CLASS: XI

BUSINESS STUDIES
CHAPTER - 1
NATURE AND PURPOSE OF BUSINESS
 Introduction:

All Human beings where ever they may be require different type of goods and services to
satisfy their needs. Business is a major economic activity in all modern societies concerned
with production and sale of goods and services required by the people. It is aimed at earning
money by satisfying human demands.

 Meaning:

Literal meaning of Business is “BUSY”.

Business is defined as an economic activity

involved in the production and sales of goods and services

undertaken with the motive of earning profit

by satisfying human needs in the society.

 Characteristics of Business activities:

 An Economic activity: It means an activity aimed at earning money. Business is also aimed
at earning money or livelihood by satisfying human needs.
 Production and procurement of goods and services: Every business enterprise must either
manufacture the goods or it acquires from producers. Goods may be consumer goods or
Capital goods. Services means facility offered to consumers like banking, insurance etc.
 Sale or exchange of goods and services: Business involves transfer or exchange of goods
and service for value.
 Dealing in goods and services on a regular basis: It should be a regular activity. One time
sale or exchange will not be considered as business.
 Profit earning: Business always aims at earning profit.
 Uncertainty of earning: There is always a possibility of less amount of profit or even loss in
business.
 Element of Risk: There is always a possibility of Uncertainty of earnings.

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 Comparison of Business, Profession and Employment:

Basis Business Profession Employment

1. How to Start? Based on Getting membership Getting an

entrepreneurs of a professional body appointment letter
/owners decision

2. What is its nature? Providing goods Rendering of Performing work as

and services to personalized expert per service contract
the public services

3. Qualification/Who can No minimum Requires qualification Requires

start? qualification and training in a qualification and
specific field training

4. Return/What will you Profit Professional Fees Salary

get?
5. Capital/How much you Requires capital Requires limited No capital required
need to start? as per the size of capital
the Business

6. Risk involved More risk Less risk No risk

7. Transfer of Interest – Can Is possible with Not possible Not possible

you transfer? some formalities

8. Code of conduct No code of Professional code of Code of conduct is

conduct is conduct to be prescribed by the
prescribed followed employer to be
followed

 Classification of Business Activities:

 Industry: Production or processing of goods and services. It is concerned with changing

the form of the products. It gives form utility to the products. It is classified into the
following:

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 Industry
(Producing or processing of Goods as well as breeding of animals)

1. Primary 2. Secondary 3. Tertiary

Extraction and Processing the Support services

production of materials got in the to primary and
natural resources primary industries secondary
and reproduction industries
and development
of living organisms,
plants etc.

1. Primary Industry

a. Extractive Industry b. Genetic Industry

Mining, lumbering, Breeding plants

hunting and fishing and animals,
operations Poultry farming
and fish hatchery

2. Secondary Industry

a. Manufacturing Industry b. Construction Industry

Production and Construction of

processing of Buildings, dams,
goods creating bridges, etc.,
form utilities

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 2.a. Manufacturing Industry

(i). Analytical (ii). Synthetical (iii). Processing (iv). Assembling

Industry Industry Industry Industry

Separates Combines Involves series Assembles

different various of activities different
elements from ingredients Eg., Sugar and components
the same Eg., Cement, Paper Eg., Television,
materials Textiles, etc., Car,
Eg., Petrol, Computer,
Diesel,etc.,

 Commerce: It includes all those activities which are concerned with removing all the
hindrances in the movement of goods from the manufacturer to the consumers. It includes
the following activities.

COMMERCE

INDUSTRY TRADE

Commerce includes the following activities :

1. Industry
2. Trade – Export, Import
3. Transport and communication
4. Banking
5. Insurance
6. Advertisement
7. Packaging
8. Warehousing etc.,

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 Trade : Trade means exchange of goods and services between sellers and buyers with
profit motive.

 Auxiliaries to Trade:

1. Transport and communication : Physical movement of goods from the place

where there is no demand to the place where there is demand. Creates place
utility to the product.

2. Banking and Finance : Helps in removing financial hindrances. Facilitates

production, buying and selling by providing funds by way of loans.

3. Insurance: It facilitates business by ensuring compensation for various types of

risks.

4. Warehousing: It keeps the goods in tact till they are in demand. It creates
time utility to the product.

5. Advertising: It provides information about availability of goods and services. It

induces the consumers to buy the product.

 Role of Profit in Business:

 It is source of income for the business man.
 It provides funds for expansion
 It is an indicator of efficiency of business man.
 It builds up reputation.

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 Innovation

Productivity

Physical and
vvity
financial
resources
Objectives of Business
 Earning profits

Manager performance
and development

Worker performance and

attitude

Social Responsibility

 Business Risk: It refers to the possibility of inadequate profits or even losses due to
uncertainties or unexpected events.

Nature Of Business Risks

 Business risks arise due to uncertainties

 Risk is an essential part of business
 Degree of risk depends upon the nature and size of
business
 Profit is the reward for risk taking.

 Causes of Business Risks:

1. Natural Causes : Risk may be due to Flood, earth quake, lightning, heavy rains etc.
2. Human Causes: It includes dishonesty, carelessness or negligence of employees,
strikes, riots, etc.
3. Economic Causes: It includes uncertainties relating to demand for goods,
competition, price, collection of dues from customers, changes in economic
policies etc.
4. Other Causes: It includes political disturbances, mechanical failures etc.

 Basic factors to be considered before starting a Business:

1. Selection of Line of Business: Based on the requirements in the market nature and
type of business to be selected.
2.Size of the Firm: Based on the amount of funds available and demand for the
product in the market size of the firm i.e small scale or medium or large scale to be
decided.
3.Choice of form of ownership: Based on the amount of capital required, legal
formalities to be filled in, liability of the owner, etc. the form of ownership is to be
decided.

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 4.Location of the Business enterprise: Based on the availability of raw material and
infrastructure facilities location of the Business is to be selected.
5.Financing the Proposition: Requirement of Capital and its sources must be decided.
6.Physical facilities: Availability of physical facilities including machines and
equipment, building and supportive services to be considered before starting a
business.
7. Plant layout: Plant layout should draw to show the arrangement of these facilities.
8.Competent and committed worked force.: Every business needs work force. So
careful planning should be about selection, training and motivation of employees.
9. Tax Planning: Tax liability and its impact on business to be considered.
10. Launching the enterprise: After fulfilling the formalities entrepreneur can launch
the business.

Short Answer type Questions :

1. State the different types of economic activities.
Ans. Business, profession and Employment. (1)
2. Name the trade where the goods are bought from the foreign country.
Ans. Import trade. (1)
3. State examples of Analytical industries.
Ans. Petrol, diesel (1)
4. Which industry provides services to primary and secondary industry?
Ans. Tertiary industry (1)
5. What is meant by Business Risk? Explain the features of it.
Ans. Meaning and Features (3)
6. Describe the meaning of Commerce. (3)
Ans. Meaning of commerce.
Long Answer type Questions:
7. Profit play an important role in business. Give four reasons to justify the statement.
Ans. Role of profit in business (4)
8. Give the meaning and two examples of Economic activities. (4)
Ans. Meaning. Ex. A person selling tea and coffee in the railway station 2. Doctor
treating patients at his clinic. (4)
9. Explain the meaning and causes of business risk.
Ans. Meaning and causes. (5)
10. Compare the business, profession and employment.
Ans. Table showing the comparison above. (5)
11. Explain the factors to be considered before starting a business. (6)
12. Explain the features of business. (6)
HOTs:
13. Harish produces wheat for personal consumption. Will it be a business activity?
Ans. No.As it is not for performed for earning profit. (1)
14. A person sells his old car at a profit. Can it be termed as a business activity?
Explain. (4)
Ans. No. because business involves dealing in goods on regular basis. Brief
Explanation of features of business.
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 15. Risk is an inherent element of a Business. Do you agree? Explain. (4)
Ans. Meaning and Nature of Business Risks .
 Gist of the lesson:
 Concept and characteristics of business.
 Comparison of business, profession and employment
 Classification of business activities
 Classification of industry and commerce
 Objectives of business
 Meaning, nature and causes of business risk
 Factors to be considered before starting a business.

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 CHAPTER - 2
FORMS OF BUSINESS ORGANISATION

 Introduction:
Decision relating to the form of organization plays an important role if one has to start a
business. The forms of organization are (i) Sole proprietorship (ii) Partnership (iii)
Joint Hindu Family business. (iv) Co-operative society (v) Joint Stock Company.
 Important Concept

 Meaning of Sole Proprietorship: It refers to a form of business organization which is

owned, managed and controlled by an individual who is in receipt of all profits and bearer
of all risks.
Features:
(i) Easy to form and close (ii) Liability (iii) Only bearer of profit and loss (iv) Control
(v) No separate entity. (vi) Lack of business continuity.
Merits:
(i) Quick decision making (ii) Personal satisfaction (iii) Information will be kept secretly (iv)
Direct incentive (v) Ease of formation and closure.
Demerits:
(i) Limited resources (ii) Limited life of a business concern. (iii) Unlimited liability (iv)
Limited managerial ability.

 Meaning of Joint Hindu Family Business: Karta eldest member of the family controls
the business.
Features:
(i) Formation (ii) Liability (iii) Control (iv) Continuity (v) Minor members.
Merits:
(i) Effective control (ii) Continuity of business (iii) limited liability of members (iv)
Increased loyalty.
Demerits:
(i) Limited resources (ii) unlimited liability of karta (iii) Karta’s dominance (iv)limited
managerial skills.

 Meaning of Partnership: Relation between persons to share the profits of the business
carried on by all the partners or any one of the partner acting on behalf of all the other
partners
Features:
(i) Formation (ii) Liability (iii) Risk bearing (iv) decision making (v) continuity (vi) Member
Merits:
(i) Easy to start and close (ii) proper decision making (iii) More money (iv)secrets are
maintained.

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Limitations:
(i) Unlimited liability (ii) Fights exist (iii) Chances for closure (iv) No public confidence.
Types
(i) Active (ii) sleeping (iii) secret (iv) Nominal (v) partner by behaviors (vi) partner by
holding out.

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 Kinds of partnership:
(i) At Interest (ii) Formed for completing a work
Partnership deed: It contains the rules and regulations for carrying on partnership.

 Meaning of Cooperative Society: It is a voluntary association of persons formed for

protecting the consumers from middlemen.
Features:
(i) Voluntary association (ii) service motive (iii) power to take decisions (iv) limited
liability.(v) Registration is compulsory so they have legal status.
Merits:
(i) Equal voting rights. (ii) Continuous existence (iii) low cost of operation (iv) Government
support (v) Easy to start (vi) limited liability.
Limitations:
(i) Resources are little (ii) Difference of opinion. (iii) Management is not proper (iv) Strict
rules from the government.
Types:
(i) Consumer (ii) Producer (iii) Marketing (iv) Farmer’s (v) Credit (vi) Cooperative housing
societies.

 Meaning Of Joint Stock Company: Company is an artificial person with continuous

existence& common seal.
Features:
(i) Artificial person (ii) Formation is difficult (iii)Company has separate
identity.(iv)Continuous existence (v) Control of the company is made by
directors.(vi)liability is limited.(vii) Common seal.
Merits:
(i) Liability is limited (ii) Chances are there for expansion (iii) Managed by professional
people (iv) Continuous existence (v) Shares can be easily transferred from one person to
another person.
Demerits:
(i) Very difficult to form (ii) No secrecy (iii) No personal involvement.(iv)More rules and
regulations. (v) very slow in decision making (vi) owners have less control.
Types of Companies:
(i) Private company (ii) Public company.
Choice of form of Business organization: (i) less costly in setting up the organization
(ii) Limited liability (iii) continuous existence (iv) Form of raising capital (v) Control to
be made (vi) Nature of business.

 Formation of a Company

STAGES
Promotion: Functions of a Promoter:

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 (i) Finding out a business opportunity (ii) Conducting studies (iii) Getting the name
approved. (iv) Fixing up persons to sign Memorandum of association
(v) Appointment of professionals.(vii) preparation of necessary documents.
Documents: Memorandum of association:
(i) Name clause (ii) Registered office clause (iii) Objects clause (iv) Liability clause (v)Capital
clause (vi) Association clause. (vii) Articles of association. (viii) Consent of directors (ix)
Agreement with managing director or whole time director (x) Statutory declaration
Incorporation: The memorandum of association must be duly stamped, signed and
witnessed. (ii) The articles of association duly stamped and witnessed. (iii)Written
permission of the directors. (iv) Agreement with the managing director/manager.(v)A
copy of the registrar’s letter giving permission for the name. (vi) A declaration that all the
legal requirements are followed.(vii) A notice about the exact office of the registered
office. (viii) Documents showing the payment of fees.
Capital subscription:
(i) SEBI approval (ii) Filing of prospectus. (iii) Appointment of brokers, bankers etc., (iv)
Collection of minimum subscription (v) Application to stock exchange (vi) Allotment of
shares.

 Commencement of Business:
(i) A declaration about meeting minimum subscription requirement. (ii) A declaration
regarding the application and allotment money paid by the directors as same as others.
(iii) A declaration that no money is payable to the applicants because of the failure of the
company. (iv) A statutory declaration that the above particulars are followed. (v) The
registrar shall examine the documents if these are found satisfactory a certificate of
commencement of business will be issued.

 Key Concepts in Nutshell:

FORMS OF BUSINESS ORGANISATION

Sole proprietorship Partnership Hindu Undivided Co operative Company

Family Society

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 Meaning Of Sole Proprietorship:
Sole means only
Proprietor means owner
Merits of sole proprietorship:
1. A sole proprietor can take decision quickly.
2. Information can be kept secretly without any leakage.
3. No need to share profits.
4. He gets self satisfaction for the work he has done.
5. Easy to start and to close because of less rules and regulations.

 Partnership
Types of Partners :
1. Active partner: An active partner is a partner who gives capital, participates in
management, shares the profits and losses and has unlimited liability.
2. Sleeping partner: A Partner who do not take part in the business activities.
3. Secret partner: A partner who has association with the firm but unknown to the
public.
4. Nominal partner: A partner who allows his name to be used by the firm
5. Partner by estoppel: A person who by behaviour sets an impression to others
that he/she is a partner of the firm.
6. Partner by holding out: A person who is not a partner but allows himself to be
represented as partner in a firm.

Consequences of Non Registration:

1. A Partner of an unregistered firm cannot file a case against the firm or other
partners.
2. The firm cannot file a case against third parties.
3. The firm cannot file a case against the partners.

Types Of Companies

COMPANY

PRIVATE PUBLIC

 Public Company:
1. Members: Minimum 7, Maximum unlimited
2. Minimum number of directors: 3
3. Minimum paid up capital: 5 lakhs.
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 4. Index of members: Compulsory.
5. Transfer of shares: Shares can be transferred easily from one person to another.
6. Invitation to public: It can invite the public to purchase the share and debentures
 Private Company:
1. Members: Minimum 2, Maximum -50.
2. Minimum number of directors: 2
3. Minimum paid up capital: 1 lakh
4. Index of members: Not compulsory.
5. Transfer of shares: Shares cannot be transferred from one person to another.
6. Invitation to public: It cannot invite the public to purchase the share and
debentures.
 Memorandum of Association:
1. It defines the objects for which the company is formed.
2. This is the main document of the company.
3. This defines the relationship of the company with outsiders.
4. Every company has to file Memorandum of Association.
5. Alteration of Memorandum of Association is difficult.

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  Articles of Association:
1. It defines the objectives of the company that are to be achieved.
2. This is the subsidiary document of the company.
3. Articles define the relationship of the members and the company.
4. It is not necessary for the public limited company.
5. It can be altered by passing a special resolution.

 Very Short Answer type Questions: (1 Mark)

1. Varun is the only owner of his restaurant. Name the form of business
organization. Ans: Sole proprietorship.
2. Name the form of organization found only in India Ans: JHF
3. List two merits of Sole proprietorship.
Ans: (i) Single ownership (ii) Full control.
4. Name any one business in which sole proprietorship is most suitable.
Ans: Tailoring
5. Name the type of partnership which is formed to accomplish a specific project for
a specific time.
Ans: Particular partnership
6. State any one consequence of non registration of a partnership firm.
Ans: An unregistered firm cannot file a case against third parties.
7. What is the minimum number of persons required to form a cooperative society?
Ans: Ten
8. Name the type of company which can invite the public to subscribe for the shares
or debentures. Ans: Public.
9. Name the process by which a joint stock company is registered.
Ans: Incorporation.
10. Name the document which defines the object and powers of the company.
Ans: Memorandum of Association.

