Assignment 4

AIRCRAFT PROPULSION
Deadline: July 30, 2022 @11:00 PM NPT
Email: [email protected]

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 Contents

1) Consider an axial compressor stage with inlet guide vanes. At design point the inlet flow angle to the stage is -12deg and the stage is operating as
normal repetition stage. Furthermore the following values are known:
Degree of reaction 0.65
Flow coefficient 0.53
Total pressure ratio 1.8
Total-to-total efficiency 0.92
Total pressure at rotor inlet 99kPa
Total temperature at rotor inlet 246K
Mass flow rate 18kg/s
Determine the following assuming a blade height at rotor inlet of 60 mm:
Loading coefficient
Change in total enthalpy
Blade speed u
Rotational speed n [rpm]
Absolute rotor inlet Mach number
Blade height at stage exit
Assume a perfect gas with 𝑐𝑝 = 1156.7𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾,𝛾 = 1.33, and 𝑅 = 287𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾.

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 2) A multistage axial compressor is required for compressing air at 293 K, through a pressure ratio of 5:1.
Each stage is to be a 50% reaction and the mean blade speed of 275 m/s, flow coefficient 0.5, and stage
loading factor 0.3 are taken, for simplicity, as constant for all stages. Determine the flow angles and the
number of stages required if the polytropic efficiency is 88.8%. Take Cp51.005 kJ/(kg ˚ C) and γ = 1.4 for
air.

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 3) At the design operating point, the 10-stage air compressor represented in Figure , rotates at 100%
speed and has a stagnation pressure ratio of 23. The compressor is operated with a fixed area
downstream throttle that is always choked.
a. Using the data on the characteristic, determine the design polytropic efficiency. Assuming that this
polytropic efficiency is constant (a fairly accurate simplification in this case), determine the working line
of the compressor and plot this on the characteristic.
b. If the flow coefficient of the first compressor stage is 0.6 at the design point, calculate the flow
coefficient for the first stage when operating on the working line at 80% speed. What would be the
effect of this change in flow coefficient on the incidence onto the rotor blades?

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 4) An axial flow compressor is required to deliver 50 kg/s of air at a stagnation pressure of 500 kPa. At
inlet to the first stage the stagnation pressure is 100 kPa and the stagnation temperature is 23°C. The
hub and tip diameters are 0.436 m and 0.728 m. At the mean radius, which is constant through all stages
of the compressor, the reaction is 0.50 and the absolute air angle at stator exit is 28.8 deg for all stages.
The speed of the rotor is 8000 rev/min. Determine the number of similar stages needed assuming the
polytropic efficiency is 0.89 and that the axial velocity at the mean radius is constant through the stages
and equal to 1.05 times the average axial velocity. (Assume 𝑅 = 287𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾 and 𝛾 = 1.4)

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 5) Each stage of an axial flow compressor is of 0.5 reaction, has the same blade speed and the same flow
outlet angle of 30 deg relative to the blades. The mean flow coefficient is constant for all stages at 0.5.
At entry of the first stage the stagnation temperature is 278 K, the stagnation pressure 101.3 kPa, the
static pressure 87.3 kPa and the flow area 0.372 m2. Using compressible flow analysis, determine the
axial velocity and the mass flow rate. Determine also the shaft power needed to drive the compressor
when there are 6 stages and the mechanical efficiency is 0.99. (Assume 𝑅 = 287𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾 and 𝛾 = 1.4)

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 6) Consider an axial compressor with inlet guide vanes and 8 repetition stages. The inlet hub and tip diameter are
0.3m and 0.5m respectively. The mean diameter as well as the axial velocity can be assumed constant throughout
the engine. Furthermore the outflow velocity from each stage is known to 26deg, the stage reaction to 0.6 and the
flow coefficient to 0.6 as well. At the inlet to the first stage the following conditions are known:
Total pressure 100kPa
Total temperature 295K
Mach number 0.73
Determine the following:
Air velocity at the inlet of the first stage
Complete velocity triangles
Mass flow rate and rotational speed of the compressor
The isentropic compressor efficiency assuming an total pressure at the outlet of 600kPa (assume 𝑝 = 𝑃03)
03𝑠
The power needed to drive the compressor
Assume a perfect gas with 𝑐𝑝 = 1004.5𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾,𝛾 = 1.4, and 𝑅 = 287𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾.

