Transmission and Distribution Design Word
Transmission and Distribution Design Word
Nc = No. of circuits
For Nc=1,
Vs1 = 132 kV
For Nc=2,
Vs2 =132 kV
For Nc=1,
Vs12 1322
SIL1 = = = 43.56 MW
Zc 400
For Nc=2,
Vs 22 1322
SIL2 = = = 87.12 MW
Zc 200
mf limit:
1
Transmission and Distribution Line Design (305, 308, 322, 328)
For Nc=1,
P 100
mf1 = = = 2.295
SIL 1 43.56
For Nc=2,
P 100
mf2 = = = 1.147
SIL 2 87.12
Decision:
Here, mf1 < mf limit and mf2 < mf limit. Thus, both Nc=1 and Nc=2 satisfy the stability criteria for their
corresponding economic voltage level.
Now,
Number of Circuits =1
132∗1.1
= 6.5 * +8
√ 3∗10
= 62.49’’
∴ ɵmax = 450
iv. Cross arm length (cL) = a (1+tanɵmax) = 62.49* (1+ tan 450) = 124.98 inches
2
Transmission and Distribution Line Design (305, 308, 322, 328)
l+ a
√ ()( ) x 2 l+ a 2
Vertical distance between conductors (Y) =
1− ∗
y CL
Take x/y = 0.3,
88.37+62.49
√ ( ) = 161.84 inches
2
∴Y= 2 88.37+62.49
1−( 0.3 ) ∗
124.98
∴ Y= 161.84 inches = 411.074 cm
vii. Vertical separation between topmost conductor and height of the tower
INSULATION DESIGN
The insulation to be used is disc type. The size of each disc is 254X154 mm. The disc must withstand
the continuous operating voltages as well as the temporary and lightening over voltages under worst
condition (rainy).
3
Transmission and Distribution Line Design (305, 308, 322, 328)
Nearest higher 1 min. wet FOV voltage (in table A-3) = 370 kV.
∴ No. of discs = Nd2 = 9
c. Temporary Over Voltage Test
Temporary o/v = Ef * maximum system voltage
Where, Ef = Earthing Factor = 0.8 (for Nepal)
∴ Temporary o/v = 0.8 * 145 = 116 kV
Equivalent FOV = Temporary o/v * √ 2 * FWR * NAC * FS
= 116 * √ 2 * 1.15 * 1.1 * 1,2
= 249.02 kV
Wet season is the worst condition.
Thus, nearest higher FOV (from table A-3, 1 min. wet FOV) = 250 kV
∴ No. of discs = Nd3 = 6
d. Switching Over Voltage Test
Switching o/v = Maximum per phase peak voltage * SSR
Where, SSR = Switching Surge Ratio = 2.75 (for 132 kV)
Thus, we can tabulate the various tests and no. of discs required for each test as follow:
∴ No. of discs = Nd = 9
CONDUCTOR SELECTION
4
Transmission and Distribution Line Design (305, 308, 322, 328)
For LYNX
=0.15890*80
= 12.712 Ω
= (460.407)2 * 15.00016
= 3.1796 MW
Pl
∴ɳ= 1- = 1- 9.53896/100 = 90.46%
P
Here, Efficiency(ɳ) < 94 %, Thus, we go for next higher sized conductor.
For GOAT
= 0.08989 * 80
= 7.1912 Ω
= 8.4856 Ω
5
Transmission and Distribution Line Design (305, 308, 322, 328)
= (460.407)2 * 8.4856
= 1.7978 MW
Here, efficiency (ɳ) = 94.60 > 94, thus we select the conductor GOAT for further calculation and
analysis.
For GOAT
The conductor has 37 strands (30 Aluminum strands and 7 steel strands).
= 9.97248 mm.
GMD Calculation:
√(
Y=411.0736
From fig. K =
2 )
Y 2
+ ( 2 CL+b )2
K
cm
√(
Y/2
)
2
411.0736
= + ( 2∗317.45+238.087 )2
2
2cL+b
∴ K = 964.927 cm.
