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Relations Functions

The document discusses relations and functions. It defines relation, types of relations including reflexive, symmetric, transitive, identity, antisymmetric, and equivalence relations. It also defines functions including domain, range, and graphs of functions. It describes several standard functions such as polynomial, trigonometric, exponential, logarithmic, and modulus functions. It discusses properties of functions including even/odd functions, period of a function, and injections and surjections. Exercises are provided to help understand these concepts.

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MSR1984
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© © All Rights Reserved
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
14 views

Relations Functions

The document discusses relations and functions. It defines relation, types of relations including reflexive, symmetric, transitive, identity, antisymmetric, and equivalence relations. It also defines functions including domain, range, and graphs of functions. It describes several standard functions such as polynomial, trigonometric, exponential, logarithmic, and modulus functions. It discusses properties of functions including even/odd functions, period of a function, and injections and surjections. Exercises are provided to help understand these concepts.

Uploaded by

MSR1984
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 24

Relations & Functions

(Practice Set)

Rao Tutorials
8249 5710 82, 9777 380 759
Contents
1 Relation 4

2 Types of Relations 5
2.1 Reflexive Relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 Symmetric Relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.3 Transitive Relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.4 Identity Relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.5 Antisymmetric Relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.6 Equivalence Relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Exercise 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

3 Function 8
3.1 Domain of a Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.2 Range of a Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.3 Graph of a Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

4 Some Standard Functions 10


4.1 Polynomial Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.2 Sine Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.3 Cosine Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.4 Tangent Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.5 Secant Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.6 Cosecant Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.7 Cotangent Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.8 Modulus Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.9 Exponential Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.10 Logarithmic Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.11 Greatest Integer Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.12 Fractional Part Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Exercise 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

5 Even/Odd Function 18
Exercise 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6 Period of a Function 19
Exercise 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

7 Injection 21

8 Surjection 21
Exercise 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4

1 Relation
Given set A and B, then a relation from A to B (denoted as R : A → B) is “any subset of
the set A × B”.

For example if A = {a, b, c} and B = {1, 2}, then A×B = {(a, 1), (a, 2), (b, 1), (b, 2), (c, 1), (c, 2)}
and some relations from A to B are :

R1 R2 R3
A B A B A B
a a a
1 1 1
b b b
2 2 2
c c c

R1 = {(a, 2), (c, 2)} R2 = {(a, 1), (b, 1), (c, 2)} R3 = {(c, 1)}

Note(1) Observe how above relations are all subsets of A × B.

Note(2) We can also have null(void) relation, R4 = { }, in which no element of A is mapped


to any element of B.

Note(3) If n(A) = a and n(B) = b then total number of distinct relations from A to B is 2ab .

Note(4) In relation R1 above, we say “a is related to 2” (denoted as aR1 2) or “a & 2 are in


relation” (denoted as (a, 2) ∈ R1 ).

Note(5) In R2 above,we say that “the image of a is 1” & “the pre-image of 2 is c”.

Note(6) Above example relations : R1 , R2 & R3 are defined from A to B, where set A is the
domain and set B is the co-domain of relation.

Note(7) The set of all images in co-domain is the range. E.g., range of R1 is {2}.

Note(8) We can also have relations defined on only one set (say A), denoted as R : A → A,
where both domain & co-domain is A. These relations will be a subset of A × A.

Note(9) To form a relation we need set/sets (domain & co-domain) and also a basis of
relation. Basis tells us which element is mapped to which.

For e.g, if A = {1, 2, 3} then a relation ρ on set A defined as ρ = {(a, b) ⇔ a + b < 4}


is ρ = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1)}, where the basis of relation is a + b < 4.
5

2 Types of Relations

2.1 Reflexive Relation

A relation ρ defined on set A is reflexive iff (a, a) ∈ ρ ∀ a ∈ A, i.e, every element of A is


related to itself.

E.g Relation ρ defined on set A = {1, 2, 3}, as ρ = {(a, b) iff a divides b}.
Above relation can be described as ρ = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 2), (3, 3)}.
Notice how every element of A is related to itself. So ρ is reflexive.

E.g Relation τ defined on set A = {1, 2, 3}, as τ = {(a, b) ⇔ a + b > 2}.


We have τ = {(1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3)}.
Since 1 ∈ A and (1, 1) ∈
/ A, so τ is not reflexive.

Note(1) If number of elements in set A is n, i.e, n(A) = n, then the total number of
reflexive relations that can be defined on A is 2n(n−1) .

