Edexcel Further Maths A-level

Further Pure 1
Formula Sheet

Provided in formula book Not provided in formula book

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 Vectors
Scalar product 𝒂𝒂 ∙ 𝒃𝒃 = |𝒂𝒂||𝒃𝒃| cos 𝜃𝜃

𝒂𝒂 × 𝒃𝒃 = |𝒂𝒂||𝒃𝒃| sin 𝜃𝜃 𝑛𝑛�

= (𝑎𝑎𝟐𝟐 𝑏𝑏3 − 𝑎𝑎3 𝑏𝑏2 )𝒊𝒊 + (𝑎𝑎𝟑𝟑 𝑏𝑏1 − 𝑎𝑎1 𝑏𝑏3 )𝒋𝒋 + (𝑎𝑎𝟏𝟏 𝑏𝑏2 − 𝑎𝑎2 𝑏𝑏1 )𝒌𝒌
Vector product 𝒊𝒊 𝒋𝒋 𝒌𝒌
𝑎𝑎
=� 1 𝑎𝑎 2 𝑎𝑎 3�
𝑏𝑏1 𝑏𝑏2 𝑏𝑏3

Scalar 𝑎𝑎1 𝑎𝑎2 𝑎𝑎3

𝒂𝒂 ∙ (𝒃𝒃 × 𝒄𝒄) = 𝑎𝑎1 (𝑏𝑏2 𝑐𝑐3 − 𝑏𝑏3 𝑐𝑐2 ) + 𝑎𝑎2 (𝑏𝑏3 𝑐𝑐1 − 𝑏𝑏1 𝑐𝑐3 ) = �𝑏𝑏1 𝑏𝑏2 𝑏𝑏3 �
triple
+ 𝑎𝑎3 (𝑏𝑏1𝑐𝑐2 − 𝑏𝑏2 𝑐𝑐1 ) 𝑐𝑐1 𝑐𝑐2 𝑐𝑐3
product

1
Area of a general triangle 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 �����⃗ × �����⃗
Area = |𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 |
2
Area of a general parallelogram 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 �����⃗ × �����⃗
Area = |𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 |

Volume of parallelepiped 𝑉𝑉 = |𝒂𝒂 ∙ (𝒃𝒃 × 𝒄𝒄)|

1
Volume of tetrahedron 𝑉𝑉 = |𝒂𝒂 ∙ (𝒃𝒃 × 𝒄𝒄)|
6

Vector equation of a straight line passing 𝒓𝒓 = 𝒂𝒂 + 𝜆𝜆𝒃𝒃

through point 𝒂𝒂 and parallel to vector 𝒃𝒃 (𝒓𝒓 − 𝒂𝒂) × 𝒃𝒃 = 𝟎𝟎

Direction cosines of the 𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 𝑧𝑧

𝑙𝑙 = cos 𝛼𝛼 = , m = cos 𝛽𝛽 = , 𝑛𝑛 = cos 𝛾𝛾 =
line parallel to the vector |𝒂𝒂| |𝒂𝒂| |𝒂𝒂|
𝒂𝒂 = 𝑥𝑥𝒊𝒊 + 𝑦𝑦𝒋𝒋 + 𝑧𝑧𝒌𝒌
𝑙𝑙 2 + 𝑚𝑚2 + 𝑛𝑛2 = 1

𝒓𝒓 ∙ 𝒏𝒏 = 𝑝𝑝
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝑑𝑑
Equation of a plane
where 𝒏𝒏 = (𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏, 𝑐𝑐) is the normal vector to the plane

Shortest distance between two skew-lines (𝒂𝒂 − 𝒄𝒄) ∙ (𝒃𝒃 × 𝒅𝒅)

� �
𝒓𝒓𝟏𝟏 = 𝒂𝒂 + 𝜆𝜆𝒃𝒃 and 𝒓𝒓2 = 𝒄𝒄 + 𝜇𝜇𝒅𝒅 |𝒃𝒃 × 𝒅𝒅|

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 Conic Sections

Parametric equation of a curve 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑝𝑝(𝑡𝑡), 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑞𝑞(𝑡𝑡)

Parabola

Cartesian equation of a parabola 𝑦𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎

Parametric equations of a parabola 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑎𝑎𝑡𝑡 2 , 𝑦𝑦 = 2𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑡𝑡 ∈ ℝ

Focus, 𝑆𝑆, of a parabola 𝑆𝑆 = (𝑎𝑎, 0)

Directrix of a parabola 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑎𝑎 = 0

