SI

Readinyss2442

2.4 QED
in QED YM

Eve looked at scattering amplitudes theory

we

learnedhow to write the polarization vectors forspin 1particles in

spinor
helicity

Vanubese't
ply
ep Ef
ep
4184Mt

Igp gps if

It important realize that thatthere polaryuturo vectors

is to defined are

using

reference spinor 94p This

a reflectionof
s
is a Hue

extra gauge a
sym of spent EEparticle
a

EE t c

wealso the specialkenematis of pt amplitudes of

explored 3 massless

partitiswhere either of the conditions must be met

1 IT x 23 3

2 l 2 23 A 3

These

factseimply etat

1 a non varnishing on shell pt

3 amplitude 0
only
massless particles
either contanis

only square or anglebrackets

2 Spt on shell amplitudes to only massless particles are non

zero

foronly complex momenta

82 es 1 Mi

express

any
amplitudes in the trace basis For the level diagrams thaw
we
An E perms An I 0 23 M Tn Ta Toca Ta Tan

Forehead amplitude
inherits the trace such as egchuty

from
Thopertus

n pointgluonamplitudes

1 An o
21 An o ifcellhhelmets
all
elmets
are she same
are she same

3 An 1 0
if all helicities are the
exceptfor one

if same
except for two

An It I City j j Dt ht 2ij

Liz 23 m

the Parke Taylorformula

Color ordered amplitudes have thefollowing properties

1 Cycelin An 12 n Ink D
An in

2 Reflection And 2 n An n n n a
3 OLD decoupling An423 N Antes n t thanks IN
t

identity

trace basis
The

is our complete and there arefeather linear relations

among etc color ordered

This reduces the

tree level amplitudes called Kleist
lice level
Kaif relations
amplitudes to Cu 1

of independent

the BCJ relationsreduce the

of evil the level amplitudes to Cu33
Furthermore

 2.10 Colony Z 2.14 2.15 2.21 2.22 2.23

q2 26 Of Elf
2

we set p to bealong E forsemplicity pm E o o E 0 0

EECp t o cosy i said sin 0 Ii cos0 o

0
ef o E it Ii e o

k o l Ii o

a showthat EE o and Ee op o

EE E Eh c Ii o C I I o O

p Et p Ee 7
v O o o o 0

b Ethics null we cannonite

CEESais
Ecp b a
4 a's EEcp Calculate II Cplais
Andfind 1M St
1p3aLrliCE97aio
E.ECof7aj
ki ET f1ai.t E t EE Yai t 03 is
20 ai I Ii 0357152

it
o
a
id
98 for t
f2 for
4 o

how from prob 2.1 we know

T T
Ip
a
EEcosotzs.no eei0 Tie yo
Lpl.ae Tze C sine cos 012 EE o l

pla EE l Cas E Seri E e EE l o

T
Ip FEL sine e cos EE fo i
breaking Itai into a tensorprod we can find r St Eat Ipkf7
FEW KEEN
lattes E
o
E Y
g lo

where r E o o E

Ert EE t l o
Ftp FE FE l l o lo 2E

we can remormabge the er est rip Tz as the problem

hints at Therefore defining
FE
we have
rips 2T
and
Itai IP a f Ta
a show that EF is E 11741 Kgp followsfrom EE Glymph
Fe Lg p
Emt air Em Opr
L918r oar aa 8 fffaejasKhai
52 9 PT bb
r gp
2915 Em
t.PH ofe7aa 117
1 Pola
11 41 j EbcC K Lpl Co Gta
j
Z E ca EEE
ftp.b29 is EbcchiEcaCi
a2qp7 is
T2lpIbLqlio gab g a
gps
ElPJaLqi
gps
missing afactorof c i l to cancel this C 13
d suppose that it erst Gago g EF retPm Show that this relationship requires
rps Tz and Ct drop Kpgs
EtaCp g Eat p t G Pr
Rft Cp g R Frcp t G pl
E 4 94 115km Ct PKP I

