Starting Out with C++ Early Objects

Tenth Edition

Chapter 8
Arrays and Vectors
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Topics 1 of 2
8.1 Arrays Hold Multiple Values
8.2 Accessing Array Elements
8.3 Inputting and Displaying Array Contents
8.4 Array Initialization
8.5 The Range-Based for loop
8.6 Processing Array Contents
8.7 Using Parallel Arrays

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 8-3

Topics 2 of 2

8.8 The typedef Statement

8.9 Arrays as Function Arguments
8.10 Two-Dimensional Arrays
8.11 Arrays with Three or More Dimensions
8.12 Introduction to the STL vector
8.13 Arrays of Objects

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 8-4

8.1 Arrays Hold Multiple Values

•Array: a variable that can store multiple values of

the same type
•The values are stored in consecutive memory
locations
•It is declared using [] operator
const int ISIZE = 5;
int tests[ISIZE];

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Array Storage in Memory

The definition
int tests[ISIZE]; // ISIZE is 5

allocates the following memory

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Array Terminology

In the definition int tests[ISIZE];

–int is the data type of the array elements

–tests is the name of the array
–ISIZE, in [ISIZE], is the size declarator. It
shows the number of elements in the array.
–The size of an array is the number of bytes
allocated for it
(number of elements) * (bytes needed for each element)

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 8-7

Array Examples

Examples:
Assumes int uses 4 bytes and double uses 8 bytes
const int ISIZE = 5, DSIZE = 10;
int tests[ISIZE]; // holds 5 ints, array
// occupies 20 bytes
double volumes[DSIZE];// holds 10 doubles,
// array occupies
// 80 bytes

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8.2 Accessing Array Elements 1 of 2

•Each array element has a subscript, used to

access the element.
•Subscripts start at 0

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Accessing Array Elements 2 of 2

Array elements (accessed by array name and

subscript) can be used as regular variables

tests[0] = 79;
cout << tests[0];
cin >> tests[1];
tests[4] = tests[0] + tests[1];
cout << tests; // illegal due to
// missing subscript
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8.3 Inputting and Displaying

Array Contents

cout and cin can be used to display values from

and store values into an array
const int ISIZE = 5;
int tests[ISIZE]; // Define 5-elt. array
cout << "Enter first test score ";
cin >> tests[0];

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Array Subscripts

•Array subscript can be an integer constant, integer

variable, or integer expression
•Examples: Subscript is
cin >> tests[3]; int constant

cout << tests[i]; int variable

cout << tests[i+j]; int expression

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Accessing All Array Elements

To access each element of an array

–Use a loop
–Use the loop control variable as the array
subscript
–A different array element will be referenced
each time through the loop
for (i = 0; i < 5; i++)
cout << tests[i] << endl;

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Getting Array Data from a File

const int ISIZE = 5;

int sales[ISIZE];
ifstream dataFile;
dataFile.open("sales.dat");
if (!dataFile)
cout << "Error opening data file\n";
else // Input daily sales
{ for (int day = 0; day < ISIZE; day++)
dataFile >> sales[day];
dataFile.close();
}

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Sending Array Data to a File

•Open the file using an ofstream object

•Use a loop to write each array element to the file

•Close the file

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No Bounds Checking

•There are no checks in C++ that an array subscript

is in range
•An invalid array subscript can cause the program
to overwrite other memory
•Example:
const int ISIZE = 3;
int i = 4;
int num[ISIZE];
num[i] = 25;

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Off-By-One Errors

•These most often occur when a program

accesses data one position beyond the end of an
array, or misses the first or last element of an
array.

•If an array has size n, then the range of the

subscripts is from 0 to n-1

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8.4 Array Initialization

•An array can be initialized during program

execution with assignment statements
tests[0] = 79;
tests[1] = 82; // etc.
•It can be initialized at array definition with an
initialization list
const int ISIZE = 5;
int tests[ISIZE] = {79,82,91,77,84};

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Start at element 0 or 1?

