Lecture 9
Uploaded by
Ahmar KhanLecture 9
Uploaded by
Ahmar KhanUNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY PESHAWAR
ELE-410 INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS
BY DR. ADAM KHAN
LECTURE # 09
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
1
• Text Book: Electric Motors and Control Systems
• By Frank D Petruzella 2nd Edition
Chapter 4: Motor Control Devices
2
PART 3 Sensors
• Basically transducer is defined as a device, which converts energy or
information from one form to another. These are widely used in
measurement work because not all quantities that need to be
measured can be displayed as easily as others. A better measurement
of a quantity can usually be made if it may be converted to another
form, which is more conveniently or accurately displayed.
Terminology
• Transducers convert one form of energy into another
• Sensors/Actuators are input/output transducers
• Sensors can be passive (e.g. change in resistance) or
active (output is a voltage or current level)
• Sensors can be analog (e.g. thermocouples) or digital
(e.g. digital tachometer)
Sensor Actuator
4
Transducer types
Quantity
Input Device Output Device
being
(Sensor) (Actuator)
Measured
Light Dependant Resistor (LDR), Lights & Lamps, LED's &
Light Level
Photodiode, Phototransistor, Solar Cell Displays, Fiber Optics
Thermocouple, Thermistor,
Heater, Fan, Peltier
Temperature Thermostat, Resistive temperature
Elements
detectors (RTD)
Force/Pressur Strain Gauge, Pressure Switch, Load Lifts & Jacks,
e Cells Electromagnetic, Vibration
Potentiometer, Encoders, Motor, Solenoid, Panel
Position
Reflective/Slotted Opto-switch, LVDT Meters
Tacho-generator, Reflective/Slotted AC and DC Motors, Stepper
Speed
Opto-coupler, Doppler Effect Sensors Motor, Brake
Carbon Microphone, Piezo-electric
Sound Bell, Buzzer, Loudspeaker
Crystal
5
Characteristics of measurement systems
• To choose the instrument, most suited to a particular
measurement application, we have to know the system
characteristics.
• The performance characteristics may be broadly divided into
two groups, namely ‘static’ and ‘dynamic’ characteristics.
• Static characteristics
• the performance criteria for the measurement of quantities
that remain constant, or vary only quite slowly.
• Dynamic characteristics
• the relationship between the system input and output when
the measured quantity (measurand) is varying rapidly.
Static Performance of Instrument
• Transfer Function
• Range
• Span
• Linearity
• Sensitivity
• Environmental effects
• Hysteresis
• Resolution
• Death space
Range
• The input range defines the minimum and maximum value
of the variable to measure.
• The output rage defines the minimum and maximum value
of the signal given by the transducer.
• Assume a temperature transducer which temperature
range is from 100°C to 250°C and the output range is given
from 4 to 10 mV.
Span
• The input span is the maximum change of the input and
the output span is the maximum change of the output.
• Input span:
I MAX I MIN
• Output span:
OMAX OMIN
Linearity
• It is normally desirable that the
output reading of an Omax
instrument is linearly
proportional to the quantity
being measured.
• An instrument is considered if
the relationship between
output an input can be fitted in
a line. Omin
Imin Imax
OMAX OMIN
O OMIN I I MIN
I MAX I MIN
Sensitivity
• The sensitivity of measurement is a measure of the change
in instrument output that occurs when the quantity being
measured changes by a given amount.
• Thus, sensitivity is the ratio:
Environmental effects
• All calibrations and specifications of an instrument are only
valid under controlled conditions of temperature, pressure
etc.
• These standard ambient conditions are usually defined in
the instrument specification.
• As variations occur in the ambient temperature, etc.,
certain static instrument characteristics change, and the
sensitivity to disturbance is a measure of the magnitude of
this change.
• Such environmental changes affect instruments in two
main ways, known as zero drift and sensitivity drift.
• Zero drift is sometimes known by the alternative term,
bias.
Instrument Drift
• This is caused by variations taking place in the parts of the
instrumentation over time.
• Prime sources occur as chemical structural changes and
changing mechanical stresses.
• Drift is a complex phenomenon for which the observed effects
are that the sensitivity and offset values vary.
• It also can alter the accuracy of the instrument differently at
the various amplitudes of the signal present.
Classification of Drift
Hysteresis and Backlash
• Careful observation of the output/input relationship of a
block will sometimes reveal different results as the signals
vary in direction of the movement.
• Mechanical systems will often show a small difference in
length as the direction of the applied force is reversed.
• The same effect arises as a magnetic field is reversed in a
magnetic material.
• This characteristic is called hysteresis
• Where this is caused by a mechanism that gives a sharp
change, such as caused by the looseness of a joint in a
mechanical joint, it is easy to detect and is known as
backlash.
Resolution
Repeatability
Hysteresis
Linearity
Least Square Linearity
• The Largest deviations are at 40 Kg and 60 Kg input
Dynamic Specifications
Potentiometers
Potentiometers (Contd…)
Linear Variable Differential Transformer.
(LVDT)
• LVDT is an electromechanical device that produces an electrical
output proportional to the displacement of a separate movable core.
• It consist of primary coil and two secondary coils.
• A free moving rod-shaped magnetic core inside the coil assembly
provides a path for the magnetic flux linking the coils.
Force Transducers
• Servo and Process Control
• Experimental Stress Analysis
• Design of Machinery
• Allows you to measure parameters which are difficult to measure
directly e.g mass of material present in gravitational field
• Can measure weight and amount of material
• Can be used to measure pressure
• Can be used to measure flow
• Can be used to measure acceleration, velocity and position
Stress and Strain
• Related to study of
mechanics of
materials
• When force is
applied on body, it
deforms, in general
this information is
called strain
Stress and Strain
• The slope of the
straight line portion of
stress-strain diagram is
called the modulus of
Elasticity or Youngs
modulus
Strain Gauge
• Piezo-resistive characteristics
• Types
• Semiconductor gage
• Carbon resistor gage
• Bonded metallic gage
• Foil resistance gage
Wheatstone Bridge Circuit
• Mostly used circuit for measurement of Static Strain Measurement
• When stress is applied
