Programming In Java

Prof. Debasis Samanta

Department of Computer Science Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur

Lecture – 02
Java Programming Environment

So, in this lecture, we are going to learn about how we can write our own program and
then the same program can be executed in our machine. So, today we will discuss the
different steps of programming in Java in a very simple way. So, if you do not have any
idea, it is not difficult, you will be able to follow it. Now, let us see how we can write our
first Java program.

(Refer Slide Time: 00:45)

Now, before going to write the first Java program I just tell about how we usually write a
program for example, in C. So, if you know C programming then it is good that you will
be able to follow it. So, here is basically the idea it is given here how a C programming
will look like that. So, it has basically (Refer Time: 01:03) preprocessing statement at
right, say include. So, here is basically the include and then it basically the main. So, the
main function as you know the C programming is basically functionoriented
programming.

So, there should be one function called the main function. So, this program is written in
the C programming and you can see that this program will basically if you run it then it
will print a message called “Hello, World!”. Now, let us see how the same right task can
be executed by writing a Java program. Now, a Java program will typically look like
this. Now, you can see the difference between the two programs: one program is in C
and another is in Java.

So, it is ‘include’ in C, but here it is ‘import’ in Java. And here you write the main, here
also we write the main like this, but with a peculiar that if syntax. The peculiar syntax is
like this public static void which is not required there only int or some void can be there
in C. So, here is the special thing we learn about the meaning of these things which are
required in Java. The print statement is there in C to print a message. Here in Java to do
the same thing we need this kind of syntax – System.out.println(“ ”) and then within this
double quote the message that needs to be printed.

So, essentially the two programs will do the same thing, but they are written in a
different syntax and different language construct. So, this is the idea about that and this is
your first program and one more thing that I should mention here is that Java as it is
objectoriented programming. So, we have to develop an object. An object is basically
developed by means of defining a class. So, here this is the name of the class that
basically we will be used to run; I mean, run this program as an object. So, the name of
the class here is called HelloWorldApp this is the name you can give a 1, a 2 like this
one also. But there are few things that you have to follow it before giving the particular
name and whatever it.

Now, we have to learn about how we can run a program in Java to print a message and
this is a typical look of this program, you may find it a little bit difficult. So, that what
are the different syntax and everything, but as the time pass and then you will discuss
many things. So, all these things will be easy for you and then you will be able to
accustom to this concept. So, you should not be worried about that. Now, after running
this and another important thing is that as a case sensitive, both the programming
language as you know or if you know already C programming then you know that C is a
case sensitive and Java is also a case sensitive. Case sensitive means for example, where
the System is filled it like this. So, the first character is capital S and it matters.

So, if you write this program which system as small letters all characters in small capital,
small letters then it is not the same thing as it should be. And here, for example, the name
of the class is HelloWorld and you see the some is capital letters some is small letters
this means that they are distinguishable. So, if you write all in small letters this means
that it defines a new class and like this. So, these are basically the case sensitive and Java
is a case sensitive programming language. Then while you typing the program then you
should consider whether they have the right letters have been chosen or not.

(Refer Slide Time: 05:31)

Now, here again, there are few more differences about the C programming versus Java
programming and regarding the paradigms that we use, by this paradigm, the two
program languages are totally different. And, also C programming is not the platform
independent whereas, Java programming is the platform independent. And few things
you can note it from this table that many things which support C programming but does
not support Java programming. This may be a little bit surprising, but is not the surprise
actually Java developer wants to make the programming as simple as possible, as easy
for the programmer is it possible.

So, that is why the many critical and then complex issues which basically leads to a lot
of errors have been carefully ignored in Java programming setting. So, that is why there
are many things which are not supported by Java programmer and in addition to this
there are few things also which is not possible in functionoriented programming like C,
but it is possible in Java programming. For example, inheritance a concept we have
discussed in the last lectures. It is basically not possible in C whereas, it is possible in
Java. A pointer is one great deal of errors and then is learning capabilities actually so, it
usually very difficult to cope with this concept.