2.2 Symmetric Relation

A relation ρ defined on set A is symmetric if for a, b ∈ A, we have (a, b) ∈ ρ ⇒ (b, a) ∈ ρ.

E.g Relation R defined on set A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, as R = {(a, b) iff |a − b| < 2}.
R = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (3, 2), (3, 3)}.
For any (a, b) in R, we have (b, a) also in R, so R is symmetric.

2.3 Transitive Relation

A relation ρ defined on set A is transitive if for a, b, c ∈ A, we have


(a, b) ∈ ρ & (b, c) ∈ ρ ⇒ (a, c) ∈ ρ.

E.g Relation R defined on set N of natural numbers, as R = {(a, b) iff a divides b}.
In the above relation R, if (a, b) ∈ R and (b, c) ∈ R then we have ‘a divides b’ and ‘b
divides c’, which means ‘a divides c’ and thus (a, c) ∈ R. So R is transitive.

E.g Relation ρ = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (3, 2), (2, 3), (3, 3)} is not transitive as (1, 2) ∈ ρ and (2, 3) ∈ ρ
but (1, 3) ∈
/ ρ.
6

2.4 Identity Relation


A relation R defined on set A, is an identity relation if R = {(a, a) ∀ a ∈ A}.

Note(1) For set A = {1, 2, 3}, I = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)} is an identity relation as well as a
reflexive relation;
whereas R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2), (3, 1)} is a reflexive relation but not an iden-
tity relation.

2.5 Antisymmetric Relation


A relation ρ on set A is antisymmetric if (a, b) ∈ ρ and (b, a) ∈ ρ then a = b.

E.g Relation ρ defined on set Z of integers as, ρ = {(a, b) iff a divides b}.
Observe that in above relation ρ, if (a, b) ∈ ρ and (b, a) ∈ ρ then we have “a divides b”
and “b divides a”, which means “a & b must be equal”, so ρ is an antisymmetric relation.

2.6 Equivalence Relation


A relation that is reflexive, symmetric and transitive is called an equivalence relation.

E.g Relation R defined on set N of natural numbers as, R = {(a, b) iff a + b is even}.
Above relation is R = {(1, 1), (1, 3), (1, 5), . . . , (2, 2), (2, 4), . . . , (3, 1), (3, 3), (3, 5), . . . }.

Since for any natural number a ∈ N, a + a = 2a is even, so (a, a) ∈ R. [reflexive].

If (a, b) ∈ R, then a + b is even ⇒ b + a is even ⇒ (b, a) ∈ R. [symmetric].

If (a, b) ∈ R and (b, c) ∈ R, then a + b = 2λ and b + c = 2µ (where 2λ and 2µ are some


even values) ⇒ a + 2b + c = 2(λ + µ) ⇒ a + c = 2(λ + µ − b) ⇒ a + c is even ⇒ (a, c) ∈ R.
[transitive].

As relation R is reflexive, symmetric & transitive, so R is an equivalence relation.

Note(1) If R is an equivalence relation on set A, then the equivalence class of an element


a ∈ A, (denoted as [a] ) is [a] = {set of all elements that are related to a}.

Note(2) An equivalence relation divides the given set in partitions called equivalence classes,
that are mutually disjoint (no two classes have any element in common) and ex-
haustive (the union of these classes/partitions is the given set).
7

Exercise 1.

1. A relation ρ is defined on set Z of all inte- Is τ symmetric ?


gers as, ρ = {(a, b) ⇔ a − b = 3}.

Is the relation an equivalence ? 4. Let A = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} and let a relation R


If yes, then what is the equivalence class be defined on A as
[2] ? R = {(0, 0), (0, 4), (1, 1), (1, 3), (2, 2), (3, 1),
What is the total number of equivalence (3, 3), (4, 0), (4, 4)}.
classes formed by the given relation ? Is R an equivalence relation ? If yes, then
find the distinct equivalence classes of R.
2. Consider the relation R on set R defined
as R = {(a, b) iff a ≤ b2 }. 5. We say that “a is congruent to b mod m”,
What is the range of R ? denoted as “a ≡ b (mod m)” if (a − b) is
Discuss reflexivity, symmetry & transitiv- divisible by m.
ity of R. Let R be a relation on Z defined as :
aRb ⇔ a ≡ b (mod 3).
3. If for the set A = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, opera- Is R an equivalence relation ?
tion “addition modulo 6” (denoted as +6 ),
is defined as : 6. Let a relation R be defined on set N × N
as (a, b)R(c, d) ⇔ a + d = b + c.

