1.

Factory pattern

Explanation of the Shape, Circle, Rectangle, ShapeFactory, and Main classes

TL;DR

The code defines an interface Shape with a draw method, two classes Circle and Rectangle that
implement the
Shape interface, a ShapeFactory class that creates Shape objects based on a specified type, and
a Main class
that tests the ShapeFactory by creating Circle and Rectangle objects and calling their draw methods.

Explanation

The code defines an interface Shape with a single method draw. Two
classes Circle and Rectangle implement the
Shape interface and provide their own implementation of the draw method. The Circle class draws a
circle, and the
Rectangle class draws a rectangle.

The ShapeFactory class is a factory class that creates Shape objects based on a specified type. It has a
static
method createShape that takes a String argument type and returns a Shape object of the specified type.
If the
type is not recognized, it throws an IllegalArgumentException.

The Main class tests the ShapeFactory by creating Circle and Rectangle objects and calling
their draw methods.
It calls the createShape method of ShapeFactory to create the Circle and Rectangle objects.

Possible bugs

If a new Shape class is added, the createShape method of ShapeFactory needs to be updated to handle
the new
type.

If the type argument of createShape is null, the function will throw a NullPointerException.

If the type argument of createShape is not a valid String, the function may throw a ClassCastException.

Possible improvements

Add input validation to ensure that the type argument of createShape is a valid String.

Add a default case to the createShape method of ShapeFactory to handle unrecognized types.

Use an enum instead of a String to represent the shape types.

TL;DR

The code implements the Proxy Design Pattern, which is a structural pattern that allows for the creation
of a proxy object that acts as a substitute for a real object. The proxy object provides the same interface
as the real object, but with additional functionality, such as lazy loading, caching, or access control.

Explanation

The code consists of three classes: ImageInterface, RealImage, and ProxyImage, and a Main class. The
ImageInterface is an interface that defines the displayImage() method. The RealImage class implements
the ImageInterface and loads an image from disk when created. The ProxyImage class also implements
the ImageInterface and has a reference to a RealImage object. The ProxyImage class loads the RealImage
object only when necessary and delegates the displayImage() method to the RealImage object. The Main
class creates two ProxyImage objects and calls the displayImage() method on them.

The ProxyImage class acts as a proxy for the RealImage class, providing the same interface as the
RealImage class, but with additional functionality. In this case, the additional functionality is lazy loading,
which means that the RealImage object is loaded only when necessary, i.e., when the displayImage()
method is called. This can be useful when loading large or resource-intensive objects, as it reduces the
startup time and memory usage of the program.

Possible bugs

If the fileName argument passed to the RealImage or ProxyImage constructor is null, the program will
throw a NullPointerException.

If the fileName argument passed to the RealImage or ProxyImage constructor is an invalid file name or
path, the program will throw a FileNotFoundException.

If the displayImage() method is called on a ProxyImage object before the RealImage object is loaded, the
program will load the RealImage object, which may take some time.

Possible improvements

Add error handling to the RealImage and ProxyImage constructors to handle null and invalid file names
or paths.

Add a caching mechanism to the ProxyImage class to avoid loading the same image multiple times.

Add access control to the ProxyImage class to restrict access to certain images or to limit the number of
images that can be loaded at once.
Explanation of the Proxy Design Pattern in Java

TL;DR

The code implements the Proxy Design Pattern in Java. The Image interface is implemented by two
classes: RealImage and ProxyImage. The RealImage class loads and displays an image from disk, while
the ProxyImage class acts as a proxy to the RealImage class, loading and displaying the image only when
necessary. The Main class demonstrates the use of the ProxyImage class.

Explanation

The code implements the Proxy Design Pattern in Java. The Image interface defines the display() method,
which is implemented by two classes: RealImage and ProxyImage.

The RealImage class represents a real image that is loaded from disk. It has a private filename field that
stores the name of the image file. When a RealImage object is created, it loads the image from disk by
calling the loadFromDisk() method. The display() method simply displays the image on the screen.

The ProxyImage class acts as a proxy to the RealImage class. It has a private filename field that stores the
name of the image file, and a private realImage field that stores a reference to a RealImage object. When
a ProxyImage object is created, it does not load the image from disk. Instead, it waits until the display()
method is called. If the realImage field is null, it creates a new RealImage object and assigns it to the
realImage field. It then calls the display() method on the realImage object. If an exception occurs while
displaying the image, the catch block prints an error message.

The Main class demonstrates the use of the ProxyImage class. It creates two ProxyImage objects, image1
and image2, with different filenames. It then calls the display() method on each object. The first call to
image1.display() loads and displays the image, while the second call to image1.display() simply displays
the image, since it has already been loaded. The call to image2.display() loads and displays the image.

Possible bugs

If the filename argument passed to the RealImage or ProxyImage constructor is null, the program will
throw a NullPointerException.

If the filename argument passed to the RealImage or ProxyImage constructor is an invalid filename or
the file does not exist, the program will throw a FileNotFoundException.

If the display() method of the RealImage class encounters an error while displaying the image, the
program will throw an exception, which will be caught by the catch block in the ProxyImage class.

Possible improvements

Add input validation to ensure that the filename argument passed to the RealImage or ProxyImage
constructor is a valid filename.
Add error handling to the loadFromDisk() method of the RealImage class to handle cases where the file
does not exist or cannot be loaded.

Add a method to the Image interface to unload the image from memory when it is no longer needed.

Add a method to the ProxyImage class to force the image to be loaded, even if it has not been displayed
yet.

This code implements the Chain of Responsibility design pattern. It consists of three main classes:
`Request`, `Handler`, and `ConcreteHandlers`. `Request` class is responsible for holding the request
amount. `Handler` class is an abstract class that defines the basic structure of the chain. It has two
methods: `process_request` and `set_next_handler`. `process_request` method checks if the current
handler can handle the request, and if not, passes it to the next handler. `set_next_handler` method sets
the next handler in the chain. `ConcreteHandlers` classes are the actual handlers that implement the
`can_handle` and `handle` methods. They check if they can handle the request and if so, approve it. In
this specific implementation, there are two `ConcreteHandlers`: `ManagerHandler` and
`DirectorHandler`. `ManagerHandler` can approve requests up to 1000, and `DirectorHandler` can
approve requests up to 5000. If the request amount is higher than that, the request is not approved. To
use this implementation, you can create a chain of handlers and set the next handler for each one. Then,
you can call the `process_request` method on the first handler in the chain, passing it the request object.
The chain will handle the request and approve it if possible.