So, Java developer has ignored this there that means there is no business of pointer in
Java programming; few things are very much essential. So far the distributed
programming and then internet applications they are called multithreading and interfaces
those things are there. And, to make the robust and most reliable programming the Java
introduced the concept which is new of its kind. In fact, is called the exception handling
which is not there in C programming language, but it is readily available in Java
programming. And, database connectivity usually C does not support database
connectivity, but with Java, we will be able to connect the database. All these are the
basically facility over the C programming and that is we can enjoy from the Java
programming environment.

(Refer Slide Time: 07:42)

Now, so we have discussed the first program that we can write in java programming, we
have an idea about it. Now, let us see how we can type this program, what setting should
we have to do that. Now, you can use any editor, there is a text editor like say Notepad or
MSWord or Edit command in Unix whatever it is there. In Unix there is some other
command editor also there like vi, emacs and gedit. So, you can use any editor and then
type any text like your java program that we have discussed in a few slides back
HelloWorldApp you can write it.
(Refer Slide Time: 08:29)

So, writing the program using editor is not a big thing to discuss and once you write this
program you have to save this program. So, you should save this program in a particular
directory and that can be used using any command in Unix or any prompt common
prompt from the windows. So, that you can make a directory and all the program that
you have developed using editor can be safe there.

(Refer Slide Time: 08:51)

And while you save this program then particular care, ok, I mean task should be taken
into consideration is that naming of the program.
(Refer Slide Time: 09:06)

The name of the program should be the same as the name of the class that you have
defined. For example: in the ongoing example the name of the class that we have given
HelloWorldApp. So, the name of the program; that means, this program should be saved
as a HelloWorldApp and one more important thing that you should know is that
extension. For example, in case of C program the extension should be ‘.c’ whereas, in
case of java the extension of the program should be . java; that means, the program in
java should be saved as ‘.java’ file.

(Refer Slide Time: 09:44)

So, and then the directory that you can see; here after saving you will be able to see this
kind of program has been safe in your current working directory.

(Refer Slide Time: 09:54)

So, once so this is basically the task of editing; that means how you can type your
program using an editor like gedit editor or Notepad or MSWord. Now, I will come to
the discussion of how you can compile this program that means translate this program.
As you know the java file is basically is a highlevel program that means a program
written in a highlevel language. So, this program in order to execute it should be
translated into a machine level code binary code form.

Now, I will discuss how this can be I mean compiled or translated. Now, for this
translation there is a program provided by the Java developer and the name of the
program or you can say the command is called java c javac it is called the javac; it is a
basically short form of java compiler. So, you can use javac as a command and then type
this javac followed by the name of the java file. For example, javac HelloWorldApp .
java. So, if you run this and if there is no error in your program then java will compile
this program successfully.
(Refer Slide Time: 11:12)

So, this is a command that you can use from your command prompt, Windows or from
your Unix terminal the program. And, once the program is successfully compiled this .
java file will be converted into one file having the same name as the name of the java file
earlier, but the extension is different. The name of the file with executable code is called
. class. So that means, HelloWorldApp . java will be translated into a code a file is
called HelloWorldApp . class.

(Refer Slide Time: 11:58)

So, this is basically the task that the compilation we will do for you and then running that
mean execution. So, the class file that you have already created you can execute the same
file from the same directory if you type the command from the directory. So, the class
file which belongs to the directory say you are working directory and then from the
directory, if you run this command, like the then it will run the program.

And, here you see while you run this program you do not have to specify them . class,
just simply name of the file without any extension it will run your program. And, if there
is no error during runtime also sometimes an error is there then this program will
produce the output on the screen or it will be store the output. So, we learn about how to
edit a program, then how to compile it and how to execute the program ok.

(Refer Slide Time: 12:58)

So, the concept is pretty simple and it needs few I mean practice to cope with this.
(Refer Slide Time: 13:02)

So, in our one demonstration, we will give you enough program so, that you can practice
on your own. Now, before going to our next discussion I just want to highlights a few
things about. I several times told about that programming is a platform independent
whereas, C programming is not; what it does mean actually. So, here the meaning can be
understood here. For example, this is the program that you have written using any editor
Notepad like and then the name of the program is HelloWorld java. And, this program is
translated by a compiler called javac this one.