a + b if a + b < 6
a +6 b = Is R an equivalence relation ?
a + b − 6 if a + b ≥ 6
and relation τ on set A is defined as τ = 7. Given a relation R = {(1, 2), (2, 3)} on the
{(a, b) ⇔ a +6 b = 4}, then : set A = {1, 2, 3}. Find the minimum num-
Is the relation reflexive ? Which elements ber of ordered pairs that must be included
are related to themselves ? in R to make it an equivalence relation.

Answers

1. Yes ; 3. No ; 5. Yes
{. . . , −4, −1, 2, 5, 8, . . . } ; 2 & 5;
3 Yes 6. Yes

2. R ;
4. Yes ; 7. (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (2, 1),
None of reflexive, sym-
{0, 4}, {1, 3}, {2} (3, 2), (3, 1), (1, 3)
metric or transitive
8

3 Function
A relation such that :

(i) Every element in the domain has an image in the co-domain, and

(ii) The mappings are not one-many,

is a function.

E.g Consider the relation f : R → R defined as f = {(a, b) ⇔ a = b2 }.


Observe that for a certain value of a, say 9, we have two values for b, i.e, b = ±3. As a
result the mappings in f are one-many, so f is not a function.

E.g Consider g : R → R defined as g = {(x, y) ⇔ y = x}.

Domain of g is R, i.e, (−∞, ∞), but for x < 0, y = x ∈
/ Co-domain = R. Thus there
are elements in domain that don’t have any image in Co-domain, so g is not a function.

E.g Consider h : R → R defined as h = {(x, y) ⇔ y = x2 − 5}.


For every element x ∈ R of domain, we have a defined output y = x2 −5 in the co-domain,
so every element in domain has a unique image in co-domain. h is a function.

Note(1) If f : A → B, i.e, f is a function with domain A & co-domain B such that n(A) = a
and n(B) = b then total number of distinct functions that can be formed is ba .

3.1 Domain of a Function


Since for a function, every element in domain has to have an image in co-domain, so the
domain of a function is “the set of all possible values for which a function is defined.”
√ √
E.g Consider the function f = (x, y) ⇔ y = x − 3 or simply f (x) = x − 3.


Since square root of a −’ve number is not real, so for f to exist, we must have x − 3 ≥ 0
or x ∈ [3, ∞), which is the domain (set of all possible inputs) of f .

Now we can rewrite above function as f : [3, ∞) → R, f (x) = x − 3.

3.2 Range of a Function


Range of a function is “those elements in the co-domain which have pre-images” or “the set of
all possible outputs”.
9

f
E.g Let A = {a, b, c} , B = {1, 2, 3, 4} and f : A → B be defined A B
as f = {(a, 2), (b, 2), (c, 3)}. a 1
2
Range of f is those values in the co-domain which have pre- b
3
images i.e, {2, 3}. c
4

E.g Function f : R → R defined as f (x) = x2 , maps all real values in the domain on to all
positive values in co-domain, so range of f is [0, ∞).

3.3 Graph of a Function

The domain of a function is represented by the x-axis and co-domain by y-axis. The ordered
pairs that are mapped by the function are represented as points on cartesian plane.

E.g f : R → R is defined as f = (x, y) ⇔ y = x2 .




f Below is the graph of f (x) = x2 .


R R
Observe that domain is “horizontal span of graph”,
−∞ while range is the “vertical span”.
..
. −∞
−2 .. y
.. .
. 0
co-domain

.. 4
−1.6 .
..
. 1
..
−1 . 2.56
..
. 2
.. 2
0 .
..
. 2.56
1
.. 1
.
..
4 x
√. ..
2 . −0.3 √
.. −2 −1.6 −1 1 2 domain
. ∞

10

4 Some Standard Functions

4.1 Polynomial Functions

A polynomial function of nth degree is of form


f (x) = an xn + an−1 xn−1 + an−2 xn−2 + · · · + a1 x + a0 , where n ∈ N & a0 , a1 , . . . , an ∈ R.

A polynomial function can easily be graphed, if its x & y-intercepts are known, keeping in
mind that graph of polynomial function of degree n turns for a maximum of n − 1
times.
y
E.g f (x) = y = x2 − 2x − 8
x
Putting y = 0, we get x-intercepts as x = −2 & 4. −2 4
Putting x = 0, we get y intercept as y = −8.