 Short Answer Type Questions: (3 or 4 Marks)

1. State three advantages of joint Hindu Family business.
Ans (i) Effective control (ii) Continuity of business (iii) limited liability of
members (iv) Increased loyalty. (any three)
2. Explain the features of a Joint Hindu Family business.
Ans: (i) Formation (ii) Liability (iii) Control
3. List any three advantages of partnership.
Ans: (i) Easy to start and close (ii) proper decision making (iii) More money (iv)
secrets are maintained.
4. State the important features of partnership.
Ans: (i) Formation (ii) Liability (iii) Risk bearing (iv) decision making
(v) continuity (vi) Member .
5. What are the consequences of nonregistration of a partnership firm?
Ans: A Partner of an unregistered firm cannot file a case against the firm

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 or other partners.
The firm cannot file a case against third parties.
The firm cannot file a case against the partners.
6. Explain any three features of a company.
(i) Artificial person (ii) Formation is difficult (iii) Company has separate
Identity.
7. Enumerate the various types of cooperative societies.
(i) Consumer (ii) Producer (iii) Marketing (iv) Farmer’s (v) Credit
(vi) Cooperative housing societies
8. What are the functions of a promoter?
(i) Finding out a business opportunity (ii) Conducting studies (iii) Getting the
name approved. (iv) Fixing up persons to sign Memorandum of Association.
(v)Appointment of professionals.(vii) preparation of necessary Documents.
 Long Answer Type Questions: (5 or 6 Marks)
1. Distinguish between Memorandum of Association and Articles of Association.
Answer :
Memorandum of Association
1. It defines the objects for which the company is formed.
2. This is the main document of the company.
3. This defines the relationship of the company with outsiders.
4. Every company has to file Memorandum Of Association.
5. Alteration of Memorandum of Association is difficult.
Articles of Association
6. It defines the objectives of the company that are to be achieved.
7. This is the subsidiary document of the company.
8. Articles define the relationship of the members and the company.
9. It is not necessary for the public limited company.
10. It can be altered by passing a special resolution.
2. Distinguish between a private company and public company.
Answer :
PUBLIC COMPANY:
Members: Minimum 7, Maximum unlimited
Minimum number of directors: 3
Minimum paid up capital: 5 lakhs.
Index of members: Compulsory.
Transfer of shares: Shares can be transferred easily from one person to
another.
Invitation to public: It can invite the public to purchase the share and
debentures
PRIVATE COMPANY:
Members: Minimum 2, Maximum -50.
Minimum number of directors: 2
Minimum paid up capital: 1 lakh
Index of members: Not compulsory.
Transfer of shares: Shares cannot be transferred from one person to
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 another.
Invitation to public: It cannot invite the public to purchase the share and
debentures.
3. Describe the various partners in a partnership firm.
Answer :
TYPES OF PARTNERS
Active partner: An active partner is a partner who gives capital, participates in
management, shares the profits and losses and has unlimited liability.
Sleeping partner: A Partner who do not take part in the business activities.
Secret partner: A partner who has association with the firm but unknown to the
public.
Nominal partner: A partner who allows his name to be used by the firm
Partner by estoppel: A person who by behaviour sets an impression to others
that he/she is a partner of the firm.
Partner by holding out: A person who is not a partner but allows himself to be
represented as partner in a firm.

4. Why is company form of organization preferred than other forms of organization?

Answer :
Merits: (i) Liability is limited (ii) Chances are there for expansion
iii) Managed by professional people (iv) Continuous existence (v) Shares can be
easily transferred from one person to another person.
5. List and explain the factors which help in choosing an appropriate form of
Organization.
Answer :
Choice of form of Business organization: (i) less costly in setting up the
Organization.(ii) Limited liability (iii) continuous existence (iv) Form of
raising capital (v) Control to be made (vi) Nature of business.

HOTs
1. “One man control is the best in the world if that man is big enough to manage
everything”. Explain.
Answer :
Merits of sole proprietorship:
1. A sole proprietor can take decision quickly.
2. Information can be kept secretly without any leakage.
3. No need to share profits.
4. He gets self satisfaction for the work he has done.
5. Easy to start and to close because of less rules and regulations.
2. “A private company avoids many of the defects of a public company”.
Explain.
Answer :
Merits: (i) Liability is limited (ii) Chances are there for expansion
(iii) Managed by professional people (iv) Continuous existence (v) Shares can
be easily transferred from one person to another person.
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 3. State the reasons for issuing prospectus:
Answer :
1. It serves as an invitation to the public to invest in the shares and
debentures of the company.
2. It acts as an advertisement for inducing the investors to invest in the
company.
3. It serves as an record of the terms and conditions on which shares and
debentures are issued.
4. It helps to protect the interest of the investors.
4. “A company is said to be an artificial person created by law, having a separate
entity with perpetual succession and a common seal”. Discuss the above statement.
Answer :
Features: (i) Artificial person (ii) Formation is difficult (iii)Company has separate
identity.(iv)Continuous existence (v) Control of the company is made by
directors.(vi)liability is limited.(vii) Common seal.
5. Describe the steps involved in the floatation of the company.
Answer :
Capital subscription:
1. SEBI Approval.
2. Filing of prospectus.
3. Appointment of bankers, brokers and underwriters.
4. Minimum subscription.
5. Application of stock exchange.
6. Allotment of shares.

 Gist of the Lesson:

 Sole proprietorship – one owner

 Partnership – 2 or more partners.
 Joint Hindu Family Business- at least 2 persons.
 Cooperative society – At least 10 adults.
 Company – Minimum 2 Maximum 50 (Private)
 Company- Minimum 7 Maximum-unlimited.
 Memorandum of Association- External rules and regulations.
 Articles of Association – Internal rules and regulations.

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 CHAPTER - 3
PUBLIC, PRIVATE AND GLOBAL ENTERPRISES

 Introduction:

Soma, a student of class XI was reading a newspaper. There was the news item that
Government planned to disinvest its shares in some PSUs as they were incurring heavy losses.
At the same time, it was written that some private companies and MNCs were earning so
much of profits. Maruthi Suzuki Ltd which a joint venture of Maruthi Company and Suzuki
Company of Japan was launching a new car in the market. She was curious to know about
these terms like PSUs, joint venture etc.

Forms of Business Organisations

Public Sector Private

Sector

a. Departmental Undertakings
b. Statutory Corporations
c. Government Companies

a. Departmental Undertakings - Features

 Part of Government-Central or State
 Under direct control of the ministry
 Funds comes directly from Govt.Treasury
 Employees are Govt. employees.
 Examples:- Railways
 Defence
 Post and Telegraphs
Merits
 Effective control
 Public Accountability
 Suitable for national security
Demerits
 Lack of flexibility
 Delay in decision making
 Red tapism
 Political interference
 Unable to take advantage of opportunities
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23
b. Statutory Corporations
They are created by Special Acts of the Parliament which contains their powers and functions,
rules and regulations regarding their employees and its relationship with government
departments.
Features
 Statutory Corporation is fully owned by the Government.
 It is having a separate legal entity.
 Its employees are not government employees.
 Board of Directors are appointed by the government
 It prepares its own budget and can retain its earnings which can be used for its
business.
 Profit is not the main motive.
 It has public accountability.
 Usually it is free from all types of interference.
Merits
 Free from undesirable government
 The government does not interfere in their financial matters.
 It is relatively free from red tapes and can take quick decisions.
 Its policies are subject to parliamentary control which ensures protection of public
interest.
Limitations
 A statutory corporation’s actions are subject to many rules and regulations.
 Government and political interference have always been there where huge funds are
involved or in major decisions.
 Where there is dealing with public, corruption exists at a larger level.
 The Board of Directors may misuse their powers and indulge in undesirable practices.

c. Government Company
Meaning: - According to The Indian Companies Act, 1956, a government company is a
company in which not less than 51% of the paid up capital is held by the central or state
government or both.
Subsidiary of a government company is also considered as a government company.
Eg: 1) Hindustan Machine Tools Ltd. (HMT)
2) Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd (BHEL)
3) Steel Authority of India Ltd.
Features
 It is created by the Indian Companies Act, 1956.
 It is having a separate legal identity.
 Its employees are are appointed according to the rules contained in the
Memorandum and Articles of Association of the company.
 It is exempted from the accounting and audit rules and procedures.
 It obtains funds from government shareholdings, private shareholders and capital
market.
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Merits
 It can be easily established.
 It has a separate legal entity.
 There is no undue departmental interference in the working of the company.
 It can curb unhealthy business practices by providing goods and services at
reasonable prices.

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 Changing Role of Public Sector

Public Sector was started to achieve the following objectives:

 To speed up the economic growth of the country
 To achieve a more equitable distribution of income
 To create infrastructure facilities
 To develop all parts the country equally

Performance of the Public Sector was poor due to unorganized plants, out dated technology,
underutilization of capacity, over staffing, trade unionism, political interference etc., So the
government, in the Industrial Policy 1991, introduced the following reforms in the public
sector.
 The number of industries reserved for the public sector was reduced from 17 to 3
industries namely atomic energy, arms and rail transport.
 The Memorandum of Understanding signed between a public sector and its
administrative ministry defines its autonomy and the targets to be achieved.
 Equity shares of public sector units are sold to private sector and the public which is
known as Disinvestment.
 Loss making public sectors which are potentially viable will be restructured and
revived through the Board of Industrial and Financial Reconstruction (BIFR). Public
sector units which cannot be revived will be closed down.
 A National Renewal Fund was created to retrain and redeploy retrenched labor and to
compensate employees seeking voluntary retirement.

 Global Enterprises/Multinational Companies

Meaning:- A global enterprise is one which owns and manages business in two or more
countries.
Eg:- Unilever Ltd, Coca cola, LG, Samsung, Hyundai Motors, Proctor and Gamble, etc.
Features
 A global enterprise has huge capital resources.
 It operates through a network of subsidiaries, branches and affiliates in host
countries
 It has its headquarters in the home country which controls all branches and
subsidiaries.
 It uses advanced technology to provide world class products and services.
 It employs professionally trained managers.
 It has vast access to international markets.
 It has advanced research and development departments which are engaged in
developing new products and superior designs of existing products.
 It uses aggressive marketing strategies.
 It usually enters into agreements with local firms in the host countries.

 Joint Ventures

26
Meaning: A joint venture is a business partnership between two or more companies for a
specified purpose.
Eg : Hero Honda, Maruti Udyog, Birla Yamaha Ltd, etc.
Benefits
 A joint venture has greater resources and capacity.
 It has access to advanced technology
 It has access to new markets.
 It can produce products at a lower cost.
 It has ideas and technologies to develop innovative products and services.
 When one party in a joint venture has well established brands and goodwill, the other
party gets its benefits.

 Public Private Partnership (PPP)

Public Private Partnership means an enterprise in which a project or service is financed and
operated through a partnership between Government and private sectors.
Features
 It facilitates partnership between public and private sector.
 It is related to high priority projects.
 It is suitable for big projects whose gestation period is long.
 Revenue is shared between government and private enterprise in the agreed ratio.
 It is used in the government projects targeted at public welfare.

 Very Short Answer type Questions (1 Mark)

1. Name the types of public sector enterprises?
Ans. i) Departmental undertakings ii) statutory corporations
iii) Government company
2. Name the organization which is considered as a part of Government Company only?
Ans. Departmental undertakings
3. Where national security is concerned, which form of public enterprises is most
suitable?
Ans. Departmental undertakings, because they are under the direct control and
supervision of the ministry.
4. Mention any two examples of departmental undertakings?
Ans. i) Post and Telegraphs
ii) Indian railways
5. Name the organization formed by passing a special act of the parliament?
Ans. Statutory Corporation
6. Mention any two examples of statutory corporation?
Ans. i) Food Corporation of India
ii) Life Insurance Corporation
7. Name the company in which at least 51% shares are kept by the government?
Ans. Government Company
8. In whose name the shares of a government Company are purchased?

27
 Ans. The President of India
9. Why is the ‘Government company’ form of public enterprise preferred to other types
of organizations?
Ans. Because it enjoys maximum autonomy in all management decisions and actions.
There is no undue departmental interference in the working of a government
company.
10. Mention any two examples of a government company?
Ans. i) Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited
ii) Hindustan Machine Tools Limited

 Long Answer type Questions

11. What is public, private partnership? Explain its features.
Ans:-The following points should be explained
 Helps partnership public sector and private sector
 Related to high priority projects
 Suitable for big projects
 Public welfare
 Sharing revenue
12) “Multinational companies are a blessing to the developing countries.”
Comment on this statement.
Ans:-The following points should be explained
 Huge capital resources
 Centralized capital
 Expansion of market territory
 Advanced technology
 Product innovation
12. What are the benefits of entering into joint ventures?
Ans:- The following points should be explained
1. Increased resources and capacity
2. Access to new market and distribution networks
3. Access to technology
4. Innovation
5. Low cost of production
6. Established brand name
15. Name the form of public sector enterprises that is constituted as an autonomous unit
by an Act of Parliament? Explain any five features of such an organizations?
Ans:- Statutory Corporation.
The following points should be explained
 Statutory Corporation is fully owned by the Government.
 It is having a separate legal entity.
 Its employees are not government employees.
 Board of Directors are appointed by the government
 It prepares its own budget and can retain its earnings which can be used for its
business.
 Profit is not the main motive.
28
 16. (a) Mention six causes responsible for inefficiency of government enterprises?
(b) Give any three distinctions between a statutory corporation and a government
company?
Ans:-a) The following causes should explained
Performance of the Public Sector was poor due to
 unorganized plants,
 out dated technology,
 underutilization of capacity,
 over staffing,
 trade unionism,
 political interference
 inefficient management

b) The differences between Statutory Corporation and Government Company

Basis Statutory Corporation Government Company

Formation By an Act of Parliament Under the Companies Act

Management Nominated board of directors board of directors may contain

Control private individuals
Wholly owned by Only 51% of shares owned by
Ownership
Government Government

17. What was the role of public sector before 1991?

Ans:- Public Sector was started to achieve the following objectives:
 To speed up the economic growth of the country
 To achieve a more equitable distribution of income
 To create infrastructure facilities
 To develop all parts the country equally
 Generation of employment
 Defence Requirements
 Check over concentration of economic power

18. What are the benefits available to the government company?

Ans:- 1. Easily established
2. Separate legal entity
3. Enjoys autonomy
4. Curbs unhealthy business practices

 HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills)

1. Can the public sector companies compete with the private sector in terms of profit & loss
efficiency? Give reasons for your answer.
Ans. No, public sector companies cannot compete with the private sector in terms of profit &
efficiency. Following are the reasons for this:

29
 1. Public sector enterprises (PSEs) are owned by the government which has social
services as the main motive. They do not operate fully on commercial basis. They are
launched to achieve social objective like development of backward region, creation of
employment opportunities, etc.
2. Working of public sector enterprise is subject to interference of the government.
Autonomy &flexible enjoyed by PSEs are only in name.
3. Due to the bureaucratic control, the management is very poor inefficient. They are
managed by bureaucrats & not by professional.

2. Public sector enterprises have played vital role in the economic development of
india.however; government of India vigorously pursues the policy of disinvestment of such
units. What is the rationale of disinvestment at this time?
Ans. Public sector enterprises played a significant role in the economic development of India
by filling gaps in the industrial sector, generating employment opportunities, balance regional
development, check over concentration of economic power & so on. despite their impressive
role, public sector undertaking (PSUs) in India suffered several problems shortcoming such as
excessive overhead, under- utalisation of production capacity, inefficient management, low
return on investment or even losses, etc.therefore, government of India pursued the policy of
disinvestment of sick PSUs.disinvestment involves the sale of the equity shares to the private
sector& the public, i.e., reducing equity of the government.
3. State any three situations wherein Government Company is the most suitable form of
organizing public enterprises?
Ans. Government Company is the most suitable form of organizing public enterprises in the
following situations:
1. When the government wants to control a company in the private sector without
nationalization because of financial or employment crises, e.g., Indian iron steel co.
2. When the government feels necessary to promet & develops a field of economic
acidity, e.g., STC.
3. When the government wishes to launch an enterprises in association of certain
private interests, domestic or foreign, e.g., Hindustan Machine Tools.