•You may choose to declare arrays to be one

larger than needed. This allows you to use the
element with subscript 1 as the ‘first’ element,
etc., and may minimize off-by-one errors.
•The element with subscript 0 is not used.
•This is most often done when working with
ordered data that logically begins with 1, e.g.,
months of the year or days of the week

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Partial Array Initialization

•If array is initialized at definition with fewer values

than the size declarator of the array, the remaining
elements will be set to 0 or the empty string
int tests[ISIZE] = {79, 82};

•Initial values are used in order; you cannot skip

over elements to initialize a noncontiguous range
•You cannot have more values in the initialization list
than the declared size of the array
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Implicit Array Sizing

•C++ can determine the array size by the size of

the initialization list
short quizzes[]={12,17,15,11};

•You must use either an array size declarator or

an initialization list when the array is defined

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Alternate Ways to Initialize Variables

• You can initialize a variable at definition time
using a functional notation
int length(12); // same result as
// int length = 12;
• In C++ 11 and higher, you can also do this:
int length{12};
• The second approach checks the argument to
ensure that it matches the data type of the
variable, and will generate a compiler error if not

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8.5 The Range-Based for Loop

• Uses a variable that will hold a different array element for

each iteration
• Format:
for (data_type var : array)
statement;
data_type : the type of the variable
var: the variable
statement; : the loop body
• Introduced in C++ 11
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Range-Based for Loop - Details

•data_type must be the type of the array

elements, or a type that the array elements can
be automatically converted to
•var will hold the value of successive array
elements as the loop iterates. Each array
element is processed in the loop
•statement; can be a single statement or a
block of statements enclosed in { }

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Range-Based for Loop – Example 1

// sum the elements of an array
int [] grades = {68,84,75};
int sum = 0;
for (int score : grades)
sum += score;

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Range-Based for Loop – Example 2

// modify the contents of an
array
const int ISIZE = 3;
int [ISIZE] grades;
for (int &score : grades)
{
cout << "Enter a score: ";
cin >> score;
}
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Comparison: Range-Based for Loop vs.

Regular for Loop

•The range-based for loop provides a simple

notation to use to process all of the elements of
an array.
•However, it does not give you access to the
subscripts of the array elements.
•If you need to know the element locations as well
as the element values, then use a regular for
loop.

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8.6 Processing Array Contents

•Array elements can be

–treated as ordinary variables of the same type
as the array
–used in arithmetic operations, in relational
expressions, etc.
•Example:
if (principalAmt[3] >= 10000)
interest = principalAmt[3] * intRate1;
else
interest = principalAmt[3] * intRate2;
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Using Increment and Decrement Operators

with Array Elements

When using ++ and -- operators, don’t

confuse the element with the subscript
tests[i]++; // adds 1 to tests[i]
tests[i++]; // increments i, but has
// no effect on tests

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Copying One Array to Another

•You cannot copy with an assignment statement:

tests2 = tests; //won’t work

•You must instead use a loop to copy element-by-

element:
for (int indx=0; indx < ISIZE; indx++)
tests2[indx] = tests[indx];

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Are Two Arrays Equal?

•Like copying, you cannot compare two arrays in a
single expression:
if (tests2 == tests)

•You can use a while loop with a bool variable:

bool areEqual=true;
int indx=0;
while (areEqual && indx < ISIZE)
{
if(tests[indx] != tests2[indx]
areEqual = false;
indx++;
}
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Find the Sum, Average of Array Elements

• Use a simple loop to add together array elements

float average, sum = 0;
for (int tnum=0; tnum< ISIZE; tnum++)
sum += tests[tnum];
• Or use C++ 11 range-based for loop:
for (int num : tests)
sum += num;
• Once summed, average can be computed
average = sum/ISIZE;
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Find the Largest Array Element

• Use a loop to examine each element and find the largest
element (i.e., one with the largest value)
int largest = tests[0];
for (int tnum = 1; tnum < ISIZE;
tnum++)
{ if (tests[tnum] > largest)
largest = tests[tnum];
}
cout << "Highest score is " << largest;
• A similar algorithm exists to find the smallest element
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Using Arrays vs. Using Simple Variables

•An array is probably not needed if the input data

is only processed once:
–Find the sum or average of a set of numbers
–Find the largest or smallest of a set of values
•If the input data must be processed more than
once, an array is probably a good idea:
–Calculate the average, then determine and display
which values are above the average, at the average,
and below the average

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Partially-Filled Arrays

•The exact amount of data (and, therefore, the

array size) may not be known when a program is
written.
•The programmer makes a best estimate for the
maximum amount of data, then sizes arrays
accordingly. A sentinel value can be used to
indicate end-of-data.
•The programmer must also keep track of how
many array elements are actually used
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C-Strings and string Objects

They can be processed using the string name

–Entire string at once, or
–One element at a time by using a subscript
string city;
cout << "Enter city name: ";
cin >> city;

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 8-36

8.7 Using Parallel Arrays

•Parallel arrays: two or more arrays that contain

related data
•The subscript is used to relate the arrays
–elements at the same subscript are related
•The arrays do not have to hold data of the same
type

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Parallel Array Example

const int ISIZE = 5;

string name[ISIZE]; // student name
float average[ISIZE]; // course average
char grade[ISIZE]; // course grade