Further y = (x − 1)2 − 9 ⇒ ymin = −9 at x = 1.

Also since the function is of degree 2 so the graph will


have 1 turn.

Observe that domain = horizontal span = (−∞, ∞)


and range = vertical span = [−9, ∞). −8
−9

E.g f (x) = y = x3 − 5x2 + 3x + 9

Putting y = 0, we get x3 − 5x2 + 3x + 9 = 0 ... (1) y


By inspection we see that x = −1 is a root of (1), so 9
(x + 1) is a factor.
Dividing x3 − 5x2 + 3x + 9 by x + 1, we get x2 − 6x + 9.
So (1) can be factorized as (x + 1)(x − 3)2 = 0
⇒ curve intersects x-axis at just two points : −1 & 3.

Putting x = 0, we get y intercept as y = 9.

Also since the function is of degree 3 so the graph will x


have 2 turns. −1 3
Observe that domain = horizontal span = (−∞, ∞)
and range = vertical span = (−∞, ∞).
11

Note that apart from intercepts, there are many other aspects like increasing-decreasing in-
tervals, local max-min, asymptotes, graphical transformations, etc, that help us trace the graph
of a given function. These will be discussed in later topics.

4.2 Sine Function


f (x) = sin x
y
1
x
−3π −2π −π π 2π 3π
−1

Domain : x ∈ (−∞, ∞)
Range : y ∈ [−1, 1]

4.3 Cosine Function


f (x) = cos x
y
1
x
−3π −2π −π π 2π 3π
−1

Domain : x ∈ (−∞, ∞)
Range : y ∈ [−1, 1]

4.4 Tangent Function


f (x) = tan x
y
3

The function is not defined at


2
π 1
odd multiples of , x
2
so the domain is −2π − 3π −π − π2 π π 3π 2π
2 2 2
π −1
 
x ∈ R − (2n − 1) , n ∈ Z.
2
−2
Range : y ∈ (−∞, ∞). −3
12

4.5 Secant Function


f (x) = sec x
1 y
As sec x = so sec x
cos x
will be undefined when 2
cos x = 0, so domain is 1

π

x
x ∈ R − (2n − 1) π
2 −2π − 3π −π − π2 π
2
3π 2π
2 2
−1
As no part of the curve
is between y = −1 & −2
y = 1, so range is
y ∈ (−∞, −1] ∪ [1, ∞).

4.6 Cosecant Function


y
f (x) = cosec x

cosec x will be unde- 2


fined when sin x = 0, so 1
domain is x
x ∈ R − {nπ}, n ∈ Z. −2π − 3π −π − π2 π π 3π 2π
2 2 2
−1
Range is
−2
y ∈ (−∞, −1] ∪ [1, ∞).

4.7 Cotangent Function


f (x) = tan x y

2
The function is not defined at
1
multiples of π,
x
so the domain is −2π − 3π −π − π2 π
2
π 3π 2π
2 2
−1
x ∈ R − {nπ}, n ∈ Z.
−2
Range : y ∈ (−∞, ∞).
13

4.8 Modulus Function

f (x) = |x| = the numerical/absolute value of x.


If the argument is positive then the function does nothing 
and outputs the same, but if argument is negative then arg , if arg ≥ 0
|arg| =
modulus function outputs an extra negative to make −arg , if arg < 0
it positive.
Some examples are given below :
y y
−2
x+

3
3

3 3
2x

x x
3 −1 3
2
 
2x − 3 , x≥ 3 x2 − 2x − 3 , x ∈ R − (−1, 3)
|2x − 3| = 2
|x2 − 2x − 3| =
−(2x − 3) , x< 3 −x2 + 2x + 3 , x ∈ (−1, 3)
2

4.9 Exponential Function

f (x) = ax , where a > 0, a ̸= 1 is called exponential function.


y y
ax , (a > 1) ax , (0 < a < 1)

1 1
x
x

(When a > 1, ax increases as x increases.) (When 0 < a < 1, ax decreases as x increases.)


14

Observe that exponential functions are defined for all real values of x, and are always positive,
i.e, domain is x ∈ R and range is y ∈ (0, ∞).

