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Transmission and Distribution Design Word

The document analyzes the selection of voltage level and number of circuits for a 100MW, 80km transmission line. It determines that a single circuit with 132kV voltage would be most economical based on surge impedance loading and stability criteria. It then sizes insulation, clearance distances, and selects a conductor based on current capacity and efficiency considerations. A 9-disc insulator string and LYNX conductor are chosen to meet all technical requirements for the transmission line design.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
84 views31 pages

Transmission and Distribution Design Word

The document analyzes the selection of voltage level and number of circuits for a 100MW, 80km transmission line. It determines that a single circuit with 132kV voltage would be most economical based on surge impedance loading and stability criteria. It then sizes insulation, clearance distances, and selects a conductor based on current capacity and efficiency considerations. A 9-disc insulator string and LYNX conductor are chosen to meet all technical requirements for the transmission line design.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 31

Transmission and Distribution Line Design (305, 308, 322, 328)

SELECTION OF ECONOMICAL VOLTAGE AND NUMBER OF CIRCUITS


We know,

The economical voltage is given by the expression

Veco =5.5∗ ¿ +[ 1.6


P∗1000
Nc∗Cosϕ∗150 ] 1/2

Where, Veco = Economical voltage (in kV)

Lt = Transmission line length (in Km) = 80 km

P = Power to be transmitted (in MW) = 100MW

Nc = No. of circuits

CosΦ = Power factor of the system (Take Cos Φ=0.95)

Thus, for Nc=1,


Veco =150.8 kV
For Nc=2,
Veco = 110.12 kV

Nearest Standard Voltage:

For Nc=1,

Vs1 = 132 kV

For Nc=2,

Vs2 =132 kV

Surge Impedance Loading (SIL):

For Nc=1,

Characteristic Impedance (Zc) =400 Ω

Vs12 1322
SIL1 = = = 43.56 MW
Zc 400

For Nc=2,

Characteristic Impedance (Zc) = 200 Ω

Vs 22 1322
SIL2 = = = 87.12 MW
Zc 200
mf limit:

For 80 km, mf limit = 2.75

mf for Nc=1 and Nc=2:

1
Transmission and Distribution Line Design (305, 308, 322, 328)

For Nc=1,

P 100
mf1 = = = 2.295
SIL 1 43.56
For Nc=2,

P 100
mf2 = = = 1.147
SIL 2 87.12
Decision:

Here, mf1 < mf limit and mf2 < mf limit. Thus, both Nc=1 and Nc=2 satisfy the stability criteria for their
corresponding economic voltage level.

Now,

Margin for single circuit (MM1) = mf limit – mf1

= 2.75 – 2.295 = 0.455

Margin for double circuit (MM2) = mf limit – mf2

= 2.75 – 1.147 = 1.603

Since MM1<MM2, we choose single circuit and its corresponding voltage.

Therefore, Voltage level = 132 kV

Number of Circuits =1

AIR CLEARANCE AND CONDUCTOR SPACING


i. Minimum air clearance required (a) = 6.5’’ per 10kV(rms) per phase + Factor of Safety of 8’’

132∗1.1
= 6.5 * +8
√ 3∗10
= 62.49’’

∴ a = 62.49 inches = 158.725 cm

ii. Maximum String Swing (ɵmax) = 450

∴ ɵmax = 450

iii. Length of string (l) = a Secɵmax = 62.49 * Sec450 = 88.37 inches

∴ l = 88.37 inches = 224.46 cm

iv. Cross arm length (cL) = a (1+tanɵmax) = 62.49* (1+ tan 450) = 124.98 inches

∴ cL = 124.98 inches = 317.45 cm.

2
Transmission and Distribution Line Design (305, 308, 322, 328)

l+ a

√ ()( ) x 2 l+ a 2
Vertical distance between conductors (Y) =
1− ∗
y CL
Take x/y = 0.3,
88.37+62.49

√ ( ) = 161.84 inches
2
∴Y= 2 88.37+62.49
1−( 0.3 ) ∗
124.98
∴ Y= 161.84 inches = 411.074 cm

vi. Tower width (b) = 1.5a = 1.5* 62.49 = 93.735 inches.

∴ b = 93.735 inches = 238.087 cm.

vii. Vertical separation between topmost conductor and height of the tower

d = (cL + b/2) * Cotθ =(124.98 + 93.735/2) * Cot 300

= √ 3∗¿] = 297.65 inches.

∴ d = 297.65 inches = 756.031 cm

INSULATION DESIGN
The insulation to be used is disc type. The size of each disc is 254X154 mm. The disc must withstand
the continuous operating voltages as well as the temporary and lightening over voltages under worst
condition (rainy).

No. of disc selection

System Voltage = 132 kV

Max. System voltage = 145 kV

a. 1 minute Dry Test


Equivalent Flashover Voltage = 1 min. dry withstand voltage * FWR * N AC * FS
Where, 1 min. dry withstand voltage is given in table A-2 for 145 system voltage
= 265 kV
FWR = Flashover to withstand ratio = 1.15
NAC= Non-standard atmospheric condition = 1.1
FS = Factor of Safety = 1.1 to 1.2
∴ Equivalent FOV = 265 * 1.15 * 1.1 * 1.2
= 402.27 kV
Nearest higher 1 min. dry FOV voltage (in table A-3) = 435 kV
From table A-3, for 1 minute dry FOV = 435 kV, no. of discs =7
∴ No. of disc = Nd1 = 7
b. 1 minute Wet Test
Equivalent FOV = 1 min. wet withstand voltage * FWR * N AC * F S
From table A-2, 1 min. wet withstand voltage = 230 kV for max. system voltage = 145 kV
∴ Equivalent FOV = 230 * 1.15 * 1.1 * 1.2 = 349.14 kV

3
Transmission and Distribution Line Design (305, 308, 322, 328)

Nearest higher 1 min. wet FOV voltage (in table A-3) = 370 kV.
∴ No. of discs = Nd2 = 9
c. Temporary Over Voltage Test
Temporary o/v = Ef * maximum system voltage
Where, Ef = Earthing Factor = 0.8 (for Nepal)
∴ Temporary o/v = 0.8 * 145 = 116 kV
Equivalent FOV = Temporary o/v * √ 2 * FWR * NAC * FS
= 116 * √ 2 * 1.15 * 1.1 * 1,2
= 249.02 kV
Wet season is the worst condition.
Thus, nearest higher FOV (from table A-3, 1 min. wet FOV) = 250 kV
∴ No. of discs = Nd3 = 6
d. Switching Over Voltage Test
Switching o/v = Maximum per phase peak voltage * SSR
Where, SSR = Switching Surge Ratio = 2.75 (for 132 kV)

∴ Switching o/v = 145 *


√2 * 2.75 = 325.578 kV
√3
Equivalent s/w FOV = s/w o/v * SIR * FWR * N AC * FS
Where, SIR = Switching to Impulse Ratio = 1.2
Equivalent FOV = 325.578 * 1.2 * 1.15 * 1.1 * 1.2
= 593.073 kV
The nearest higher voltage (in table A-3, impulse FOV) = 610 kV
∴ No. of discs = Nd4 =6
e. Lightening Over Voltage Test
Equivalent impulse o/v = 550 kV (from table A-2) for 145 kV
Equivalent impulse FOV = Equivalent impulse withstand voltage * FWR * N AC * FS
= 550 * 1.15 * 1.1 * 1.2
= 834.9 kV
Nearest higher voltage (in table A-3, impulse FOV ) = 860 kV

∴ No. of discs = Nd5 = 9

Thus, we can tabulate the various tests and no. of discs required for each test as follow:

S.N Test No. of Discs Remarks


.
a. 1 min. Dry Test 7
b. 1 min. Wet Test 9 Maximum
c. Temporary O/V Test 6
d. Switching O/V Test 6
e. Lightening O/V Test 9 Maximum

Minimum no. of disc required to withstand all tests = 9.

