 = 9+4 = 11+2 =
finish time 4 4 9 9 9 13 13 13
Total Float 4–4 = 4–3 = 9–5 = 9–8 = 9–9 = 13–10= 13–13= 13–11=
0 1 4 1 0 3 0 2

EFFi = max{ESF + dF; ESG + dG; ESH + dH} = max{EFF; EFG; EFH}= max{10; 13; 11} = 13.
mpd = EFFi – ESIn = 13 – 0 = 13.
deadline = mpd ➔ LFFi = EFFi ➔ TFFi = LFFi – EFFi = 0.
Critical activities (TFk = TFFi = 0): A, E and G.
mpd = dA + dE + dG = 4 + 5 + 4 = 13.
Critical path: A → E → G.
Fk = ESk + dk = EFk
SE = (FA, FB, FC, FD, FE, FF, FG, FH) = (EFA, EFB, EFC, EFD, EFE, EFF, EFG, EFH) =
= (4, 3, 5, 8, 9, 10, 13, 11)
 SL is the schedule on which all activities start on their later start date without
compromising the mpd.
Fk = LSk + dk – (deadline – mpd) = LSk + dk – (13 – 13) = LSk + dk – 0 = LSk + dk = LFk.
SL = (FA, FB, FC, FD, FE, FF, FG, FH) = (LFA, LFB, LFC, LFD, LFE, LFF, LFG, LFH) =
= (4, 4, 9, 9, 9, 13, 13, 13)

Gantt chart for SL Resource Alloca

Activities Resources
8
H 2 2
7
G 4 4 4 4
6
F 2 2
5
E 3 3 3 3 3
4
D 2 2 2 2
3
C 2
2
B 3 3 3
1
A 2 2 2 2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 (time) 0 1 2 3 4 5

art for SL Resource Allocation Histogram (RAH) for S L

Resources
8
2 2
7
4 4 4 4
6
2 2
5
3
4
2
3
2
2

0
8 9 10 11 12 13 (time) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 (time)
Schedule Effective Ideal Usage Maximum Variance of resource
usage ratio utilization
usage float
SE 66 104 0.63 6 1.92
SL 66 104 0.63 6 2.84

• Effective usage: The Effective usage is the total amount of resources needed, that is
∑𝐻
𝒋=𝑨 𝒅𝒋 𝒓𝒋 .

(The Effective usage does not depend on the schedule being considering.)
Effective usage (in SE) = Effective usage (in SL) =
= 4×2+3×3+1×2+4×2+5×3+2×2+4×4+2×2=66.

• Ideal usage: The Ideal usage is equal to the area of the rectangle whose basis
corresponds to the duration of the project (T) and whose height is equal to the
𝐦𝐚𝐱 𝑹(𝒕)] × 𝑻.
maximum amount of resources needed, that is, [𝟎≤𝒕≤𝑻

(The Ideal usage depends on the schedule being considering.)

Ideal usage (in SE) = 8×13 = 104.
Ideal usage (in SL) = 8×13 = 104.

• Usage ratio: The usage ratio is defined as the ratio between the effective usage and the
ideal usage, that is
𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒖𝒔𝒂𝒈𝒆
𝝆= ∙
𝑰𝒅𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒖𝒔𝒂𝒈𝒆

(The Usage ratio lies in the range [0,1]. This measure is used to compare schedules, because
the higher it is the more efficient is the use of resources. Unfortunately, the most efficient
schedule (the one with 𝜌 = 1) may be impossible to obtain.)

▪ Usage ratio (in SE) = 𝜌𝐸 = 66/ 104 = 0.63.

▪ Usage ratio (in SL) = 𝜌𝐿 = 66/ 104 = 0.63.
• Maximum float
The Maximum float is defined as the difference between the maximum amount of
resources needed and the minimum amount of resources needed, that is,
𝝋 = 𝐦𝐚𝐱 𝑹(𝒕) − 𝐦𝐢𝐧 𝑹(𝒕)
𝟎<𝒕<𝑻 𝟎<𝒕<𝑻

(The best schedule is the one that has the lesser maximum float.)

▪ Maximum float (in SE) =𝜑E =8 − 2=6.

▪ Maximum float (in SL) =𝜑L =8 − 2=6.

𝒕𝒊 −𝒕𝒊−𝟏
• Variance of resource utilization: 𝝈𝟐 = ∑𝒌𝒊=𝟏 × (𝑹𝒊 − 𝝁)𝟐, where:
𝒕𝒌 −𝒕𝟎

𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒖𝒔𝒂𝒈𝒆
❖ 𝜇 = 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 = ;
𝑻

❖ 𝑡0 , 𝑡1 , . . . , 𝑡𝑘 is the temporal segmentation in the schedule;

❖ 𝑅𝑖 = resource consumption in the interval [𝑡𝑖−1 , 𝑡𝑖 [, 𝑖 = 1, . . . , 𝑘.
(The best schedule is the one that has the lesser variance of resource utilization.)
𝟔𝟔
𝜇 = ≈ 𝟓. 𝟎𝟖 ∙
𝟏𝟑

Variance (in SE) – Auxiliary calculations

▪ Temporal segmentation in SE

[0, 3[, [3, 4[, [4, 5[, [5, 9[, [9, 10[, [10, 11[ and [11, 13[ (𝑘 = 7 intervals)

▪ Resource consumption in the interval [𝒕𝒊−𝟏 , 𝒕𝒊 [, 𝒊 = 𝟏, . . . , 𝟕.

𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 1: [𝑡0 , 𝑡1 ] = [0, 3[: 𝑅1 = 5; 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 4: [𝑡3 , 𝑡4 ] = [5, 9[: 𝑅4 = 5;

𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 2: [𝑡1 , 𝑡2 ] = [3, 4[: 𝑅2 = 2; 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 5: [𝑡4 , 𝑡5 ] = [9, 10[: 𝑅5 = 8;
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 3: [𝑡2 , 𝑡3 ] = [4, 5[: 𝑅3 = 7; 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 6: [𝑡5 , 𝑡6 ] = [10, 11[: 𝑅6 = 6;
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 7: [𝑡6 , 𝑡7 ] = [11, 13[: 𝑅7 = 4.

▪ Variance (in SE)

7 7
𝑡𝑖 − 𝑡𝑖−1 (𝑡𝑖 − 𝑡𝑖−1 ) × (𝑅𝑖 − 5.08)2
𝜎𝐸2 =∑ × (𝑅𝑖 − 5.08)2 = ∑ =
𝑡𝑘 − 𝑡0 𝑡𝑘 − 𝑡0
𝑖=1 𝑖=1

(3 − 0) × (5 − 5.08)2 + ∙∙∙ +(13 − 11) × (4 − 5.08)2 24.9232

= = ≈ 1.92.
13 − 0 13
Variance (in SL) – Auxiliary calculations

▪ Temporal segmentation in SL

[0, 1[, [1, 4[, [4, 5[, [5, 8[, [8, 9[, [9, 11[ and [11, 13[ (𝑘 = 7 intervals)

▪ Resource consumption in the interval [𝒕𝒊−𝟏 , 𝒕𝒊 [, 𝒊 = 𝟏, . . . , 𝟕.

𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 1: [𝑡0 , 𝑡1 ] = [0, 1[: 𝑅1 = 2; 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 4: [𝑡3 , 𝑡4 ] = [5, 8[: 𝑅4 = 5;

𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 2: [𝑡1 , 𝑡2 ] = [1, 4[: 𝑅2 = 5; 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 5: [𝑡4 , 𝑡5 ] = [8, 9[: 𝑅5 = 7;
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 3: [𝑡2 , 𝑡3 ] = [4, 5[: 𝑅3 = 3; 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 6: [𝑡5 , 𝑡6 ] = [9, 11[: 𝑅6 = 4;
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 7: [𝑡6 , 𝑡7 ] = [11, 13[: 𝑅7 = 8.

▪ Variance (in SL)

7 7
𝑡𝑖 − 𝑡𝑖−1 (𝑡𝑖 − 𝑡𝑖−1 ) × (𝑅𝑖 − 5.08)2
𝜎𝐿2 =∑ × (𝑅𝑖 − 5.08)2 = ∑ =
𝑡𝑘 − 𝑡0 𝑡𝑘 − 𝑡0
𝑖=1 𝑖=1

(1 − 0) × (2 − 5.08)2 + ∙∙∙ +(13 − 11) × (8 − 5.08)2 36.9232

= = ≈ 2.84.
13 − 0 13

Conclusion: The values of the 3 measures (Ideal usage, Usage ratio,

Maximum float) are the same for both schedules and the value of the
variance is lesser for schedule SE. Therefore, the schedule SE is the most
favorable.
e)

Schedule Effective Ideal Usage Maximum Variance of

usage resource
usage ratio float
utilization
SE 66 104 0.63 6 1.92
SL 66 104 0.63 6 2.84
Sd) 66 6×13 = 78 66/78 ≈ 0.85 6−2 = 4 0.99

Variance (in Sd)) – Auxiliary calculations

▪ Temporal segmentation in Sd)

[0, 3[, [3, 4[, [4, 9[, and [9, 13[ (𝑘 = 4 intervals)

▪ Resource consumption in the interval [𝒕𝒊−𝟏 , 𝒕𝒊 [, 𝒊 = 𝟏, . . . , 𝟒.

𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 1: [𝑡0 , 𝑡1 ] = [0, 3[: 𝑅1 = 5; 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 3: [𝑡2 , 𝑡3 ] = [4, 9[: 𝑅3 = 5;

𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 2: [𝑡1 , 𝑡2 ] = [3, 4[: 𝑅2 = 2; 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 4: [𝑡3 , 𝑡4 ] = [9, 13[: 𝑅4 = 6.

▪ Variance (in Sd))

4 4
2 𝑡𝑖 − 𝑡𝑖−1 (𝑡𝑖 − 𝑡𝑖−1 ) × (𝑅𝑖 − 5.08)2
𝜎𝑑) =∑ × (𝑅𝑖 − 5.08)2 = ∑ =
𝑡𝑘 − 𝑡0 𝑡𝑘 − 𝑡0
𝑖=1 𝑖=1

(3 − 0) × (5 − 5.08)2 + ∙∙∙ +(13 − 9) × (6 − 5.08)2 12.9232

= = ≈ 0.99.
13 − 0 13
Conclusion: Schedule Sd) is better than SE and SL (see table above).