∴ GMD = √
6
Dab∗Dac∗Dbc∗Dba∗Dca∗Dcb
=√
6
K∗K∗Y ∗K∗K∗Y
=√
6 4
K ∗Y
2
√
6
= ( 964.927 cm )4∗( 411.0736 cm )2
∴ GMD = 726.054 cm
= 2*10-7 ln ( 726.054 cm
9.97248∗10−3 cm )
*[80 *1000]
6
Transmission and Distribution Line Design (305, 308, 322, 328)
= 0.1054 H
=1.3175 mH/km
2π ϵ 0
Capacitance (C) =
ln
GMRc( )
GMD * [Lt*1000]
= 0.703162 μF
= 8.789 nF/km
= (8.4856 +j 33.12) Ω
Length of the line is 80 km. Hence, calculation of Parameters is done using pi-model.
VS VR
IS IR
Z
Y/2 Y/2
[ ] [ ]
−4 0 0
YZ (2.20904∗10 <90 )(34.198<75.63 )
∴ C = Y 1+ = (2.20904*10-4<900)¿ 1+ = 2.2046*10-4 <
4 4
90.02690
Cos Φ = 0.95(lag)
7
Transmission and Distribution Line Design (305, 308, 322, 328)
∴ Φ = -18.1950
132kV 0
= (0.9963<0.05390)*( <0 ) + (34.198<75.630)*(460.407<-18.1950)
√3
= 75.92857<0.05390 + 15.745<57. 4350, kV
= 85.45<8.9820 kV
132
Also, |VR| per phase @ full load = =76.210 kV
√3
Therefore,
For SHEEP
The conductor has 37 strands (30 Aluminum strands and 7 steel strands).
=0.0916978 Ω/km
8
Transmission and Distribution Line Design (305, 308, 322, 328)
= 2*10-7 ln ( 726.054 cm
1.072512 )
*[80 *1000]
= 0.10428 H
=1.303 mH/km
2π ϵ 0
Capacitance (C) =
ln (
GMRc )
GMD * [Lt*1000]
2 π∗8.85∗10−12
∴C =
ln (1.3965 )
726.054 cm * [80*1000]
= 7.1134 *10-7 F
= 0.77=1134 μF
= 8.789 nF/km
= (7.3358 +j 32.7605) Ω
Length of the line is 80 km. Hence, calculation of Parameters is done using pi-model.
VS VR
IS IR
Z
Y/2 Y/2
−4 0 0
YZ (2.234∗1 0 <90 )(33.57<77.378 )
∴A=D=1+ =1+ = 0.99634 <0.04710
2 2
∴ B = Z = 33.57<77.3780
∴ C = Y 1+[
0
YZ
4 ]
= (2.2234*10-4<900)¿ 1+
[
(2.234∗10−4 <90 0)(33.57< 77.3780)
4 ]
= 2.2299*10-4 <
90.0235
9
Transmission and Distribution Line Design (305, 308, 322, 328)
Cos Φ = 0.95(lag)
∴ Φ = -18.1950
132kV 0
= (0.99634<0.04710)*( <0 ) + (33.57<77.3780)*(460.407<-18.1950)
√3
= 75.931<0.0471 + 15.462<59.18320, kV
= 84.906<9.040 kV
132
Also, |VR| per phase @ full load = =76.210 kV
√3
Therefore,
IV. Corona
For SHEEP
Corona inception voltage (Vci) = √ 3∗¿ Air dielectric strength * GMRC * m * δ * ln ( GMRc
GMD
)
Where, Air dielctric strength = 21.21 kV/ cm (rms)
Since Vci > Maximum system voltage. The conductor SHEEP satisfies all criteria.
Hence the best five conductors which satisfy all the criteria are:
10
Transmission and Distribution Line Design (305, 308, 322, 328)
A. SHEEP
B. DEER
C. ZEBRA
D. ELK
E. MOOSE
TENSION CALCULATION
i. Toughest condition -T1 tension and Sag is minimum (Dmin).
- Wt. of conductor (w1)
ii. Normal Operating Condition (Stringing Condition) – T2 tension and S2 sag
- Wt. of conductor (w2)
iii. Easiest condition – T3 tension and Sag is maximum (Dmax).