∴ No. of discs = Nd = 9

CONDUCTOR SELECTION

4
Transmission and Distribution Line Design (305, 308, 322, 328)

I. Continuous Current Carrying Capability


P
Line Current (IL) = Nc
√3∗VL∗Cosϕ
We have, P= 100MW, Nc=1, VL = 132kV, Cos Φ = 0.95
100∗106
∴ IL = 1 = 460.407 A.
√3∗132∗0.95
From conductor table, conductor LYNX (with current carrying capacity 475A) satisfies
continuous current carrying capability.
II. Efficiency (ɳ)

For LYNX

Resistance @ 200C = r = 0.15890 Ω/km

∴ Total resistance @ 200C = R20 = r* Lt (Lt=80 km)

=0.15890*80
= 12.712 Ω

∴ Total resistance @ 650C = R65 = R20 ( 1+ α ∆t)

Where, α= coefficient of linear expansion = 0.004 /0C (for Aluminum)

∴ R65 = 12.712 (1+0.004*(65-20)) = 15.00016 Ω

∴ Power loss per conductor = p = IL2*R65

= (460.407)2 * 15.00016

= 3.1796 MW

∴ Total Power Loss (PL) = p * Nc * 3 = 3.1796 * 1 * 3 = 9.53896 MW

Pl
∴ɳ= 1- = 1- 9.53896/100 = 90.46%
P
Here, Efficiency(ɳ) < 94 %, Thus, we go for next higher sized conductor.

For GOAT

Current Carrying Capacity = 680 A > 460.407A

Resistance @ 200C = r = 0.08989 Ω/ km

Total Resistance @ 200C = R20 = r * Lt

= 0.08989 * 80

= 7.1912 Ω

Resistance @ 650C = R65 = R20 (1+α ∆ t) = 7.1912 (1+ 0.004* (65-20))

= 8.4856 Ω

Loss per conductor = p = IL2* R65

5
Transmission and Distribution Line Design (305, 308, 322, 328)

= (460.407)2 * 8.4856

= 1.7978 MW

∴ Total loss = PL = p * Nc * 3 = 1.7978 * 1 * 3 = 5.3962 MW

∴ Efficiency (ɳ) = 1 – PL /P = 1 – 5.3962/100 = 94.60 %

Here, efficiency (ɳ) = 94.60 > 94, thus we select the conductor GOAT for further calculation and
analysis.

III. Voltage Regulation (V.R.)

For GOAT

The conductor has 37 strands (30 Aluminum strands and 7 steel strands).

Diameter of conductor = 25. 97 mm

∴ Radius of conductor (R) = 25.97/2 = 12.985 mm.

∴ GMR for inductance (GMRL) = 0.768R = 0.768 * 12.985

= 9.97248 mm.

∴ GMR for capacitance (GMRc) = R = 12.985 mm.

GMD Calculation:

√(

Y=411.0736
From fig. K =
2 )
Y 2
+ ( 2 CL+b )2
K

cm
√(
Y/2
)
2
411.0736
= + ( 2∗317.45+238.087 )2
2
2cL+b
∴ K = 964.927 cm.

∴ GMD = √
6
Dab∗Dac∗Dbc∗Dba∗Dca∗Dcb
=√
6
K∗K∗Y ∗K∗K∗Y
=√
6 4
K ∗Y
2


6
= ( 964.927 cm )4∗( 411.0736 cm )2

∴ GMD = 726.054 cm

Resistance (R) = R65 = 8.4856 Ω [Calculated in Efficiency criteria]

Resistance per unit length r = 0.10607 Ω/km

Inductance (L) = 2*10-7 ln ( GMRL


GMD
)*[L *1000]
t [Lt is in km]

= 2*10-7 ln ( 726.054 cm
9.97248∗10−3 cm )
*[80 *1000]

6
Transmission and Distribution Line Design (305, 308, 322, 328)

= 0.1054 H

=1.3175 mH/km

2π ϵ 0
Capacitance (C) =
ln
GMRc( )
GMD * [Lt*1000]

Where ϵ0= 8.85*10-12


−12
2 π∗8.85∗10
∴C =
ln
( 726.054 cm
−2
12.985∗10 cm
* [80*1000]
)
= 7.03162 *10-7 F

= 0.703162 μF

= 8.789 nF/km

Impedance of the line (Z ) = R+jX

= 8.4856+j(2π f L ) [f=50 Hz]

= (8.4856 +j 33.12) Ω

= 34.189 < 75.630 Ω

Susceptance of the line (Y) = j2πC = j 2π*50*0.703162*10-6

= j 2.20904 *10-4 siemens

= 2.20904*10-4 <900 siemens

Length of the line is 80 km. Hence, calculation of Parameters is done using pi-model.

VS VR
IS IR
Z

Y/2 Y/2

YZ (2.20904∗10−4 <90 0)(34.198<75.630 )


∴A=D=1+ =1+ = 0.9963 <0.05390
2 2
∴ B = Z = 34.198<75.630

[ ] [ ]
−4 0 0
YZ (2.20904∗10 <90 )(34.198<75.63 )
∴ C = Y 1+ = (2.20904*10-4<900)¿ 1+ = 2.2046*10-4 <
4 4
90.02690

∴ IR @ full load = 460.407 A

Cos Φ = 0.95(lag)

7
Transmission and Distribution Line Design (305, 308, 322, 328)

∴ Φ = -18.1950

∴ VS (per phase) @ full load = A VR (full load per phase) + B IR

132kV 0
= (0.9963<0.05390)*( <0 ) + (34.198<75.630)*(460.407<-18.1950)
√3
= 75.92857<0.05390 + 15.745<57. 4350, kV

= 85.45<8.9820 kV

Hence, |VR| per phase @ no load = |Vs @ fullA load | |0.9963


=
85.45
| = 85.767 kV

132
Also, |VR| per phase @ full load = =76.210 kV
√3
Therefore,

|Vr @ no load|−¿ Vr @ full load∨ ¿ ¿ =


Voltage Regulation (V.R.) =
¿Vr @ full load ∨¿ ¿
85,767−76.210
= 12.54%
76.210
Here, the voltage regulation is greater than 12%. Thus, conductor GOAT does not satisfy the
voltage regulation criteria. So, we go for the next conductor SHEEP.

For SHEEP

The conductor has 37 strands (30 Aluminum strands and 7 steel strands).

