Class- XI-CBSE-Mathematics Introduction To Euclid’s Geometry

CBSE NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Mathematics Chapter 5

Back of Chapter Questions

Exercise: 5.1
1. Which of the following statements are true and which are false? Give reasons for
your answers.
(i) Only one line can pass through a single point.
(ii) There are an infinite number of lines which pass through two distinct
points.
(iii) A terminated line can be produced indefinitely on both the sides.
(iv) If two circles are equal, then their radii are equal.
(v) In the following figure, if AB = PQ and PQ = XY, then AB = XY.

Solution:
(i) Single point infinite number of lines can pass. Here in the figure we may
find that there are infinite numbers of lines, which are passing through a
single point P.

(ii) False, as through two district points only one line can pass. Here in the
following figure we may find that there is only one single line that can
pass through two distinct points P and Q.

(iii) True, a terminated line can be produced indefinitely on both the sides. Let
AB be a terminated line. We may find that it can be produced indefinitely
on both the sides.

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Class- XI-CBSE-Science Introduction To Euclid’s Geometry

(iv) True, if two circles are equal, their center and circumference will coincide
and hence radii will be equal.
(v) True. It is given that AB and XY are two terminated lines and both are
equal to a third line PQ. Euclid’s First axiom states that things which are
equal to the same thing are equal to one another. So, the lines AB and XY
will be equal.
2. Give a definition for each of the following terms. Are there other terms that need
to be defined first? What are they, and how might you define them?
(i) Parallel lines
(ii) Perpendicular lines
(iii) Line segment
(iv) Radius of a circle
(v) Square
Solution:
(i) Parallel Lines:
If the perpendicular distance between two lines is always constant, these are
called parallel lines. In other words we may say that the lines which never
intersect each other are called parallel lines. To define parallel line, we must
know about point, lines and distance between lines and point of intersection.

(ii) Perpendicular lines:

If two lines intersect each other at 90o , these are called perpendicular lines.
We need to define line and the angle before defining perpendicular lines.

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(iii) Line segment:

A straight line drawn from any point to any other point is called as line
segment. To define line segment, we must know about point and line
segment.

(iv) Radius of a circle:

It is the distance between the center of a circle to any point lying on the
circle. To define radius of circle, we must know about point and circle.

(v) Square:
A square is a quadrilateral having all sides of equal length and all angles
of same measure i.e. 90o . To define square, we must know about
quadrilateral, side, and angle.

3. Consider two ‘postulates' given below:

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Class- XI-CBSE-Science Introduction To Euclid’s Geometry

(i) Given any two distinct point A and B, there exists a third point C which is
in between A and B.
(ii) There exist at least three points that are not on the same line.
Do these postulates contain any undefined terms? Are these postulates
consistent?
Do they follow from Euclid’s postulates? Explain.
Solution:
There are undefined terms. They are consistent. As we have no information about
line segment AB and we don’t know about the position of third point C whether it
is lying on the line segment AB or not, now two different cases are possible -
(i) The third point C lies on the line segment made by joining the points A and
B.

(ii) The third point C does not lie on the line segment made by joining the
points A and B.

Yes, they are consistent as these are two different situations;

(i) The third point C lies on the line segment made by joining points A and B.
(ii) The third point does not lie on the line segment made by joining points A
and B.
No, these postulates do not follow Euclid’s postulates these are axiom.
4. If a point C lies between two points A and B such that AC = BC, then prove that
1
AC = 2 AB. Explain by drawing the figure.

Solution:
Given that AC = BC

AC + AC = BC + AC (equals are added on both sides) ...(i)

Here, (BC + AC) coincides with AB. We know that things which coincide with
one another are equal to one another.
BC + AC = AB …(ii)

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We know that things which are equal to the same thing are equal to one another.
So, from equation (i) and equation (ii), we have
⇒ AC + AC = AB
⇒ 2AC = AB
1
∴ AC = AB
2
5. Point C is called a mid-point of line segment AB, prove that every line segment
has one and only one mid-point.
Solution:
Let us assume there are two mid-points C and D

C is mid-point of AB
AC = CB
AC + AC = BC + AC (equals are added on both sides) ... (1)
Here, (BC + AC) coincides with AB. We know that things which coincide with
one another are
equal.
BC + AC = AB ... (2)
We know that things which are equal to the same thing are equal to one another.
So, from
equation (1) and equation (2), we have
AC + AC = AB
2AC = AB ... (3)
Similarly by taking D as the mid-point of AB, we can prove that
2AD = AB ... (4)
From equation (3) and (4), we have
2AC = 2AD (Things which are equal to the same thing are equal to one another.)
AC = AD (Things which are double of the same things are equal to one another.)
It is possible only when point C and D are representing a single point.
Hence our assumption is wrong and there can be only one mid-point of a given
line segment.

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6. In the following figure, if AC = BD, then prove that AB = CD.

Solution:
From the figure we may observe that

AC = AB + BC
BD = BC + CD
Given that AC = BD
⇒ AB + BC = BC + CD … (1)
According to Euclid’s axiom, we know that when equals are subtracted from
equals, remainders are also equal.
Subtracting BC from the equation (1), we have
⇒ AB + BC − BC = BC + CD − BC
∴ AB = CD

7. Why is Axiom 5, in the list of Euclid’s axioms, considered a universal truth?

(Note that the question is not about the fifth postulate.)
Solution:
Axiom 5: The whole is greater than the part.
Let t is representing a whole quantity and only a, b, c are parts of it.
Now t = a + b + c
Clearly t will be greater than all its parts a, b and c
So, it is rightly said that the whole is greater than the part.

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Class- XI-CBSE-Science Introduction To Euclid’s Geometry

Exercise: 5.2
1. How would you rewrite Euclid’s fifth postulate so that it would be easier to
understand?
Solution:
Two lines are said to be parallel if they are equidistant from one other and they do
not have any point of intersection. In order to understand it easily let us take any
line 𝑙𝑙 and a point P not on 𝑙𝑙.
Then, by Play fair’s axiom (equivalent to the fifth postulate), we know that there
is a unique line m through P which is parallel to 𝑙𝑙.

Now, the distance of a point from a line is the length of the perpendicular from
the point to the line. Let AB be the distance of any point on 𝑚𝑚 from 𝑙𝑙 and CD be
the distance of any point on 𝑙𝑙 from 𝑚𝑚. We can observe that AB = CD. In this way
the distance will be the same for any point on m from 𝑙𝑙 and any point on 𝑙𝑙 from
m. So, these two lines are everywhere equidistant from one another.

2. Does Euclid’s fifth postulate imply the existence of parallel lines? Explain.
Solution:
According to Euclid’s 5th postulates when n line falls on 𝑙𝑙 and m and if, then
producing line 𝑙𝑙 and 𝑚𝑚 further will meet in the side of 1 and 2 which is less than
180o

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If ∠1 + ∠2 < 180o then ∠3 + ∠4 > 180o

Now, the lines 𝑙𝑙 and 𝑚𝑚 neither meet at the side of 1 and 2 nor at the side of 3 and
4.
That means the lines 𝑙𝑙 and 𝑚𝑚 will never intersect each other. Therefore, we can say
that the lines are parallel.

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