Module 08

Intructors: Abir
Das and
Sourangshu
Bhattacharya
Module 08: Programming C++
Objectives & Default Parameters & Function Overloading
Outline

Default
Parameter
Highlights

Function
Intructors: Abir Das and Sourangshu Bhattacharya
Overloading

Overload
Resolution Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Promotion &
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
Conversion
{abir, sourangshu}@cse.iitkgp.ac.in
Default
Parameters in
Overloading

Summary Slides taken from NPTEL course on Programming in Modern C++

by Prof. Partha Pratim Das

NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Intructors: Abir Das and Sourangshu Bhattacharya 1
 Module Objectives

Module 08

Intructors: Abir • Understand default parameters

Das and
Sourangshu
Bhattacharya
• Understand function overloading and Resolution
Objectives &
Outline

Default
Parameter
Highlights

Function
Overloading

Overload
Resolution
Promotion &
Conversion

Default
Parameters in
Overloading

Summary

NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Intructors: Abir Das and Sourangshu Bhattacharya 2
 Module Outline

Module 08

Intructors: Abir • Default parameter

Das and
Sourangshu
Bhattacharya
◦ Motivation
◦ Call function with default parameter
Objectives &
Outline
◦ Highlighted Points
Default ◦ Restrictions
Parameter
Highlights • Function overloading
Function
Overloading
◦ Meaning & Motivation
Overload ◦ Necessity of function overloading in Contrast with C
Resolution
Promotion & • Static Polymorphism
Conversion

Default ◦ Meaning
Parameters in
Overloading ◦ Overloading function
Summary • Overload Resolution
• Default parameters and Function Overloading

NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Intructors: Abir Das and Sourangshu Bhattacharya 3
 Motivation: Example CreateWindow in MSDN
Declaration of CreateWindow Calling CreateWindow
Module 08

Intructors: Abir HWND WINAPI CreateWindow( hWnd = CreateWindow(

Das and
Sourangshu _In_opt_ LPCTSTR lpClassName, ClsName,
Bhattacharya
_In_opt_ LPCTSTR lpWindowName, WndName,
Objectives &
_In_ DWORD dwStyle, WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,
Outline _In_ int x, CW_USEDEFAULT,
Default _In_ int y, CW_USEDEFAULT,
Parameter _In_ int nWidth, CW_USEDEFAULT,
Highlights
_In_ int nHeight, CW_USEDEFAULT,
Function
Overloading
_In_opt_ HWND hWndParent, NULL,
_In_opt_ HMENU hMenu, NULL,
Overload
Resolution _In_opt_ HINSTANCE hInstance, hInstance,
Promotion & _In_opt_ LPVOID lpParam NULL
Conversion
); );
Default
Parameters in
Overloading
• There are 11 parameters in CreateWindow()
Summary • Of these 11, 8 parameters (4 are CWUSEDEFAULT, 3 are NULL, and 1 is hInstance) usually get same
values in most calls
• Instead of using these 8 fixed valued Parameters at call, we may assign the values in formal parameter
• C++ allows us to do so through the mechanism called Default parameters
NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Intructors: Abir Das and Sourangshu Bhattacharya 4
 Program 08.01: Function with a default parameter

Module 08

Intructors: Abir
#include <iostream>
Das and using namespace std;
Sourangshu
Bhattacharya
int IdentityFunction(int a = 10) { // Default value for parameter a
Objectives & return (a);
Outline
}
Default
Parameter
Highlights int main() {
Function int x = 5, y;
Overloading

Overload y = IdentityFunction(x); // Usual function call. Actual parameter taken as x = 5

Resolution
cout << "y = " << y << endl;
Promotion &
Conversion

Default y = IdentityFunction(); // Uses default parameter. Actual parameter taken as 10