- Wt. of conductor (w3)
√
∴ weight during toughest condition = w 1 = ( wc+ wice )2+ w w2 = √ wc 2+ w w2
UTS
T1 ≤ where UTS = Ultimate Tensile Strength of the conductor
FS
FS = Factor of safety = 2
w 12 l 2
Where k1 = -T1 + α (θ2 – θ1) A ϵ + 2 Aϵ
24 T 1
11
Transmission and Distribution Line Design (305, 308, 322, 328)
2 2
w2 l
K2 = Aϵ
24
ϵ= Modulus of Elasticity
w 12 l 2
Where k1’ = -T2 + α (θ3 – θ2) A ϵ + 2 Aϵ
24 T 2
w 22 l 2
k2’ = Aϵ = k2
24
θ3 = Temperature @ easiest condition = 650C
Sample Calculation
For SHEEP
= 100*1000*27.93*10-3*2/3
= 1862 kg/km
= √ 17262 +18262
12
Transmission and Distribution Line Design (305, 308, 322, 328)
= 25838.92 kg/km
Calculation of T1
Calculation of T2
2 2
w1 l
k1 = -T1 + α (θ2 – θ1) A ϵ + Aϵ
24 T 12
[ ]
2 2
2538.92 ∗0.25
*[ 462.60∗10−2∗0.789∗106 ]
−6
= -7955 + 17.73∗10 ∗( 27−0 ) + 2
24∗7955
= -7955 + 2715.459
= -5239.54
2 2
w2 l
k2 = Aϵ
24
2 2
1726 ∗0.25
= (462.60*10-2*0.789*106)
24
= 2.8316*1010
∴ T2 = 6020.697 kg
Calculation of T3
2 2
w1 l
k1’ = -T2 + α (θ3 – θ2) A ϵ + 2 Aϵ
24 T 2
13
Transmission and Distribution Line Design (305, 308, 322, 328)
[ ]
2 2
2538.92 ∗0.25
2 *[ 462.60∗10 ∗0.789∗10 ]
−6
= -6020.697 + 17.73∗10 ∗( 65−27 ) + −2 6
24∗6020.697
= -6020.697 + 4149.362
= -1871.33
∴ T2 = 3815.932 kg
So far, five best conductors have been chosen. The tension due to these five different conductors for
different span length from 250m to 350m (step of 25m ) are shown in the following tables:
14
Transmission and Distribution Line Design (305, 308, 322, 328)
TENSION CALCULATION
For SHEEP (Table 1.1)
θ
A ε α θ1 θ2 3 UTS T1 Wp Ww W1 l W2 k1 k2 T2 k1' k2' T3
462. 78900 0.0000177 1591 10 186 2538.92 172 2.8316E+1 6020.69 - 2831607083 3815.93
6 0 3 0 27 65 0 7955 0 2 1 0.25 6 -5239.54 0 9 1871.336 2 7
462. 78900 0.0000177 1591 10 186 2538.92 0.27 172 3.4262E+1 5990.85 - 3426244570 3817.34
6 0 3 0 27 65 0 7955 0 2 1 5 6 -5036.22 0 8 1466.112 7 5
462. 78900 0.0000177 1591 10 186 2538.92 172 4.0775E+1 5961.02 - 4077514199
6 0 3 0 27 65 0 7955 0 2 1 0.3 6 -4813.53 0 9 1018.975 8 3817.26
462. 78900 0.0000177 1591 10 186 2538.92 0.32 172 4.7854E+1 5931.59 - 4785415970 3815.90
6 0 3 0 27 65 0 7955 0 2 1 5 6 -4571.48 0 4 529.4781 6 7
462. 78900 0.0000177 1591 10 186 2538.92 172 5.5499E+1 5902.86 5549949883 3813.51
6 0 3 0 27 65 0 7955 0 2 1 0.35 6 -4310.06 0 6 2.740975 1 7
15
Transmission and Distribution Line Design (305, 308, 322, 328)
484. 68600 0.0000193 1331 10 190 2504.91 0.27 162 2.7587E+1 4692.16 2758729269 2794.96
5 0 5 0 27 65 6 6658 0 8 4 5 3 -3439.13 0 6 736.4994 6 8
484. 68600 0.0000193 1331 10 190 2504.91 162 3.2831E+1 4665.59 3283115825
5 0 5 0 27 65 6 6658 0 8 4 0.3 3 -3157.35 0 6 1370.994 0 2804.18
484. 68600 0.0000193 1331 10 190 2504.91 0.32 162 3.8531E+1 3853101211 2810.88