Then platform independent it does means that the same file that you have developed
should be executed in one machine we say Windows 32, in another machine we say
Windows 64 or in another machine say Solaris or is a MacOS or like that. So that means,
the program which is compiled successfully should be executable in any operating
system whether it is Windows or it is Unix or it is MacOS, then it is called the platform
independents. So, that concept is basically possible here. This means that the file that we
built by compiling that means . class file is basically one sort of thing which any
machine can understand it ok.

If it is not platform independent this means that compiler will compile one code which
basically only one particular machine can understand it. So, C compiler is basically the
different C compilers are there or the translating the program into the different machines
that is why it is totally platform related. That means the same machine which basically
compiles for this machine cannot be executable into another machine. Maybe high-level
language program same, but the ultimate executable thing is basically different.

So, that is why the C programming cannot provide us the platform-independent concept,
but here is basically because of the concept of . class. Now, here again, question is that
what is the special thing in the . class.

(Refer Slide Time: 15:32)

So, that that idea is basically the concept of . class is basically one code which basically
any machine can understand; that means, this executable code is basically developed
targeting a virtual machine. Now, regarding this concept, we will discuss in details
whenever you will discuss the platform independent issue in a more detail manner. Now,
is a programming language and mainly it is an object-oriented programming language.
Like there is another object-oriented programming language before came into the market
that time another programming is also very popular; it is called the C++.

The programming is basically is an extension of C, C is a function-oriented whereas, C+

+ is object-oriented, but the two programming language all through object-oriented
programming has radically many different features are there. So, let us quickly see what
are the difference between the two programming environment C or C++ and Java. Now
first of all so far the program building and software development is a concern they follow
the complete different task; the task that that is followed in C, C++ is shown here. So,
here if you write a program that is you call the program file, source file it is and the
source file has certain preprocessing; that means, it will link and if it is any library and
everything.

So, they first undergo through preprocessing and then finally, pre proposed things will be
compiled. And, then after the compilation, it produces the assembly code. Assembly
code is basically the program in numeric at, sharp like this one. Then the assembler will
be there which will basically translate the assembly code into the assembler ok, using
assembler into the machine level. And here these assembler is basically different
assemblers are there in the different what is called the architectures. Similarly, the
different compiler because of the different machine, different architecture, different
operating system follow the different assembly code.

And then different hardware, the microprocessor follow the different machine level code
from the same assembly language programming actually. So, the assembler will convert
a high-level program written in .c or . cpp for C++ and then finally, produce an object
file. And, sometimes these object file may take some help of some libraries or build in
the program. So, this is a built-in program that needs to be linked and finally, the
executable file will be created. So, this is the way the conventional C or C++
programming work for us; that means, from writing from program to executing a
program. Now, let us see the same thing how it works in the system, environment; it is in
fact pretty simple.

It is not so complex task rather it basically these are java file program written in java .
java file and then there is a compiler. This compiler is the same compiler, what about the
machine you use (Refer Time: 18:57) not an issue. This compiler will translate into .
class file, . class file in technology it is called the program not in binary form or not in
machine level code rather it is in the form of code it is called the byte code. It looks like
1 0 0 0 1 1 like this one machine level code, but its formats its syntax is totally different.

So, this is the byte code, byte code is now we can say is executive code; then in order to
run these byte codes we need one interpreter. So, basically, this is one it is called the
interpreter, an interpreter and interpreter as you know interpreter basically take one code,
run it then go to the next run it like this one. So, it is an interpretative mode, it is not that
the way compiler and then the executive code finally, is produced for this machine and
then it will execute. Now, here you can think that here in C or C++ everything is
basically the compilation whereas, in the case of two things are there both interpretations
as well as a compilation are there.

So, it halfway compiles the program into byte code and then the next halfway it basically
execute the byte code into the corresponding machine. So, here the idea about that this
bytecode that will be produced is targeting a hypothetical machine irrespective of the
architecture it is there. And, the interpreter for every architecture there is a corresponding
interpreter. So, these interpreters know that if this is a byte code then how to work with
this and then that way the machine independence is maintained here in case of the
environment.

So, this is the idea about the execution of the two different programming concepts, for
example, C C++ and apart from this thing there are few more differences are there. So,
far the two programming languages both are object-oriented programming languages C+
+ and Java, I will quickly summarize the different concept it is here.