Parameters in
Overloading
cout << "y = " << y << endl;
}
Summary
----------
y = 5
y = 10
NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Intructors: Abir Das and Sourangshu Bhattacharya 5
 Program 08.02: Function with 2 default parameters
#include<iostream>
Module 08
using namespace std;
Intructors: Abir
Das and
Sourangshu int Add(int a = 10, int b = 20) {
Bhattacharya return (a + b);
Objectives &
}
Outline int main() { int x = 5, y = 6, z;
Default
Parameter z = Add(x, y); // Usual function call -- a = x = 5 & b = y = 6
Highlights
cout << "Sum = " << z << endl;
Function
Overloading
z = Add(x); // One parameter defaulted -- a = x = 5 & b = 20
Overload
Resolution cout << "Sum = " << z << endl;
Promotion &
Conversion
z = Add(); // Both parameter defaulted -- a = 10 & b = 20
Default
Parameters in cout << "Sum = " << z << endl;
Overloading }
Summary ----------
Sum = 11
Sum = 25
Sum = 30
NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Intructors: Abir Das and Sourangshu Bhattacharya 6
 Default Parameter: Highlighted Points

Module 08

Intructors: Abir • C++ allows programmer to assign default values to the function parameters
Das and
Sourangshu
Bhattacharya
• Default values are specified while prototyping the function
Objectives &
• Default parameters are required while calling functions with fewer arguments or without
Outline any argument
Default
Parameter • Better to use default value for less used parameters
Highlights

Function
Overloading

Overload
Resolution
Promotion &
Conversion

Default
Parameters in
Overloading

Summary

NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Intructors: Abir Das and Sourangshu Bhattacharya 7
 Restrictions on default parameters

Module 08
• All parameters to the right of a parameter with default argument must have default
Intructors: Abir
Das and
arguments (function f violates)
Sourangshu
Bhattacharya
• Default arguments cannot be re-defined (second signature of function g violates)
• All non-defaulted parameters needed in a call (first call of g() violates)
Objectives & #include <iostream>
Outline

Default void f(int, double = 0.0, char *);

Parameter
// Error C2548: f: missing default parameter for parameter 3
Highlights

Function void g(int, double = 0, char * = NULL); // OK

Overloading
void g(int, double = 1, char * = NULL);
Overload // Error C2572: g: redefinition of default parameter : parameter 3
Resolution // Error C2572: g: redefinition of default parameter : parameter 2
Promotion &
Conversion
int main() {
Default
Parameters in
int i = 5; double d = 1.2; char c = ’b’;
Overloading
g(); // Error C2660: g: function does not take 0 arguments
Summary
g(i);
g(i, d);
g(i, d, &c);
}
NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Intructors: Abir Das and Sourangshu Bhattacharya 8
 Restrictions on default parameters

Module 08 • Default parameters to be supplied only in a header file and not in the definition of a
Intructors: Abir
function
Das and
Sourangshu // Header file: myFunc.h
Bhattacharya
void g(int, double, char = ’a’); // Defaults ch
Objectives &
void g(int i, double f = 0.0, char ch); // A new overload. Defaults f & ch
Outline void g(int i = 0, double f, char ch); // A new overload. Defaults i, f & ch
// void g(int i = 0, double f = 0.0, char ch = ’a’); // Alternate signature. Defaults all in one go
Default
Parameter ----------------------------------------------------
Highlights // Source File
#include <iostream>
Function
Overloading using namespace std;
#include "myFunc.h" // Defaults taken from header
Overload
Resolution
void g(int i, double d, char c) { cout << i << ’ ’ << d << ’ ’ << c << endl; } // No defaults here
Promotion &
----------------------------------------------------
Conversion // Application File
Default
#include <iostream>
Parameters in #include "myFunc.h"
Overloading int main() { int i = 5; double d = 1.2; char c = ’b’;
Summary g(); // Prints: 0 0 a
g(i); // Prints: 5 0 a
g(i, d); // Prints: 5 1.2 a
g(i, d, c); // Prints: 5 1.2 b
}
NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Intructors: Abir Das and Sourangshu Bhattacharya 9
 Function overloads: Matrix Multiplication in C

