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Metabolomics
Metabolomics is the scientific study of chemical processes involving
metabolites, the small molelcule intermediates and products of
metabolism. Specifically, metabolomics is the "systematic study of the
unique chemical fingerprints that specific cellular processes leave
behind", the study of their small-molecule metabolite profiles.[1] The
metabolome represents the complete set of metabolites in a biological cell,
tissue, organ or organism, which are the end products of cellular
processes.[2] mRNA gene expression data and proteomic analyses reveal
the set of gene products being produced in the cell, data that represents
one aspect of cellular function. Conversely, metabolic profiling can give an The central dogma of biology
instantaneous snapshot of the physiology of that cell, and thus, showing the flow of information from
metabolomics provides a direct "functional readout of the physiological DNA to the phenotype. Associated
state" of an organism.[3] One of the challenges of systems biology and with each stage is the
corresponding systems biology tool,
functional genomics is to integrate genomics, transcriptomic, proteomic,
from genomics to metabolomics.
and metabolomic information to provide a better understanding of
cellular biology.

Contents
History
Metabolome
Metabolites
Metabonomics
Exometabolomics
Analytical technologies
Separation methods
Detection methods
Statistical methods
Key applications
Environmental metabolomics
See also
References
Further reading
External links

History
The beginning of metabolomics traces back to 2000-1500 B.C. At this time,Ancient Chinese doctors used ants for the
evaluation of urine of patients to detect whether the urine contained high levels of glucose, and hence detect
diabetes.[4] In the Middle Ages, "urine charts" were used to link the colours, tastes and smells of urine to various
medical conditions, which are metabolic in origin.[5] In 300 B.C., the ancient Greeks first use body fluids (called

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humor at the time) to predict disease, which shows the early steps towards metabolomics. Later in 131 A.D., Galen
developed a system of pathology that combined the humoral theories of Hippocrates with the Pythagorean theory.
Galen’s theory was unchallenged and remained standard until the 17th century.[6]

The concept that individuals might have a "metabolic profile" that could be reflected in the makeup of their biological
fluids was introduced by Roger Williams in the late 1940s,[7] who used paper chromatography to suggest characteristic
metabolic patterns in urine and saliva were associated with diseases such as schizophrenia. However, it was only
through technological advancements in the 1960s and 1970s that it became feasible to quantitatively (as opposed to
qualitatively) measure metabolic profiles.[8] The term "metabolic profile" was introduced by Horning, et al. in 1971
after they demonstrated that gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) could be used to measure compounds
present in human urine and tissue extracts.[4][9] The Horning group, along with that of Linus Pauling and Arthur B.
Robinson led the development of GC-MS methods to monitor the metabolites present in urine through the 1970s.[10]

Concurrently, NMR spectroscopy, which was discovered in the 1940s, was also undergoing rapid advances. In 1974,
Seeley et al. demonstrated the utility of using NMR to detect metabolites in unmodified biological samples.[11] This
first study on muscle highlighted the value of NMR in that it was determined that 90% of cellular ATP is complexed
with magnesium. As sensitivity has improved with the evolution of higher magnetic field strengths and magic angle
spinning, NMR continues to be a leading analytical tool to investigate metabolism.[4][5] Recent efforts to utilize NMR
for metabolomics have been largely driven by the laboratory of Jeremy K. Nicholson at Birkbeck College, University of
London and later at Imperial College London. In 1984, Nicholson showed 1H NMR spectroscopy could potentially be
used to diagnose diabetes mellitus, and later pioneered the application of pattern recognition methods to NMR
spectroscopic data.[12][13]

In 2005, the first metabolomics web database, METLIN,[14] for characterizing human metabolites was developed in
the Siuzdak laboratory at The Scripps Research Institute and contained over 10,000 metabolites and tandem mass
spectral data. As of September 2015, METLIN contains over 240,000 metabolites as well as the largest repository of
tandem mass spectrometry data in metabolomics.

On 23 January 2007, the Human Metabolome Project, led by Dr. David Wishart of the University of Alberta, Canada,
completed the first draft of the human metabolome, consisting of a database of approximately 2500 metabolites, 1200
drugs and 3500 food components.[15][16] Similar projects have been underway in several plant species, most notably
Medicago truncatula[17] and Arabidopsis thaliana[18] for several years.

