Relations Functions
Relations Functions
(Practice Set)
Rao Tutorials
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Contents
1 Relation 4
2 Types of Relations 5
2.1 Reflexive Relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 Symmetric Relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.3 Transitive Relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.4 Identity Relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.5 Antisymmetric Relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.6 Equivalence Relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Exercise 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3 Function 8
3.1 Domain of a Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.2 Range of a Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.3 Graph of a Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5 Even/Odd Function 18
Exercise 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6 Period of a Function 19
Exercise 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
7 Injection 21
8 Surjection 21
Exercise 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4
1 Relation
Given set A and B, then a relation from A to B (denoted as R : A → B) is “any subset of
the set A × B”.
For example if A = {a, b, c} and B = {1, 2}, then A×B = {(a, 1), (a, 2), (b, 1), (b, 2), (c, 1), (c, 2)}
and some relations from A to B are :
R1 R2 R3
A B A B A B
a a a
1 1 1
b b b
2 2 2
c c c
R1 = {(a, 2), (c, 2)} R2 = {(a, 1), (b, 1), (c, 2)} R3 = {(c, 1)}
Note(3) If n(A) = a and n(B) = b then total number of distinct relations from A to B is 2ab .
Note(5) In R2 above,we say that “the image of a is 1” & “the pre-image of 2 is c”.
Note(6) Above example relations : R1 , R2 & R3 are defined from A to B, where set A is the
domain and set B is the co-domain of relation.
Note(7) The set of all images in co-domain is the range. E.g., range of R1 is {2}.
Note(8) We can also have relations defined on only one set (say A), denoted as R : A → A,
where both domain & co-domain is A. These relations will be a subset of A × A.
Note(9) To form a relation we need set/sets (domain & co-domain) and also a basis of
relation. Basis tells us which element is mapped to which.
2 Types of Relations
E.g Relation ρ defined on set A = {1, 2, 3}, as ρ = {(a, b) iff a divides b}.
Above relation can be described as ρ = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 2), (3, 3)}.
Notice how every element of A is related to itself. So ρ is reflexive.
Note(1) If number of elements in set A is n, i.e, n(A) = n, then the total number of
reflexive relations that can be defined on A is 2n(n−1) .
E.g Relation R defined on set A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, as R = {(a, b) iff |a − b| < 2}.
R = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (3, 2), (3, 3)}.
For any (a, b) in R, we have (b, a) also in R, so R is symmetric.
E.g Relation R defined on set N of natural numbers, as R = {(a, b) iff a divides b}.
In the above relation R, if (a, b) ∈ R and (b, c) ∈ R then we have ‘a divides b’ and ‘b
divides c’, which means ‘a divides c’ and thus (a, c) ∈ R. So R is transitive.
E.g Relation ρ = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (3, 2), (2, 3), (3, 3)} is not transitive as (1, 2) ∈ ρ and (2, 3) ∈ ρ
but (1, 3) ∈
/ ρ.
6
Note(1) For set A = {1, 2, 3}, I = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)} is an identity relation as well as a
reflexive relation;
whereas R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2), (3, 1)} is a reflexive relation but not an iden-
tity relation.
E.g Relation ρ defined on set Z of integers as, ρ = {(a, b) iff a divides b}.
Observe that in above relation ρ, if (a, b) ∈ ρ and (b, a) ∈ ρ then we have “a divides b”
and “b divides a”, which means “a & b must be equal”, so ρ is an antisymmetric relation.
E.g Relation R defined on set N of natural numbers as, R = {(a, b) iff a + b is even}.
Above relation is R = {(1, 1), (1, 3), (1, 5), . . . , (2, 2), (2, 4), . . . , (3, 1), (3, 3), (3, 5), . . . }.
Note(2) An equivalence relation divides the given set in partitions called equivalence classes,
that are mutually disjoint (no two classes have any element in common) and ex-
haustive (the union of these classes/partitions is the given set).
7
Exercise 1.
Answers
1. Yes ; 3. No ; 5. Yes
{. . . , −4, −1, 2, 5, 8, . . . } ; 2 & 5;
3 Yes 6. Yes
2. R ;
4. Yes ; 7. (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (2, 1),
None of reflexive, sym-
{0, 4}, {1, 3}, {2} (3, 2), (3, 1), (1, 3)
metric or transitive
8
3 Function
A relation such that :
(i) Every element in the domain has an image in the co-domain, and
is a function.