Diameter of conductor = 27.93 mm

∴ Radius of conductor (R) = 27.93/2 = 13.965 mm = 1.9365 cm

∴ GMR for inductance (GMRL) = 0.768R = 1.072512 cm

∴ GMR for capacitance (GMRc) = R = 1.9365 cm

∴ GMD = 726.054 cm [As in the GOAT]

Per length resistance @ 200C = r20 = 0.07771 Ω/km

∴ Per length resistance @ 650C = r65= r20 (1+α ∆t)

= 0.07771 (1+ 0.004*(65-20))

=0.0916978 Ω/km

Resistance (R) @ 650C = R65 = r65 * Lt

= 7.3358 Ω [Lt = 80km]

Resistance per unit length r = 0.0916978 Ω/km

Inductance (L) = 2*10-7 ln ( GMRL


GMD
)*[L *1000]
t [Lt is in km]

8
Transmission and Distribution Line Design (305, 308, 322, 328)

= 2*10-7 ln ( 726.054 cm
1.072512 )
*[80 *1000]

= 0.10428 H

=1.303 mH/km

2π ϵ 0
Capacitance (C) =
ln (
GMRc )
GMD * [Lt*1000]

Where ϵ0= 8.85*10-12

2 π∗8.85∗10−12
∴C =
ln (1.3965 )
726.054 cm * [80*1000]

= 7.1134 *10-7 F

= 0.77=1134 μF

= 8.789 nF/km

Impedance of the line (Z ) = R+jX

= 7.3358+j(2π f L ) [f=50 Hz]

= (7.3358 +j 32.7605) Ω

= 33.57 < 77.3780 Ω

Susceptance of the line (Y) = j2πC = j 2π*50*0.71134*10-6

= j 2.2347 *10-4 siemens

= 2.234*10-4 <900 siemens

Length of the line is 80 km. Hence, calculation of Parameters is done using pi-model.

VS VR
IS IR
Z

Y/2 Y/2

−4 0 0
YZ (2.234∗1 0 <90 )(33.57<77.378 )
∴A=D=1+ =1+ = 0.99634 <0.04710
2 2
∴ B = Z = 33.57<77.3780

∴ C = Y 1+[
0
YZ
4 ]
= (2.2234*10-4<900)¿ 1+
[
(2.234∗10−4 <90 0)(33.57< 77.3780)
4 ]
= 2.2299*10-4 <

90.0235

9
Transmission and Distribution Line Design (305, 308, 322, 328)

∴ IR @ full load = 460.407 A

Cos Φ = 0.95(lag)

∴ Φ = -18.1950

∴ VS (per phase) @ full load = A VR (full load per phase) + B IR

132kV 0
= (0.99634<0.04710)*( <0 ) + (33.57<77.3780)*(460.407<-18.1950)
√3
= 75.931<0.0471 + 15.462<59.18320, kV

= 84.906<9.040 kV

Hence, |VR| per phase @ no load = |Vs @ fullA load | |0.99634


=
84.906
| = 85.2178 kV

132
Also, |VR| per phase @ full load = =76.210 kV
√3
Therefore,

|Vr @ no load|−¿ Vr @ full load∨ ¿ ¿ =


Voltage Regulation (V.R.) = ¿Vr @ full load ∨¿ ¿
85.2178−76.210
= 11.819%
76.210
Here, the voltage regulation is less than 12 %. Thus, we select conductor SHEEP for further
calculation and analysis.

IV. Corona

For SHEEP

Maximum system voltage = 132 * 1.1 = 145.2 kV (rms)

Corona inception voltage (Vci) = √ 3∗¿ Air dielectric strength * GMRC * m * δ * ln ( GMRc
GMD
)
Where, Air dielctric strength = 21.21 kV/ cm (rms)

GMRc = 1.3965 cm [Calculated in voltage regulation criteria]

GMD = 726.054 cm [Calculated in voltage regulation criteria]

m = Roughness factor = 0.9

δ = Air density factor = 0.95

∴ Vci = √ 3∗¿ 21.21 * 1.3965 * 0.9 * 0.95 * ln ( 726.054


1.3965 )
= 274.31 kV

Since Vci > Maximum system voltage. The conductor SHEEP satisfies all criteria.

Hence the best five conductors which satisfy all the criteria are:

10
Transmission and Distribution Line Design (305, 308, 322, 328)

A. SHEEP
B. DEER
C. ZEBRA
D. ELK
E. MOOSE

TENSION CALCULATION
i. Toughest condition -T1 tension and Sag is minimum (Dmin).
- Wt. of conductor (w1)
ii. Normal Operating Condition (Stringing Condition) – T2 tension and S2 sag
- Wt. of conductor (w2)
iii. Easiest condition – T3 tension and Sag is maximum (Dmax).
- Wt. of conductor (w3)

Sag at a distance x from the tower is given by:


2
wx
Sag=
2T
w= wt. of conductor per unit length

T= tension in the tower

For maximum sag (Dmax) x=lsp/2

where, lsp = span length. ww


w lsp 2
∴ Dmax =
8T 3
Let wc = weight of conductor per unit length
wc + wice w1
ww = weight per unit length due to wind

wice = weight per unit length due to ice = 0


∴ weight during toughest condition = w 1 = ( wc+ wice )2+ w w2 = √ wc 2+ w w2

Calculation of Tension @ toughest condition (T 1)

UTS
T1 ≤ where UTS = Ultimate Tensile Strength of the conductor
FS
FS = Factor of safety = 2

Calculation of Tension @ Normal condition (T 2)

T2 is given by String’s equation

T22 (T2 + k1) – k2 = 0

w 12 l 2
Where k1 = -T1 + α (θ2 – θ1) A ϵ + 2 Aϵ
24 T 1

11
Transmission and Distribution Line Design (305, 308, 322, 328)

2 2
w2 l
K2 = Aϵ
24
ϵ= Modulus of Elasticity

α= Coefficient of linear expansion

A = Cross-section area of conductor

θ2 = Temperature @ normal condition = 27 0C

θ1 = Temperature @ toughest condition = 0 0C

w1 = Per unit length conductor weight @ toughest condition

w2 = Per unit length conductor weight @ normal condition

Calculation of Tension @ Easiest condition (T 3)

T3 is given by String’s equation

T32 (T3 + k1’) – k2’= 0

w 12 l 2
Where k1’ = -T2 + α (θ3 – θ2) A ϵ + 2 Aϵ
24 T 2

w 22 l 2
k2’ = Aϵ = k2
24
θ3 = Temperature @ easiest condition = 650C

Sample Calculation

For SHEEP

Area(A)= 462.60 mm2

Coefficient of linear expansion (α)= 17.73*10-6/0C

Modulus of Elasticity (ε)= 0.789*106 kg/cm2

Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS)=15910 kg

Wt. of conductor per unit length (w c)= 1726 kg/km

Wind Pressure (wp) = 100 kg/m2

Conductor diameter (d)= 27.93 mm

‫ ؞‬Wt. due to wind (ww) per km = (wp*1000)*(d*2/3)