Ip 2 41 art Ct Cpl
Lad t M Ct Lpl o
 9

dotting in 1ps we
find that
Fe as.ae ew
f rips
t so
rips

dotting ein
leg Lol we fend
52
92 Ct sprs o C
qq.fr Lr9S
qp in pg GPS
re
 2
scaleaQ ED
3
L F 18912 tieAn
r
Equity 9 24 EA 44 4 4912
e e e e
fg
ie CK R

Ffp
Tr
ex
zieym.IE
pit y
ex

2.142 computer Ag 99 8 1 show that it is end of the referencespecies andwrite

A in terms of only angle brackets Use complexconj to writedown Asleep
M
I Adey't f ie
Pz pi EpCps g
ie pz pi 231419352
93
ie 2312
11935293
i 1372193
2311197193
232 293 231
ie 19743
E is i o Ei oki D al I t Da t 3
l Fs 197 O
az 2g t as Cap o

up 3g3_
l3 t 21371933
12 212
2 Ld l l t 2 Ez t 3 3 193 0
213 Iq t 223 393 O

Cg 523134 2237933
21 12

cAs Cygg I 43792

tie goofy as E az
I
as
IT I
437232
Fie only depends on angle
127

taking the complexconj we

get
As pg yt
c E ie 4331231 only depends on
squares
12
 21 Consider AyLeg yr Show etat the 1912A contact term
goes a vanishing contribution to the one shell amp Aq no matter
what hchutz the j's are

h
i Ali
Iif zieqwEKp.iq E Cpi94

AI 25 418491221JPY12
9,1 922
E 21274,9
9117423 choosing
q ftp.orpa

Aft 21 LllyMl97 qdfu

2 Lg 2
Cq D
t e L1g 9 choosing 92 p g P
0
2927 9,17 y
since 1ps't Cpl Ipt pl
kE 418417 192
4018 et
f1Ifp 2
rz qps E Egp
Att A 7 0 and At At o
 2.22 Show that it is alwayspossible to choose the polarization vectors
such that the contribution from the 4pt Contact term to the 4ft
amplitude vanishes

Ayhinhsht i x LE es kited

so the amplitude only depends

dot
on dot products ofpolarization waters
There are so
only many products that we can form
Et Et E EI
E Cp E Cpa dpipisG.cl
q qu Lpilymqidcpalfrl97
2 oferqc q
g pig frPz EqPd EgaPig
G Cp pi E Cpa qd EPeR3_
qeq o
for gigs
gas quo
E Cp qi Et Cpagal cpiqdlq.pe ofoeqc Pzorqz p
Lpgis Epaqis

it is clear that we can always piukeh.ieqi's sack that Az vanishesfor

all choices
of hi hi his his
 2.22 show that choosing a good set Egos that the
Vanishes when all 4helicities are the of
same
full 4ptgluon amp
we have already shown that
P4
HH o so we need to calculate
p 4
Ai y_Ef i74
i

i Aj iAE

AI I C i CE EECpig Et Lpcgz Llap P a t Yea Pap 2am Cpi tPalos

X C re EECpsqs E 4 Paige ftp.pylpitpzfstfuzrspspeq.tkuyrsP4Ms
x C is gas pitpz5
Z E Ea p a t Ea G Pa E a props o Ea
X CCg Ey CpiEpdp t Es rs Ey oPs t Ectp Ez o
Py
X
gas1 pitpit
Z CE Ea p a t Ea a El Pa C a P o Ee
C Es Ey Lp pas t Eses Ey Ps EyesEs copy P
g Cpi tp5
choose so that G Ez
qi qr And foeof4 Es Ey see 2 21
O