4. What motivates a company to go global?

Ans. desire to expand its business motivates a company to go global. If a company wants to
enjoy the fruits of larges-cable production (i.e., increased profit reduces costs), it needs a
bigger market spread over to many countries.

 Gist of the Lesson

Private sector vs. public sector enterprises
 Private sector enterprises are owned, managed and controlled by individuals or
a group of individuals. Their main objective is to earn profit.
 Public sector enterprises are owned, managed and controlled by the
government. The forms organization which a public enterprises may take are
departmental undertakings, statutory corporations and government
companies.
Departmental undertakings
30
 This is the oldest and most traditional forms of organizing public enterprises. The
government functions through this department. Examples: - Post and Telegraphs,
Indian Railways, etc.
Statutory Corporation
Statutory corporations are public enterprises brought into existence by a special act of
the parliament. Egs: - Indian Airlines, LIC, RBI, etc.
Government Company
A government company means any company in which not less than 51% of the paid-
up capital is held by the central government or state government or bother:-
HMT,maruti dog ltd.,BHEL,etc.
Global enterprises
A multi-national company (MNC) may be defined as a company that operates in
several companies that operates in several countries. Egs:- Pepsi, Samsung, Honda, etc
Joint ventures
When two businesses agree to join together for a common purpose and mutual
benefits it is known as joint venture
Public Private Partnership
It means a busied in which a project or service is financed and operated through a
partnership of government and private enterprises

31
 CHAPTER - 4
BUSINESS SERVICES
 Introduction (10 Marks)

The chapter Business Services gives you a brief introduction to the characteristics of
business services, the difference between services and goods, classification on types of
business services, the concept of e-banking, identification and classification of types of
insurance policies and the description of different types of warehouses.
 Definition

Auxiliaries to trade are also known as business services. Service sector includes
commercial firms engaged in banking, communication, transport, insurance and
warehousing. Business cannot be even imagined in the absence of these services. All
these services collectively constitute the Service Sector.

 Nature/Features/Characteristics of services

 Difference between Services and goods

Basis Services Goods

An activity or a process. e.g., A physical object. e.g., a
Nature watching a movie in a cinema video cassette of movie
hall
Type Heterogeneous Homogeneous
Intangible e.g., doctor Tangible e.g., medicines
Intangibility
treatment
Different customers having Different customers getting
Inconsistency different demands e.g. standardized demands
mobile services fulfilled
Simultaneous production and Separation of production and
Inseparability consumption e.g., eating an consumption e.g., purchasing
ice-cream in a restaurant ice cream from a store

32
  Banking Services

Bank is an institution that accepts deposits, withdrawal by cheques and makes loans and
advances for the purpose of earning profits.
Types of banks

Commercial banks Co-operative banks specialized banks Central banks

Private Sector Public sector

Functions of Commercial Banks

Acceptance of Lending of E-Banking Remittance Cheque Facilities

deposits funds of funds

Electronic Fund Automatic Teller Debit Card Credit Card Online

33
Transfer (EFT) Machine (ATM) banking

I. E-BANKING: E-banking means banking transactions carried out with the help of computer
systems (i.e., that is banking over the internet).
1. Electronic Fund Transfer (EFT): Under this system, a bank transfers wages and salaries
directly from the company’s account to the accounts of employees of the company.
2. Automatic Teller Machine (ATM): It refers to an electronic terminal that allows people
with plastic card to perform simple banking transactions like withdrawal of cash 24x7 without
any help of human teller.
3. Debit Card: It refers to a plastic card that allows the bank to take money from the
customer’s account and transfer it to a seller’s account.
4. Credit Card: It refers to a plastic card that allows the customer to buy now and payback
the loaned amount to bank at a future date.
5. Online Banking: Under this system, when the customer gives instruction on his computer,
the bank computer transfers money from/ to customer’s account to biller’s account.
 Insurance:

It is a contract where by in exchange of fixed consideration one party promises to pay a fixed
amount either at happening of an event or at the expiry of certain period.

 Functions of Insurance

 Fundamental Principles of insurance:

34
Principle of utmost faith: refers that no material or important facts should be concealed by
both the parties of insurance contract.
Principle of Insurable Interest: There must be some pecuniary interest in the subject
matter of the insurance contract.
Principle of Indemnity: Refers that the insured can get only the compensation against
actual loss and he cannot make profit out of the insurance.
Principle of proximate cause: It refers to the direct cause and not the remote cause.
Principle of mitigation of loss: states that it is the duty of the insured to take reasonable
steps to minimize the loss/damage to the insured property.

 Types of Insurance

Life Insurance General Insurance

Fire Marine Miscellaneous

Life Insurance: It is a contract under which the insurer, in consideration of a premium,

undertakes to pay a fixed sum of money on the death of the insured or on the expiry of a
specified period of time, which ever is earlier.
Fire insurance: it is a contract whereby the insurer undertakes to make good any loss/
damage caused by fire during a specified period.
Marine Insurance: A marine insurance is an agreement where by the insurer undertakes to
indemnify the insured loss against perils of the sea.
 Difference between life, fire and marine insurance

BASIS OF LIFE INSURANCE FIRE INSURANCE MARINE

DIFFERENCE INSURANCE
1 Subject matter Human life Assets Ship, cargo or
freights
2 Element Both protection and Protection only Protection only

35
 investment
3 Insurable interest Must be present at Must be present Must be present at
the time of effecting both at the time of the time when
the policy effecting the policy claim falls due
as well as when the
claim falls due
4 Duration Usually exceeds a Does not exceed a Period or voyage
year year or mixed
5 Indemnity Not based on Is a contract of Is a contract of
principle of indemnity indemnity
indemnity
6 Surrender value Has a surrender Does not have any Does not have any
value surrender value surrender value

36
Types of Life Insurance Policies (Insurance Products)

Communication services:
These are helpful to business for establishing links with outside world. The main service is
postal and telecommunication.

 Transportation:

It refers to the physical movement of goods from one place to another.

Modes of transport

Roadways Railways Airways Shipping

37
 Warehousing:

It refers to that activity under which goods are kept safely and systematically at a particular
place.
Warehouse: It refers to the specially built building where the raw materials and finished
goods are kept safely till their owner does need them.

Functions of warehousing:

Consolidation Breaking the bulk Stock piling Price stabilization Financing

 Types of Warehouses:

Very Short Answer type Questions

1. Give two examples of e-banking.
2. Who can get an overdraft from a bank?
3. Give full form of ATM.
4. In which type of insurance, insurable interest must exist only at the time of insurance?
5. Name two companies that offer DTH services in our country.
6. List two main functions of warehousing.
7. Name the oldest mode of transportation.

38
SA (3/4 m)
1. Distinguish between goods and services.
2. Explain any two kinds of life insurance policies.
3. State any two benefits of transportation.
4. Explain any three types of warehouses.

LA (5/6m)
1. Explain the functions of commercial banks.
2. Distinguish between life insurance and fire insurance.
3. Explain the various functions of warehouses.
4. Explain the main modes of transport.

 HOTS (High Order Thinking Skill)

1. Name the type of banking under which ATM, Credit card and EFT facilities are
available.
2. Mala obtained a life insurance policy of her husband. After 3 years, Mala divorced her
husband. After one year of divorce, her husband died in a car accident. Can Mala claim
the amount of policy from the insurance company?
3. Ships carrying oil are called _________.
4. Cellular companies offer satellite based media service. The service can be viewed on
________.

 Gist of the Lesson:

 Auxiliaries to trade are also known as business services.

 Service sector include commercial firms engaged in banking, communication,
transportation, insurance and warehousing.
 Business can’t be even imagined in the absence of these services.
 All the services collectively constitute the service sector.

39
 CHAPTER - 5
EMERGING MODES OF BUSINESS

 Introduction
Few decades back one can’t think of sitting in one’s own drawing room and getting
railway ticket/ Air Ticket booked but now it is very common:-
- Yes, You need not travel from your residence to railway station
- Yes, You need not bother about traffic, signals etc.
on your way to railway station
- You need not wait for a long time in the long queue
- Above all, You need not waste your most precious
time

Yes we are discussing about online booking. ….

Now let us think of…..how it will be…..if we are able to get our needs delivered at our
doorstep.

 Concept Mapping
- e – Business
- e – Business vs. e – Commerce
- Scope of e – Business
- Online Transactions
- e – Business Risks
- Resources required for successful e – Business implementation
- Outsourcing – Meaning
- Features of Outsourcing
- Scope of Outsourcing
- Need for Outsourcing
- Concerns over Outsourcing

 Basic & Key Concepts Explanation

Key Terms
e – Business
e – Business refers to the process of performing Business activities electronically
through the means of internet.

Virus
Virus stands for Vital Information & Resources Under Siege
e – Trading

40
 e – Trading involves securities trading, i.e. online buying & selling of shares and other
financial instruments.
Digital Cash
Digital Cash refers to electronic cash instead of actual money which exists only in
cyberspace (also known as cyber currency)
Sweat Shopping
Firms that outsource seek to reduce their costs and get maximum benefit from the
low –cost manpower. This is known as “Sweat Shopping”.
e – Commerce
e – Commerce refers to a firm’s interactions with its customers and suppliers over
internet.
Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)
It is the technology used in encrypting and securing vital user information such as
Credit/Debit card details etc. which are used in online transactions.
e – Procurement
It involves internet based – sales between business firms forming digital marketplaces
facilitating online trading between multiple buyers and sellers.
Business Process Outsourcing (BPO)
The process of contracting out non-core business activities to 3rd parties in order to
reduce costs and time involved.
Online Trading
The act of selling and buying anything online.
e – Bidding
Most shopping sites have “Quote your price” option whereby you can bid for goods
and services. This refers to process of conducting auctions online.
Call Centres
Firms generally outsource their customer support to 3rd parties,
which provide 24x7 Customer Support by the means of tele calling.
The 3rd parties to whom this process is outsourced are called “Call
Centres”.

Captive BPO units

The outsourced - units over which the outsourcing firm has control.
Horizontals
The 3rd parties which undertake outsourcing contracts from many firms and doing a
wide variety of jobs and processes are known as “Horizontals”.
Verticals
The 3rd parties which undertake outsourcing contracts from other firms but are
specialized to do only certain specific non-core to core activities.
B2B Commerce
Refers to electronically conducted business transactions between business to
business.
B2C Commerce
Refers to electronically conducted Business transactions to Customers.
41
Intra-B Commerce
Refers to electronically conducted business transactions within a given business firm.
C2C Commerce
Refers to electronically conducted Business transactions between Consumer to
Consumer.
 e – Business vs. Traditional Business
Basis of distinction Traditional Business e - Business

Ease of formation Difficult Simple

Physical Presence Required Not Required

Need to be near market

Location Requirements None
or Raw Materials

Cost of Setting Up High Low

Operation Cost High Low

Nature of Contact with Indirect – Through

Direct
suppliers & Customers Intermediaries

Nature of Internal Hierarchical -From top

Direct to all levels
Communication level management

Response time for

Long Instant
meeting requirements

Shape of Organizational
Vertical Horizontal
Structure

Business Processes &

Sequential Simultaneous
Length of Cycle

Opportunity for Inter-

Much More Less
Personal Touch

Opportunity for Pre-

Much More Less
Sampling of Products

Ease of Going Global Less Much

Government Support Reducing Much & Increasing

Technically highly
Semi Skilled or Unskilled
Nature of Human Capital qualified professionals
Manpower needed
needed

Transaction Risk Low High

42
 e – Business
e – Business refers to all business transactions and functions conducted electronically.

 e – Business vs. e – Commerce

e – Business is more inclusive term than e – Commerce while e – Commerce refers to a
firm’s interactions with its customers and its supplier over the internet. e – Business, apart
from e – Commerce includes all other electronically conducted business activities such as
inventory management, production, product development, accounting, finance, etc.,
 Scope of e – Business
The scope of e – Business is quite vast, it includes the following :-
1. B2B Commerce :- Refers to electronically conducted business transactions
between business to business.
2. B2C Commerce :- Refers to electronically conducted Business transactions to
Customers.
3. Intra-B Commerce:- Refers to electronically conducted business transactions
within a given business firm.
4. C2C Commerce :- Refers to electronically conducted Business transactions
between Consumer to Consumer.

 Benefits of e – Business

Easy to Form

Require Less Investment

Benefits of
Convenience
e –Business
1. Easy to form Speed

Global Reach/ Access

Movement towards
paperless society

1. Easy to form
Very easy to start e – business because host of procedures required for
traditional business are not required for e – Business

2. Requires Less Investment

Both big and small business gets the benefits of internet equally. Thus even
one start of small business with less investment can derive the benefit of e –
Business.

43
 3. Convenience
Internet offers the convenience of 24 hours X 7 days a week with a less
investment – i.e. one can access anything, anywhere, any time.
4. Speed
Any business transaction can be made simply at the click of the mouse button,
for e.g. Electronic Funds Transfer takes place at the speed of light
5. Global reach/access
In e – Business both businessmen and consumers have no national boundaries
because internet is without such boundaries. In absence of such internet, globalization
may be restricted in scope and speed.

6. Movement towards paperless society

Cutting thousands and thousands of trees to make paper adversely affects the
environment but internet has considerably reduced the dependence on paper.

 Limitations of e – Business
Low Personal Touch

Delayed Delivery

Need for Technological

Limitations Capabilities
of
e –Business Risk of non – traceability of
parties

People’s Resistance

Ethical Fallouts

1. Low Personal Touch

Interpersonal touch between businessmen and the consumer is very important. e
– Business may be high tech but the lacking interpersonal interaction is truly one
of its shortcomings.
2. Delayed Delivery
Sometimes order may be placed at once through internet but delivery may be
delayed, which may disturb the customers.
3. Need for technological capability and competence of parties
If any one party – either buyer or seller is not familiar with digital technology, e –
Business becomes difficult.
4. Risk of Non-Traceability of parties
Cyber personalities participate in e – Business, when any one is in remote area –
Traceability may be one the biggest problem.

44
 5. People’s Resistance
In general, people resist changes and halt will be more if any organization prefers
to go fully online.
6. Ethical Fallout
In e – Business, unless until you have high degree of protection, any one can keep
an electronic eye on your transaction, even intrude into your privacy – which is
ethically incorrect.

 Despite limitations, e – Commerce is the way

Yes, it is absolutely true, because when you wish to buy something especially from
other countries or from distant seller, problems faced by you in traditional business is more
than e – Commerce – thinking in terms of travelling – carrying money – time required – speed
involved – mode of payment etc.
Therefore, despite limitations e – Commerce is the way.

 Online Transactions
Involves three stages:-
1. Pre-Purchase/ Sale Stage – Including advertising and information seeking.
2. Purchase / Sale Stage – Comprising of price negotiation, closing deal &
payment.
3. Delivery Stage – Involves physical delivery of goods.
The first two steps – involves only interaction and thus can be effectively done online.

 Steps involved in online purchase

1. Registration
Register yourself with online vendor by filling up registration form – i.e. now
you have an account with the online vendor and you receive your account’s
password and an online shopping cart.
2. Placing an Order
You can pick and drop the items of your choice in the online ‘shopping cart’ (Just
an online record) – choose check out and payment option.
3. Payment Options
a. Cash on Delivery(COD)
Pay cash at the time of physical delivery of goods
b. Cheque
Vendor arranges the pick up of the buyer’s cheque(s) – Upon realization
the delivery is made
c. Net-Banking Transfer
Electronic transfer of funds from the buyer to the seller, after which the
seller makes the delivery
d. Credit/Debit Cards
These are also called ‘Plastic Money’, the buyer enters the respective
card’s details and the transaction is made. Credit cards allow the buyer
to make purchases on credit, whereas Debit cards make use of the
buyer’s existing money.
45
 e. Digital Cash
This form of currency exists only in cyberspace. The buyer deposits
money into the Digital Cash account and this money are utilized for
making purchases online.

 e – Business Risks
There are three types of possible risks as listed below:
1. Transactions Risks
 Seller may deny that customer ever placed the order or the customer may
deny that he ever placed the order. It is called “Default on Order taking/
Giving”.
 Goods may be delivered at wrong address or wrong goods may be delivered
which is referred as “Default on Delivery”.
 Seller may claim/complain that he didn’t receive payment while customer may
claim that payment was over. This is referred as “Default on Payment”.
2. Data Storage and Transmission Risk
 VIRUS – Virus can create annoyance, disrupt functioning, damage target data
even may cause complete destruction of the system.
 Interception – Data maybe intercepted in the course of transmission by others.
If it goes in the wrong hands it may be detrimental to the business.
3. Threat to intellectual property & Privacy
 Once the information is made available over the internet, it moves out of the
private domain. So any secret formulae or research findings, improved/ new
method of production and other such intellectual properties may be stolen by
others.
 When data furnished goes in the hands of others they may start dumping with
lot of advertising & promotional literature into our
e-mail box.