5 0 5 0 27 65 6 6658 0 8 4 5 3 -2851.07 0 4640.42 2065.779 3 9
484. 68600 0.0000193 1331 10 190 2504.91 162 4.4687E+1 4616.79 4468685428 2815.63
5 0 5 0 27 65 6 6658 0 8 4 0.35 3 -2520.28 0 7 2821.078 5 8
For MOOSE
(Table 1.5)
θ
A ε α θ1 θ2 3 UTS T1 Wp Ww W1 l W2 k1 k2 T2 k1' k2' T3
68600 0.0000195 1625 10 211 2914.43 200 4.2746E+1 5844.58 - 4274598891 3548.31
597 0 3 0 27 65 0 8125 0 8 4 0.25 2 -4593.21 0 4 153.2395 1 9
68600 0.0000195 1625 10 211 2914.43 0.27 200 5.1723E+1 5827.89 5172264658 3585.19
597 0 3 0 27 65 0 8125 0 8 4 5 2 -4305.04 0 1 438.7775 2 5
68600 0.0000195 1625 10 211 2914.43 200 6.1554E+1 5811.79 6155422403 3616.55
597 0 3 0 27 65 0 8125 0 8 4 0.3 2 -3989.42 0 6 1089.627 1 2
68600 0.0000195 1625 10 211 2914.43 0.32 200 7.2241E+1 5796.45 7224072125 3643.20
597 0 3 0 27 65 0 8125 0 8 4 5 2 -3646.36 0 6 1799.483 9 9
68600 0.0000195 1625 10 211 2914.43 200 8.3782E+1 5781.96 8378213826 3665.89
597 0 3 0 27 65 0 8125 0 8 4 0.35 2 -3275.86 0 9 2568.456 5 6
16
Transmission and Distribution Line Design (305, 308, 322, 328)
17
Transmission and Distribution Line Design (305, 308, 322, 328)
w 3 ls p2
Dmax =
8T 3
(Vmax−33)
Minimum ground clearance = hg = +17 feet
33
Now,
Height of tower = ht = h3 + d
(145.2−33)
hg = +17 feet = 20.4 ft. = 6.21792 m
33
Sample Calculation
w3 = wt. per unit length @ easiest condition = 1726 kg/km. (=w 2 in table 1.1)
18
Transmission and Distribution Line Design (305, 308, 322, 328)
2 2
w 3 Ls p 1726∗0.25
∴ Dmax = = = 3.533 m
8T 3 8∗3815.932
So for different span length we can find height of each conductor, tower height and maximum sag. It
is shown in the following tables:
For DEER
(Table 2.2)
w3 lsp Hg T3 Dmax h1 h2 h3 ht
6.2179 4493.2368 3.4374578 9.6553 11.710745 13.766113 21.32642
1977 0.25 2 78 77 8 9 9 4
0.27 6.2179 4507.7134 4.1459663 10.363 12.419254 14.474622 22.03493
1977 5 2 09 54 9 4 4 2
6.2179 4519.8595 4.9207834 11.138 13.194071 15.249439 22.80974
1977 0.3 2 7 12 7 4 4 9
0.32 6.2179 4529.8676 5.7623268 11.980 14.035614 16.090982 23.65129
1977 5 2 41 92 2 9 9 3
6.2179 4537.9688 6.6710049 12.888 14.944292 16.999660 24.55997
1977 0.35 2 52 11 9 9 9 1
For ZEBRA
(Table 2.3)
w3 lsp Hg T3 Dmax h1 h2 h3 ht
6.2179 2782.6148 10.774 12.830040 14.885408 22.44571
1623 0.25 2 6 4.5567526 7 6 6 9
1623 0.27 6.2179 2794.9684 5.4893005 11.707 13.762588 15.817956 23.37826
19
Transmission and Distribution Line Design (305, 308, 322, 328)
5 2 53 52 2 6 6 7
6.2179 2804.1797 6.5112624 12.729 14.784550 16.839918 24.40022
1623 0.3 2 11 3 2 4 4 8
0.32 6.2179 2810.8885 7.6234511 13.841 15.896739 17.952107 25.51241
1623 5 2 82 79 4 2 2 7
6.2179 2815.6379 8.8264854 15.044 17.099773 19.155141 26.71545
1623 0.35 2 71 19 4 4 4 1
For ELK
(Table 2.4)
w3 lsp Hg T3 Dmax h1 h2 h3 ht