4.10 Logarithmic Function

f (x) = loga x is defined only if x > 0, a > 0, a ̸= 1.

y y loga x, (a < 1)
2
1
x
1
1 a a2 x
a 1 a−1
−1

loga x, (a > 1)

(When a > 1, ax increases as x increases.) (When 0 < a < 1, ax decreases as x increases.)

Domain is x ∈ (0, ∞) and range is y ∈ R.

Some results for log function are :

• loga m + loga n = loga mn • loga a = 1


m
• loga m − loga n = loga logs b
n • loga b = , s ∈ R+ − {1}
• p loga m = loga mp logs a

• loga 1 = 0 • aloga b = b

Note(1) logb a = c ⇔ a = bc

a < bc , if a > 1
Note(2) logb a < c ⇒
a > bc , if 0 < a < 1
15

4.11 Greatest Integer Function


y
f (x) = [x] or ⌊x⌋ is defined as the greatest 3
integer less than or equal to x.
2
E.g. [7.61] = 7, [π] = 3, [−2.41] = −3, [4] = 4,
etc. 1

Domain is x ∈ R, and range is y ∈ Z. x


−2 −1 1 2 3 4
Note(1) [x + k] = [x] + k for x ∈ R, k ∈ Z

Note(2) [−x] = −1 − [x] for x ∈ R − Z

4.12 Fractional Part Function

f (x) = {x} is defined as {x} = x − ⌊x⌋


 y

 x+2 , −2 ≤ x < −1 2



x+1 , −1 ≤ x < 0


1




0≤x<1

x

,
f (x) = x



 x−1 , 1≤x<2 −2 −1 1 2 3 4

x−2 , 2≤x<3







x−3 , 3≤x<4

Domain is x ∈ R and range is y ∈ [0, 1).

Exercise 2.

1. Find the domain and range of the following functions :


x 1 √
(a) f (x) = (b) f (x) = √ (c) f (x) = x2 − 4
x2 − 3x + 2 9 − x2
1 x x
(d) f (x) = (e) f (x) = (f) f (x) =
x−5 1−x 1 + x2
1 √ 2+x
(g) f (x) = (h) f (x) = 9 − x2 (i) f (x) =
2 − cos 3x 2−x
16

1
(j) f (x) = cos−1 (3x − 1) (k) f (x) = tan−1 (2x + 1) (l) f (x) = p
|x| − x

2. Find the domain of the following functions :


1 √ 1
(a) f (x) = + x+2 (b) f (x) = q
log10 (1 − x) log1/2 (x2 − 7x + 13)

4 − x2
( !)
(c) f (x) = sin log
1−x

3
 
3. Find the domain of f (x) = log log| sin x| (x2 − 8x + 23) − .
log2 | sin x|

4. Find the interval in which x must belong so that the following functions are defined :

(a) log10 (1 + x3 ) (b) log10 log10 (1 + x3 ) (c) log10 log10 log10 log10 x
s
x−1 2 log10 x + 1
   
(d) log0.4 (e) log100x
x+5 −x

5. Find domain of the following functions :


1 + x2
!
cos(sin x) (b) sin−1
p
(a)
2x
1 − 2|x|
q  
(c) sin−1 (log 2 x) (d) cos−1 + log|x−1| x
3
1 1
(e) sin−1 +√
|x2 − 1| sin x + sin x + 1
2

6. Find the domain of :


q
2(x−2)
q √
(a) f (x) = 4x + 8 3 − 52 − 22(x−1) (b) f (x) = sin−1 (3x − 4x3 ) + cos−1 x
1 q
(c) f (x) = q (d) f (x) = sin−1 (sin x) − cos−1 (cos x)

4x − |x2 − 10x + 9|

7. If f (x) is defined for x ∈ [0, 1], then find the domain of g(x) = f (tan x).

8. If domain of f (x) is [−3, 2], then find the domain of g(x) = ⌊x⌋ .

1
9. Find the domain of f (x) =  .
|x − 1| + |7 − x| − 6
  
17

10. Find the number of solutions of the equation sin x = ⌊1 + sin x⌋ + ⌊1 − cos x⌋.

11. Find x if 4{x} = x + ⌊x⌋, where {·} is the fractional part function.

12. Find the solution set of the equation ⌈x⌉2 + ⌈x + 1⌉2 = 25, where ⌈·⌉ is the least integer
function.

13. Find the number of solutions of the equation ⌊x⌋ − 2x = 4.


Answers

1. (a) x ∈ R − {1, 2} (d) (1, ∞)