 Outsourcing

Features of Outsourcing
1. Outsourcing involves contracting out
Non – Core activities such as maintaining cleanliness, gardening, housekeeping
etc. maybe contracted out to the outside agencies so that the business can
concentrate on core activities.
2. Generally non-core business activities are outsourced
For some organizations, non-core activities may be their core activities e.g.
House Keeping for hotel business, so every organization used to identify its
own non – core activities and outsource them.
3. Processes may be outsourced to a captive unit or 3rd Party
Multinational Companies (MNCs) normally outsource different processes such
as recruitment, selection, training, pay roll, customer support etc. to business
units created especially for this purpose and ensure efficiency.

46
 Scope of Outsourcing
Outsourcing comprises four key segments:
 Contract Manufacturing
 Contract Sales
 Contract Research
 Informatics

The following diagram shows the scope of outsourcing in each segment

 Need for Outsourcing

Outsourcing is being resorted to not out of compulsion but also out of choice. The major
reasons of outsourcing are as follows:
1. Focusing of attention
By contracting out some of the non – core activities, the business may have
sufficient time to focus its attention on core-activities.
2. Quest for excellence
Outsourcing does not mean contracting out some of our work to any outsider
but it means contracting out to a specialist who can perform the contracted
work in an excellent way.
3. Cost Reduction
Due to global competition, not only a firm needs to ensure global quality but
also global competitive pricing. For this the company needs to reduce its cost
of operation by contracting out the work to specialists who are cost-efficient.
4. Growth through alliance
A business may have a ownership stake in the other business to whom it is
interested to contract out its own work. By doing so not only the profit of the
outsourcing business goes up but it can have a share in the profit of the
contracted business, as it is a stakeholder in that.
5. Fillip to economic development
47
 Outsourcing stimulates entrepreneurship, employment & exports thus it helps
the economy to develop. For example, as far as global outsourcing in software
development and IT enabled services are concerned, India has 60% of the
global outsourcing share.

 Concerns over Outsourcing

Outsourcing has its own benefits and has to stay globally but it has its own limitations
as discussed below:
1. Confidentiality
Outsourcing depends on sharing a lot of vital information and knowledge. If
the outsourcing partner passes it on to competitors it can harm the business to
a greater extent. Not only that even the outsourcing partner may start a
competent business.
2. Sweat Shopping
As the firms that outsource seek to lower their costs, they try to get the
maximum from the low-cost manpower of the host countries, this may result
in sweat shopping and the firm that goes in for outsourcing may look for
‘doing’ skill rather than development of ‘thinking’ skill.
3. Ethical Concerns
In the name of cost cutting, unlawful activities such as child labour, wage
discrimination maybe encouraged in other countries.
4. Resistance in home countries
Contracting out ultimately result in contracting out of employments; this may
create resistance in the home countries. Particularly if the home country is
suffering from problem of unemployment.

Short Answer type Questions

For answers, refer “Key Terms”
1. What is e – Business?
2. What does VIRUS stands for?
3. What is meant by e – Trading?
4. What is called Digital Cash?
5. What do you mean by Sweat Shopping?
6. What is e – Commerce?
7. What is SSL or Secure Sockets Layer?
8. What is meant by e – Procurement?
9. What is meant by the term “BPO”?
10. What is Online Trading?
11. What is meant by e – Bidding?
12. What are called Call Centres?
13. What are called Captive BPO units?
14. What are called ‘Horizontals’?
15. What are called ‘Verticals’?
16. What does B2B - Commerce stands for?
17. What does B2C – Commerce stands for?
18. What does Intra-B Commerce mean?
48
 19. What does C2C stands for?

Long Answer type Questions

1. Briefly explain benefits of e – Business.
2. Briefly explain any 5 limitations of e – Business.
3. Briefly explain different payment mechanisms available for online shopping.
4. Briefly explain the “Need for Outsourcing”.
5. Briefly explain the “Concerns of Outsourcing”.
6. State any five differences between Traditional Business & e – Business
7. Differentiate between Traditional Business & e – Business on the basis of:
a. Ease of Formation
b. Physical Presence
c. Opportunity for Interpersonal touch
d. Opportunity for Pre-Sampling of Products
e. Ease of going Global

Possible 6Mark Questions

1. Explain the need for Outsourcing
Ans. Refer to Concepts Explanation – Need for Outsourcing
2. State the Concerns over Outsourcing
Ans. Refer to Concepts Explanation – Concerns over Outsourcing

 Question of Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)

1. ‘Outsourcing results in cost reduction’. How? Explain with an example.
Ans. Refer to Concepts Explanation –> Need For Outsourcing – Cost Reduction
2. Mr. X placed an online order with Mr. Y, vendor of vacuum cleaner but even after ten
days the product was not delivered. On enquiry he comes to know that it was
delivered at a wrong address. Identify the risk involved in it and briefly explain other
such possible risks.
Ans. Refer to Concepts Explanation – Transaction Risks
3. Your friend is of that opinion that ‘Traditional business involves handling and carrying
more cash by both buyers and sellers which was highly risky but online payment
mechanism is safer’. Is he correct? Explain any four such online payment mechanisms.
Ans. Refer to Concept Explanation – Steps involved in Online Purchase – Payment
Options/Mechanisms

 Gist of the Lesson:

 Traditional way of conducting business activities is very slow, unsafe and

costly, require more investment, require physical presence of parties involved
and going global is tough.
 Emerging modes of business, e – Business is faster, safer and economical,
requires lesser investment & doesn’t require physical presence of parties
involved and facilitates going global.
 Thus every business is switching over to electronic mode.

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 e – Business has its own risks too like transaction risks (delivery to wrong
address, place), data storage and transmission risk and threat to intellectual
property and privacy.
 In spite of various risks e- commerce is the way because going global is a must
for survival and only e – business can help us to do so.
 Outsourcing refers to contracting out non-core activities, it helps the firm to
focus its attention onto core activities, cost reduction & fulfill their quest for
excellence.
 Outsourcing has its limitations too such as lack of confidentiality, sweat
shopping, ethical concerns, resistance from home countries because it may
aggravate unemployment.

50
 CHAPTER - 6
SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF BUSINESS & BUSINESS ETHICS

 Introduction
A business enterprise should always do business keeping the people in mind, business is a
part & parcel of the society and it draws all the necessary resources from the society only so it
should have some social responsibilities. It should not do anything which is harmful to
interest of the society. It must not resort unethical means to increase profits. Here we shall
see a few ethics to be followed by businesses.

 Concept Mapping
- Concept of social responsibility
- Need for social responsibility
- Arguments for social responsibility
- Arguments against social responsibility
- Reality of Social responsibility
- Kinds of Social Responsibility
- Social Responsibility towards different interest groups
- Business and Environmental Protection
- Types of Pollution
- Causes of Protection
- Need for Pollution Control
- Role of Business in Environmental Protection
- Business Ethics
- Concepts of Business Ethics
- Elements of Business Ethics

 Key Terms

Social Responsibility
Social Responsibility of business refers to its obligation to take those decisions and perform
those actions which are desirable in terms of objectives and values of our society.

Environment
The environment is defined as a totality of natural & man-made things existing around us. It is
from the environment that the business draws its resources.

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Business Environment
It is a totality of all external forces with which the business interacts constantly but over
which it does not have any control. The environment influences the business directly to a
great extent.

Environmental Protection
It is the deliberate process of protecting the environment from existing or potential threats of
any nature.

Pollution
It is the process of emission or release of harmful substances into the environment which
harms human life, the life of other species and wasting or depleting scarce sources.

Ethics
Ethics is concerned with what is wrong & what is right in a society based on its moral values &
beliefs.

Business Ethics
It refers to the socially determined moral principles which should govern the business
activities.

Legal Responsibility
It is the obligation of the business to abide by the laws governing the place at which it exists.

Code of Ethics
Enterprises with effective ethics programs do define their principles of conduct for the whole
organization which is called the ‘Code of Ethics’.

 Concepts Explanation

Concept of Social Responsibility

Social Responsibility of business refers to its obligation to take those decisions and perform
those actions which are desirable in terms of objectives and values of our society.

Need for Social Responsibility

Opinions are divided over this issue, for some - Business is responsible only to its owners &
for others - It needs to be responsible for social welfare also. Anyhow a better business can
survive & grow only in a better society because it takes all resources from the society and
serve to the society. So businesses become integral part of the society, therefore they should
assume social responsibility.

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 Arguments for social responsibility

Justification for existence and growth

The ultimate motive of business is profit, as only profit can help the business grow and
expand. Profit should be made as an outcome of service to the society by means of producing
goods and services to satisfy human needs.

Long term interest of the firm

A firm and its image stand to gain maximum profits in the long run when it has its highest goal
as ‘service to society’. When increasing number of members of society feel that business
enterprise is not serving its best interest, they will tend to withdraw their cooperation to the
enterprise concerned. Therefore, it is in its own interest if a firm fulfills its social
responsibility.

Avoidance of government regulations

When a particular business is not socially responsible, government regulations tend to limit its
freedom. Therefore, it is believed that if businessmen are socially responsible, they can avoid
government regulations.

Maintenance of Society
Law alone can’t help out people with all the difficulties they face. When businesses turn
socially responsible they take care of the society’s need, the society is at peace. That means
business houses also have some responsibility to contribute something for social peace &
harmony.

Availability of Resources with Business

The business enterprises have huge financial resources, very efficient managers & contacts
and thereby they can ensure that a social problem can be solved easily, in the best way
possible.

Converting problems with opportunities

Business with its glorious history of making risky situations into profitable deals can not only
solve social problems but also make them effectively useful.

Better environment for doing business

If the business is to run in a society with diverse problems, the success of the business is
limited. Therefore, if the business takes measures to resolve the social problems, the business
can create a better environment for its functioning and thereby earn more profits.

Holding business responsible for social problems

It is argued that many problems are created by the existence of business enterprise
themselves – like environmental pollution, discriminated employment, corruption etc.
Therefore it is the duty of business to set right the problems caused by them.

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 Arguments against social responsibility

Violation of maximization of profit motive

This statement argues that business exist only for maximizing profits and businesses fulfill
their social responsibility best by maximizing profits by increasing efficiency and reducing
costs. They need not take up any additional obligations.

Burden on Consumers
Taking social care and tackling social problems require huge financial investments and
businesses tend to increase their cost and put the burden on the consumer for their
charitable expenses.

Lack of social skills

Businessmen lack understanding of social problems and can’t solve them efficiently.

People’s resistance
People tend to dislike interference from businesses in their problems.

Reality of Social Responsibility

Whatever maybe the argument, either in favour of or against social responsibility, the reality
is in favour of social responsibility. Let us discuss some of them below.

Threat of Public Regulations

Democratically elected governments, through their law enforcing agencies continuously
trying to ensure the welfare of the society and thus they have a watchful eye over all business
operations. So to avoid government action business organizations should behave in a socially
responsible manner.

Pressure of labour movement

Labour, is not only the active factor but also activates other factors of production. Nowadays,
they are more educated and their movement becomes more powerful in the world. No more
‘hire and fire’ policy will work; this made the businessmen to take up social responsibility
towards their employees.

Impact of Consumer Consciousness

Consumers are more conscious about quality, price etc. of the product and services. Even for
small discrepancies, nowadays they prefer to file a suit in the consumer court.

Development of Social Standard for business

New social standards consider business enterprises as legitimate but with a condition they
must also serve social needs.

Development of Business Education

Business education created much awareness about the social responsibility in the minds of
investors, consumers, employees etc. and they became more sensitive towards social issues.

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Relationship between social interest and business interest
Now people come to realize that social interest and business interest are complementary.
This ensures long term benefit of the business.

Development of professional, managerial class

Earlier managers of business houses aimed at only profit maximization but professional
management educational institutions created a new class of managers who gives equal
importance to social responsibility too.

Conclusion
From the above seen ‘Realities of Social Responsibility’ it is clear that business houses must
assume social responsibility for their survival and growth.

 Kinds of Social Responsibility

Economic Responsibility
Maximizing profit by producing and selling goods and services required for the society.

Legal Responsibility
Every business needs to operate within the laws of the land. A law abiding enterprise is a
socially responsible enterprise as well.

Ethical Responsibility
This includes the behavior of the firm that is expected by the society but not included in law.
Eg. Should respect religious sentiment and dignity of people while advertizing

Discretionary Responsibility
This refers to the voluntary obligations that an enterprise assumes.
E.g. Charitable contributions, providing relief during natural calamities etc.,
Social Responsibility towards different interest groups
A business unit has to decide in which areas it should carry out social good. Few areas are
explained below.

Responsibility towards shareholders or owners

To provide fair return on their investment, ensure safety of their investment and to provide
regular, accurate and full information about the business.

Responsibility towards the workers

To provide opportunities for meaningful work, create the right kind of working conditions,
respect the democratic rights of the workers and ensure a fair wage deal from the
management.

Responsibility towards the consumer

To provide right quality and quantity of goods and services at reasonable prices and to avoid
adulteration, hoarding, dishonest and misleading advertisements.

55
Responsibility towards the government & community
To respect the laws of the country and pay taxes regularly and honestly and act according to
well accepted values of the society and to protect environment.

Business & Environmental Protection

Protection of the environment is a serious issue that confronts
business managers and decision makers. Business organizations are
major pollutants so they have to do something to control pollution.

Causes of Pollution
Waste generated by various industries, agriculture, mining, construction, energy
production, transportation etc., cause pollution.

Environmental Problems
Pollutions results in following environmental problems identified by UNO
1. Ozone Depletion 5. Deforestation
2. Land Degradation 6. Global Warming
3. Solid & Hazardous Wastes 7. Water Pollution
4. Danger to biological diversity 8. Fresh water quality and quantity

 Types of Pollution

Air Pollution
Carbon monoxide emitted by automobiles, smoke and other chemicals from
manufacture and pollutes the air & lowers its quality. It also created a hole in
the ozone layer leading to global warming.

Water Pollution
This is primarily from chemical and waste dumping into water bodies. This lead to death of
several animals and posed a serious threat to human life.

Land Pollution
Dumping of toxic wastes reduces the quality of land and making it unfit for agriculture or
plantation.

Noise Pollution
Noise caused by the running of factories and vehicles create a serious health hazard such as
loss of hearing, malfunctioning of the heart and mental disorders.

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 Need for Pollution Control
To preserve precious environmental resources & improve the quality of
human life pollution control becomes essential. Let us list out some
reasons for pollution control.

Reduction of health hazard

Pollution control measures can check diseases like cancer, heart attack & lung complications
and support a healthy life on earth.

Reduced Risk of Liability

When people are affected by toxicity released by any business, the business is liable to pay
compensation. If the business installs pollution control devices, it can escape from such a
liability.

Cost Saving
Pollution control needs improved production technology which automatically reduces cost.

Improved Public Image

A firm that promotes the cause for environment will enjoy public confidence and good
reputation.

Other social benefits

Cleaner buildings, cleaner roads, clearer visibility, better quality of life, availability of natural
products in a purer form are some of the other social benefits the society can get through
proper pollution control system.

 Role of business in environmental protection

Most of the pollution is caused by business enterprises and therefore they should take the
lead in providing their own solutions to environmental problems. Some of the specific steps
that can be taken by a business are as follows.
1. A definite commitment by top management to systematically protect
environment.
2. Involving all divisions and sections of employees in environmental protection.
3. Developing clear cut policies and programs with regards to quality, method and
process of production and disposal of waste.
4. Complying with laws of the land in relation to environmental protection.
5. Participation in government programs such as management of waste, forestation
etc.
6. Periodical assessment of pollution control programs of their own, with a view to
improve them.
7. Arranging educational workshops and training materials to share technical
information with everyone involved in pollution control.
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 Business Ethics
Business ethics refers to the socially determined moral principles which should govern
business activities.