Note(1) If f : A → B, i.e, f is a function with domain A & co-domain B such that n(A) = a
and n(B) = b then total number of distinct functions that can be formed is ba .
Since square root of a −’ve number is not real, so for f to exist, we must have x − 3 ≥ 0
or x ∈ [3, ∞), which is the domain (set of all possible inputs) of f .
√
Now we can rewrite above function as f : [3, ∞) → R, f (x) = x − 3.
f
E.g Let A = {a, b, c} , B = {1, 2, 3, 4} and f : A → B be defined A B
as f = {(a, 2), (b, 2), (c, 3)}. a 1
2
Range of f is those values in the co-domain which have pre- b
3
images i.e, {2, 3}. c
4
E.g Function f : R → R defined as f (x) = x2 , maps all real values in the domain on to all
positive values in co-domain, so range of f is [0, ∞).
The domain of a function is represented by the x-axis and co-domain by y-axis. The ordered
pairs that are mapped by the function are represented as points on cartesian plane.
.. 4
−1.6 .
..
. 1
..
−1 . 2.56
..
. 2
.. 2
0 .
..
. 2.56
1
.. 1
.
..
4 x
√. ..
2 . −0.3 √
.. −2 −1.6 −1 1 2 domain
. ∞
∞
10
A polynomial function can easily be graphed, if its x & y-intercepts are known, keeping in
mind that graph of polynomial function of degree n turns for a maximum of n − 1
times.
y
E.g f (x) = y = x2 − 2x − 8
x
Putting y = 0, we get x-intercepts as x = −2 & 4. −2 4
Putting x = 0, we get y intercept as y = −8.
Note that apart from intercepts, there are many other aspects like increasing-decreasing in-
tervals, local max-min, asymptotes, graphical transformations, etc, that help us trace the graph
of a given function. These will be discussed in later topics.
Domain : x ∈ (−∞, ∞)
Range : y ∈ [−1, 1]
Domain : x ∈ (−∞, ∞)
Range : y ∈ [−1, 1]
2
The function is not defined at
1
multiples of π,
x
so the domain is −2π − 3π −π − π2 π
2
π 3π 2π
2 2
−1
x ∈ R − {nπ}, n ∈ Z.
−2
Range : y ∈ (−∞, ∞).
13
3
3
3 3
2x
x x
3 −1 3
2
2x − 3 , x≥ 3 x2 − 2x − 3 , x ∈ R − (−1, 3)
|2x − 3| = 2
|x2 − 2x − 3| =
−(2x − 3) , x< 3 −x2 + 2x + 3 , x ∈ (−1, 3)
2
1 1
x
x
Observe that exponential functions are defined for all real values of x, and are always positive,
i.e, domain is x ∈ R and range is y ∈ (0, ∞).
y y loga x, (a < 1)
2
1
x
1
1 a a2 x
a 1 a−1
−1
loga x, (a > 1)
• loga 1 = 0 • aloga b = b
Note(1) logb a = c ⇔ a = bc
a < bc , if a > 1
Note(2) logb a < c ⇒
a > bc , if 0 < a < 1
15
Exercise 2.
1
(j) f (x) = cos−1 (3x − 1) (k) f (x) = tan−1 (2x + 1) (l) f (x) = p
|x| − x
3
3. Find the domain of f (x) = log log| sin x| (x2 − 8x + 23) − .
log2 | sin x|
4. Find the interval in which x must belong so that the following functions are defined :
(a) log10 (1 + x3 ) (b) log10 log10 (1 + x3 ) (c) log10 log10 log10 log10 x
s
x−1 2 log10 x + 1
(d) log0.4 (e) log100x
x+5 −x
4x − |x2 − 10x + 9|
7. If f (x) is defined for x ∈ [0, 1], then find the domain of g(x) = f (tan x).
8. If domain of f (x) is [−3, 2], then find the domain of g(x) = ⌊x⌋.
1
9. Find the domain of f (x) = .
|x − 1| + |7 − x| − 6
17
10. Find the number of solutions of the equation sin x = ⌊1 + sin x⌋ + ⌊1 − cos x⌋.
11. Find x if 4{x} = x + ⌊x⌋, where {·} is the fractional part function.
12. Find the solution set of the equation ⌈x⌉2 + ⌈x + 1⌉2 = 25, where ⌈·⌉ is the least integer
function.
