PE 351

Power System Analysis

Lecture09: Bus Admittance Matrix

Dr. Shahid Alam

Assistant Professor
Dept. of Electrical Engineering
Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering
Sciences and Technology
[email protected]
Introduction to Power Flow Problem

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Introduction to Power Flow Problem

2
Bus Specifications

3
Load Models
• Ultimate goal is to supply loads with electricity at
constant frequency and voltage
• Electrical characteristics of individual loads matter,
but usually they can only be estimated
– actual loads are constantly changing, consisting of a large
number of individual devices
– only limited network observability of load characteristics
• Aggregate models are typically used for analysis
• Two common models
– constant power: Si = Pi + jQi
– constant impedance: Si = |V|2 / Zi

4
Generator Models
• Engineering models depend upon application
• Generators are usually synchronous machines
• For generators we will use two different models:
– a steady-state model, treating the generator as a constant
power source operating at a fixed voltage; this model
will be used for power flow and economic analysis
– a short term model treating the generator as a constant
voltage source behind a possibly time-varying reactance

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Power Flow Analysis

• We now have the necessary models to start to

develop the power system analysis tools
• The most common power system analysis tool is the
power flow (also known sometimes as the load
flow)
– power flow determines how the power flows in a network
– also used to determine all bus voltages and all currents
– because of constant power models, power flow is a
nonlinear analysis technique
– power flow is a steady-state analysis tool

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Linear versus Nonlinear Systems

A function H is linear if
H(a1m1 + a2m2) = a1H(m1) + a2H(m2)
That is
1) the output is proportional to the input
2) the principle of superposition holds
Linear Example: y = H(x) = c x
y = c(x1+x2) = cx1 + c x2
Nonlinear Example: y = H(x) = c x2
y = c(x1+x2)2 ≠ (cx1)2 + (c x2)2

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Linear Power System Elements
Resistors, inductors, capacitors, independent
voltage sources and current sources are linear
circuit elements
1
V = R I V = j L I V = I
j C
Such systems may be analyzed by superposition

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Nonlinear Power System Elements
Constant power loads and generator injections are
nonlinear and hence systems with these elements can
not be analyzed by superposition

Nonlinear problems can be very difficult to solve,

and usually require an iterative approach
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Nonlinear Systems May Have Multiple
Solutions or No Solution
Example 1: x2 - 2 = 0 has solutions x = 1.414…
Example 2: x2 + 2 = 0 has no real solution

f(x) = x2 - 2 f(x) = x2 + 2

two solutions where f(x) = 0 no solution f(x) = 0

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Bus Admittance Matrix or 𝒀𝒃𝒖𝒔

• First step in solving the power flow is to create

what is known as the bus admittance matrix, often
call the Ybus.
• The Ybus gives the relationships between all the bus
current injections, I, and all the bus voltages, V,
I = Ybus V
• The Ybus is developed by applying KCL at each bus
in the system to relate the bus current injections,
the bus voltages, and the branch impedances and
admittances

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𝒀𝒃𝒖𝒔 Example
Determine the bus admittance matrix for the network shown below,
assuming the current injection at each bus i is Ii = IGi - IDi where
IGi is the current injection into the bus from the generator and IDi
is the current flowing into the load.

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𝒀𝒃𝒖𝒔 Example Cont’d

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𝒀𝒃𝒖𝒔 Example Cont’d

We can get similar relationships for buses 3 and 4

The results can then be expressed in matrix form
I  Ybus V
 I1  YA  YB YA YB 0  V1 
 I   Y YA  YC  YD YC YD  V2 
  
2 A  
 I 3   YB YC YB  YC 0  V3 
I   0 YD YD  V4 
 4  0
For a system with n buses, Ybus is an n by n
symmetric matrix (i.e., one where Aij = Aji)
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𝒀𝒃𝒖𝒔 General Form

• The diagonal terms, Yii, are the self admittance

terms, equal to the sum of the admittances of all
devices incident to bus i.

• The off-diagonal terms, Yij, are equal to the

negative of the sum of the admittances joining the
two buses.
• With large systems Ybus is a sparse matrix (that is,
most entries are zero)

• Shunt terms, such as with the p line model, only

affect the diagonal terms.
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Modeling Shunts in the 𝒀𝒃𝒖𝒔

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Two Bus System Example

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Using the 𝒀𝒃𝒖𝒔

If the voltages are known then we can solve for

the current injections:
Ybus V  I
If the current injections are known then we can
solve for the voltages:
1
Ybus I  V  Zbus I
where Z bus is the bus impedance matrix

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Solving for Bus Currents

For example, in previous case assume

 1.0 
V 
 0.8  j 0.2 
Then
12  j15.9 12  j16   1.0   5.60  j 0.70 
 12  j16 12  j15.9  0.8  j 0.2    5.58  j 0.88 
    
Therefore the power injected at bus 1 is
S1  V1I1*  1.0  (5.60  j 0.70)  5.60  j 0.70
S 2  V2 I 2*  (0.8  j 0.2)  ( 5.58  j 0.88)  4.64  j 0.41

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Solving for Bus Voltages
For example, in previous case assume
 5.0 
I 
 4.8 
Then
1
12  j15.9 12  j16   5.0   0.0738  j 0.902 
 12  j16 12  j15.9   4.8   0.0738  j1.098
     
Therefore the power injected is
S1  V1I1*  (0.0738  j 0.902)  5  0.37  j 4.51
S2  V2 I 2*  (0.0738  j1.098)  (4.8)  0.35  j5.27
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Formulation of Bus Admittance Matrix

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Formulation of Bus Admittance Matrix

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Formulation of Bus Admittance Matrix

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Adding or Removing Branches

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