As late as mid-2010, metabolomics was still considered an "emerging field".[19] Further, it was noted that further
progress in the field depended in large part, through addressing otherwise "irresolvable technical challenges", by
technical evolution of mass spectrometry instrumentation.[19]

In 2015, real-time metabolome profiling was demonstrated for the first time.[20]

Metabolome
Metabolome refers to the complete set of small-molecule metabolites (such as metabolic intermediates, hormones and
other signaling molecules, and secondary metabolites) to be found within a biological sample, such as a single
organism.[21][22] The word was coined in analogy with transcriptomics and proteomics; like the transcriptome and the
proteome, the metabolome is dynamic, changing from second to second. Although the metabolome can be defined
readily enough, it is not currently possible to analyse the entire range of metabolites by a single analytical method. The
first metabolite database(called METLIN) for searching m/z values from mass spectrometry data was developed by
scientists at The Scripps Research Institute in 2005.[14] In January 2007, scientists at the University of Alberta and the
University of Calgary completed the first draft of the human metabolome. The Human Metabolome Database (HMDB)
is perhaps the most extensive public metabolomic spectral database to date. [23] The HMDB stores more than 40,000
different metabolite entries. They catalogued approximately 2500 metabolites, 1200 drugs and 3500 food components
that can be found in the human body, as reported in the literature.[15] This information, available at the Human
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Metabolome Database (www.hmdb.ca) and based on analysis of

information available in the current scientific literature, is far from
complete.[24] In contrast, much more is known about the metabolomes of
other organisms. For example, over 50,000 metabolites have been
characterized from the plant kingdom, and many thousands of
metabolites have been identified and/or characterized from single
plants.[25][26]

Each type of cell and tissue has a unique metabolic ‘fingerprint’ that can
elucidate organ or tissue-specific information, while the study of biofluids
can give more generalized though less specialized information. Commonly
used biofluids are urine and plasma, as they can be obtained non-
Human metabolome project
invasively or relatively non-invasively, respectively.[27] The ease of
collection facilitates high temporal resolution, and because they are
always at dynamic equilibrium with the body, they can describe the host
as a whole.[28]

Metabolites
Metabolites are the intermediates and products of metabolism. Within the context of metabolomics, a metabolite is
usually defined as any molecule less than 1 kDa in size.[29] However, there are exceptions to this depending on the
sample and detection method. For example, macromolecules such as lipoproteins and albumin are reliably detected in
NMR-based metabolomics studies of blood plasma.[30] In plant-based metabolomics, it is common to refer to
"primary" and "secondary" metabolites. A primary metabolite is directly involved in the normal growth, development,
and reproduction. A secondary metabolite is not directly involved in those processes, but usually has important
ecological function. Examples include antibiotics and pigments.[31] By contrast, in human-based metabolomics, it is
more common to describe metabolites as being either endogenous (produced by the host organism) or exogenous.[32]
Metabolites of foreign substances such as drugs are termed xenometabolites.[33]

The metabolome forms a large network of metabolic reactions, where outputs from one enzymatic chemical reaction
are inputs to other chemical reactions. Such systems have been described as hypercycles.

Metabonomics
Metabonomics is defined as "the quantitative measurement of the dynamic multiparametric metabolic response of
living systems to pathophysiological stimuli or genetic modification". The word origin is from the Greek μεταβολή
meaning change and nomos meaning a rule set or set of laws.[34] This approach was pioneered by Jeremy Nicholson at
Imperial College London and has been used in toxicology, disease diagnosis and a number of other fields. Historically,
the metabonomics approach was one of the first methods to apply the scope of systems biology to studies of
metabolism.[35][36][37]