= 100*1000*27.93*10-3*2/3

= 1862 kg/km

‫ ؞‬Wt. @ Toughest condition (w1) = √ w c 2 +w w2

= √ 17262 +18262

12
Transmission and Distribution Line Design (305, 308, 322, 328)

= 25838.92 kg/km

‫ ؞‬Wt. @ Normal Condition (w2) = wc = 1726 kg/km

‫ ؞‬Wt. @ Easiest Condition (w3) = wc = 1726 kg/ km

Temperature @ Toughest condition (ɵ1) = 00C

Temperature @ Normal Condition (ɵ2) = 270C

Temperature @ Easiest Condition (ɵ3) = 650C

Calculation of T1

UTS UTS 15910


T1 = = = 7955 kg
FS 2

Calculation of T2

2 2
w1 l
k1 = -T1 + α (θ2 – θ1) A ϵ + Aϵ
24 T 12

[ ]
2 2
2538.92 ∗0.25
*[ 462.60∗10−2∗0.789∗106 ]
−6
= -7955 + 17.73∗10 ∗( 27−0 ) + 2
24∗7955

= -7955 + 2715.459

= -5239.54

2 2
w2 l
k2 = Aϵ
24
2 2
1726 ∗0.25
= (462.60*10-2*0.789*106)
24

= 2.8316*1010

From String’s eqn

T22 (T2 + k1) – k2 = 0

or, T23 + k1 T22 – k2 = 0

or, T23 -5239.54 T22 – 2.831*1010 = 0

∴ T2 = 6020.697 kg

Calculation of T3

2 2
w1 l
k1’ = -T2 + α (θ3 – θ2) A ϵ + 2 Aϵ
24 T 2

13
Transmission and Distribution Line Design (305, 308, 322, 328)

[ ]
2 2
2538.92 ∗0.25
2 *[ 462.60∗10 ∗0.789∗10 ]
−6
= -6020.697 + 17.73∗10 ∗( 65−27 ) + −2 6
24∗6020.697

= -6020.697 + 4149.362

= -1871.33

k2’ = k2 = 2.8316 * 1010

From String’s equation

T32 (T3 + k1’) – k2’ = 0

or, T33 +k1’ T2 – k2’ = 0

or, T33 -1871.33 T32 – 2.831*1010 = 0

∴ T2 = 3815.932 kg

So far, five best conductors have been chosen. The tension due to these five different conductors for
different span length from 250m to 350m (step of 25m ) are shown in the following tables:

14
Transmission and Distribution Line Design (305, 308, 322, 328)

TENSION CALCULATION
For SHEEP (Table 1.1)
θ
A ε α θ1 θ2 3 UTS T1 Wp Ww W1 l W2 k1 k2 T2 k1' k2' T3
462. 78900 0.0000177 1591 10 186 2538.92 172 2.8316E+1 6020.69 - 2831607083 3815.93
6 0 3 0 27 65 0 7955 0 2 1 0.25 6 -5239.54 0 9 1871.336 2 7
462. 78900 0.0000177 1591 10 186 2538.92 0.27 172 3.4262E+1 5990.85 - 3426244570 3817.34
6 0 3 0 27 65 0 7955 0 2 1 5 6 -5036.22 0 8 1466.112 7 5
462. 78900 0.0000177 1591 10 186 2538.92 172 4.0775E+1 5961.02 - 4077514199
6 0 3 0 27 65 0 7955 0 2 1 0.3 6 -4813.53 0 9 1018.975 8 3817.26
462. 78900 0.0000177 1591 10 186 2538.92 0.32 172 4.7854E+1 5931.59 - 4785415970 3815.90
6 0 3 0 27 65 0 7955 0 2 1 5 6 -4571.48 0 4 529.4781 6 7
462. 78900 0.0000177 1591 10 186 2538.92 172 5.5499E+1 5902.86 5549949883 3813.51
6 0 3 0 27 65 0 7955 0 2 1 0.35 6 -4310.06 0 6 2.740975 1 7

For DEER (Table 1.2)


θ
A ε α θ1 θ2 3 UTS T1 Wp Ww W1 l W2 k1 k2 T2 k1' k2' T3
529. 78700 0.0000177 1823 10 199 197 4.2439E+1 6964.28 - 4243935751 4493.23
8 0 3 0 27 65 0 9115 0 3 2807 0.25 7 -6089.27 0 4 2391.152 9 7
529. 78700 0.0000177 1823 10 199 0.27 197 5.1352E+1 6939.39 - 5135162259 4507.71
8 0 3 0 27 65 0 9115 0 3 2807 5 7 -5873.02 0 9 1980.502 8 3
529. 78700 0.0000177 1823 10 199 197 6.1113E+1 6914.43 - 6111267482
8 0 3 0 27 65 0 9115 0 3 2807 0.3 7 -5636.18 0 8 1528.412 7 4519.86
529. 78700 0.0000177 1823 10 199 0.32 197 7.1723E+1 - 7172251420 4529.86
8 0 3 0 27 65 0 9115 0 3 2807 5 7 -5378.75 0 6889.71 1034.567 7 8
529. 78700 0.0000177 1823 10 199 197 8.3181E+1 6865.47 - 8318114073 4537.96
8 0 3 0 27 65 0 9115 0 3 2807 0.35 7 -5100.72 0 2 498.7085 7 9

For ZEBRA (Table 1.3)


θ
A ε α θ1 θ2 3 UTS T1 Wp Ww W1 l W2 k1 k2 T2 k1' k2' T3
484. 68600 0.0000193 1331 10 190 2504.91 162 2.2799E+1 4719.85 2279941545 2782.61
5 0 5 0 27 65 6 6658 0 8 4 0.25 3 -3696.41 0 9 161.9255 2 5

15
Transmission and Distribution Line Design (305, 308, 322, 328)

484. 68600 0.0000193 1331 10 190 2504.91 0.27 162 2.7587E+1 4692.16 2758729269 2794.96
5 0 5 0 27 65 6 6658 0 8 4 5 3 -3439.13 0 6 736.4994 6 8
484. 68600 0.0000193 1331 10 190 2504.91 162 3.2831E+1 4665.59 3283115825
5 0 5 0 27 65 6 6658 0 8 4 0.3 3 -3157.35 0 6 1370.994 0 2804.18
484. 68600 0.0000193 1331 10 190 2504.91 0.32 162 3.8531E+1 3853101211 2810.88
5 0 5 0 27 65 6 6658 0 8 4 5 3 -2851.07 0 4640.42 2065.779 3 9
484. 68600 0.0000193 1331 10 190 2504.91 162 4.4687E+1 4616.79 4468685428 2815.63
5 0 5 0 27 65 6 6658 0 8 4 0.35 3 -2520.28 0 7 2821.078 5 8

For ELK (Table 1.4)


θ
A ε α θ1 θ2 3 UTS T1 Wp Ww W1 l W2 k1 k2 T2 k1' k2' T3
588. 78700 0.0000177 2024 1012 10 210 3038.48 219 5.8154E+1 7777.51 - 5815416758 5074.99
4 0 3 0 27 65 0 0 0 0 9 0.25 6 -6816.13 0 9 2817.069 0 5
588. 78700 0.0000177 2024 1012 10 210 3038.48 0.27 219 7.0367E+1 7757.21 - 7036654277 5101.91
4 0 3 0 27 65 0 0 0 0 9 5 6 -6587.84 0 6 2398.576 1 3
588. 78700 0.0000177 2024 1012 10 210 3038.48 219 8.3742E+1 7736.81 - 8374200131 5125.81
4 0 3 0 27 65 0 0 0 0 9 0.3 6 -6337.81 0 1 1938.551 4 3
588. 78700 0.0000177 2024 1012 10 210 3038.48 0.32 219 9.8281E+1 7716.55 9828054320 5146.85
4 0 3 0 27 65 0 0 0 0 9 5 6 -6066.03 0 1 -1436.77 9 4
588. 78700 0.0000177 2024 1012 10 210 3038.48 219 1.1398E+1 7696.64 - 5165.25
4 0 3 0 27 65 0 0 0 0 9 0.35 6 -5772.51 1 2 893.0428 1.13982E+11 7