Eccentricity of a parabola 𝑒𝑒 = 1

Vertex of a parabola (0,0)

Equation of the tangent to the general

𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑎𝑎𝑡𝑡 2
parabola
Equation of the normal to the general
𝑦𝑦 + 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 2𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑎𝑎𝑡𝑡 3
parabola

Hyperbola

Cartesian equation of a rectangular

𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 𝑐𝑐 2
hyperbola
Parametric equation of a rectangular 𝑐𝑐
𝑥𝑥 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐, 𝑦𝑦 = , 𝑡𝑡 ∈ ℝ, 𝑡𝑡 ≠ 0
hyperbola 𝑡𝑡

Equation of the tangent to the general

𝑥𝑥 + 𝑡𝑡 2 𝑦𝑦 = 2𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
rectangular hyperbola

Equation of the normal to the general

𝑡𝑡 3 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 𝑐𝑐(𝑡𝑡 4 − 1)
rectangular hyperbola

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 Cartesian equation of a 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 2
hyperbola − =1
𝑎𝑎2 𝑏𝑏 2

𝑥𝑥 = ±𝑎𝑎 cosh 𝑡𝑡 , 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑏𝑏 sinh 𝑡𝑡 , 𝑡𝑡 ∈ ℝ

Parametric equations of a OR
hyperbola
𝑥𝑥 = 𝑎𝑎 sec 𝜃𝜃 , 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑏𝑏 tan 𝜃𝜃,
𝜋𝜋
−𝜋𝜋 ≤ 𝜃𝜃 < 𝜋𝜋, 𝜃𝜃 ≠ ±
2

Foci of a hyperbola (±𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 0)

𝑎𝑎
Directrices of a hyperbola 𝑥𝑥 = ±
𝑒𝑒
Eccentricity of a hyperbola 𝑒𝑒 > 1, 𝑏𝑏 2 = 𝑎𝑎2 (𝑒𝑒 2 − 1)
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 sinh 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 cosh 𝑡𝑡
Equations of the tangent to
OR
the general hyperbola
𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 sec 𝜃𝜃 − 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 tan 𝜃𝜃 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎

Equations of the normal to

𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 sinh 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 cosh 𝑡𝑡 = (𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑏𝑏 2 ) sinh 𝑡𝑡 cosh 𝑡𝑡
the general hyperbola

Ellipse

𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 2
Cartesian equation of an ellipse + =1
𝑎𝑎2 𝑏𝑏 2

Parametric equation of an ellipse 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑎𝑎 cos 𝑡𝑡 , 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑏𝑏 sin 𝑡𝑡 , 0 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 < 2𝜋𝜋

Foci of an ellipse (±𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 0)

𝑎𝑎
Directrices of an ellipse 𝑥𝑥 = ±
𝑒𝑒

Eccentricity of an ellipse 0 < 𝑒𝑒 < 1

Equation of the tangent to the
𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 cos 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 sin 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
general ellipse
Equation of the normal to the
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 sin 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 cos 𝑡𝑡 = (𝑎𝑎2 − 𝑏𝑏 2 ) cos 𝑡𝑡 sin 𝑡𝑡
general ellipse

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 The 𝒕𝒕-formulae

𝜃𝜃 2𝑡𝑡 1 − 𝑡𝑡 2 2𝑡𝑡
When 𝑡𝑡 = tan 2: sin 𝜃𝜃 = cos 𝜃𝜃 = tan 𝜃𝜃 =
1 + 𝑡𝑡 2 1 + 𝑡𝑡 2 1 − 𝑡𝑡 2

Taylor Series

𝑓𝑓′′(𝑎𝑎) 2 𝑓𝑓′′′(𝑎𝑎) 3 𝑓𝑓 (𝑟𝑟) (𝑎𝑎) 𝑟𝑟

𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 + 𝑎𝑎) = 𝑓𝑓(𝑎𝑎) + 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑎𝑎)𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑥 + ⋯
2! 3! 𝑟𝑟!

𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑎𝑎) 𝑓𝑓 ′′′ (𝑎𝑎) 𝑓𝑓 (𝑟𝑟) (𝑎𝑎)

𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑓𝑓(𝑎𝑎) + 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑎𝑎)(𝑥𝑥 − 𝑎𝑎) + (𝑥𝑥 − 𝑎𝑎)2 + (𝑥𝑥 − 𝑎𝑎)3 + ⋯ + (𝑥𝑥 − 𝑎𝑎)𝑟𝑟 + ⋯
2! 3! 𝑟𝑟!