There has been some disagreement over the exact differences between 'metabolomics' and 'metabonomics'. The
difference between the two terms is not related to choice of analytical platform: although metabonomics is more
associated with NMR spectroscopy and metabolomics with mass spectrometry-based techniques, this is simply
because of usages amongst different groups that have popularized the different terms. While there is still no absolute
agreement, there is a growing consensus that 'metabolomics' places a greater emphasis on metabolic profiling at a
cellular or organ level and is primarily concerned with normal endogenous metabolism. 'Metabonomics' extends
metabolic profiling to include information about perturbations of metabolism caused by environmental factors
(including diet and toxins), disease processes, and the involvement of extragenomic influences, such as gut microflora.
This is not a trivial difference; metabolomic studies should, by definition, exclude metabolic contributions from

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extragenomic sources, because these are external to the system being studied. However, in practice, within the field of
human disease research there is still a large degree of overlap in the way both terms are used, and they are often in
effect synonymous.[38]

Exometabolomics
Exometabolomics, or "metabolic footprinting", is the study of extracellular metabolites. It uses many techniques from
other subfields of metabolomics, and has applications in biofuel development, bioprocessing, determining drugs'
mechanism of action, and studying intercellular interactions.[39]

Analytical technologies

Separation methods
Initially, analytes in a metabolomic sample comprise a highly complex
mixture. This complex mixture can be simplified prior to detection by
separating some analytes from others. Separation achieves various goals:
analytes which cannot be resolved by the detector may be separated in
this step; in MS analysis ion suppression is reduced; the retention time of
the analyte serves as information regarding its identity. This separation
step is not mandatory and is often omitted in NMR and "shotgun" based
approaches such as shotgun lipidomics.

Gas chromatography(GC), especially when interfaced with mass

spectrometry (GC-MS), is one of the most widely used methods for
metabolomic analysis.[40] GC offers very high chromatographic resolution,
and can be used in conjunction with a flame lionization detector (GC/FID)
or a mass spectrometer (GC/MS).However, GC requires chemical Key stages of a metabolomics study

derivatization for many biomolecules as only volatile chemicals can be

analysed without derivatization. In cases where greater separation is
required, Comprehensive Chromatography (GCxGC) also can be applied.

High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is another common method for metabolomic analysis. With the
advent of electrospray ionization, HPLC was coupled to MS. As compared to GC, HPLC has lower chromatographic
resolution, but requires no derivitization for polar molecules, has no MW limitations, and separates molecules in the
liquid phase. Additionally HPLC has the advantage that a much wider range of analytes can be measured with a higher
sensitivity than GC methods.[41]

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) has a higher theoretical separation efficiency than HPLC (although requiring much
more time per separation), and is suitable for use with a wider range of metabolite classes than is GC. As for all
electrophoretic techniques, it is most appropriate for charged analytes.[42]

Detection methods
Mass spectrometry (MS) is used to identify and to quantify metabolites after optional separation by GC, HPLC (LC-
MS), or CE. GC-MS was the first hyphenated technique to be developed. Identification leverages the distinct patterns
in which analytes fragment which can be thought of as a mass spectral fingerprint; libraries exist that allow
identification of a metabolite according to this fragmentation pattern. MS is both sensitive and can be very specific.

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There are also a number of techniques which use MS as a stand-alone technology: the sample is infused directly into
the mass spectrometer with no prior separation, and the MS provides sufficient selectivity to both separate and to
detect metabolites.

For analysis by mass spectrometry the analytes must be imparted with a charge and transferred to the gas phase.
Electron ionization (EI) is the most common ionization technique applies to GC separations as it is amenable to low
pressures. EI also produces fragmentation of the analyte, both providing structural information while increasing the
complexity of the data and possibly obscuring the molecular ion. Atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization (APCI) is
an atmospheric pressure technique that can be applied to all the above separation techniques. APCI is a gas phase
ionization method slightly more aggressive ionization than ESI which is suitable for less polar compounds.
Electrospray ionization (ESI) is the most common ionization technique applied in LC/MS. This soft ionization is most
successful for polar molecules with ionizable functional groups.