Examples of Business Ethics

- Charging fair prices
- Using correct/accurate weights
- Giving fair treatment to all employees
- Avoiding adulteration, hoarding etc.
- Not engaging in any illegal methods of operation and not doing anything which is
being considered as undesirable by the society.
- Using environmentally friendly products, methods and processes.

Which businesses need to behave ethically?

All businesses irrespective of size (big or small), nature and location should behave ethically.

Why should businessmen behave ethically?

The businessman gets access to all resources such as finance, human capital, land etc. from
the society and makes profits by selling the same to the society. Therefore he needs to be
ethical and shouldn’t make profit at the cost of society.

Benefits of doing Ethical Business

- Ethical business is good business
- It improves public image and support
- Earns people’s confidence and trust
- Leads to greater success
- Helps in long-term standing

 Elements of Business Ethics

Top Management commitment

Higher level managers need to be openly and strongly committed to ethical conduct. They
should continuously try and uphold the values of the organization and the society.

Publication of a ‘code’
‘Code’ refers to the written ethical programs followed by a particular business or industry –
which normally covers the areas of honesty, adherence to laws, product’s safety and quality
and fairness in all dealings.

Establishment of Compliance Mechanism

Simply having a written ‘Code of Ethics’ is not sufficient, the business needs to ensure its
effective implementation at all levels & throughout the life of the business.

Involving employees at all levels

To make ethical business a reality, employees at all levels must be involved.

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Measuring Results
Measuring the results of ethics programs maybe difficult but can have an audit at regular
intervals to monitor compliance with ethical standards and decide about further course of
action.

Short Answer type Questions

For answers, please refer to Key terms.
1. What is Social Responsibility?
2. Define Environment.
3. Define Business Environment.
4. What is Environmental Protection?
5. Define Pollution.
6. What are Ethics?
7. Define Business Ethics.
8. What is meant by ‘Legal Responsibility’?
9. What do you mean by ‘Code of Ethics’?

Long Answer type Questions

1. Briefly explain any five points in favour of Social Responsibility of Business.
Ans. Refer to Arguments for Social Responsibility
2. What is meant by Social Responsibility? & Briefly explain the responsibility of business
towards
i. Shareholders
ii. Employees
iii. Consumers and
iv. Government

Ans. Refer to Key Term – Social Responsibility & Concepts Explanation - Social
Responsibility towards different interest groups

Possible 6Mark Questions

1. Argue for (any 3 points) & against (any 3 points) ‘Social Responsibility of Business’.
Ans. Refer to Arguments for & against social Responsibility in Concepts explanation
2. Recent changes in the attitude of business people towards social responsibility are
based on the realities. Explain any four of such realities.
Ans. Refer to Concepts Explanation – Realities of Social Responsibility

 Higher Order Thinking Skills Questions (HOTS)

Q1.You are appointed as a CEO of a leading manufacturing company having many branches
across the country. Explain the steps which you can take to ensure business ethics in your
organization.
Ans. Refer to Concepts Explanation – ‘Elements of Business Ethics’
Q2. ‘Installation of effective pollution control system will reduce the cost and risk of liability
and improve public image’. Explain.
Ans. Refer to ‘Need for Pollution Control’

59
Q3. A business indulges in following activities. Say, social responsibility towards of which
group is being violated.
a) Pay lesser wages than what is fair
b) Providing product of substandard quality
c) Manipulates its accounts to show lesser profits and to pay lesser tax
d) Releases toxic waste material into the air
e) Indulges in price discrimination

Ans. Social responsibility towards employees, consumers, government, society & consumers.

 Gist of the Lesson:

 Business draws all the required resources & facilities from the society and therefore
it is obliged to show its responsibility by the means of acting in the society’s best
values.
 Societal interest & Business interest are not contradictory but complimentary so the
long run interest of the business lies in the societal interest only therefore apart
from profit maximization business must take into consideration social well being
also.
 A socially responsible business is one which is not only ensuring higher return to the
owners by the way of profit maximization but also one which is
- Using environment friendly production process
- Paying fair salary to employees
- Producing and selling quality goods and services
- Paying tax properly to the government

 Socially responsible business unit should have its own ‘Code of Business Ethics’ to
respect and fulfill the values of the society and seriously pursue business ethics at
all levels and among all employees in the organization.
 A better business can be established only in a peaceful & harmonious society.

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 CHAPTER - 7
SOURCES OF BUSINESS FINANCE

 Introduction: (14 Marks)

Business cannot be run without money. Funds required to carry out business is called
Business Finance. This chapter throws light on how the finances for the business can be
arranged, what are the sources of funding and what terms and conditions are governed
with each type of funding.

 Sources of Funds :

61
 Share: The amount of capital to be raised from public is divided into units of equal values.
These units are known as SHARE.

Equity (Ordinary) shares are those which do not carry any special or preferential rights.
Equity Share

Merits Demerits
1. Convenience 1. Low dividend
2. No charge on assets 2. Uncertain
3. No obligation 3. Unbalanced growth
4. Dependable 4. Misuse and Speculation
5. Growth and Expansion

Debenture: It constitutes the borrowed funds of the company. It is an acknowledgement of

debt. Debenture capital may be called DEBT CAPITAL.

Types Of Debentures

• Secured Unsecured

• Redeemable Irredeemable

• Convertible Non- Convertible

• Registered Bearer
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 Debentures

Merits Demerits
1. Regular return 1.Charge on assets
2. Safety of investment 2.No voting rights
3. Economic sources 3.Permanent burden of
4. Flexibility interests
5. Tax relief

• Differences between Shares and Debentures

BASIS SHARES DEBENTURES

1.Types of funds Owner's funds Borrowed funds

2.Return Flexible Fixed

3.Voting rights Available No voting rights

4.Status of holders Owners of the company Creditors of the company

5. Redemption Not redeemable Mostly Redeemable

6.Charge No charge on assets Charge on assets

7. Degree of risk for
High Low
holders
• Public deposits:

Refers to the unsecured deposits invited by companies from the public. It can invite for a
period of six months to 3 years. Public deposit cannot exceed 25% of its share capital &
resources.

MERITS DEMERITS
1. Simplicity 1. Uncertainty
2. Economical 2. Temporary finance
3. No charge on assets 3.Unsuitable for new
4. No loss on control company

• Lease financing: A lease is a contractual agreement where by the owner of an asset

grants rights to use the asset to other party for rent.

63
• Short term funds:

1. Trade credit: refers to the credit extended by one trader to another for purchasing
goods or service. Small and new firms are usually more dependent on trade credit.

2. Factoring: It has emerged as a popular source of short term finance. It is a financial

service where by the factor responsible for all credit control and debt collection from the
buyers and provides protection against any bad debt losses to the firm.

Two methods of Factoring

Recourse factoring Non- Recourse factoring

3. Commercial Paper (C.P.): It is an unsecured promissory note issued by firm to raise
funds for a short period says 90 days to 364 days. Only firms having good credit rating can
issue the C.P.

• Loans From Commercial Banks

Business can raise finance from commercial banks in the following ways

Term Loan: Cash Credit: Discount of bill: Overdraft:

For medium Interest is Banks provide Current Account
term charged on short term finance holders is allowed
the amount in exchange for to overdraw his
actually bill. A/c.
withdrawn.

• Loans from financial Institutions:

Institutional finance means finance arranged from financial institutions other than
commercial banks like IFCI, ICICI, IDBI, SFI etc.

• International Sources of Finance:

Financial institutions and investors in foreign countries can invest in the shares and
debentures of Indian companies. Two main instruments used by Indian companies to tap
international sources of finance are:

64
 International Sources of Finance

ADR GDR
(American Depository Receipt) (Global Depository Receipt)
1. Rose from equity markets in USA. 1. Traded on a stock exchange
2. Funds from ADR are available in in Europe or US or both.
US Dollars.
3. No broker is needed. Issued only to 2. No voting right
American citizens

• Factors affecting choice of Source of Funds

Long term finance is raised through shares and

debentures.
1 TIME PERIOD
Short term finance is raised through trade credit,
commercial paper, etc.

There is least risk on Equity shares as the capital need not

2 RISK
be repaid. But in case of loan, interest has to be paid

Issue of equity shares may lead to dilution of control but

3 CONTROL
debt involves no dilution of control.

Stability of earnings are important because loan should be

4 EARNINGS
raised only when earning are sufficient.

Interest on debenture is tax deductible.

5 TASK IMPACT
Dividend is not tax deductible.

VSA (Very short Answer type questions ) (1mark)

1. What is commercial paper?
2. What is ADR?
3. What is meant by convertible debenture?
4. Explain the term ‘Factoring’?

SA (Short Answer type questions ) (3 or 4 marks)

1. Describe the various types of finance?
2. Explain three sources of owned funds.
3. Explain any two types of preference shares.
4. Explain the advantages of equity share.

65
LA (Long Answer type questions ) (5 or 6 marks)
1. Distinguish between Equity shares and Preference shares.
2. What are retained profits? Discuss their merits and demerits.
3. Explain the disadvantages of shares.
4. Explain the merits and demerits of public deposits.

HOTS
1. Name the capital invested in permanent assets.
2. What is self financing?
3. Name the agreement where by the owner of the asset grants another party
the right to use the asset in return for a periodic payment.
4. Name the funds needed for day to day operations of business.

• Gist of the Lesson:

 Finance is the life blood of business.

 Business finance is of three types – Long term, Medium term, Short term
 There are two sources of business finance – Owned funds, Borrowed funds
 Shares are of two types – Equity and Preference shares
 Retained profits refer to the undistributed profits which are re-invested in
business.
 Debentures are creditor ship security.
 ADRS and GDRS are the main International sources of finance.

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 CHAPTER - 8
SMALL BUSINESS
 Introduction:

Small Business enterprises exist in e very country of the world. But in a developing country
like India, they occupy a special place in the industrial structure because they provide better
opportunities for generating employment, for better utilization of local resources, for
equitable distribution of national income.
 Meaning:
Small Scale Industry is one in which investment in plant and machinery does not exceed
rupees one core.
An ancillary industrial unit is one which supplies not less than 50% of its output to another
parental unit.
Export-Oriented unit is one which exports more than 50% of its output and wherein
investment in plant and machinery does not exceed rupees one core.
Small Scale Unit owned and managed by Women Entrepreneur is one in which women have a
share capital of not less than 51%.
Tiny Industrial unit is an enterprise having investment in plant and machinery of not more
than Rs.25 laths.
Micro Business unit is one where investment in plant and machinery of not more than Scone
laky.
Village Industry means any industry located in a rural area which produces any goods,
renders any service with or without the use of power and in which fixed capital investment
per head does not exceeds Rs.50,000.
Cottage Industry refers to industrial units which are traditional rural industries located in
residential premises and in which manual techniques and simple tools are used.

 Role of Small Business in India (With Special Reference to Rural Areas)

 Small industries provide employment opportunities in rural areas
 They are the second largest employers of human resources
 They contribute nearly 40% of the gross industrial value added
 The development of village & rural industries leads to industrialization in rural areas
 They ensure equitable distribution national income & wealth by reducing income
inequalities between rural & urban areas
 They help in mobilization & utilization of local resources & skills
 They help generate multiple sources of income to the rural house holds
 They prevent migrations of rural population to urban areas in search of employment.

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 Problems Of Small Scale Industries
 Small scale industries find it difficult to get loans from banks & other financial
institutions.
 They are not able to get quality raw materials at reasonable prices.
 They are usually run by people who may not have managerial skills.
 They cannot pay higher salaries to employees so they leave the business.
 They face competition from global enterprises.
 They use outdated machineries & technologies.
 Their quality of goods is low.
 Due to lack of marketing skills & lack of demand, half of the capacity is not utilized so
the operating cost is more.

 Government Schemes and Agencies for Small-Scale Industries (SSI)

Government Measures and Schemes
 Land is supplied at a concessional rate to industries setup in back ward areas.
 Power is supplied at a concessional rate.
 Water is supplied on no profit no loss basis.
 In all union territories SSI’s are exempted from sales tax.
 Scarce raw materials are supplied on priority basis.
 Loans are offered at concessional rate.
 They are exempted from payment of tax for 5 or 10 years.
 800 items are reserved for exclusive production by SSI’s.

 Institutional support

1. National small industries corporation

 It supplies imported machines and raw materials to SSI’s on easy hire purchase
schemes
 It exports the products of SSI’s
 It provides technologies to SSI’s and creates awareness on technological up
gradation
2. District Industrial centers
 They provide an integrated administrative frame work at the district level
 They provide all the services and support facilities to the entrepreneurs for
setting up small and village industries
3. Small industries development bank of India
 It was setup in 1989 for promotion, financing and development of small
business in India.
 It provides term loans to SSI units for modernization, technology up gradation
and diversification.
 It provides assistance for working capital requirements for SSI’s and tiny
industries.
 It provides assistance for rehabilitation of potentially viable sick units in SSI
sector.
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  It undertakes discounting of bills for small business.
 It provides services like factoring, leasing, etc.
 It extends financial support to various institutions engaged in the promotion of
small business, such as the state financial corporation (SFC), state industrial
development corporations (SIDC), etc.
 It has formulated a credit guarantee fund trust (CGFT) for small industries for
guaranteeing the loans and advance up to Rupees 10 laky.

 Very Short Answer Type Questions:

1. Name the two categories of village and small industries sector in India.
Ans. Traditional small industries –handlooms, handicrafts, coir, sericulture, khaki, and
village industries
Modern small industries- small scale industries and power looms.
2. Name the small scale unit in which investment in plant and machinery does not
exceed rest 25 laths.
Ans. Tiny industrial units.
3. How much do small industries in India account for the total industrial units?
Ans. 95%.
4. How much do small industries contribute to total export from India?
Ans. 45%.
5. Give the full form of NABARD.
Ans. National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development.

 Short Answer Type Questions:

1. How would you differentiate between an ancillary unit and tiny unit?
Ans. Aspin ancillary unit the investment in plant and machinery is up to 1 core and
supplies 50% of its production to the parent unit
In tiny unit the investment in plant and machinery is up to 25 laths
2. What is the difference between small scale enterprise and cottage industries?
Ans. In small scale industry in investment in fixed assets is up to 1 core where as in
cottage industry produce simple products by using indigenous technology and the
investment per person is RS 50,000.
3. Explain four important problems of small business in India.
Ans. The following points should be explained
 Finance
 Management skills
 Marketing
 Quality
4. Explain any 3 incentives offered by got to small scale enterprise so that they can
contribute
in the development of overpopulated country like India.
 Protective measures
 Credit and finance
 Marketing assistance
69
  Incentives
 Institutional support

 Long Answer Type Questions:

1. The path of small scale industries is full if hurdles.” In the light of this statement,
discuss the problems faced by small scale industries.
Ans. The following Problems of small scale industries should be explained
 Finance
 Management skills
 Marketing
 Quality
 Under utilization of capacity
 Raw materials
 Labor
 Technology
 Global competition
2. Describe the role of small business in rural India.
Ans. The following points should be explained
 Generation of employment in rural areas
 Multiple source of income
 Prevent migration
 Mobilization of local resources
 Rural industrialization
 Reduction in income inequalities
 Equitable distribution of national income
3. Identify any 6 major industry groups in the small sector in India.
Ans. 1. Food products
2. Chemicals and chemical products
3. Hosiery and garments
4. Leather and leather products
5. Repair services
6. Beverages, tobacco and tobacco products.
4. Mention the forms of support to small industries by the govt.
Ans.1. Institutions for credit facilities.
2. Provision of training facilities.
3. Supply of machinery on hire purchase system.
4. Technical assistance.
5. Financial assistance for technological up gradation.
6. Incentives for setting up enterprises in backward areas.