Module 08
• Similar functions with different data types and algorithms
Intructors: Abir typedef struct { int data[10][10]; } Mat; // 2D Matrix
Das and typedef struct { int data[1][10]; } VecRow; // Row Vector
Sourangshu
Bhattacharya typedef struct { int data[10][1]; } VecCol; // Column Vector

Objectives & void Multiply_M_M (Mat a, Mat b, Mat* c); // c = a * b

Outline void Multiply_M_VC (Mat a, VecCol b, VecCol* c); // c = a * b
Default void Multiply_VR_M (VecRow a, Mat b, VecRow* c); // c = a * b
Parameter void Multiply_VC_VR(VecCol a, VecRow b, Mat* c); // c = a * b
Highlights void Multiply_VR_VC(VecRow a, VecCol b, int* c); // c = a * b
Function
Overloading int main() {
Overload
Mat m1, m2, rm; VecRow rv, rrv; VecCol cv, rcv; int r;
Resolution Multiply_M_M (m1, m2, &rm); // rm <-- m1 * m2
Promotion & Multiply_M_VC (m1, cv, &rcv); // rcv <-- m1 * cv
Conversion Multiply_VR_M (rv, m2, &rrv); // rrv <-- rv * m2
Default Multiply_VC_VR(cv, rv, &rm); // rm <-- cv * rv
Parameters in Multiply_VR_VC(rv, cv, &r); // r <-- rv * cv
Overloading
return 0;
Summary }
• 5 multiplication functions share similar functionality but different argument types
• C treats them by 5 different function names. Makes it difficult for the user to remember and use
• C++ has an elegant solution
NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Intructors: Abir Das and Sourangshu Bhattacharya 10
 Function overloads: Matrix Multiplication in C++

Module 08
• Functions having the same name, similar functionality but different algorithms, and identified
Intructors: Abir
Das and
by different interfaces data types
Sourangshu typedef struct { int data[10][10]; } Mat; // 2D Matrix
Bhattacharya typedef struct { int data[1][10]; } VecRow; // Row Vector
typedef struct { int data[10][1]; } VecCol; // Column Vector
Objectives &
Outline
void Multiply(const Mat& a, const Mat& b, Mat& c); // c = a * b
Default void Multiply(const Mat& a, const VecCol& b, VecCol& c); // c = a * b
Parameter
void Multiply(const VecRow& a, const Mat& b, VecRow& c); // c = a * b
Highlights
void Multiply(const VecCol& a, const VecRow& b, Mat& c); // c = a * b
Function void Multiply(const VecRow& a, const VecCol& b, int& c); // c = a * b
Overloading

Overload int main() {

Resolution Mat m1, m2, rm; VecRow rv, rrv; VecCol cv, rcv; int r;
Promotion &
Conversion
Multiply(m1, m2, rm); // rm <-- m1 * m2
Multiply(m1, cv, rcv); // rcv <-- m1 * cv
Default
Parameters in
Multiply(rv, m2, rrv); // rrv <-- rv * m2
Overloading Multiply(cv, rv, rm); // rm <-- cv * rv
Multiply(rv, cv, r); // r <-- rv * cv
Summary
return 0;
}
• These 5 functions having different argument types are represented as one function name (Multiply) in C++
• This is called Function Overloading or Static Polymorphism
NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Intructors: Abir Das and Sourangshu Bhattacharya 11
 Program 08.03/04: Function Overloading

Module 08
• Define multiple functions having the same name
Intructors: Abir
Das and
• Binding happens at compile time
Sourangshu Same # of Parameters Different # of Parameters
Bhattacharya