Surface-based mass analysis has seen a resurgence in the past decade, with new MS technologies focused on
increasing sensitivity, minimizing background, and reducing sample preparation. The ability to analyze metabolites
directly from biofluids and tissues continues to challenge current MS technology, largely because of the limits imposed
by the complexity of these samples, which contain thousands to tens of thousands of metabolites. Among the
technologies being developed to address this challenge is Nanostructure-Initiator MS (NIMS),[43][44] a desorption/
ionization approach that does not require the application of matrix and thereby facilitates small-molecule (i.e.,
metabolite) identification. MALDI is also used however, the application of a MALDI matrix can add significant
background at <1000 Da that complicates analysis of the low-mass range (i.e., metabolites). In addition, the size of the
resulting matrix crystals limits the spatial resolution that can be achieved in tissue imaging. Because of these
limitations, several other matrix-free desorption/ionization approaches have been applied to the analysis of biofluids
and tissues.

Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) was one of the first matrix-free desorption/ionization approaches used to
analyze metabolites from biological samples. SIMS uses a high-energy primary ion beam to desorb and generate
secondary ions from a surface. The primary advantage of SIMS is its high spatial resolution (as small as 50 nm), a
powerful characteristic for tissue imaging with MS. However, SIMS has yet to be readily applied to the analysis of
biofluids and tissues because of its limited sensitivity at >500 Da and analyte fragmentation generated by the high-
energy primary ion beam. Desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) is a matrix-free technique for analyzing biological
samples that uses a charged solvent spray to desorb ions from a surface. Advantages of DESI are that no special
surface is required and the analysis is performed at ambient pressure with full access to the sample during acquisition.
A limitation of DESI is spatial resolution because "focusing" the charged solvent spray is difficult. However, a recent
development termed laser ablation ESI (LAESI) is a promising approach to circumvent this limitation.

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is the only detection technique which does not rely on separation of
the analytes, and the sample can thus be recovered for further analyses. All kinds of small molecule metabolites can be
measured simultaneously - in this sense, NMR is close to being a universal detector. The main advantages of NMR are
high analytical reproducibility and simplicity of sample preparation. Practically, however, it is relatively insensitive
compared to mass spectrometry-based techniques.[45][46]

Although NMR and MS are the most widely used, modern day techniques other methods of detection that have been
used. These include ion-mobility spectrometry, electrochemical detection (coupled to HPLC), Raman spectroscopy
and radiolabel (when combined with thin-layer chromatography).

Statistical methods
The data generated in metabolomics usually consist of measurements performed on subjects under various conditions.
These measurements may be digitized spectra, or a list of metabolite levels. In its simplest form this generates a matrix
with rows corresponding to subjects and columns corresponding with metabolite levels.[4] Several statistical programs

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are currently available for analysis of both NMR and mass spectrometry
data. For mass spectrometry data, software is available that identifies
molecules that vary in subject groups on the basis of mass and sometimes
retention time depending on the experimental design. The first
comprehensive software to analyze global mass spectrometry-based
metabolomics datasets was developed by the Siuzdak laboratory at The
Scripps Research Institute in 2006. This software, called XCMS, is freely
available, has over 20,000 downloads since its inception in 2006,[47] and Software List for Metabolomic
Analysis
is one of the most widely cited mass spectrometry-based metabolomics
software programs in scientific literature. XCMS has now been surpassed
in usage by a cloud-based version of XCMS called XCMS Online.[48][49] It
is available through an open source software project Bioconductor (http://www.bioconductor.org/) or METLIN
metabolomics database (http://metlin.scripps.edu/download/). The software is capable of non-linear retention time
alignment, peak picking, and relative quantitation and works with universal netCDF file format. [50]Other popular
metabolomics programs for mass spectral analysis are MZmine,[51] MetAlign,[52] MathDAMP,[53] which also
compensate for retention time deviation during sample analysis. LCMStats[54]
(https://sourceforge.net/projects/lcmstats/) is another R package for detailed analysis of liquid chromatography mass
spectrometry(LCMS)data and is helpful in identification of co-eluting ions especially isotopologues from a complicated
metabolic profile. It combines xcms package functions and can be used to apply many statistical functions for
correcting detector saturation using coates correction and creating heat plots. Metabolomics data may also be
analyzed by statistical projection (chemometrics) methods such as principal components analysis and partial least
squares regression.[55]