AF Ka Ca Pri Ci CpiES Es 64 B t Et Es PHI

Ez E3 G Pa 64 Ps t G oEe G opa Es copy
qg G oEs 7 Ca Pz Eu Pil toEye Pi E 7 Es The

fs gy ga weferid that Ea oEs Ey l CE

a a CG o 4 7 0
the qwhole amplitude vanishes
choosing
and

the t and a channel amplitudes are related to the s channelamplitude

bycrossing AE As I pay
AI Aj I pre Ps
therefore the whole Hpt amplitude vanishes when all helicities are etre
tame

note that the amplitude where all but one of thehelicity are the same also
vanishes This follows that the choice for all gluons
simply from noting go q
that have the same E
helicity o E o Therefore the
Cpig Cpj g amplitude
can
EtCpig aE l where and denato tho momentum and
onlydepend on t pq p q
reference momentum ofEatte singlegluon with oppositehelicity Sente
Cpi E
g z Cp g 2qpscpiqiqp.us
Eq p
we can set p to get
ofeither E Cpo
q CHP q o Thus theamplitudevanishesb c it is
proportional to Et Et or EF Et chute vanish
 2.21 calculate AyCI 2 3 413 using Feynman rules and a smart choice
of reference spurious Show that it can be brought into the farm
Aq I 2 3t4t 4274
42322372343 413

letsstart that all E oE Then

offbychoosing g ga q and q ga g
a
so o

Aah 2 347
Y 14 t

Lets choose q so that the t channeldiagram vanishes

q
E 0Eat Pi t 404097 E P P4 Ei
Vy
e t a

Pi Ey1

q Py theno G Gt 0 Also noteEthat

o
choosing
Py E Pyo E Cp g Pyo Cp py o
Thus we
just have to fix q said that p Eq44 y 1 0 This is achanid
o

by letting g p
Aya z stats lgg.iq
q pii isiAEEfEpiArlgIg7g p
note that with this choiceof qi's all G Cj o with the exception of
Ez Ez E CpaPy Et Pz Ip
2218443 118
1332
42L 13
22131433
133 42J
212 343
213 243

whataboutthe prog
P oo Es p Ey o
Py G PyoEz o

i AE pi
ang irg CC cc pace Kpitpa ed et

ir
g opsEE Cp e Et

ihr B.mn
yj irzg Ezoq pftCEsopy EyB CpstP4oEy Est
irreg CEzoP4 Ef P o E4 Ef
Ag C i iAEiA
pitta
C irgJZCIGopzIEad cpoEDEMCCG.pe Eya Cpz.q7E
Pitpe 72

qjIp z Gok EzoEs Ps Ee

9 314304
2Gt
2123 127
133 4

Ca Py Pi Ps 4113147T
E chips Pa fI 5
14234432 TECH
Tz 14

2 21271344 Ll27C24 C3
127423 24 Fe El 43 Fe 14
a 125 3472
g 123 14 123 14

347 Sat Sr
34zz 422,5

r 3432 2
gz 127 147 34 14

Momentum cons I El t 2 Z t 3 E3 t 4 4 0

213 14 t 52137 34720

e
v
l
g 123 14 343 123

g 21274212354134347223T
2.262 use Aa Cl 2 3147 to show that the OCD decoupling formula
holds
Ay I 2 343 Ay 2 I 3 413 Ay 2 3 1 4T 0

Ay I 2 314 1
427 23 347241J

Ay E 2 I 3t4t z
a as 2343 423 427437445 24 s
applyingpermto
Ay 2 3T I 4T i 12 4 6 denomonly to
prehenelettle
323 31 147 427 137214 224 3
groupsealing
1234
Ay l z 3t4t Ay 2 I 3t4t
34 247
t
z32
2237 4131
23475133224742
213 2243 23 413
tn 274 21272342
12 343 437 247 233 41

137 24 237 417

Ay 2 3 1 4T
where we haveused the Schouten identity with E Jj 2,6 3 F 4
237 41 t 2133 24 t 127 437 0
223 413 24 1 127234

Theft A i z graft Ay z i 3 413 Ay 2 3 1 4T O