#include <iostream> #include <iostream>

Objectives &
Outline
using namespace std; using namespace std;
int Add(int a, int b) { return (a + b); } int Area(int a, int b) return (a * b);
Default double Add(double c, double d) { return (c + d); } int Area(int c) { return (c * c); }
Parameter
Highlights
int main() { int main() {
int x = 5, y = 6, z; int x = 10, y = 12, z = 5, t;
Function z = Add(x, y); // int Add(int, int) t = Area(x, y); // int Area(int, int)
Overloading
cout << "int sum = " << z; cout << "Area of Rectangle = " << t;
Overload
Resolution
double s = 3.5, t = 4.25, u; int z = 5, u;
Promotion &
Conversion u = Add(s, t); // double Add(double, double) u = Area(z); // int Area(int)
cout << "double sum = " << u << endl; cout << " Area of Square = " << u << endl;
Default
Parameters in } }
Overloading

Summary
int sum = 11 double sum = 7.75 Area of Rectangle = 12 Area of Square = 25

• Same Add function to add two ints or two doubles • Same Area function for rectangles and for squares
• Same # of parameters but different types • Different number of parameters

NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Intructors: Abir Das and Sourangshu Bhattacharya 12
 Program 08.05: Restrictions in Function Overloading

Module 08 • Two functions having the same signature but different return types cannot be overloaded
Intructors: Abir #include <iostream>
Das and using namespace std;
Sourangshu
Bhattacharya
int Area(int a, int b) { return (a * b); }
Objectives & double Area(int a, int b) { return (a * b); }
Outline // Error C2556: double Area(int,int): overloaded function differs only by return type
Default
// from int Area(int,int)
Parameter // Error C2371: Area: redefinition; different basic types
Highlights

Function
int main() {
Overloading int x = 10, y = 12, z = 5, t;
double f;
Overload
Resolution
Promotion & t = Area(x, y);
Conversion // Error C2568: =: unable to resolve function overload
Default // Error C3861: Area: identifier not found
Parameters in
Overloading
cout << "Multiplication = " << t << endl;
Summary
f = Area(y, z); // Errors C2568 and C3861 as above
cout << "Multiplication = " << f << endl;
}

NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Intructors: Abir Das and Sourangshu Bhattacharya 13
 Function Overloading – Summary of Rules

Module 08 • The same function name may be used in several definitions

Intructors: Abir
Das and
• Functions with the same name must have different number of formal parameters and/or
Sourangshu
Bhattacharya
different types of formal parameters
Objectives &
• Function selection (Overload Resolution) is performed by the compiler
Outline
• Two functions having the same signature but differing only in the return types will
Default
Parameter result in a compilation error. The main reason is caller does not have to use the return
Highlights
value, the compiler does not know which return type is the best match
Function
Overloading
• Two functions having same parameter list but differing only in their default arguments
Overload
Resolution will not compile. Changing the value of a default parameter does not change the type
Promotion &
Conversion
of the parameter
Default
Parameters in
• Overloading allows Static Polymorphism
Overloading
• Overload resolution is considered to be one of the areas of the language that is both
Summary
complex and important. Two good resources:
◦ (Intermediate) Overload Resolution Video by CopperSpice
◦ (Elaborate) MSDN Article on Function Overloading
NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Intructors: Abir Das and Sourangshu Bhattacharya 14
 Overload Resolution

Module 08

Intructors: Abir • To resolve overloaded functions with one parameter

Das and
Sourangshu
Bhattacharya
◦ Identify the set of Candidate Functions
◦ From the set of candidate functions identify the set of Viable Functions
Objectives &
Outline
◦ Select the Best viable function through (Order is important)
Default ▷ Exact Match
Parameter
Highlights ▷ Promotion
Function ▷ Standard type conversion
Overloading

Overload
▷ User defined type conversion
Resolution
Promotion &
Conversion

Default
Parameters in
Overloading

Summary

NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Intructors: Abir Das and Sourangshu Bhattacharya 15
 Overload Resolution: Exact Match