Answers
6. (a) [3, ∞)
(h) x ∈ [−3, 3] ; y ∈ [0, 3] h √ i h √ i
(i) x ∈ R − {2} ; y ∈ R − {−1} (b) −1, − 23 ∪ 0, 23
√ √
(c) 7 − 40, 7 + 40 − {3}
h i
(j) x ∈ 0, 23 ; y ∈ [0, π] h i
(d) 0, π2 ∪ 2 , 2π
3π
(k) x ∈ R ; y ∈ − π2 , π2
(c) (−2, 1)
10. no solution
3. (3, π) ∪ π, 3π
2 ∪ 2 ,5
3π
11. x = 0, 53
4. (a) (−1, ∞)
(b) (0, ∞) 12. x ∈ (−5, −4] ∪ (2, 3]
5 Even/Odd Function
A function is called even if f (−x) = f (x).
Some examples of even function are cos x, |x|, x2 , etc.
Graph of an even function is always symmetric about y-axis.
Note(1) If E is an even function, O an odd function and N is neither even nor odd function,
then
(a) E ± E = E (b) O ± O = O (c) E ± O = N
(d) E × E = E (e) O × O = E (f) E × O = O
Exercise 3.
1. Check whether the following functions are even, odd or neither of them.
a −1 √
x
(a) f (x) = x (b) f (x) = log x + x2 + 1 (c) f (x) = sin x + cos x
ax + 1
x|x| , x ≤ −1
(d) f (x) = x2 − |x| (e) f (x) = ⌊1 + x⌋ + ⌊1 − x⌋ , −1 < x < 1
, x≥1
−x|x|
1−x
(f) f (x) = log
1+x
2x(sin x + tan x)
4. Show that the function f (x) = is symmetric about origin.
x + 21π
2 − 41
π
(a) f is even & g is even ⇒ f og is even (b) f is odd & g is odd ⇒ f og is odd
(c) f is even & g is odd ⇒ f og is even (d) f is odd & g is even ⇒ f og is even
Answers
(c) neither
2x , x ≤ −1
(b)
(d) even 2. even x|x| , −1 < x < 0
6 Period of a Function
If the graph of a function repeats itself after a particular interval then we say that the function
is periodic and the least value of such interval is called the period of the function.
Note(3) If period of f (x) is T1 and that of g(x) is T2 , then the period of h(x) = f (x) + g(x)
L.C.M{T1 , T2 } , if h is not even
is
1 L.C.M{T , T } , if h is even
2 1 2
Exercise 4.
1. Find the period of the following functions :
x
(a) f (x) = sin x + {x} (b) tan 3x + sin (c) f (x) = | sin x| + | cos x|
3
(d) f (x) = sin4 x + cos4 x (e) f (x) = cos(cos x) + cos(sin x)
(f) f (x) = cos−1 (cos x) (g) f (x) = sin(sin πx) + e{3x}
Answers
(b) 6π (e) π
2 2. 8
(c) π
2 (f) 2π 3. 104
21
7 Injection
If a function f : A → B maps different elements of A to different elements of B then we say
that f is a one-one function or an injection.
We can use the following methods to know whether a function is injective or not :
8 Surjection
A function f : A → B is said to be a surjection or an onto function if every elemnt of B has
a pre-image in A.
Note(1) If A and B are two finite sets with m and n elements respectively, then the total
n
number of surjections from A to B is (−1)n−r Cr r m .
P n
r=1
Exercise 5.
1. Discuss the following functions for injection, surjection & bijection :
(a) f : Q → Q, f (x) = 2x − 3
(b) f : R → R, f (x) = 3x3 + 5
(c) f : R → R, f (x) = x2 + x
22
4. There are exactly two distinct linear functions which map [−1, 1] onto [0, 3]. Find the point
of intersection of those two functions.
x−2
5. Let A = R − {3}, B = R − {1} and f (x) = . Is f a bijection ?
x−3
x2
6. If f : R → A, defined as f (x) = is a surjection then find A.
x2 + 1
Answers
1. (a) bijection (b) bijection 4. 0, 23
(b) bijection (c) many-one, into
5. Yes
(c) neither (d) bijection