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 7) An exhaust nozzle has a pressure ratio of 8. The ratio of specific heats for the gas is 𝛾 = 1.3. Calculate
the percentage increase in gross thrust if we were to expand the gas in an ideal convergent–divergent
nozzle as compared with a convergent nozzle.

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 9) The total temperature of the gas entering a convergent– divergent nozzle is Tt7 = 900 K. The ratio of
specific heats of the gas is 𝛾 = 1.3 and cp = 1,243.7J/kg ⋅ K. The nozzle pressure ratio pt7∕p0 = 8.0, the
convergent portion of the nozzle has a total pressure ratio pt8∕pt7 = 0.98, and the divergent section total
pressure ratio is pt9∕pt8 = 0.95. For p9 = p0, calculate
(a) V9 in m/s
(b) V9s in m/s
(c) V9i in m/s and
(d) The velocity coefficient Cv

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 10) The following data were deduced for a turbofan engine

The fuel used is C8H18; it is required for the three operating conditions to
a. Write down the chemical reaction equation.
b. Calculate the equivalence ratio.
c. Calculate the temperature rise in combustion chamber assuming that
QHV = 42,800 kJ/kg, Cpc = 1.005 kJ/(kg · K), Cph = 1.23 kJ/(kg · K)
d. Calculate the combustion efficiency.

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 11) A turbojet engine powering an aircraft flying at an altitude of 11,000mwhere Ta = 216.7K and Pa =
24.444 kPa. The flight Mach number is 0.9. The inlet conditions to the nozzle are 1000 K and 60 kPa. The
specific heat ratio of air and gases at nozzle are 1.4 and 4/3. The nozzle efficiency is 0.98.
1. Determine the thrust per inlet frontal area in the following two cases:
a. C-D nozzle
b. Convergent nozzle
2. Calculate the ratio between the thrust forces in both cases.
3. Calculate the exit total pressure in both cases.

Neglect the mass of added fuel.

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 12) Air at 1 bar and 15◦C enters a three stage axial compressor with a velocity of 120 m/s. There are no
IGVs and constant axial velocity is assumed throughout. In each stage, the rotor turning angle is 25◦. The
annular flow passages are shaped in such a way that the mean blade radius is 20 cm everywhere. The
rotor speed is 9000 rpm. The polytropic efficiency is constant at 0.9. The blade height at the inlet is 5
cm.
Draw the velocities diagram and calculate
1. Specific work for each stage
2. The mass flow rate
3. The power necessary to run the compressor
4. Stage pressure ratios
5. The overall compressor pressure ratio
6. The blade height at the exit from the third stage
7. The degree of reaction of the first stage

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 13) The Mach number of an ideal turbojet (non-afterburning) that flies at sea level is 0.75. The mass
flow rate of air taken by the engine is 75 Kg/s and the compressor total pressure ratio is 15. The fuel has
a heating value of 41.4 MJ/Kg and the total temperature at the turbine inlet is 13R9 K. Assume Pa =
101.3 kPa, Ta = 288.2 K and the specific heat ratio as 1.40. Determine the following: (a) non-dimensional
thrust, (b) non-dimensional TSFC, (c) nozzle exit area

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 CASE STUDY

• A complete design for a seven-stage axial compressor is presented here. The compressor pressure
ratio is 4.15 and the air mass flow rate is 20 kg/s. The ambient temperature and pressure are
288Kand 101 kPa. The rotational speed is 15,000 rpm. The mean flow calculations are given in Table
13.14. The airflow properties along the mean radius of all stages will be given hereafter. Only the
second stage will be examined in detail where the variations of different aerodynamic and
thermodynamic properties from hub to tip will be given using the three design method. Students can
follow similar steps for the other stages. Finally, the seven-stage compressor will be constructed.

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