√ √
y ∈ (−∞, −3 − 2 2] ∪ [−3 + 2 2, ∞) (e) 0, 10−2

h 
(b) x ∈ (−3, 3) ; y ∈ 1
3, ∞
5. (a) (−∞, ∞)
(c) x ∈ R − (−2, 2) ; y ∈ [0, ∞)
(b) {−1, 1}
(d) x ∈ R − {5} ; y ∈ R − {0}
(c) [1, 2]
(e) x ∈ R − {1} ; y ∈ R − {−1}
h i (d) (0, 1) ∪ (1, 2)
(f) x ∈ R ; y ∈ − 21 , 12 √  √
(e) − ∞, − 2 ∪ 2, ∞ ∪ {0}

h i
(g) x ∈ R ; y ∈ 3, 1
1

6. (a) [3, ∞)
(h) x ∈ [−3, 3] ; y ∈ [0, 3] h √ i h √ i
(i) x ∈ R − {2} ; y ∈ R − {−1} (b) −1, − 23 ∪ 0, 23
√ √ 
(c) 7 − 40, 7 + 40 − {3}
h i
(j) x ∈ 0, 23 ; y ∈ [0, π] h i
(d) 0, π2 ∪ 2 , 2π

 
(k) x ∈ R ; y ∈ − π2 , π2


(l) x ∈ (−∞, 0) ; y ∈ (0, ∞) 7. nπ, nπ + π


,n∈Z

4

2. (a) [−2, 0) ∪ (0, 1) 8. [−2, 3)


(b) (3, 4)
9. R − (0, 1] ∪ {2, 3, 4, 5, 6} ∪ [7, 8)


(c) (−2, 1)
    10. no solution
3. (3, π) ∪ π, 3π
2 ∪ 2 ,5

11. x = 0, 53
4. (a) (−1, ∞)
(b) (0, ∞) 12. x ∈ (−5, −4] ∪ (2, 3]

(c) 1010 , ∞ 13. 4 solutions, x = {−4.5, −4, 3.5, 4}



18

5 Even/Odd Function
A function is called even if f (−x) = f (x).
Some examples of even function are cos x, |x|, x2 , etc.
Graph of an even function is always symmetric about y-axis.

A function is called odd if f (−x) = −f (x).


E.g., x3 , sin x, x|x|, etc. Graph of an odd function is always symmetric about origin.

Note(1) If E is an even function, O an odd function and N is neither even nor odd function,
then
(a) E ± E = E (b) O ± O = O (c) E ± O = N
(d) E × E = E (e) O × O = E (f) E × O = O

Note(2) If f (x) is any function then


(a) f (x) + f (−x) is necessarily even (b) f (x) − f (−x) is necessarily odd

Exercise 3.
1. Check whether the following functions are even, odd or neither of them.
a −1 √
 x 
(a) f (x) = x (b) f (x) = log x + x2 + 1 (c) f (x) = sin x + cos x

ax + 1




 x|x| , x ≤ −1

(d) f (x) = x2 − |x| (e) f (x) = ⌊1 + x⌋ + ⌊1 − x⌋ , −1 < x < 1


, x≥1

−x|x|

1−x
 
(f) f (x) = log
1+x

2. If f (x + y) + f (x − y) = 2f (x)f (y), f (0) ̸= 0 & x, y ∈ R, then determine whether f (x) is


even or odd or neither.

x|x| , 0≤x<1
3. A function is defined for x ≥ 0 as : f (x) = . Find
2x , x≥1

(a) even extension of f (x) (b) odd extension of f (x)


19

2x(sin x + tan x)
4. Show that the function f (x) = is symmetric about origin.
x + 21π
 
2 − 41
π

5. If f and g are any two functions then prove that :

(a) f is even & g is even ⇒ f og is even (b) f is odd & g is odd ⇒ f og is odd
(c) f is even & g is odd ⇒ f og is even (d) f is odd & g is even ⇒ f og is even

Answers

1. (a) even (e) even



−2x , x ≤ −1
3. (a)
(b) odd (f) odd
−x|x| , −1 < x < 0

(c) neither

2x , x ≤ −1
(b)
(d) even 2. even x|x| , −1 < x < 0

6 Period of a Function
If the graph of a function repeats itself after a particular interval then we say that the function
is periodic and the least value of such interval is called the period of the function.