6.2179 5074.9945 3.3805455 9.5984 11.653833 13.709201 21.26951
2196 0.25 2 09 29 7 5 5 2
0.27 6.2179 5101.9126 4.0688784 10.286 12.342166 14.397534 21.95784
2196 5 2 25 83 8 5 5 4
6.2179 5125.8134 4.8197228 11.037 13.093010 15.148378 22.70868
2196 0.3 2 01 55 6 9 9 9
0.32 6.2179 5146.8543 5.6333559 11.851 23.52232
2196 5 2 35 52 3 13.906644 15.962012 2
6.2179 5165.2570 6.5100825 14.783370 16.838738 24.39904
2196 0.35 2 93 37 12.728 5 5 9
For MOOSE
(Table 2.5)
w3 lsp Hg T3 Dmax h1 h2 h3 ht
6.2179 3548.3192 4.4078967 10.625 12.681184 14.736552 22.29686
2002 0.25 2 76 49 8 7 7 3
0.27 6.2179 3585.1954 5.2786957 11.496 13.551983 15.607351 23.16766
2002 5 2 87 69 6 8 8 2
6.2179 3616.5520 6.2276167 12.445 14.500904 16.556272 24.11658
2002 0.3 2 39 34 5 7 7 3
0.32 6.2179 3643.2094 7.2553215 13.473 15.528609 17.583977 25.14428
2002 5 2 65 79 2 6 6 8
6.2179 3665.8955 8.3623837 14.580 16.635671 18.691039
2002 0.35 2 11 37 3 7 7 26.25135
EARTH WIRE
The voltage level is 132 kV and the system is single circuit. Hence, we go for the single earth wire
system. The earth conductor is “GUINEA”.
For design purpose, we consider 80% of the towers are of class A, 15% of the towers are of class B
and 5% of the towers are of class C.
20
Transmission and Distribution Line Design (305, 308, 322, 328)
The bending moment acting on the tower are due to wind force on power conductor (BMP w) ,
Turning of power conductor (BMPt), Wind force on earth wire (BME w) and turning of earth conductor
(BMEt).
Sample Calculation
= 16486.707 kgm
Where,
= 26191.9203 kgm.
= Fwe * ht * Ne
= wp*de*lsp*2/3*ht*Ne
21
Transmission and Distribution Line Design (305, 308, 322, 328)
Where,
= 5212.687 kgm
= 6635.5664 kgm
= 54526.88 kgm
∴ TW = 0.000631*21.422*√ 54526.88∗2
= 4.46385 tonnes
Similarly, we can calculate the total bending moment and tower weight for different conductors at
different span length:
22
Transmission and Distribution Line Design (305, 308, 322, 328)
2 6 7 3 2 5 4 3 4 2 8 9 9 5 1
24
Transmission and Distribution Line Design (305, 308, 322, 328)
Assumptions:
¿
No. of towers =
lsp + 1 = Nt [Lt = Total Length and lsp = Span length]
Sample Calculation
lsp = 250m
Lt = 80 km
¿ 80000
∴ Nt =
lsp + 1 = lsp250 + 1 =321
= 150000*4.46385 *321/80
=Rs 26,86,679.719/km
25
Transmission and Distribution Line Design (305, 308, 322, 328)
Similarly we can find tower cost/km for 5 different conductors for their different span length. The
tower cost per unit length is shown in the following table:
26
Transmission and Distribution Line Design (305, 308, 322, 328)
The table above (table 4.1 through 4.5) give the best span length for each conductor which has
cost/length minimum (bolded). Hence from the table, we can select the 5 conductors with their
respective economic span length.