Once metabolic composition is determined, data reduction techniques can be used to elucidate patterns and
connections. In many studies, including those evaluating drug-toxicity and some disease models, the metabolites of
interest are not known a priori. This makes unsupervised methods, those with no prior assumptions of class
membership, a popular first choice. The most common of these methods includes principal component analysis (PCA)
which can efficiently reduce the dimensions of a dataset to a few which explain the greatest variation[28] When
analyzed in the lower-dimensional PCA space, clustering of samples with similar metabolic fingerprints can be
detected. PCA algorithm’ s goal is to replace all correlated variables by a much smaller number of uncorrelated
variables (referred to as principal components (PCs)) and retain most of the information in the original dataset.[56]
This clustering can elucidate patterns and assist in the determination of disease biomarkers - metabolites that
correlate most with class membership.

Key applications
Toxicity assessment/toxicology by metabolic profiling (especially of urine or blood plasma samples) detects the
physiological changes caused by toxic insult of a chemical (or mixture of chemicals). In many cases, the observed
changes can be related to specific syndromes, e.g. a specific lesion in liver or kidney. This is of particular relevance to
pharmaceutical companies wanting to test the toxicity of potential drug candidates: if a compound can be eliminated
before it reaches clinical trials on the grounds of adverse toxicity, it saves the enormous expense of the trials.[38]

For functional genomics, metabolomics can be an excellent tool for determining the phenotype caused by a genetic
manipulation, such as gene deletion or insertion. Sometimes this can be a sufficient goal in itself—for instance, to
detect any phenotypic changes in a genetically modified plant intended for human or animal consumption. More
exciting is the prospect of predicting the function of unknown genes by comparison with the metabolic perturbations
caused by deletion/insertion of known genes. Such advances are most likely to come from model organisms such as
Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Arabidopsis thaliana. The Cravatt laboratory at The Scripps Research Institute has

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recently applied this technology to mammalian systems, identifying the N-acyltaurines as previously uncharacterized
endogenous substrates for the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and the monoalkylglycerol ethers (MAGEs)
as endogenous substrates for the uncharacterized hydrolase KIAA1363.[57][58]

Metabologenomics is a novel approach to integrate metabolomics and genomics data by correlating microbial-
exported metabolites with predicted biosynthetic genes.[59] This bioinformatics-based pairing method enables natural
product discovery at a larger-scale by refining non-targeted metabolomic analyses to identify small molecules with
related biosynthesis and to focus on those that may not have previously well known structures.

Nutrigenomics is a generalised term which links genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics to human
nutrition. In general a metabolome in a given body fluid is influenced by endogenous factors such as age, sex, body
composition and genetics as well as underlying pathologies. The large bowel microflora are also a very significant
potential confounder of metabolic profiles and could be classified as either an endogenous or exogenous factor. The
main exogenous factors are diet and drugs. Diet can then be broken down to nutrients and non- nutrients.
Metabolomics is one means to determine a biological endpoint, or metabolic fingerprint, which reflects the balance of
all these forces on an individual's metabolism.[60]

Environmental metabolomics
Environmental metabolomics is the application of metabolomics to characterise the interactions of organisms with
their environment.[61] This approach has many advantages for studying organism–environment interactions and for
assessing organism function and health at the molecular level. As such, metabolomics is finding an increasing number
of applications in the environmental sciences, ranging from understanding organismal responses to abiotic pressures,
to investigating the responses of organisms to other biota. These interactions can be studied from individuals to
populations, which can be related to the traditional fields of ecophysiology and ecology, and from instantaneous
effects to those over evolutionary time scales, the latter enabling studies of genetic adaptation.[62][63]

See also
Genomics
Epigenomics
Molecular epidemiology
Molecular medicine
Molecular pathology
Precision medicine