70
 Gist of the Lesson
Role of small scale industries in socio economic development of India
 Employment generation
 Output generation
 Export promotion
 Balance regional development
 Development of entrepreneurship
 Complementary to large scale industries
Role of small scale industries in rural India
 Generation of employment in rural areas
 Multiple source of income
 Prevent migration
 Mobilization of local resources
 Rural industrialization
 Reduction in income inequalities
 Equitable distribution of national income
Problems of small scale industries
 Finance
 Management skills
 Marketing
 Quality
 Under utilization of capacity
 Raw materials
 Labor
 Technology
 Global competition
Measures taken by the government
 Protective measures
 Credit and finance
 Marketing assistance
 Incentives
 Institutional support

71
 CHAPTER - 9
INTERNAL TRADE
 Introduction:
Buying and selling the goods and services within the boundaries of a nation are referred to as
internal trade.

 Important Concept:
Meaning of Internal Trade: Buying and selling of goods and services within the
boundaries of a nation are referred as internal trade. Internal trade can be classified into
two (i) Wholesale trade (ii) Retail trade.
Whole sale trade: Whole sale trade is concerned with the activities of those persons
which sell to retailers but who do not sell to ultimate consumers.
Services of Wholesalers:
Wholesalers provide various services to manufacturers as well as to retailers.
Services to Manufacturers:
(i) Facilitating large scale production.
(ii) Bearing risk.
(iii) Financial assistance.
(iv) Expert advice
(v) Help in marketing function.
(vi) Facilitate production continuity.
(vii) Storage.
Services To Retailers:
(i) Availability of goods.
(ii) Marketing support.
(iii) Credit facilities.
(iv) More knowledge about products.
(v) Sharing of risk.
Retail Trade: A retailer is a business enterprise that is engaged in the sale
of goods and services directly to the customers.
Services of Retailers:
Retailers provide various services to manufacturers as well as to consumers.
Services to Manufacturers/Wholesalers:
(i) Help in distribution of goods.
(ii) Personal selling.
(iii) Helps in carrying large scale production.
(iv) Collecting market information.
(v) Helps in increasing sales.
Services to Consumers:
(i) Regular availability of products.
(ii) New product information.
72
 (iii) Purchasing made conveniently.
(iv) More selection of products.
(v) After sales service.
(vi) Giving credit facilities.

 Types of Retailing Trade:

Itinerant retailers: These are traders who do not have fixed place of business and
they keep moving from place to place.
(a) Hawkers and peddlers: They are small producers who carry the products on a bicycle or
heard. They deal in low value products.
(b) Market traders: These are small retailers who open their shops on fixed days example on
Saturday, Friday etc.,
(c) Street traders: These are traders found where there are huge crowds.
(d) Cheap jacks: They keep on changing their places frequently as they deal with repair of
watches etc.,
Fixed shop retailers: They have permanent shops and they do not move from one place
to another.
(a) They have more money when compared to itinerant retailers.
(b) These retailers may be dealing in different type of products.
(c) These retailers provide greater services to the customers.
Types:
(i) General stores:
(ii) Specialty shops.
(iii) Street stall holders.
(iv) Second hand goods shop.
Departmental stores:
(i) It is a large store with different types of products.
(ii) There will be separate departments like medicines, furniture, clothing etc.,
(iii) These stores are located at the heart of the city.
(iv) These stores are managed by the board of directors.
(v) These stores have storing facilities also.
Advantages:
(i) Attract large number of customers.
(ii) Buying is made easier.
(iii) More services are provided.
(iv) Benefits of large scale operations.
(v) Sales get increased by advertising.
Limitations:
(i) No personal attention is there.
(ii) More cost of operating the store.
(iii) More chances for loss.
(iv) Far away from home.
Chain stores:
(i) These shops are located in popular localities.
(ii) Goods are dispatched from the head office.
73
(iii) Each shop is under the supervision of a branch manager.
(iv) All the branches are controlled by the head office.
(v) All sales are made on cash basis.
(vi) The head office appoints the inspectors who do supervision.
Advantages:
(i) Large scale production takes place.
(ii) Middlemen are avoided.
(iii) Cash basis.
(iv) Risk is reduced.
(v) Low cost due to avoidance of middlemen.
(vi) Place can be changed if there are no profits.
Limitations:
(i) Limited varieties are available.
(ii) No personal touch.
(iii) Losses in case of change in demand.
(iv) Delay in decisions.
Mail order houses: These retailers sell their products through mail.
Advantages:
(i) Less capital.
(ii) Middlemen are avoided.
(iii) No bad debt.
(iv) More customers are reached.
(v) Goods are delivered at the door step.
Limitations:
(i) No personal contact.
(ii) Heavy expenditure on advertisements.
(iii) No after sales service.
(iv) No credit facilities.
(v) Delivery is delayed.
(vi) Dependence on postal services.
Consumer cooperative store: This store is an organization managed and controlled by
consumers. The cooperative society generally buy in large quantity directly from the
wholesalers or manufacturers.
Advantages:
(i) Easy to form.
(ii) Limited liability.
(iii) Equal treatment to all.
(iv) Lower prices.
(v) Cash sales.
(vi) Convenient location.
Limitations: (i) No personal contact. (ii) More advertisements. (iii) No after sales service (iv)
No credit facilities (v) Delay in delivery (vi) More dependence on postal services.
Consumer Cooperative store: It is owned and managed by the consumers. This is started to
avoid middlemen.

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Advantages: (i) Easy to form (ii) Limited liability (iii) Equal treatment to all (iv) Low cost (v)
Sales is made in cash only (vi) Location are there in public places.
Limitations: (i) Lack of motivation (ii) Less funds (iii) No business training (iv) No patronage.
Super market: A super market is a big store selling large variety of products.
Advantages: (i) One roof low cost (ii) Central location (iii) Wide selection (iv) No bad debts (v)
Benefits of large scale.
Limitations: (i) No credit (ii) No personal contact (iii) Mishandling of goods (iv)Huge capital (v)
More overhead expenses.
Vending machines:
Vending machines are proving in selling pre packed brands of low priced products which have
high turnover and which are uniform in size and weight.
Role of Indian chambers of commerce and industry in promotion of internal trade:
1. Interstate movement of goods.
2. Local taxes act as an income.
3. Value added tax.
4. Marketing agricultural products.
5. Using proper weights and measures.
6. Prevention of duplication brands.
7. Providing proper roads, electricity, railways.
8. Flexible labour laws.

 Key Concepts in Nutshell

Meaning of Wholesale Trade:

 Purchase and sale of goods and services in large quantities for the purpose of
resale .
 Wholesalers perform a number of functions in the process of distribution of
 Goods and services and provide valuable services to manufacturers and
Retailers.

Meaning Of Retail Trade:

 A retailer is a business enterprise what is engaged in the sale of goods and
services directly to the ultimate consumers.
 Retailers serve as a link between producers and final consumers.
 They provide useful service to consumers, wholesalers and manufacturers in the
distribution of goods and services.

DISTRIBUTION OF GOODS

PRODUCER WHOLESALER RETAILER CONSUMER

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 Departmental stores:
 Departmental stores are located at the heart of the city.
 They aim at satisfying all the needs of the customers under one roof.
 They provide services like restaurant to the consumers.
 Their price policies are not uniform.
 They satisfy the needs of the higher income group.
 Goods are sold only on credit basis also.
Multiple shops:
 Multiple shops are located at residential areas.
 These shops offer only specialized products.
 They provide only limited service to the customers.
 The pricing policies are uniform.
 These shops satisfy the needs of all income groups.
 Goods are sold only on cash basis.

Mail Order Houses:

 They sell their goods through mail.
 They do not have any personal contact with the customers.
 They need not have a big place for selling goods.
 They are mainly started to avoid middlemen.
 They do not offer credit facilities.
Super Markets:
 The super market sells a large variety of products.
 Customers can choose from a wide variety of products.
 All the products are available under one roof.
 They enjoy the advantage of large scale production.
 Since goods are sold only on cash basis no bad debts.
 They are located centrally i.e., at the heart of the city.

 Very Short Answer typeQuestions: (1 Mark)

1. Name the trader who serves as the link between producers and retailers.
Ans: Wholesaler.
2. Name the trader who directly deals with the consumers:
Ans: Retailer.
3. Give the full form of FICCL.
Ans: Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry.
4. Name the retailers who do not have a fixed place for business.
Ans: Itinerant retailers.
5. Name the large retail business unit selling a wide variety of consumer goods on self-
service basis.
Ans: Super market.
6. Who are cheap jacks?
Ans: Cheap jacks are petty retailers who have temporary shops in a business
locality.
76
 7. Name the network of retail shops that are owned and operated by a manufacturer
or dealer.
Ans: Chain stores or multiple shops.
8. Name the large establishment offering a wide variety of products classified into well
defined departments under one roof.
Ans: Departmental stores.
9. Name the retail outlets that sell merchandise through mail.
Ans: Mail order houses.
10. Who are itinerants?
Ans: Itinerant are small scale retailers who do not have a fixed place of business.
 Short Answer type Questions: (3 or 4 Marks)
1. State the important features of supermarkets.
Ans: The super market sells a large variety of products.
Customers can choose from a wide variety of products.
All the products are available under one roof.
2. Explain Mail order houses.
Ans: They sell their goods through mail.
They do not have any personal contact with the customers.
They need not have a big place for selling goods.
They are mainly started to avoid middlemen.
3. What is meant by whole sale trade?
Ans: Purchase and sale of goods and services in large quantities for the purpose
of resale .
Wholesalers perform a number of functions in the process of distribution of
Goods and services and provide valuable services to manufacturers and
retailers.
4. What is meant by retail trade?
Ans:
 A retailer is a business enterprise what is engaged in the sale of goods and
services directly to the ultimate consumers.
 Retailers serve as a link between producers and final consumers.
 They provide useful service to consumers, wholesalers and manufacturers in the
distribution of goods and services.
5. Briefly state the functions of the retailer.
Ans: Services To Manufacturers/Wholesalers:
1. Help in distribution of goods.
2. Personal selling.
3. Helps in carrying large scale production.
4. Collecting market information.
5. Helps in increasing sales.
Services to Consumers:
1. Regular availability of products.
2. New product information.
3. Purchasing made conveniently.
4. More selection of products.
77
 5. After sales service.
6. Giving credit facilities.
6. Discuss in brief the features of departmental stores.
Ans: Departmental stores are located at the heart of the city.
They aim at satisfying all the needs of the customers under one roof.
They provide services like restaurant to the consumers.
Their price policies are not uniform.
They satisfy the needs of the higher income group.
Goods are sold only on credit basis also

 Long Answer type Questions: (5 Or 6 Marks)

1. Distinguish between departmental store and multiple shops.
Ans: Departmental stores:
1. Departmental stores are located at the heart of the city.
2. They aim at satisfying all the needs of the customers under one roof.
3. They provide services like restaurant to the consumers.
4. Their price policies are not uniform.
5. They satisfy the needs of the higher income group.
6. Goods are sold only on credit basis also.
Multiple shops:
1. Multiple shops are located at residential areas.
2. These shops offer only specialized products.
3. They provide only limited service to the customers.
4. The pricing policies are uniform.
5. These shops satisfy the needs of all income groups.
6. Goods are sold only on cash basis.
2. Explain the role of Indian chamber of commerce and industry in promotion of
internal trade.
Ans: Role of Indian chambers of commerce and industry in promotion of
internal trade:
1. Interstate movement of goods.
2. Local taxes acts as an income.
3. Marketing agricultural products.
4. Using proper weights and measures.
5. Prevention of duplication brands.
6. Providing proper roads, electricity, railways.
3. “Consumer cooperative stores are formed to protect the consumers common
interest”. Explain.
Ans: Consumer Cooperative store: It is owned and managed by the consumers.
This is started to avoid middlemen.
Advantages: (i) Easy to form (ii) Limited liability (iii) Equal treatment to all
(iv) Low cost (v) Sales are made in cash only (vi) Location are there in public places
4. Explain the following: (i) Street traders (ii) Market traders. (iii) Hawkers and
peddlars.(iv) Cheap jacks.
Ans: Hawkers and peddlers: They are small producers who carry the products
78
 on a bicycle or heard. They deal in low value products.
Market traders: These are small retailers who open their shops on fixed days
example on Saturday, Friday etc.,
Street traders: These are traders found where there are huge crowds.
Cheap jacks: They keep on changing their places frequently as they deal with
repair of watches etc.,
5. Explain any 5 services offered by retailers to consumers.
Ans: Services to Consumers:
1. Regular availability of products.
2. New product information.
3. Purchasing made conveniently.
4. More selection of products.
5. After sales service.
6. Giving credit facilities
6. What is a departmental store? Explain its merits.
Ans: 1. Attract large number of customers.
2. Buying is made easier.
3. More services are provided.
4. Benefits of large scale operations.
5. Sales get increased by advertising.

 HOTs Questions and Answers

1. “Both departmental stores and multiple shops are large retail establishment ,yet
they are different.” Explain how.
Ans: Departmental stores:
1. Departmental stores are located at the heart of the city.
2. They aim at satisfying all the needs of the customers under one roof.
3. They provide services like restaurant to the consumers.
4. Their price policies are not uniform.
5. They satisfy the needs of the higher income group.
6. Goods are sold only on credit basis also.
Multiple shops:
1. Multiple shops are located at residential areas.
2. These shops offer only specialized products.
3. They provide only limited service to the customers.
4. The pricing policies are uniform.
5. These shops satisfy the needs of all income groups.
6. Goods are sold only on cash basis.
2. “ Mail order houses provide a lot of convenience to the customers yet they are
not very popular” Explain.
Ans: Limitations:
No personal contact.
Heavy expenditure on advertisements.
No after sales service.
No credit facilities.
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 Delivery is delayed.
Dependance on postal services

 Gist of the Lesson:

 Trade refers to the buying and selling of goods and services with the
 objective of earning profit.
 Internal trade: Buying and selling of goods within the boundaries of the nation are
referred to as internal trade.
 Whole sale trade: Purchase and sale of goods and services in large quantities and
selling in large quantities is known as whole sale trade.
 Retail trade: Purchase of goods in large quantities and selling in small quantities is
known as retail trade.
 Departmental store: A departmental store is a large establishment offering a wide
variety of products, classified into various departments, and aimed at satisfying
customers need under one roof.
 Multiple shops: A number of shops with similar appearance are established in
localities spread over different parts of the country.
 Mail order houses: These are the retail outlets who sell their products through mail.
 Consumer cooperative stores: It is an organization owned and managed by the
consumer themselves. (ii) The objective of that store is to eliminate middlemen.
 Super market: It is a large business selling unit selling variety of products at low
prices.
 Vending machines: Coin operated vending machines are proving useful in selling
several products such as platform tickets, milk etc.,

80
 CHAPTER - 10
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS

 Introduction
In this lesson we are going to have overall idea of International Business i.e., how to
sell goods and services to other countries traders/users and how to buy goods and
services from traders of others countries. You are going to learn the formalities and
procedures involved in the process of international trade i.e., both imports and
exports.

 Meaning:
• The buying and selling of goods and services beyond the geographical limits of the
country is known as International Business.
• In other words trade between the countries is known as International business.
• It involves not only the international movements of goods and services, but also of
capital, personnel, technology and intellectual property like patents, trademarks,
knowhow and copyrights.
• If our country buys goods from some other country it is called IMPORT and if we sell
goods to some other country it is called Export Trade.