(Refer Slide Time: 21:28)

So, C++ and both are object-oriented programming, but they are a target are not (Refer
Time: 21:38) same. For example, C++ usually preferable for developing very large
software such as library management system, employee management system, then a
passenger railway reservation system like this. Whereas this can be used to develop all
these kind of systems of course, but in addition to this is a very special programming
language which is suitable for developing particularly communication or internet
application related software development.

For example, if you want to develop networking technology, to develop many protocols
in networking then you should use instead of C++. For internet programming; that
means, how the browser work, how the remote desktop can work; all these things are
best suitable. You if you want to develop the web page, the web page is a very common
things nowadays many organization they maintain their web pages including any
information and then many services.

So, web services, for example, the bank, and everything. So, the webpage you can
develop and then web browser also; that means, it will browse any webpage if it is
available on the internet or www. So, these are the programming that you can do using
programming better and in C++ sometimes they are not possible or infeasible.

(Refer Slide Time: 23:19)

So, these are the difference in the task that the two programming languages are there.
Now, I will just feature wise I will tell about how the two programming languages are
different. Now, here I have mention a few important things which are possible in C++
and which are not possible in and vice versa. Now so, for the encapsulation is concerned
we have discussed that is an object-oriented programming and encapsulation is a
programming feature. So, both C++ and provides the encapsulation and that means, they
allow us to develop our class file. Polymorphism if you see both C++ and provides a
polymorphism and binding; that means, how the different a data can be bind to the
different functions or methods.

There is a concept called the binding and there are two types of binding; the static and
dynamic both kind of binding is possible in as well as in C++. And, then inheritance here
is a bit different in C++ and Java. C++ supports are both single as well as multiple,
multiple is a very complex inheritance mechanism. On the other hand, does not support
multiple inheritances, supports only single inheritance. And, then operator overloading
this is another important things; that means, that different operator, for example, the
plus-plus can be used for adding two numbers, plus can be used for adding two
documents like this; this is a polymer print concept actually.

So, operator overloading is a concept of polymorphism. C++ allows operator

overloading whereas, Java does not allow operator overloading. And, then template
classes these basically C++ allow template class; that means, one template means is basic
class can be developed which basically not suitable for creating an object, but it is a
template only. But Java does not give any facilities to create a template class. There are
few more things like a pointer. Pointer is not possible in Java whereas, a pointer is
possible in C++. And, interface and packages Java is a very good one features regarding
this whereas, in C++ does not have.

Now, here we can see many things; many things for example, here in C++ whereas, Java
they do not have and few things, of course, Java has where the C++ does not have. Now
here obviously, I told you that what is the reason behind this. The reason is that Java we
want to develop a user-friendly one programming environment. In order to make a user
programming user-friendly environment the Java developer (Refer Time: 26:22) down
many complicated features which basically associated with a lot of errors; a lot of errors
in the program list to the program which is not a robust program or reliable program. So,
eliminating some features which are very complex and erroneous so, we can make a
reliable and robust Java programming; that is the beauty of the Java programming and
that that is why Java become a great programming language is here.
(Refer Slide Time: 26:50)

And another difference this is obviously there another see difference is there C++ again
is an object-oriented programming, but it is not platform independent. That means
different compiler is required to translate the C++ code into the different programming
languages whereas, Java is a platform independent programming language this means
that that. So, Java code will create a byte code and then byte code will be interpreted in a
different programming environment. And this way the platform independent; that means,
the same code can be executed wherever you want to run it.

But here the different compiler is required to run your same program in the different
programming environment. So, this is the idea about the two programming languages C+
+ and Java and the basic difference between them ok. So, we have learned in this lecture
the idea about the programming the different steps of programming in Java and how Java
programming is different from the C++ or C programming or other functional
programming concept.
(Refer Slide Time: 28:05)

Now, so far we have discussed a very simple program which includes only one class. In
our example, we have considered one class namely HelloWorldApp.java, but is it
possible that a program can consist of more than one classes. And, if it consists more
than one classes whether the same techniques for compiling and executing is there or not
or we have to follow the different concepts. And, also how a browser can execute a Java
program; those are the interesting things in Java. So, all these things we will cover in our
next lecture.

Thank you very much.