Assumptions
i ( 1+ i )n
∴ Annuity factor (ϒ) = n = 0.110168
[ ( 1+i ) −1]
Capital cost per km = Tower cost per km (from table 4) + power conductor cost per km
Total cost of power conductor per km = (cost of Al/km + cost of steel/km) * Total no. of conductor
Total annual cost per km = Annual energy loss cost + Annual capital cost
Sample Calculation
27
Transmission and Distribution Line Design (305, 308, 322, 328)
For SHEEP
= Rs 124328.78
∴ Capital cost per km = Tower cost per km + Power conductor cost per km
= Rs (124328.78 + 2643890.892)
= Rs 2768218.892
= 0.110168 * 2768218.892
= Rs 304969.1389 per km
Annual Cost of energy loss per km = PL * LLF * time * cost per unit energy
= 58312.815 * 0.3*(365*24)*10-3*7.5
= Rs 1149345.583 /-
∴ Total annual cost per km = Annual cost of energy loss per km + Annual capital cost
= Rs 1149345.583 + Rs 304969.1389
= Rs 1454314.722 /-
28
Transmission and Distribution Line Design (305, 308, 322, 328)
Similarly we can calculate the Total annual cost per km for each conductor with their respective economic span length. The tabulated form of the
calculation is shown below:
MOST ECONOMICAL SPAN AND
CONDUCTOR SELECTION
Economi
c wt of wt Total
Conduct span(les Tower st/k Al/k Cond. capital Annual Energy loss Annual
or p) C/km m m cost/km cost/km cost/km r65 PL/km cost/km cost / km
2643890.89 2768219.67 304969.224 0.091697 1149345.58 1454314.80
SHEEP 300 2 690 1036 124328.78 2 9 8 58312.815 3 8
2724029.05 2866263.79 0.080074 50921.472 1003662.22 1319432.77
DEER 300 7 789 1188 142234.74 7 315770.55 8 5 2 2
2904011.59 319929.149 51026.527 1005732.84 1325661.99
ZEBRA 275 2814487.17 438 1185 89524.425 5 4 0.08024 1 9 8
2791385.65 2949324.25 45848.835 903680.544
ELK 325 9 876 1320 157938.6 9 324921.155 0.072098 4 8 1228601.7
2946573.12 110263.61 3056836.74 336765.590 0.065100 815974.724 1152740.31
MOOSE 275 6 539 1463 5 1 1 6 41399.022 4 4
Thus, from above table, it can be seen that MOOSE is the most economical conductor with span length of 275m.
29
Transmission and Distribution Line Design (305, 308, 322, 328)
Electrical Characteristics
A, B, C, D parameters calculation
A = 1+YZ/2 = 0.99633 + j 7.3133*10-4 = 0.99633< 0.04200
C = Y = j 2.278578*10-4
D = A = 0.99633<0.04200
132
= (0.99633< 0.04200)* ( <0) + (32.73<78.730)*(460.407<-18.1950)
√3
= 84.378<8.980 kV (per phase)
= (84.378/0.99633-132/√ 3)/(132/√ 3)
= 11.125 %
30
Transmission and Distribution Line Design (305, 308, 322, 328)
= 303.422 kV
Mechanical characteristics:
Length of span =250m
Tension at toughest condition = T1 = 10120 kg
Heights:
Maximum sag = 27.04436423m; H1= 33.2623m; H2= 35.3176522m; H3= 37.3730202m; Ht=
44.93333m
Bending moment :
Tower weight, no. of towers, cost per tower and tower cost per unit length
TW Nt Cost/tower Cost/length Energy loss cost/km Total Annual cost / km
17.01917836 321 2552876.755 Rs 10243417.98 Rs 903680.5448 Rs 2049577.196
31