Limits

Given lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝐿𝐿 and lim g(𝑥𝑥) = M: lim �𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) + 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)� = 𝐿𝐿 + 𝑀𝑀

𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎

lim 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎

lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿

𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎

𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) 𝐿𝐿
For 𝑀𝑀 ≠ 0, lim 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑀𝑀
𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎

𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
Series Solution of 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙, 𝒚𝒚)

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥0 )2 𝑑𝑑2 𝑦𝑦 (𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥0 )3 𝑑𝑑3 𝑦𝑦

𝑦𝑦 = 𝑦𝑦0 + (𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥0 ) � + � + � +⋯
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥0 2! 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 𝑥𝑥 3! 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 3 𝑥𝑥
0 0
2 2 3 3
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑 𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑 𝑦𝑦
When 𝑥𝑥0 = 0, 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑦𝑦0 + 𝑥𝑥 � + � + �
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 0 2! 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 0 3! 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 3 0

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 Methods in Calculus
𝑛𝑛
𝑑𝑑 𝑛𝑛 𝑦𝑦 𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑 𝑘𝑘 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑 𝑛𝑛−𝑘𝑘 𝑦𝑦
Leibnitz’s theorem for 𝑛𝑛𝑡𝑡ℎ derivatives = � � � 𝑘𝑘 𝑛𝑛−𝑘𝑘
𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 𝑘𝑘 𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥
𝑘𝑘=0

L’Hospital’s Rule

For functions 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) and 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) if either

lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = lim 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = 0,

𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎
or lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = ±∞ and lim 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = ±∞
𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎

𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) 𝑓𝑓′(𝑥𝑥)

then, if lim exists, lim 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = lim 𝑔𝑔′(𝑥𝑥).
𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) 𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎

lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)
If lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) exists, then lim 𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎
𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥→𝑎𝑎

Weierstrass Substitution

𝑥𝑥 2
𝑡𝑡 = tan , ⇒ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2 1 + 𝑡𝑡 2

Function Substitution
2𝑡𝑡
sin 𝑥𝑥
1 + 𝑡𝑡 2

1 − 𝑡𝑡 2
cos 𝑥𝑥
1 + 𝑡𝑡 2

2𝑡𝑡
tan 𝑥𝑥
1 − 𝑡𝑡 2

1 + 𝑡𝑡 2
sec 𝑥𝑥
1 − 𝑡𝑡 2

1 + 𝑡𝑡 2
cosec 𝑥𝑥
2𝑡𝑡

1 − 𝑡𝑡 2
cot 𝑥𝑥
2𝑡𝑡

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 Numerical Methods

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑦𝑦1 − 𝑦𝑦0

Euler’s method for � � ≈
approximating solutions for 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 0 ℎ
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
first-order differential equations 𝑦𝑦𝑟𝑟+1 ≈ 𝑦𝑦𝑟𝑟 + ℎ � � , 𝑟𝑟 = 0,1,2, …
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Euler’s method for 𝑑𝑑2 𝑦𝑦 𝑦𝑦1 − 2𝑦𝑦0 + 𝑦𝑦−1

� 2� ≈
approximating solutions for 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 0 ℎ2
second-order differential 𝑑𝑑2 𝑦𝑦
equations 𝑦𝑦𝑟𝑟+1 ≈ 2𝑦𝑦𝑟𝑟 − 𝑦𝑦𝑟𝑟−1 + ℎ2 � 2 � , 𝑟𝑟 = 0,1,2, …
𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑦𝑦1 − 𝑦𝑦−1

Midpoint method for � � ≈
approximating solutions for 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 0 2ℎ
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
first-order differential equations 𝑦𝑦𝑟𝑟+1 ≈ 𝑦𝑦𝑟𝑟−1 + 2ℎ � � 𝑟𝑟 = 0,1,2, …
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Simpson’s Rule for 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 Strips of Width 𝒉𝒉

𝑏𝑏
1
� 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ≈ ℎ(𝑦𝑦0 + 4(𝑦𝑦1 + 𝑦𝑦3 + ⋯ + 𝑦𝑦2𝑛𝑛−1 ) + 2(𝑦𝑦2 + 𝑦𝑦4 + ⋯ + 𝑦𝑦2𝑛𝑛−2 ) + 𝑦𝑦2𝑛𝑛 )
𝑎𝑎 3

𝑏𝑏
1
� 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ≈ ℎ((endpoints)+4(odd values)+2(even values))
𝑎𝑎 3

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