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Further reading
Tomita M, Nishioka T (2005). Metabolomics: The Frontier of Systems Biology. Springer. ISBN 4-431-25121-9.
Weckwerth, Wolfram (2006). Metabolomics: Methods And Protocols (Methods in Molecular Biology). Humana
Press. ISBN 1-588-29561-3. OCLC 493824826 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/493824826).
Fan TW, Lorkiewicz PK, Sellers K, Moseley HN, Higashi RM, Lane AN (March 2012). "Stable isotope-resolved
metabolomics and applications for drug development" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3471671).
Pharmacol. Ther. 133 (3): 366–91. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.12.007 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pharmthe
ra.2011.12.007). PMC 3471671 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3471671)  . PMID 22212615 (ht
tps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22212615).
Ellis DI, Goodacre R (2006). "Metabolic fingerprinting in disease diagnosis: biomedical applications of infrared
and Raman spectroscopy" (http://dbkgroup.org/dave_files/AnalystMetabolicFingerprinting2006.pdf) (PDF).
Analyst. 131 (8): 875–885. Bibcode:2006Ana...131..875E (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Ana...131..875E).
doi:10.1039/b602376m (https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fb602376m). PMID 17028718 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p
ubmed/17028718).

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4/28/2018 Metabolomics - Wikipedia

Claudino WM, Quatronne A, Pestrim M, Biganzoli L, Bertini, Di Leo A (2007). "Metabolomics: Available results,
current research projects in breast cancer, and future applications" (https://web.archive.org/web/2008012007263
4/http://lab.bcb.iastate.edu/projects/plantmetabolomics/). J Clin Oncol. 25 (19): 2840–6.
doi:10.1200/JCO.2006.09.7550 (https://doi.org/10.1200%2FJCO.2006.09.7550). PMID 17502626 (https://www.n
cbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17502626). Archived from the original (http://lab.bcb.iastate.edu/projects/plantmetabolo
mics/) on 2008-01-20.
Ellis DI, Dunn WB, Griffin JL, Allwood JW, Goodacre R (2007). "Metabolic fingerprinting as a diagnostic tool" (htt
p://dbkgroup.org/dave_files/Pharmacogenomics.pdf) (PDF). Pharmacogenomics. 8 (9): 1243–1266.
doi:10.2217/14622416.8.9.1243 (https://doi.org/10.2217%2F14622416.8.9.1243). PMID 17924839 (https://www.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17924839).
Bundy JG, Davey MP, Viant, MR (2009). "Environmental metabolomics: A critical review and future perspectives"
(http://www.springerlink.com/content/41706u15l55j36rl/). Metabolomics. 5: 3–21. doi:10.1007/s11306-008-0152-
0 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11306-008-0152-0).
Kenneth Haug; Reza M. Salek; Pablo Conesa; Janna Hastings; Paula de Matos; Mark Rijnbeek; Tejasvi
Mahendrakar; Mark Williams; Steffen Neumann; Philippe Rocca-Serra; Eamonn Maguire; Alejandra González-
Beltrán; Susanna-Assunta Sansone; Julian L. Griffin; Christoph Steinbeck. (2013). "MetaboLights-- an open-
access general-purpose repository for metabolomics studies and associated meta-data" (http://nar.oxfordjournal
s.org/content/41/D1/D781). Nucleic Acids Res. 41 (Database issue): D781–D786. doi:10.1093/nar/gks1004 (http
s://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgks1004). PMC 3531110 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC353111
0)  . PMID 23109552 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23109552).

External links
Metabolism (https://curlie.org/Science/Biology/Biochemistry_and_Molecular_Biology/Metabolism) at Curlie
(based on DMOZ)
Metabolomics Workbench (http://www.metabolomicsworkbench.org/)
Mass Bank of North America (Mona) Database (http://mona.fiehnlab.ucdavis.edu/)
metabolomics research (http://www.metabolon.com/searchresults.aspx?q=metabolomics)
metabolomics blog - Metabolon (http://blog.metabolon.com/search?q=Metabolomics)
Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) (http://www.hmdb.ca/)
METLIN (http://metlin.scripps.edu/)
XCMS (https://web.archive.org/web/20101228002337/http://metlin.scripps.edu/xcms/)
LCMStats (http://sourceforge.net/projects/lcmstats/)
Metabolights (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/metabolights/)
Golm Metabolome Database (http://gmd.mpimp-golm.mpg.de/)
Global map of metabolomics labs (https://mapsengine.google.com/map/edit?mid=zeHBUH4JmjxQ.kGi4dtdA7z1
o)

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