For MOOSE
(Table 1.5)  
θ
A ε α θ1 θ2 3 UTS T1 Wp Ww W1 l W2 k1 k2 T2 k1' k2' T3
68600 0.0000195 1625 10 211 2914.43 200 4.2746E+1 5844.58 - 4274598891 3548.31
597 0 3 0 27 65 0 8125 0 8 4 0.25 2 -4593.21 0 4 153.2395 1 9
68600 0.0000195 1625 10 211 2914.43 0.27 200 5.1723E+1 5827.89 5172264658 3585.19
597 0 3 0 27 65 0 8125 0 8 4 5 2 -4305.04 0 1 438.7775 2 5
68600 0.0000195 1625 10 211 2914.43 200 6.1554E+1 5811.79 6155422403 3616.55
597 0 3 0 27 65 0 8125 0 8 4 0.3 2 -3989.42 0 6 1089.627 1 2
68600 0.0000195 1625 10 211 2914.43 0.32 200 7.2241E+1 5796.45 7224072125 3643.20
597 0 3 0 27 65 0 8125 0 8 4 5 2 -3646.36 0 6 1799.483 9 9
68600 0.0000195 1625 10 211 2914.43 200 8.3782E+1 5781.96 8378213826 3665.89
597 0 3 0 27 65 0 8125 0 8 4 0.35 2 -3275.86 0 9 2568.456 5 6

16
Transmission and Distribution Line Design (305, 308, 322, 328)

17
Transmission and Distribution Line Design (305, 308, 322, 328)

SAG AND TOWER HEIGHT CALCULATION

The transmission line system in this case has single circuit.

w 3 ls p2
Dmax =
8T 3

Where w3 = weight of conductor per unit length @ easiest condition.

Lsp = Span length

T3 = Tension @ easiest condition.

(Vmax−33)
Minimum ground clearance = hg = +17 feet
33

Where Vmax = Maximum system voltage.

Now,

Height of lowest conductor = h1 = hg + Dmax

Height of middle conductor = h2 = h1 + Y/2

Height of topmost conductor = h3 = h2 + Y/2

Height of tower = ht = h3 + d

From air clearance section, we have

d = 297.65 inches = 7.56031 m

Y = 161.84 inches = 4.110736 m

Vsmax = 132*1.1 = 145 kV

(145.2−33)
hg = +17 feet = 20.4 ft. = 6.21792 m
33

Sample Calculation

For SHEEP and span length lsp = 250m

w3 = wt. per unit length @ easiest condition = 1726 kg/km. (=w 2 in table 1.1)

lsp = 250m = 0.25 km

T3 = 3815.932 kg (from table 1.1)

18
Transmission and Distribution Line Design (305, 308, 322, 328)

2 2
w 3 Ls p 1726∗0.25
∴ Dmax = = = 3.533 m
8T 3 8∗3815.932

∴ h1 = 6.21792 + 3.533 = 9.7509 m

h2 = 9.7509 + 4.110736/2 = 11.8063 m

h3 = 11.8063 + 4.110736/2 = 13.86 m

ht = 13.86 + 7.56031 = 21.422 m

So for different span length we can find height of each conductor, tower height and maximum sag. It
is shown in the following tables:

SAG AND TOWER HEIGHT


CALCULATION
For SHEEP
(Table 2.1)  
w3 lsp Hg T3 Dmax h1 h2 h3 ht
6.2179 3815.9370 3.5336995 9.7516 11.806987 13.862355 21.42266
1726 0.25 2 87 06 2 5 5 6
0.27 6.2179 3817.3448 4.2741995 10.492 12.547487 14.602855 22.16316
1726 5 2 78 48 1 5 5 6
6.2179 3817.2600 5.0867637 11.304 13.360051 15.415419
1726 0.3 2 71 1 7 7 7 22.97573
0.32 6.2179 3815.9066 5.9719997 12.189 14.245287 16.300655 23.86096
1726 5 2 9 37 9 7 7 6
6.2179 3813.5168 6.9304465 13.148 15.203734 17.259102 24.81941
1726 0.35 2 92 54 4 6 6 3

For DEER
(Table 2.2)  
w3 lsp Hg T3 Dmax h1 h2 h3 ht
6.2179 4493.2368 3.4374578 9.6553 11.710745 13.766113 21.32642
1977 0.25 2 78 77 8 9 9 4
0.27 6.2179 4507.7134 4.1459663 10.363 12.419254 14.474622 22.03493
1977 5 2 09 54 9 4 4 2
6.2179 4519.8595 4.9207834 11.138 13.194071 15.249439 22.80974
1977 0.3 2 7 12 7 4 4 9
0.32 6.2179 4529.8676 5.7623268 11.980 14.035614 16.090982 23.65129
1977 5 2 41 92 2 9 9 3
6.2179 4537.9688 6.6710049 12.888 14.944292 16.999660 24.55997
1977 0.35 2 52 11 9 9 9 1

For ZEBRA
(Table 2.3)  
w3 lsp Hg T3 Dmax h1 h2 h3 ht
6.2179 2782.6148 10.774 12.830040 14.885408 22.44571
1623 0.25 2 6 4.5567526 7 6 6 9
1623 0.27 6.2179 2794.9684 5.4893005 11.707 13.762588 15.817956 23.37826

19
Transmission and Distribution Line Design (305, 308, 322, 328)

5 2 53 52 2 6 6 7
6.2179 2804.1797 6.5112624 12.729 14.784550 16.839918 24.40022
1623 0.3 2 11 3 2 4 4 8
0.32 6.2179 2810.8885 7.6234511 13.841 15.896739 17.952107 25.51241
1623 5 2 82 79 4 2 2 7
6.2179 2815.6379 8.8264854 15.044 17.099773 19.155141 26.71545
1623 0.35 2 71 19 4 4 4 1

For ELK
(Table 2.4)  
w3 lsp Hg T3 Dmax h1 h2 h3 ht
6.2179 5074.9945 3.3805455 9.5984 11.653833 13.709201 21.26951
2196 0.25 2 09 29 7 5 5 2
0.27 6.2179 5101.9126 4.0688784 10.286 12.342166 14.397534 21.95784
2196 5 2 25 83 8 5 5 4
6.2179 5125.8134 4.8197228 11.037 13.093010 15.148378 22.70868
2196 0.3 2 01 55 6 9 9 9
0.32 6.2179 5146.8543 5.6333559 11.851 23.52232
2196 5 2 35 52 3 13.906644 15.962012 2
6.2179 5165.2570 6.5100825 14.783370 16.838738 24.39904
2196 0.35 2 93 37 12.728 5 5 9

For MOOSE
(Table 2.5)  
w3 lsp Hg T3 Dmax h1 h2 h3 ht
6.2179 3548.3192 4.4078967 10.625 12.681184 14.736552 22.29686
2002 0.25 2 76 49 8 7 7 3
0.27 6.2179 3585.1954 5.2786957 11.496 13.551983 15.607351 23.16766
2002 5 2 87 69 6 8 8 2
6.2179 3616.5520 6.2276167 12.445 14.500904 16.556272 24.11658
2002 0.3 2 39 34 5 7 7 3
0.32 6.2179 3643.2094 7.2553215 13.473 15.528609 17.583977 25.14428
2002 5 2 65 79 2 6 6 8
6.2179 3665.8955 8.3623837 14.580 16.635671 18.691039
2002 0.35 2 11 37 3 7 7 26.25135

EARTH WIRE

The voltage level is 132 kV and the system is single circuit. Hence, we go for the single earth wire
system. The earth conductor is “GUINEA”.