Module 08

Intructors: Abir • lvalue-to-rvalue conversion: Read the value from an object

Das and
Sourangshu
Bhattacharya
◦ Most common
◦ Read more about lvalue and rvalue – internalpointers.com Article
Objectives &
Outline • Array-to-pointer conversion
Default Definitions: int ar[10];
Parameter
Highlights void f(int *a);
Function Call: f(ar)
Overloading

Overload • Qualification conversion

Resolution
Promotion & ◦ Converting pointer (only) to const pointer
Conversion
◦ Converting pointer (only) to volatile pointer
Default
Parameters in ◦ Converting reference (only) to const reference
Overloading

Summary
◦ Converting reference (only) to volatile reference

NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Intructors: Abir Das and Sourangshu Bhattacharya 16
 Overload Resolution: Promotion & Conversion

Module 08

Intructors: Abir • Promotion

Das and
Sourangshu
Bhattacharya
◦ Objects of an integral type can be converted to another wider integral type, that is,
a type that can represent a larger set of values. This widening type of conversion is
Objectives &
Outline
called integral promotion
Default ◦ C++ promotions are value-preserving, as the value after the promotion is
Parameter
Highlights
guaranteed to be the same as the value before the promotion
Function ◦ Examples
Overloading

Overload
▷ char to int; float to double
Resolution ▷ enum to int / short / unsigned int / ...
Promotion &
Conversion ▷ bool to int
Default
Parameters in
Overloading

Summary

NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Intructors: Abir Das and Sourangshu Bhattacharya 17
 Overload Resolution: Promotion & Conversion

Module 08

Intructors: Abir • Standard Conversions

Das and
Sourangshu
Bhattacharya
◦ Integral conversions between integral types – char, short, int, and long with or without
qualifiers signed or unsigned
Objectives &
Outline
◦ Floating point Conversions from less precise floating type to a more precise floating type
Default
like float to double or double to long double. Conversion can happen to a less precise
Parameter type, if it is in a range representable by that type
Highlights
◦ Conversions between integral and floating point types: Certain expressions can cause
Function
Overloading objects of floating type to be converted to integral types, or vice versa. May be dangerous!
Overload ◦ Pointer Conversions: Pointers can be converted during assignment, initialization,
Resolution
Promotion &
comparison, and other expressions
Conversion
◦ Bool Conversion: int to bool or vice versa based on the context
Default
Parameters in
Overloading

Summary

NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Intructors: Abir Das and Sourangshu Bhattacharya 18
 Example: Overload Resolution with one parameter

Module 08

Intructors: Abir
• In the context of a list of function prototypes:
Das and int g(double); // F1
Sourangshu
Bhattacharya void f(); // F2
void f(int); // F3
Objectives & double h(void); // F4
Outline int g(char, int); // F5
Default
void f(double, double = 3.4); // F6
Parameter void h(int, double); // F7
Highlights void f(char, char *); // F8
Function The call site to resolve is:
Overloading
f(5.6);
Overload
Resolution • Resolution:
Promotion &
Conversion ◦ Candidate functions (by name): F2, F3, F6, F8
Default ◦ Viable functions (by # of parameters): F3, F6
Parameters in
Overloading
◦ Best viable function (by type double – Exact Match): F6

Summary

NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Intructors: Abir Das and Sourangshu Bhattacharya 19
 Example: Overload Resolution fails

Module 08
• Consider the overloaded function signatures:
Intructors: Abir
Das and int fun(float a) {...} // Function 1
Sourangshu
Bhattacharya int fun(float a, int b) {...} // Function 2
int fun(float x, int y = 5) {...} // Function 3
Objectives &
Outline
int main() {
Default
Parameter
float p = 4.5, t = 10.5;
Highlights int s = 30;
Function
Overloading fun(p, s); // CALL - 1
Overload fun(t); // CALL - 2
Resolution
return 0;
Promotion &
Conversion }
Default
Parameters in • CALL - 1: Matches Function 2 & Function 3
Overloading
• CALL - 2: Matches Function 1 & Function 3
Summary
• Results in ambiguity for both calls

NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Intructors: Abir Das and Sourangshu Bhattacharya 20
 Program 08.06/07:
Default Parameter & Function Overload
Module 08
• Compilers deal with default parameters as a special case of function overloading
Intructors: Abir
Das and
• These need to be mixed carefully
Sourangshu
Bhattacharya
Default Parameters Function Overload
Objectives &
Outline
#include <iostream> #include <iostream>
using namespace std; using namespace std;
Default int f(int a = 1, int b = 2); int f();
Parameter
Highlights
int f(int);
int f(int, int);
Function
Overloading
int main() { int main() {
Overload int x = 5, y = 6; int x = 5, y = 6;
Resolution
Promotion &
Conversion f(); // a = 1, b = 2 f(); // int f();
f(x); // a = x = 5, b = 2 f(x); // int f(int);
Default
Parameters in f(x, y); // a = x = 5, b = y = 6 f(x, y); // int f(int, int);
Overloading } }
Summary

• f can have 3 possible forms of call • f can have 3 possible forms of call
• No overload here use default parameters.

NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Intructors: Abir Das and Sourangshu Bhattacharya 21
 Program 08.08:
Default Parameter & Function Overload
Module 08 • Function overloading can use default parameter
Intructors: Abir • However, with default parameters, the overloaded functions should still be resolvable
Das and
Sourangshu #include <iostream>
Bhattacharya using namespace std;
// Overloaded Area functions
Objectives & int Area(int a, int b = 10) { return (a * b); }
Outline
double Area(double c, double d) { return (c * d); }
Default int main() { int x = 10, y = 12, t; double z = 20.5, u = 5.0, f;
Parameter t = Area(x); // Binds int Area(int, int = 10)
Highlights
cout << "Area = " << t << endl; // Area = 100
Function
Overloading t = Area(x, y); // Binds int Area(int, int = 10)
Overload cout << "Area = " << t << endl; // Area = 120
Resolution
Promotion & f = Area(z, u); // Binds double Area(double, double)
Conversion
cout << "Area = " << f << endl; // Area = 102.5
Default
Parameters in
Overloading f = Area(z); // Binds int Area(int, int = 10)
cout << "Area = " << f << endl; // Area = 200
Summary

// Un-resolvable between int Area(int a, int b = 10) and double Area(double c, double d)
f = Area(z, y); // Error: call of overloaded Area(double&, int&) is ambiguous
}
NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Intructors: Abir Das and Sourangshu Bhattacharya 22
 Program 08.09:
Default Parameter & Function Overload
Module 08
• Function overloading with default parameters may fail
Intructors: Abir
Das and
Sourangshu #include <iostream>
Bhattacharya using namespace std;
int f();
Objectives & int f(int = 0);
Outline int f(int, int);
Default
Parameter int main() {
Highlights int x = 5, y = 6;
Function
Overloading f(); // Error C2668: f: ambiguous call to overloaded function
Overload // More than one instance of overloaded function f
Resolution // matches the argument list:
Promotion & // function f()
Conversion
// function f(int = 0)
Default
Parameters in
Overloading
f(x); // int f(int);
f(x, y); // int f(int, int);
Summary
return 0;
}

NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Intructors: Abir Das and Sourangshu Bhattacharya 23
 Module Summary

Module 08

Intructors: Abir • Introduced the notion of Default parameters and discussed several examples
Das and
Sourangshu
Bhattacharya
• Identified the necessity of function overloading
Objectives &
• Introduced static Polymorphism and discussed examples and restrictions
Outline
• Discussed an outline for Overload resolution
Default
Parameter • Discussed the mix of default Parameters and function overloading
Highlights

Function
Overloading

Overload
Resolution
Promotion &
Conversion

Default
Parameters in
Overloading

Summary

NPTEL MOOCs Programming in C++ Intructors: Abir Das and Sourangshu Bhattacharya 24