• Problems of International business: There are various complexities or problems involved in

the international business. The major problems faced are as follows:
1. Different currencies:
Every country has its own currency. So importer has to make payment in the currency of
exporter’s country.
2. Legal Formalities:
International business is subject to a large number of legal formalities and restrictions.
The government of every country exercises strict control over business with other
nations.
3. Distance Barriers:
Due to large distance between countries, it is difficult to establish quick and personal
contacts between traders from different countries.
4. Language Barrier:
Due to different languages in different countries, it becomes difficult for traders to
understand the terms and conditions of the contract.
5. Difference in Laws:
International business transactions are subject to laws, rule and regulations of
multiple countries.International business transactions are subject to laws, rule and
regulations of multiple countries.
6. Information Gap:
It is difficult to obtain accurate information about foreign markets and about the
financial position of foreign merchants.
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7. Transport Problem:
Water and air transport are the important modes of transport used in international
business. Shipping is less costly but time consuming. On the other hand airways are
faster but the cost involved is very high.
IMPORT PROCEDURE

Trade Enquiry
Procurement of Import License
Obtaining Foreign Exchange
Placing order or Indent
Obtaining Letter of Credit
Arranging for Finance
Receipt of shipment Advice
Retirement of Import Documents
Arrival of Goods

Customs clearance and Release of goods

EXPORT PROCEDURE

Receipt of Enquiry and Sending Quotations

Receipt of Order or Indent
Assessing Importer’s Credit worthiness and securing a guarantee for payments.
Obtaining Export license
Obtaining Pre shipment Finance
Production or Procurement of Goods
Pre shipment Inspection
Excise Clearance
Obtaining certificate of Origin
Reservation of Shipping Space
Packing and forwarding
Insurance of Goods
Customs Clearance
Obtaining Mate’s Receipt
Payment of Freight and issuance of Bill of Lading
Preparation of Invoice and Securing Payment

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 Documents used in Export Transactions

Documents related to Goods Documents Related to Documents Related to

Shipment Payment
1. Export Invoice: 1. Mate’s Receipt: 1. Letter of Credit:
• It is issued by the exporter. It is issued by the  It is guarantee issued by the
commanding officer of the importer’s Bank that it will
ship to the exporter after the honor payment up to a
• It provides information like
cargo is loaded on the ship. certain amount of export bills
quantity of goods sent, total
 It contains details like name to the bank of the exporter.
value of goods etc.
of the vessel, berth, date of
shipment, description of
packages, marks and
numbers etc.
 It is very important receipt
as shipping company issues
the bill of lading only after
getting this receipt.
2. Packing List: 2. Shipping Bill: 2. Bill of Exchange:
It indicates the number of  It is the main document on
• It is drawn by the exporter
cases or packs and the details the basis of which customs
on the importer.
of the goods contained in office grants permission for
• It contains instruction to
these packs the export.
the importer to pay a
 It contains details regarding
specified amount to a certain
goods to be exported,
person or the bearer of the
exporter’s name and address,
instrument.
etc.

3. Certificate of Origin: 3. Bill of Lading: 3.Bank Certificate of

• It specifies the country in • It is prepared by Shipping Payment:
which the goods are being company acknowledging the
 It certifies that necessary
produced. receipt of goods on board the
documents relating to the
• It helps to get tariff ship.
particular export have been
concessions. • It is a document of title of
presented to the importer for
• It is also required when goods and is freely
payment.
there is a ban on imports of transferable by endorsement
certain goods from selected and delivery.
countries • It contains an undertaking
to carry them to the port of
destination.

83
4. Certificate of 4 Airway Bill:
Inspection:

 It is prepared by the airline

 It ensures that only good company to acknowledge the
quality products are receipt of goods on board its
exported. aircraft.
 Export Inspection Council of  It is also a document of title
India is one such agency to the goods and is freely
transferable by the
endorsement and delivery.
5. Marine Insurance
Policy:
 It is an insurance contract.
 It is an agreement to
indemnify the insured against
any loss caused due to perils
of the sea in consideration of
payment called premium.
6. Cart Ticket:
It is prepared by the
exporter, which provides
details regarding export
cargo, like shipper’s name,
number of packages, shipping
bill number etc.

It is also known as a cart chit,

vehicle pass or gate pass.

• Documents Used In Import Transactions:

1. Trade Enquiry:
It is a written request by the importer to the exporter to provide information
regarding price, terms and conditions etc.
2. Proforma Invoice:
A proforma invoice is a document that contains detailed information regarding price,
quality, grade, grade, size etc.
3. Shipment Advice:
Shipment advice is a document that the exporter sends to the importer.
It informs that the shipment of goods has been made and details regarding it.
4. Bill of Entry:
It is a document prepared by the importer.
It shows the details of goods imported and is used by custom authorities for
determining import duty.

84
 5. Sight Draft:
It is a type of Bill of Exchange.
Through this the exporter instructs the bank to hand over the relevant documents to
the importer only against payment
6. Usance Draft:
It is a type of Bill of Exchange.
Through this the exporter instructs the bank to hand over the relevant documents to
the importer only against Acceptance of Bill of Exchange.
7. Import General Manifest:
It contains details regarding imported goods.
On the basis of this Goods are unloaded from the carrier.
8. Dock Challan:
It is prepared by the importer or his C& F (Clearing and Forwarding agent)
IT specifies the amount of dock dues.
• WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION (WTO)
 It was established on 1st January 1995.
 IT was established to have a permanent institution to promote free and fair trade
amongst nations.
 Role of WTO
 Encouraging member countries to come forward to WTO for mitigating their
grievances
 Laying down a commonly accepted code of conduct in order to reduce trade
barriers.
 Acting as a dispute settlement body.
 Ensuring that all rules and regulations prescribed in the Act are duly followed by
the member countries for the settlement of their disputes
 Holding consultations with IMF and IBRD and its affiliated agencies to bring better
understanding and cooperation in global economic policy making
 Regularly supervising the operations of the revised Agreements and Ministerial
declarations relating to goods, services and Trade Related Intellectual Property
Rights (TRIPS).
 Short Answers type questions :
1. This certificate specifies the origin of goods exported. Name the document. (1)
Ans. Certificate of Origin
2. This document is issued by the commanding officer of the ship to the exporter
after the cargo is loaded on the ship. Identify the document. (1)
Ans. Mate’s Receipt.
3. This document is prepared by shipping company to acknowledge the receipt of
goods on ship and gives an undertaking to carry them to port of destination. Name
the document. (1)
Ans. Bill of lading.
4. This document is the most appropriate and secure method of payment to settle
international transactions. Name the document. (1)
Ans. Letter of Credit.
85
 5. On the basis of this document, customs office grants permission for the export.
Identify the document. (1)
Ans. Shipping Bill
6. This document is prepared by the importer and it shows the details of goods
imported and is used by custom authorities to determine import duty. State the
name of the document. (1)
Ans. Bill of Entry.
7. On the basis of this document, imported goods are unloaded from the carrier.
Write the name of the document. (1)
Ans. Import general Manifest.
8. What is meant by Bill of Lading? Explain the contents. Of it. (3)
Ans. Meaning of Bill of Lading and its contents.
9. Explain the content and purpose of Bill of Entry.
Ans. Bill of entry (3)
Long Answer type Questions and Answers:
10. Describe the role of WTO.
Ans. Role of WTO (Refer WTO given earlier) (4)
11. Differentiate between
1) Sight and usance draft and Bill of lading and Airway Bill. (4)
Ans. In case of sight draft importer makes payment when relevant documents are
delivered. Whereas in case of usance draft importer accepts the bill of exchange
and makes payment on maturity of bill.
2) Bill of lading is issued by the shipping company when goods are loaded on the
ship.
Whereas the airway bill is issued by airline company when goods are loaded on the
aircraft.
12. What is meant by pre shipment finance? (4)
Ans. Meaning of Pre shipment finance. (Refer Pre shipment finance given earlier)
13. List the major countries with whom India trades
Ans. USA, UK, Belgium, Germany, Japan Swizerland, Hong Kong, UAE, China,
Singapore and Malaysia. (4)
14. Explain the meaning of the following documents used in connection with import
transactions: i) Trade Enquiry ii) Import License iii) Shipment advice Ans. (Refer
Import Documents) (5)
15. Trendz industries has received an export order of 5,000 kids jeans from walmart
store, USA. What procedure you will follow to execute this export order?
Ans. Export Procedure. (6)

 Gist of the Lesson:

 Concept and Problems of International Trade

 Export Import Procedure and documents
 Role of WTO

86
 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN, CHENNAI REGION
BUSINESS STUDIES
MODEL QUESTION PAPER- BLUE PRINT
SET I

Unit
UNIT NAME VSA(1) SA(3,4) LA(5,6) TOTAL
No.
1. Nature and Purpose of business 1(2) 6(1) 8(3)

2. Forms of business organization 3(1), 4(1) 5(1) 12(3)

3. Private, Public and global 3(1) 5(1) 8(2)

enterprises

4. Business services 1(1) 3(1) 6(1) 10(3)

5. Emerging modes of business 1(2) 4(1) 6(3)

6. Social responsibilities of business

and business Ethics 1(1) 5(1) 6(2)

7. Sources of business finance 1(1) 3(1),4(1) 6(1) 14(4)

8. Small business 1(1) 5(1) 6(2)

9. Internal trade 3(1),4(1) 5(1) 12(3)

10. International business I & II 1(2) 6(1) 8(3)

TOTAL 90(28)

87
 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN, CHENNAI REGION
MODEL QUESTION PAPER, SET – I
CLASS XI - BUSINESS STUDIES
CLASS: XI
TIME: 3 HOURS MAX. MARKS: 90

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS:
 Answers to questions carrying 1 mark maybe from one word to one sentence.
 Answers to questions carrying 3 marks maybe from 50 – 75 words.
 Answers to questions carrying 4 marks maybe about 150 words.
 Answers to questions carrying 6 marks maybe about 200 words.
 Attempt all parts of a question together.

1. The industries which provide support services to other industries are known as
(a) Primary industries (b) Secondary Industries
(c) Tertiary Industries (d) Commercial industries (1)

2. Carbon monoxide emitted by automobile directly contributes to

(a) Water pollution (b) Noise pollution
(c) Land pollution (d) Air pollution (1)

3. The capital investment in a small scale industry is

(a) 25 lakhs (b) 10 lakhs
(c) One crore (d) Rs.50, 000 (1)

4. Define Outsourcing (1)

5. Just mention any two types of external trade. (1)
6. Just mention the main communication which helps business for establishing link with
outside world? (1)
7. What do you mean by e-business? (1)
8. What is Letter of Credit? (1)
9. State any two sources of long term finance. (1)
10. Define Business risk. (1)
11. Briefly explain three advantages of issuing debentures. (3)
12. Distinguish between private and public company. (3)
13. Briefly explain three features of MNCs. (3)
14. Explain any three types of warehouses. (3)
15. Explain the merits of Mail Order Houses. (3)
16. What do you understand by Sole proprietorship firm? Explain its demerits. (4)
17. Briefly explain any four types of preference shares. (4)
18. Distinguish between wholesale trade and retail trade. (4)

88
 19. Distinguish between traditional business and modern business. (4)
20. Distinguish between Departmental stores and multiple shops on the basis of:
(a) Location
(b) Credit facilities
(c) Services offered
(d) Class of customers
(e) Pricing (5)
21. Explain the causes of pollution. (5)
22. Explain any five features of co-operative society. (5)
23. What are the incentives provided by the government for industries in backward and hilly
areas? (5)
24. Briefly explain the features of statutory corporation. (5)
25. Explain the characteristics of business
(OR)

Compare business with profession. (6)

26. Distinguish between Domestic and international business
(OR)

Write short notes on the following:

(i) Bill of lading
(ii) Mates receipt (6)

27. Explain the principles of Insurance.

(OR)

Explain the functions of commercial banks. (6)

28. Distinguish between owner’s funds and borrower’s funds.
(OR)

Explain the Merits and demerits of retained earnings. (6)

89
 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN, CHENNAI REGION

SCORING KEY/MARKING SCHEME – SET – I

CLASS: XI TIME: 3HOURS

SUBJECT : BUSINESS STUDIES MAX.MARKS:90

1 (c)Tertiary Industries 1

2 (d) Air pollution 1

3 (c)One crore 1

4 It refers to a long term contracting out of core and non- core activities 1

5 Export and Import trade 1

6 Postal and telecommunication 1

7 Conduct of industry trade and commerce using the computer network 1

8 The document containing the guarantee of bank to honor drafts drawn on it by 1

an exporter.
9 Issue of shares 1
Issue of debentures
10 It refers to the possibilities of inadequate profit or even losses due to 1
uncertainties or unexpected events
(a) Fixed income at lesser risk
11 (b) Financing through debenture is less costly 3
(c) No loss on control
BASIS PRIVATE PUBLIC
Members Minimum- 7 Minimum- 2
Maximum Maximum- 50
Unlimited
12 3
Minimum No. Of
3 2
Directors
Index Of
Compulsory Non- Compulsory
Members
(a) Huge capital resources
13 (b) Advanced technology 3
(c) Centralized control

90
 (a) Public Warehouses
14 (b) Private Warehouses 3
(c) Bonded Warehouses
(a) LIMITED capital requirement
15 (b) Elimination of middle man 3
(c) Absence of bad debts
Sole proprietorship refers to a form of organization owned managed and
controlled by individuals who is the recipient of all profits and bearer of risks.
16 4
(a) LIMITED resources
(b) Unlimited liabilities
(c) Limited life of a business concern
Cumulative Preference shares

Non- Cumulative Preference shares

17 4
Participating Preference shares

Non- Participating Preference shares

Wholesale Retail

Sold in bulk quantities Sold in small quantities

18 2x2

Single variety of goods are sold Many varieties of

goods are sold

BASIS TRADITIONAL BUSINESS E-BUSINESS

1.EASE OF FORMATION Difficult Simple

2.PHYSICAL PRESENCE Required Not required

19 4x1=4
3.COST OF SETTING UP High Low

4. OPERATING COST High Low

BASIS MULTIPLE
DEPARTMENTAL STORES
SHOPS
1 Location Central location is a must Central location
is not needed
20

2 Credit Facilities Credit facilities are Only cash basis

available No credit
facilities

91
 3 Services Offered Maximum Services Very Limited
Services

4 Class of Customers High income group Lower income

group also

5 Pricing Do not have uniform Uniform prices

prices

AIR Pollution
21 WATER pollution 5
LAND pollution
NOISE pollution
(a) Voluntary membership
(b) Service motive
22 (c) Limited liability 5x1
(d) Democratic control
(e) Registration is compulsory
No rent

Power at concessional rate

Water at concessional rate

23 5x1
Abolishing Octroi

Tax holiday

1.It is setup by passing a Special ACT in the parliament

2. Wholly owned by the state

3. it can sue and can be sued

24 4. Employees are not government employees 5x1

5. Not subject to the same accounting and audit procedure applicable to

government department

(a) An economical activity

(b) sale of or exchange of goods and services
4×1 ½
25 (c) Dealing in goods and services on a regular basis
=6
(d) Profit earning
(OR)

92
 BASIS BUSINESS PROFESSION
QUALIFICATION No Minimum Training in a
qualification is specific field
necessary is must

RETURN PROFIT PROFESSIONAL FEE

Risk More risk Some risk

Transfer of Possible Not possible
interest
BASIS DOMESTIC INTERNATIONAL
Nationality of Same nation Different nations
buyers and sellers
Currency of Use of currencies
Currency used domestic Of more than one
26 country is used Country
Mobility of Relatively more Relatively less
factors of Within the
production country
Nationality of Usually citizens Stake holders are from different nations
other stake holders of the same
country
(OR)

After receipt of freight the shipping company issues an official receipt of goods
private on board, it is known as Bill of lading. It is also document of title to goods.
3+3=6

Mates receipt: This receipt is given by the commanding officer of the ship to the
exporter after the cargo is loaded on the ship.

(a) Utmost good faith

(b) Insurable interest Any 4
(c) Indemnity points
27 (d) Proximate cause
(OR)
(a) Acceptance of deposits 4×1 ½
(b) Lending of funds =6
(c) Cheque facility
(d) Remittance of funds

93
 BASIS OWNER’S
BORROWED FUNDS
FUNDS
1.Control Loss on control No Loss on control

Yes. Voting
2.Voting Rights No Voting rights.
rights.

Not
3.Redemption Mostly redeemable
redeemable
28 High Low
4.Degree of risk
4×1½ =6

(OR)

Merits:

(a) Permanent source of funds

(b) Economical
Demerits:
(a) Mis-utilisation of funds
(b) Dissatisfaction among shareholders

94
 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN, CHENNAI REGION
BUSINESS STUDIES
MODEL QUESTION PAPER- BLUE PRINT
SET II
TIME: 3HRS Max Marks - 90

Name of the lesson VSA SA LA TOTAL

1. Nature and purpose of 1 (1) 3 (1) 8 (3)

business
4 (1)

2. Forms of business 1 (1) 5 (1) 12 (3)

organizations
6 (1)

3. Private, Public and Global 3 (1) 5 (1) 8 (2)

Enterprises.

4. Business Services 1(1) 3 (1) 6 (1) 10 (3)

5. Emerging modes of business 1 (2) 4 (1) 6 (3)

6. Social Responsibility of 1 (1) 5 (1) 6 (2)

Business and Business Ethics.