BENDING MOMENT AND TOWER WEIGHT CALCULATION

For design purpose, we consider 80% of the towers are of class A, 15% of the towers are of class B
and 5% of the towers are of class C.

20
Transmission and Distribution Line Design (305, 308, 322, 328)

The bending moment acting on the tower are due to wind force on power conductor (BMP w) ,
Turning of power conductor (BMPt), Wind force on earth wire (BME w) and turning of earth conductor
(BMEt).

Sample Calculation

For SHEEP and span length = 250m

a. BM due to power conductor


i. BM due to wind force (BMPw)
= Fwp * (h1+h2+h3)*Nc
Where,
Fwp = Wind force =wp * dp * lsp * 2/3
wp = Wind pressure = 100kg/m2
dp = diameter of power conductor = 27.93 mm = 27.93*10 -
3
m
h1 = height of bottommost conductor = 9.7509 m (table 2.1)
h2 = height of middle conductor = 11.8063 m (table 2.1)
h3 = height of topmost conductor = 13.86 m (table 2.1)
Nc = No. of circuits = 1
lsp = span length = 250m

∴ BMPw = wp* dp*lsp* 2/3* (h1+h2+h3)*Nc

= 100*27.93*10-3*250*2/3*(9.7509 +11.8063 +13.86)*1

= 16486.707 kgm

ii. BM due to turning (BMPt)

= 2*T1*(0.8 sin10+0.15 sin7.50+ 0.05 sin 150)*(h1+h2+h3)*Nc

Where,

T1 = Tension @ toughest condition = 7955kg (table 1.1)

∴ BMPt = 2*7955*(0.8 sin10+0.15 sin7.50+ 0.05 sin 150)* (9.7509+11.8063+13.86)*1

= 15910* 0.0464818* 35.4172

= 26191.9203 kgm.

b. BM due to earth wire

i. BM due to wind force (BMEw)

= Fwe * ht * Ne

= wp*de*lsp*2/3*ht*Ne

21
Transmission and Distribution Line Design (305, 308, 322, 328)

Where,

Fwe = Wind force on earth conductor

Wp = wind pressure = 100kg/m2

de = Diameter of earth conductor = 14.60 mm = 14.60*10 -3m (for GUINEA)

lsp = Span length = 250m

ht = tower height = 21.422 m (from table 2.1)

Ne = No. of earth wire = 1

∴ BMEw = 100*14.60* 10-3*250*2/3*21.422*1

= 5212.687 kgm

ii. BM due to turning (BMEt)

BMEt = 2 T1e*(0.8 sin10+0.15 sin7.50+ 0.05 sin 150)*ht*Ne

Where T1e = Tension on earth conductor @ toughest condition

T1e = UTS of GUINEA /2 = 6664/2 = 3332 kg

∴ BMEt = 2*3332*(0.8 sin10+0.15 sin7.50+ 0.05 sin 150)*21.422*1

= 6635.5664 kgm

∴ Total Bending Moment (TBM) = BMPw+BMPt+BMEw+BMEt

= 16486.707 +26191.9203 +5212.687 +6635.5664

= 54526.88 kgm

∴ Tower weight (TW) = 0.000631*ht *√ TBM∗FS

Where FS = Factor of Safety = 2

∴ TW = 0.000631*21.422*√ 54526.88∗2

= 4.46385 tonnes

Similarly, we can calculate the total bending moment and tower weight for different conductors at
different span length:

22
Transmission and Distribution Line Design (305, 308, 322, 328)

BENDING MOMENT AND TOWER WEIGHT


CALCULATION
For SHEEP (Table 3.1)  
Span(lsp
) ht De Few BMEw T1e BMEt h1 h2 h3 dp Fpw BMPw T1p BMPt TBM TW
21.4226655 0.014 243.333333 5212.84860 333 6635.7716 9.7516195 11.80698 13.8623 0.0279 465. 16488.4 26194.702 54531.7811
250 1 6 3 7 2 5 1 8 6 3 5 6 7955 8 3 4.46419
22.1631655 0.014 267.666666 5932.34064 333 6865.1450 10.492119 12.54748 14.6028 0.0279 512. 19274.8 27837.558 59909.8673 4.84089
275 5 6 7 5 2 3 5 8 6 3 1 2 7955 7 5 1
22.9757297 0.014 6708.91307 333 7116.8406 11.304683 13.36005 15.4154 0.0279 558. 22388.7 29640.294 65854.8226 5.26147
300 1 6 292 5 2 1 7 2 2 3 6 7 7955 3 2 4
23.8609657 0.014 316.333333 7548.01882 333 7391.0466 12.189919 14.24528 16.3006 0.0279 605. 25861.6 72404.9310 5.72949
325 4 6 3 8 2 5 7 8 6 3 2 1 7955 31604.258 5 6
24.8194125 0.014 340.666666 8455.14654 333 7687.9300 13.148366 15.20373 0.0279 651. 29724.8 33730.645 6.24868
350 5 6 7 3 2 7 6 5 17.2591 3 7 2 7955 4 79598.5434 2

For DEER (Table 3.2)  


Span(lsp
) ht De Few BME T1e BMEt h1 h2 h3 dp Fpw BMPw T1p BMPt TBM TW
21.3264238 0.014 243.333333 333 6605.9603 9.6553778 11.71074 13.7661 0.0298 498. 17501.7 29769.765 59066.8656 4.62524
250 8 6 3 5189.42981 2 5 8 6 1 9 2 1 9115 8 7 1
22.0349323 0.014 267.666666 5898.01689 333 10.363886 12.41925 14.4746 0.0298 20416.6 31570.857 64710.9321 5.00201
275 5 6 7 3 2 6825.4242 4 4 2 9 548 3 9115 9 4 4
22.8097494 0.014 6660.44682 333 7065.4274 11.138703 13.19407 15.2494 0.0298 597. 23662.2 33540.512 5.42095
300 1 6 292 8 2 3 4 1 4 9 8 5 9115 3 70928.6342 3
23.6512928 0.014 316.333333 7481.69231 333 7326.0994 11.980246 14.03561 16.0909 0.0298 647. 27269.0 35679.791 77756.6774 5.88529
325 9 6 3 8 2 9 9 5 8 9 6 9 9115 2 4 3
24.5599709 0.014 340.666666 8366.76342 333 7607.5667 12.888924 14.94429 16.9996 0.0298 697. 31267.9 37989.732 85232.0064 6.39843
350 1 6 7 4 2 9 9 3 6 9 4 4 9115 2 9 2