So if f (x + T ) = f (x) ∀ x ∈ R, then we say that f (x) has period T .

Period of some standard functions :


Function Period
π , if n is even
sinn x, cosn x, secn x, cosecn x
2π , if n is odd
tann x, cotn x π for all n ∈ N
| sin x|, | cos x|, | tan x|, | sec x|, |cosec x|, | cot x| π
Fraction part function {x} 1

Algebraic functions x, x, x
x2 +1
, etc
Exponential function ax , and logarithmic func- period doesn’t exist
tion loga x
20

Note(1) If f (x) is periodic with period T and a, b, c, k ∈ R then

(a) period of f (x) ± c is T (b) period of c · f (x) is T


T
(c) period of f (x ± c) is T (d) period of f (ax ± b) is
|a|
T
(e) period of c · f (ax ± b) ± k is
|a|

T , if g is not even
Note(2) If period of f (x) is T , then period of gof (x) is
1T
2 , if g is even

Note(3) If period of f (x) is T1 and that of g(x) is T2 , then the period of h(x) = f (x) + g(x)

L.C.M{T1 , T2 } , if h is not even
is
 1 L.C.M{T , T } , if h is even
2 1 2

Exercise 4.
1. Find the period of the following functions :
x
(a) f (x) = sin x + {x} (b) tan 3x + sin (c) f (x) = | sin x| + | cos x|
3
(d) f (x) = sin4 x + cos4 x (e) f (x) = cos(cos x) + cos(sin x)
(f) f (x) = cos−1 (cos x) (g) f (x) = sin(sin πx) + e{3x}

2. If f is a function satisfying f (x) + f (x + 4) = f (x + 2) + f (x + 6) ∀ x ∈ R, then find the


period of f .

3. If f (x) be a function such that f (x − 1) + f (x + 1) = 3f (x) ∀ x ∈ R and f (5) = 100 then
99
find the value of f (5 + 12r).
P
r=0

Answers

1. (a) none (d) π


2 (g) 2

(b) 6π (e) π
2 2. 8

(c) π
2 (f) 2π 3. 104
21

7 Injection
If a function f : A → B maps different elements of A to different elements of B then we say
that f is a one-one function or an injection.

We can use the following methods to know whether a function is injective or not :

(a) Analytical way


We first put f (x1 ) = f (x2 ), where x1 , x2 belong to the domain of f .
Then on simplifying, if we get x1 = x2 as the only conclusion, then f is an injection.

(b) Graphical way


We first trace the graph of given function f (x). Then we draw straight lines parallel to
x−axis. If any of these lines intersects the graph of f (x) at more than one point, then f
is not an injection.

(c) Using derivatives


If a function is continuous and monotonically increases i.e, f ′ (x) > 0 or monotonically
decreases i.e, f ′ (x) < 0, throughout its domain, then f is an injection.

8 Surjection
A function f : A → B is said to be a surjection or an onto function if every elemnt of B has
a pre-image in A.

In other words, if range = co-domain, then f is a surjection.


If f is not a surjection (onto), then f is an into function.

Note(1) If A and B are two finite sets with m and n elements respectively, then the total
n
number of surjections from A to B is (−1)n−r Cr r m .
P n
r=1

Exercise 5.
1. Discuss the following functions for injection, surjection & bijection :

(a) f : Q → Q, f (x) = 2x − 3
(b) f : R → R, f (x) = 3x3 + 5
(c) f : R → R, f (x) = x2 + x
22

2. Discuss the following functions f : A → B, where A = {x : −1 ≤ x ≤ 1} = B, for


injectivity, surjectivity & bijectivity :

(a) f (x) = |x| (b) f (x) = x|x|


πx
(c) f (x) = ⌊x⌋ (d) f (x) = sin
2

3. Find the number of surjections from A = {1, 2, 3, . . . , n}, n ≥ 2 to B = {a, b}.

4. There are exactly two distinct linear functions which map [−1, 1] onto [0, 3]. Find the point
of intersection of those two functions.

x−2
5. Let A = R − {3}, B = R − {1} and f (x) = . Is f a bijection ?
x−3

x2
6. If f : R → A, defined as f (x) = is a surjection then find A.
x2 + 1

Answers
 
1. (a) bijection (b) bijection 4. 0, 23
(b) bijection (c) many-one, into
5. Yes
(c) neither (d) bijection

2. (a) many-one, into 3. 2n − 2 6. A ∈ [0, 1)

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