7. Sources of Business Finance 1(4) 4 (1) 6 (1) 14 (6)

8. Small Business 6(1) 76(1)

9. Internal Trade. 3 (1) 5 (1) 12(3)

4(1)

10. International Business 3 (1) 5 (1) 8 (2)

Total 90

Note: Marks are indicated outside the Brackets and No. of questions inside the Brackets.

Project 10 Marks

95
 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN, CHENNAI REGION
MODEL QUESTION PAPER, SET – II
CLASS XI - BUSINESS STUDIES

TIME: 3HRS Max Marks - 90

General Instructions:

1) Answers to questions carrying 1 mark may be from one word to one sentence.
2) Answers to questions carrying 3 marks may be from 50 to 75 words.
3) Answers to questions carrying 4-5 marks may be about 150 words.
4) Answers to questions carrying 6 marks may be about 200 words.
5) Attempt all parts of a question together.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. State two examples of Assembling Industries. (1)

2. State the minimum number of members required to form a public company.

(1)

3. Principle of Indemnity is not applicable to which Insurance? (1)

4. Which method of making payment is mostly used in on-line business? (1)

5. State any two e-business Risk. (1)

6. Mention any two types of pollution. (1)

7. What do you mean by Trade Credit? (1)

8. State one important difference between Share and Debenture. (1)

9. Why equity capital is called Permanent Capital? (1)

10. How can you classify sources of funds on the basis of ownership? (1)

11. Describe the differences between Economic and Non-economic activities. (3)

12. What is meant by Statutory Corporation? State two examples. (3)

13. What is meant by Insurable Interest? (3)

14. Imagine life without your local market. What difficulties would a consumer face if
there is no retail shop? (3)
96
15. What is meant by Bill of Lading? (3)
16. ‘Risk is an essential element of businesses. In the light of this statement, explain the
concept of Business Risk and its any three causes. (4)
17. Explain the need for outsourcing. (4)

18. What is meant by Retained Earnings? Explain any 3 merits of it. (4)

19. Explain any four services of wholesalers to manufacturers. (4)

20. Distinguish between Private Company and public company. (5)

21. What is meant by Multination companies? Explain any 3 features of it. (5)

22. Describe the meaning of Business Ethics and 3 elements of it. (5)

23. Explain the differences between Departmental stores and Multiple Shops. (5)

24. Explain the problems of international business? (5)

25. One man control is the best if that man is able manage everything. Do you agree?
Justify your statement.
(OR)
Explain any six features of Joint Stock Company. (6)

26. Explain the functions of Commercial Banks.

(OR)

Explain any four Principles of Insurance (6)

27. What is meant by Lease Financing? Explain the merits of it.

(OR)

Public deposits as a source of finance are better than raising loans. Comment.
(6)
28. What are the incentives provided by the Government for industries in backward and
hilly areas?
(OR)

The path of Small Scale Industries is full of hurdles. In the light of this statement
explain the problems of Small Business. (6)

97
 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN, CHENNAI REGION
BUSINESS STUDIES
SCORING KEY/MARKING SCHEME – SET – II
TIME: 3HRS Max Marks - 90

General Instructions:
1) Answers to questions carrying 1 mark may be from one word to one sentence.
2) Answers to questions carrying 3 marks may be from 50 to 75 words.
3) Answers to questions carrying 4-5 marks may be about 150 words.
4) Answers to questions carrying 6 marks may be about 200 words.
5) Attempt all parts of a question together.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Car, Computer. (1)
2. Minimum no. of members 7 (1)
3. Life Insurance (1)
4. Credit card or debit cards. (1)
5. Transactional Risk, Data Storage and transmission risks. (1)
6. Water Pollution, Air pollution. (1)
7. Credit allowed by one trader to another trader for the purchase of goods and
services (1)
8. Shareholders are owners and Debenture holders are Creditors. (1)
9. It will not be paid back during the life time of the company. (1)
10. 1) Owner’s Funds 2) Borrowed Funds. (1)
11. Any three differences based on 1. Motive, 2. Expectation, 3. Purpose, 4. Outcome,
Examples. (3)
12. A body corporate created by a special act of parliament or of the state legislature. LIC,
RBI (3)
13. Pecuniary interest in the subject matter of the insurance contract. (3)
14. The importance of Local market any three points (3)
15. Bill of lading a document given by the shipping company. It is the official receipt of
the goods put on board its vessel and at the same time gives an undertaking to carry
them to the port of destination. It is also a document of title to goods and as such
freely transferable by the endorsement and delivery. (3)
16. The possibility of inadequate profit or even losses due to uncertainties or unexpected
events. Causes:
1) Natural Causes
2) Human Causes
3) Economic Causes
4) Other Causes. Any 2 (4)
17. Any four differences based on

98
 1) Focusing of attention.
2) Quest for excellence
3) Cost reduction
4) Growth Through alliance
5) Filip to economic development. Any four with explanation. (4)
18. Retained profit also known ploughing back of profit. It is the undistributed profits
after payment of dividend and taxes. Any 3 merits of it. (4)
19. 1) Availability of goods
2) Marketing Support
3) Grant of credit
4) Specialized knowledge
5)Risk sharing . Any four with explanation. (4)
20. Any 5 differences based on
1) No. of members
2) Minimum number of Directors
3) Minimum paid up capital
4) Index of members
5) Transfer of shares
6) Invitation to public to subscribe to shares. (5)
21. The enterprises which operate in more than one country are known as Global
enterprises. Features:
1) Huge Capital resources
2) Foreign collaboration
3) Advanced Technology
4) Product innovation
5) Marketing strategies
6) Expansion of market territory
7) Centralized Control. Any 4 with explanation. (5)
22. Business Ethics refers to the set of moral values or standards ort norms which govern
the activities of a business man. Elements of Business Ethics:
1) Top management Commitment
2) Publication of a “Code”
3) Establishment of compliance Mechanism,
4) Involving employees at all levels
5) Measuring Results. (5)
23. Any five differences based on
i) Location
ii) Range of products
iii) Services offered
iv) Pricing
v) Class of customers
vi) Credit facilities
vii) Flexibility. (5)
24. i) Different currencies
ii) Legal Formalities
99
 iii) Distance Barriers
iv) Language Barriers
v) Difference in-laws
vi) Information Gap
vii) Transport Problem Any 5 with explanation. (5)
25. Yes. Benefits of Sole trader organization any five with explanation:

i) Quick decision making

ii) Confidentiality of information
iii) Direct incentive
iv) Sense of accomplishment
v) Ease of formation and closure
OR
Features of Joint Stock Company: Any six with explanation
i) Artificial Person
ii) Separate legal entity
iii) Formation
iv) Perpetual succession
v) Control
vi) Liability
vii) Common Seal
viii) Risk bearing (6)
26. A) Acceptance of deposits
B) Lending of funds
C) Cheque facility
D) Remittance of funds
E) Allied services Any 4 with explanation
OR
Any 4 of the following with explanation:
i) Utmost good faith
ii) Insurable interest
iii) Indemnity
iv) Proximate Cause
v) Subrogation
vi) Contribution
vii) Mitigation. (6)
27. Meaning of lease financing. Merits:
1. Lower investment
2. Simple documentation
3. Reduction in tax
4. No dilution in ownership
5. Does not affect the debt raising capacity of an enterprises
6. Risk of obsolescence is borne by the lesser.
OR
Meaning of Public Deposits. 4merits of it:

100
 i) Simple procedure
ii) Economical
iii) No charge on the assets
iv) No dilution in ownership (6)
28. Incentives: a) Land
b) Power
c) Water
d) Sales Tax
e) Raw materials
f) Finance
g) Industrial estates
h) Tax holiday
OR
Problems of Small Business:
a) Finance
b) Raw material
c) Managerial skills
d) Labour
e) Marketing
f) Quality
g) Capacity utilization
h) Technology
i) Sickness
j) Global competition (6)

101
 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN, CHENNAI REGION
BUSINESS STUDIES
MODEL QUESTION PAPER- BLUE PRINT
SET III

CLASS: XI

Units VSA (1) SA (3,4) LA (5,6) Total

1. Nature and purpose 8
1(1) 3(1), 4(1) -
of Business
2. Forms of Business 12
1(2) 4(1) 6(1)
organization
3. Public, Private &
- 3(1) 5(1) 8
Global enterprises
4. Business services 1(1) 3(1) 6(1) 10
5. Emerging modes of
1(1) - 5(1) 6
business
6. Social responsibilities
of business & business 1(1) - 5(1) 6
ethics
7. Sources of business
1(1) 3(1), 4(1) 6(1) 14
finance
8. Small business 1(1) - 5(1) 6
9. Internal trade 1(1) - 5(1), 6(1) 12
10. International
1(1) 3(1), 4(1) - 8
business
Total 10(10) 31(9) 49 (9) 90(28)

Note: Number of questions are given within brackets and marks outside the
brackets.

102
 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN, CHENNAI REGION

MODEL QUESTION PAPER – SET – III

CLASS: XI TIME: 3HOURS

SUBJECT : BUSINESS STUDIES MAX.MARKS:90

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS:
1. Answer to questions carrying 1 mark may be from one word to one sentence.
2. Answer to questions carrying 3 marks may be from 50-75 words.
3. Answer to questions carrying 4-5 marks may be about 150 words.
4. Answer to questions carrying 6 marks may be about 200 words.

1. Name the occupation in which people work for others and get remunerated in
Return. (1)

2. Give two examples of business in which sole proprietorship is popular. (1)

3. What are the forms of organizing private sector enterprises? (1)

4. Expand CWC. (1)

5. What is e business? (1)

6. What is environmental pollution? (1)

7. What are the types of shares? (1)

8. State any one feature of cottage industries. (1)

9. Distinguish any one difference between a wholesaler and retailer. (1)

10. List any two countries with whom India trades. (1)

11. What is the role of profit in business? (3)

12. Write any three benefits of entering into joint ventures. (3)

13. Explain any three functions of warehousing. (3)

14. What preferential rights are enjoyed by preference shareholders? Explain. (3)
103
15. Explain the functions of WTO. (3)

16. Distinguish (any four) between Business, Profession and employment. (4)

17. Distinguish between private company and public company (any four). (4)

18. As a source of finance retained profit is better than other sources. Do you agree? Give
reasons for your answer. (4)

19. What is a documentary Bill of Exchange? (4)

20. Describe the industrial policy 1991 towards the public sector. (5)

21. Distinguish (any 5) between traditional business and e business. (5)

22. Describe the various elements of business ethics. (5)

23. What are the incentives provided by the Government for industries in backward and
hilly areas? (5)

24. Explain the advantages of departmental stores. (5)

25. Despite limitations of size and resources many people continue to prefer sole
proprietorship over other forms of organization? Why? (6)

OR
Explain the functions of a promoter.

26. Explain the functions of commercial bank. (6)

OR
Explain (i) Utmost good faith (ii) Insurable interest (iii) Indemnity as principles
Insurance.

27. Explain the financial instruments used in international financing. (6)

OR
Explain the merits of issuing debentures.

28. What are the services offered by the retailers to consumers? (6)
OR
What are the services offered by the retailers to manufacturers?

************

104
 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN, CHENNAI REGION

SCORING KEY/MARKING SCHEME – SET – III

CLASS: XI TIME: 3HOURS

SUBJECT : BUSINESS STUDIES MAX.MARKS:90

1. Employment. (1)

2. Tailoring and small scale retail store. (1/2×2=1)

3. Sole proprietorship, Joint Hindu family, Partnership, Cooperative society, Joint Stock
Company. (1)

4. Central Warehousing Corporation. (1)

5. E business means reaching out to the customers and conducting sales activities
through internet. (1)

6. Environmental pollution means the injection of harmful substance into the

environment. (1)

7. Equity shares, Preference shares. (1/2×2=1)

8. Cottage industries are organized by individuals with private resources. (1)

9. Volume of goods- Wholesaler deals in large quantities of goods, retailer deals in small
quantities of goods. (1)

10. U.S.A., Japan. (1/2×2=1)

11. (i) Profits is the reward for risk bearing.

(ii) Profits are the internal source of finance for expansion of business.
(iii) A profit making business commands respect and recognition in the society.
(1×3=3)
12. 1. Increased resources and capacity.
2. Access to new markets and distribution networks.
3. Access to technology. (1×3=3)

105
13. (i) Consolidation. (ii) Break the bulk (iii) Stock piling. (1×3=3)

14. A preferential share holder enjoys preferential right over equity shareholders
regarding
1. Payment of dividend.
2. Repayment of capital at the time of winding up of the company.
(1½ ×2=3)
15. WTO:
1. Acting as a dispute settlement body.
2. Holding consultations with IMF.
3. Ensuring that all the rules and regulations prescribed in the act are followed by
the member countries. (1×3=3)

16. Basis: (i) Mode of establishment.

(ii) Nature of work.
(iii) Qualification.
(iv) Reward. (1×4=4)
17. Basis:
1. Members.
2. Minimum number of directors.
3. Index of members.
4. Transfer of shares. (1×4=4)

18. Yes.
(i) It is more dependable than external sources.
(ii) No expenses have to be incurred on prospectus, advertising.
(iii)There is no fixed obligation to pay dividend on retained profits.
1+ (1×3) =4
19. (i) Document against payment.
(ii) Document against acceptance. (1½ ×2=3)

20. Industrial policy of 1991:

1. Restructure potentially viable public sector undertakings.
2. Close down public sector undertakings which cannot be revived.
3. Bring down Government equity in all non strategic public sector undertakings
to 26% or lower if necessary.
4. Fully protect the interest of workers.
5. Revive potentially viable public sector undertakings. (1×5=5)

21. Basis: (Traditional business and e business)

1. Ease of formation.
2. Cost of setting up.
3. Locational requirements.
4. Operating cost.
5. Ease of going global. (1×5=5)
106
22. Various elements of business ethics:
1. Top management commitment.
2. Establishment of compliance mechanism.
3. Publication of a code.
4. Involving employees at all levels.
5. Measuring results. (1×5=5)

23. Incentives provided by the government for industries in backward and hilly areas.
1. Land 2.Power.3. Water. 4. Sales tax 5. Finance (1×5=5)

24. Advantages of departmental stores:

1. Attract large number of customers.
2. Convenience in buying.
3. Attractive services.
4. Economy of large scale operation.
5. Convenient location. (1×5=5)
6. Promotion of sales.

25. Merits of sole proprietorship:

1. Quick decision making.
2. Sense of accomplishment.
3. Confidentiality of information.
4. Direct incentive.
5. Easy to start.
6. Easy to close.
OR
Functions of a promoter:
1. Identification of business opportunity.
2. Feasibility studies.
3. Name approval.
4. Fixing up signatories to the Memorandum of Association.
5. Appointment of professionals.
6. Preparation of necessary documents. (1×6=6)

26. Functions of a commercial bank:

1. Acceptance of deposits. 2. Lending of funds. 3. Cheque facility. 4. Remittance
of funds. 5. Locker facilities 6. Bill payments.
OR
Principles of insurance:
1. Utmost good faith: Both the insurer and insures should display good faith
towards each other in regard to contract.

2. Insurable interest: The insured must have an interest in preservation of the

Thing or life insured.
107
 3. Indemnity: The insurer undertakes to put the insured in the event of loss in
The event of loss in the same position that he occupied immediately before
the happening of the event insured against. (1×6=6)

27. Financial instruments:

1. Global depository receipt. 2. American depository receipt. 3. Commercial banks 4.
Development of banks. 5. Foreign currency convertible bond. 6. International
agencies.
OR
Merits of issuing debentures:
1. Fixed income. 2. Sales are stable. 3. No voting rights so no dilution of control.
4. Debentures do not participate in the profits of the company. 5. Financing
Through debentures is less costly. 6. Debentures are tax deductible. (1×6=6)

28. Retailers to consumers: 1. Regular availability of products. 2. New product

Information. 3. Convenience in buying. 4. Wide selection 5. After sales service.
6. Credit facilities.
OR
Retailers to manufacturers:
1. Helps in distribution of goods. 2. Personal selling. 3. Enabling large scale
operations. 4. Collecting market information 5. Helps in promotion.
6. Taking important decisions. (1×6=6)

**********

108