For ZEBRA (Table 3.3)  


Span(lsp
) ht De Few BME T1e BMEt h1 h2 h3 dp Fpw BMPw T1p BMPt TBM TW
0.014 243.333333 5461.79152 333 6952.6671 10.774672 12.83004 14.8854 0.0286 18359.7 23823.524 54597.7711
250 22.4457186 6 3 6 2 7 6 1 1 2 477 9 6658 4 5 4.68021
23.3782665 0.014 267.666666 333 11.707220 13.76258 15.8179 0.0286 524. 21663.6 25555.130 60717.9322 5.14061
275 5 6 7 6257.58268 2 7241.5283 6 9 6 2 7 9 6658 6 5 6
24.4002284 0.014 7124.86670 333 7558.0858 12.729182 16.8399 0.0286 572. 25388.0 27452.765 5.65804
300 3 6 292 1 2 1 4 14.78455 2 2 4 3 6658 6 67523.7481 7
25.5124171 0.014 316.333333 8070.42796 333 7902.5915 13.841371 15.89673 17.9521 0.0286 620. 29517.938 75063.6621 6.23750
325 8 6 3 8 2 2 2 9 1 2 1 29572.7 6658 8 6 4
350 26.7154514 0.014 340.666666 9101.06378 333 8275.2370 15.044405 17.09977 19.1551 0.0286 667. 34257.6 6658 31751.798 83385.7857 6.88419
23
Transmission and Distribution Line Design (305, 308, 322, 328)

2 6 7 3 2 5 4 3 4 2 8 9 9 5 1

For ELK (Table 3.4)  


Span(lsp
) ht De Few BME T1e BMEt h1 h2 h3 dp Fpw BMPw T1p BMPt TBM TW
21.2695115 0.014 243.333333 5175.58113 333 6588.3314 9.5984655 11.65383 18354.7 1012 32891.487 63010.1876
250 3 6 3 9 2 9 3 4 13.7092 0.0315 525 9 0 2 3 4.76439
21.9578444 0.014 267.666666 333 6801.5458 10.286798 12.34216 14.3975 577. 1012 34834.220 68895.9531
275 8 6 7 5877.38304 2 6 5 6 3 0.0315 5 21382.8 0 8 8 5.14317
22.7086888 0.014 6630.93714 333 7034.1234 11.037642 13.09301 15.1483 24745.7 1012 36953.385 75364.2362 5.56312
300 6 6 292 6 2 5 9 1 8 0.0315 630 9 0 2 6 8
23.5223219 0.014 316.333333 7440.89451 333 7286.1501 13.90664 15.9620 682. 28473.8 1012 39249.762 82450.6609 6.02728
325 5 6 3 1 2 4 11.851276 4 1 0.0315 5 5 0 8 2 3
24.3990485 0.014 340.666666 8311.94253 333 7557.7203 12.728002 14.78337 16.8387 32597.3 1012 41724.213 90191.2087
350 4 6 7 5 2 3 5 1 4 0.0315 735 3 0 9 8 6.53882

For MOOSE (Table 3.5)  


Span(lsp
) ht De Few BME T1e BMEt h1 h2 h3 dp Fpw BMPw T1p BMPt TBM TW
22.2968627 0.014 243.333333 5425.56993 333 6906.5583 10.625816 12.68118 14.7365 0.0317 529. 20144.0 28735.409 61211.5995 4.92271
250 5 6 3 6 2 7 7 5 5 7 5 6 8125 3 8 8
23.1676617 0.014 267.666666 333 7176.2924 11.496615 13.55198 15.6073 0.0317 582. 23680.0 30708.629 67766.1913 5.38186
275 7 6 7 6201.2108 2 7 8 4 5 7 5 6 8125 2 2 9
24.1165827 0.014 7042.04215 333 7470.2252 12.445536 14.50090 16.5562 0.0317 635. 27641.6 32858.872 75012.7644 5.89423
300 3 6 292 8 2 2 7 5 7 7 4 2 8125 5 7 9
25.1442875 0.014 316.333333 7953.97630 333 7788.5616 13.473241 17.5839 0.0317 688. 32067.3 35187.639 82997.5322 6.46422
325 8 6 3 4 2 4 6 15.52861 8 7 4 6 8125 1 3 2
26.2513497 0.014 340.666666 333 8131.4793 14.580303 16.63567 18.6910 0.0317 741. 36996.0 37696.228 91766.7379 7.09640
350 4 6 7 8942.95981 2 6 7 2 4 7 3 7 8125 4 2 9

24
Transmission and Distribution Line Design (305, 308, 322, 328)

TOWER COST PER UNIT LENGTH

Assumptions:

Cost of steel = Rs 1,50,000 per tonnes

¿
No. of towers =
lsp + 1 = Nt [Lt = Total Length and lsp = Span length]

∴Cost of tower per unit length = Cost per tower * N t /Lt

Sample Calculation

For SHEEP and for span length = 250m

lsp = 250m

Lt = 80 km

Tower weight (TW) = 4.46385 tonnes (from table 3.1)

¿ 80000
∴ Nt =
lsp + 1 = lsp250 + 1 =321

Cost of tower per unit length = Cost per tower * Nt / Lt

= (Cost of steel* TW) * Nt /Lt

= 150000*4.46385 *321/80

=Rs 26,86,679.719/km

25
Transmission and Distribution Line Design (305, 308, 322, 328)

Similarly we can find tower cost/km for 5 different conductors for their different span length. The
tower cost per unit length is shown in the following table:

TOWER COST PER UNIT LENGTH


For SHEEP (Table 4.1)  
lsp TW Nt Cost/tower Cost/length
0.25 4.46419036 321 669628.554 2686884.573
0.275 4.840891251 292 726133.6877 2650387.96
0.3 5.261474413 268 789221.1619 2643890.892
0.325 5.72949634 247 859424.451 2653472.993
0.35 6.248681881 230 937302.2821 2694744.061

For DEER (Table 4.2)  


lsp TW Nt Cost/tower Cost/length
0.25 4.625240896 321 693786.1343 2783816.864
0.275 5.002014041 292 750302.1062 2738602.688
0.3 5.420953348 268 813143.0022 2724029.057
0.325 5.885293023 247 882793.9535 2725626.331
0.35 6.398432039 230 959764.8058 2759323.817

For ZEBRA (Table 4.3)  


lsp TW Nt Cost/tower Cost/length
0.25 4.680209867 321 702031.4801 2816901.314
0.275 5.140615835 292 771092.3753 2814487.17
0.3 5.658046596 268 848706.9895 2843168.415
0.325 6.237504031 247 935625.6046 2888744.054
0.35 6.884190613 230 1032628.592 2968807.202

For ELK (Table 4.4)  


lsp TW Nt Cost/tower Cost/length
0.25 4.764389508 321 714658.4262 2867566.935
0.275 5.143170461 292 771475.5691 2815885.827
0.3 5.563128199 268 834469.2298 2795471.92
0.325 6.027283474 247 904092.5211 2791385.659
0.35 6.538819541 230 980822.9311 2819865.927

For MOOSE (Table 4.5)  


lsp TW Nt Cost/tower Cost/length
0.25 4.922718274 321 738407.741 2962861.061
0.275 5.381868723 292 807280.3085 2946573.126
0.3 5.894238595 268 884135.7892 2961854.894
0.325 6.464222284 247 969633.3426 2993742.945
0.35 7.096409065 230 1064461.36 3060326.409

26
Transmission and Distribution Line Design (305, 308, 322, 328)

MOST ECONOMICAL SPAN AND CONDUCTOR SELECTION

The table above (table 4.1 through 4.5) give the best span length for each conductor which has
cost/length minimum (bolded). Hence from the table, we can select the 5 conductors with their
respective economic span length.

Assumptions

Cost of Al/tonnes = Rs 20105 /-

Cost of Steel/ tonnes = Rs 1500000/-

Load Factor (LF) = 0.5

Loass of Load Factor (LLF) = k1*(LF)+k2*(LF)2

k1 = 0.2 and k2 = 0.8

∴ LLF = 0.5 * 0.2 + 0.52 * 0.8 = 0.3 [Note: k1+k2=1]

Per unit energy cost = Rs 7.5 /-

Life span (n) = 25 years

Rate of interest (i) = 10%

i ( 1+ i )n
∴ Annuity factor (ϒ) = n = 0.110168
[ ( 1+i ) −1]

Annual Capital cost = ϒ*capital cost per km

Capital cost per km = Tower cost per km (from table 4) + power conductor cost per km

Total cost of power conductor per km = (cost of Al/km + cost of steel/km) * Total no. of conductor

Cost of Al/km = Weight of Al/km * cost of Al/tons

Cost of Steel/km = Weight of Steel/km * cost of Steel / tons

Cost of energy loss/km = PL*LLF*time*Rate of cost

PL = Power loss = IL2 * r65 * Total no. of power conductor

Total annual cost per km = Annual energy loss cost + Annual capital cost

Sample Calculation

27
Transmission and Distribution Line Design (305, 308, 322, 328)

For SHEEP

From table (4.1), the economical span length = 300 m

Cost of Aluminum per tonnes = Rs 20105/-

Cost of Steel/tonnes = Rs 150000/-

Weight of steel = 690 kg/km

Weight of Aluminum = 1036 kg/km

Cost of power conductor per km = 20105 * 1.036 + 150000*0.690

= Rs 124328.78

Tower cost per km = Rs 2643890.892 [From table 4.1]

∴ Capital cost per km = Tower cost per km + Power conductor cost per km

= Rs (124328.78 + 2643890.892)

= Rs 2768218.892

Annual capital cost = ϒ * Capital cost per km

= 0.110168 * 2768218.892

= Rs 304969.1389 per km

Power loss = IL2 * r65 * Total no of conductors

IL = 460.407 A [ From conductor selection section]

r65 = 0.0916978 Ω/km [From Voltage Regulation section in conductor selection]

Total no. of conductors = 3

∴ PL = 460.4072 * 0.0916978*3 = 58312.815 W

Annual Cost of energy loss per km = PL * LLF * time * cost per unit energy

= 58312.815 * 0.3*(365*24)*10-3*7.5

= Rs 1149345.583 /-

∴ Total annual cost per km = Annual cost of energy loss per km + Annual capital cost

= Rs 1149345.583 + Rs 304969.1389

= Rs 1454314.722 /-

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Transmission and Distribution Line Design (305, 308, 322, 328)

Similarly we can calculate the Total annual cost per km for each conductor with their respective economic span length. The tabulated form of the
calculation is shown below:
MOST ECONOMICAL SPAN AND
CONDUCTOR SELECTION
Economi
c wt of wt Total
Conduct span(les Tower st/k Al/k Cond. capital Annual Energy loss Annual
or p) C/km m m cost/km cost/km cost/km r65 PL/km cost/km cost / km
2643890.89 2768219.67 304969.224 0.091697 1149345.58 1454314.80
SHEEP 300 2 690 1036 124328.78 2 9 8 58312.815 3 8
2724029.05 2866263.79 0.080074 50921.472 1003662.22 1319432.77
DEER 300 7 789 1188 142234.74 7 315770.55 8 5 2 2
2904011.59 319929.149 51026.527 1005732.84 1325661.99
ZEBRA 275 2814487.17 438 1185 89524.425 5 4 0.08024 1 9 8
2791385.65 2949324.25 45848.835 903680.544
ELK 325 9 876 1320 157938.6 9 324921.155 0.072098 4 8 1228601.7
2946573.12 110263.61 3056836.74 336765.590 0.065100 815974.724 1152740.31
MOOSE 275 6 539 1463 5 1 1 6 41399.022 4 4

Thus, from above table, it can be seen that MOOSE is the most economical conductor with span length of 275m.

29
Transmission and Distribution Line Design (305, 308, 322, 328)

TRANSMISSION LINE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CONDUCTOR ELK

Electrical Characteristics

 37 strands with 7 Steel strands and 30 Aluminum strands.


Diameter of each strands = 4.5mm

Diameter of conductor = 31.50 mm

GMR for inductance (GMRL) = 12.096 mm

GMR for capacitance (GMRc) = 15.75 mm

GMD for single circuit = 726.054 cm

Resistance of the whole line per phase(R) = 6.4192 Ω @ 650C

Inductance of Whole length (L) = 0.102357 H

Capacitance of whole Length(C) =0.7252939 μF

Now Impedance of the Line (Z) = 6.4192 + j 32.1564 Ω

Susceptance of the Line (Y) = j 2.278578*10-4 siemens

A, B, C, D parameters calculation
A = 1+YZ/2 = 0.99633 + j 7.3133*10-4 = 0.99633< 0.04200

B = Z(1+YZ/4) = 6.39568 + j32.0998 = 32.73<78.73 0

C = Y = j 2.278578*10-4

D = A = 0.99633<0.04200

Now, Sending end Voltage

(Vs) = A*Vr +B*Ir

132
= (0.99633< 0.04200)* ( <0) + (32.73<78.730)*(460.407<-18.1950)
√3
= 84.378<8.980 kV (per phase)

Now Voltage Regulation = (|Vs|/A -|Vr| )/|Vr|

= (84.378/0.99633-132/√ 3)/(132/√ 3)

= 11.125 %

Corona Inception Voltage Criterion


Corona Inception voltage (Vci) =21.1*GMR*m*δ*ln(GMD/GMR)

Where, m = factor of roughness =0.9

δ = relative density of air =0.95

30
Transmission and Distribution Line Design (305, 308, 322, 328)

Vci =√ 3 * 21.21 * 1.575*0.9*0.95* ln (726.054/1.575)

= 303.422 kV

Mechanical characteristics:
Length of span =250m
Tension at toughest condition = T1 = 10120 kg

Tension at stringing condition = T2= 7777.519158 kg

Tension at easiest condition =T3=5074.995 kg

Heights:
Maximum sag = 27.04436423m; H1= 33.2623m; H2= 35.3176522m; H3= 37.3730202m; Ht=
44.93333m

BME BMEt BMPw BMPt


10933.77702 13918.3109 55625.3 99679.6551

Bending moment :

Tower weight, no. of towers, cost per tower and tower cost per unit length
TW Nt Cost/tower Cost/length Energy loss cost/km Total Annual cost / km
17.01917836 321 2552876.755 Rs 10243417.98 Rs 903680.5448 Rs 2049577.196

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