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 8-38

Parallel Array Processing

const int ISIZE = 5;

string name[ISIZE]; // student name
float average[ISIZE]; // course average
char grade[ISIZE]; // course grade
...
for (int i = 0; i < ISIZE; i++)
cout << " Student: " << name[i]
<< " Average: " << average[i]
<< " Grade: " << grade[i]
<< endl;
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 8-39

8.8 The typedef Statement

•Creates an alias for a simple or structured data

type
•Format:
typedef existingType newName;
•Example:
typedef unsigned int Uint;
Uint tests[ISIZE]; // array of
// unsigned ints
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Uses of typedef

•It can be used to make code more readable

•Can be used to create an alias for an array of a
particular type
// Define yearArray as a data type
// that is an array of 12 ints
typedef int yearArray[MONTHS];
// Create two of these arrays
yearArray highTemps, lowTemps;
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8.9 Arrays as Function Arguments

•Passing a single array element to a function is no

different than passing a regular variable of that
data type
•The function does not need to know that the value
it receives is coming from an array
displayValue(score[i]); // call
void displayValue(int item) // header
{ cout << item << endl;
}
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Passing an Entire Array 1 of 2

•To define a function that has an array parameter,
use empty [] to indicate the array in the
prototype and header
•To pass an array to a function, just use the array
name
// Function prototype
void showScores(int []);
// Function header
void showScores(int tests[])
// Function call
showScores(tests);
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Passing an Entire Array 2 of 2

•Use the array name, without any brackets, as the

argument
•You can also pass the array size as a separate
parameter so the function knows how many
elements to process
showScores(tests, 5); // call
void showScores(int[], int); // prototype
void showScores(int A[],int size) // header

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Using typedef with a Passed Array

You can use typedef to simplify function
prototype and header
// Make intArray an integer array
// of unspecified size
typedef int intArray[];
// Function prototype
void showScores(intArray, int);
// Function header
void showScores(intArray tests, int size)

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Modifying Arrays in Functions

•Array parameters in functions are similar to

reference variables
•Changes made to an array passed to a
function are made to the actual array in the
calling function
•The programmer must be careful that an array
is not inadvertently changed by a function
•The const keyword can be used in the
prototype and header to prevent changes
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8.10 Two-Dimensional Arrays

•You can define one array for multiple sets of

data
•It is like a table in a spreadsheet
•Use two size declarators in definition
int exams[4][3];
// first [] is rows,
// second [] is columns
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Two-Dimensional Array Representation

int exams[4][3];

Use two subscripts to access an element

exams[2][1] = 86;
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Two-Dimensional Array Access

When you use access an element of a two-

dimensional array
exams[2][1] = 86;
•The first subscript, [2], indicates the row in the
array
•The second subscript, [1], indicates the column
in the array

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Initialization at Definition
•Two-dimensional arrays are initialized row-by-row
int exams[2][2] = { {84, 78},
{92, 97} };

• The inner { } in the initialization improve

readability but are not required
• The inner { } can be used to initialize some but
not all elements of a two-dimensional array
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 8-50

Passing a Two-Dimensional Array to a

Function
•Use the array name and the number of columns as
arguments in the function call
getExams(exams, 2);
•Use empty [] for row and a size declarator for the
number of columns in the prototype and header
// Prototype, where NUM_COLS is 2
void getExams(int[][NUM_COLS], int);
// Header
void getExams
(int exams[][NUM_COLS], int rows)

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 8-51

Using typedef with a Two-Dimensional

Array

Can use typedef for simpler notation

typedef int intExams[][2];
...
// Function prototype
void getExams(intExams, int);
// Function header
void getExams(intExams exams, int rows)

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 8-52

Two-Dimensional Array Traversal

•Use nested loops, one for the row and one for
the column, to visit each array element.
•Accumulators can be used to calculate the sum
of the elements row-by-row, column-by-column,
or over the entire array.

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8.11 Arrays with Three or More

Dimensions

•You can define arrays that have any number of

dimensions
short rectSolid [2][3][5];
double timeGrid [3][4][3][4];
•When this type of array is used as a parameter,
specify the size of all but the 1st dimension
void getRectSolid(short [][3][5]);

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 8-54

8.12 Introduction to the STL Vector

•A vector holds a sequence of elements, like a one-

dimensional array
•Its size is flexible. It can grow and shrink
–There is no need to specify the size when defined
–Space is automatically added as needed
•Defined in the Standard Template Library (STL)
– See Chapter 17
•Must include vector header file to use vectors
#include <vector>
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Vectors
•It can hold values of any data type, specified when
the vector is defined
vector<int> scores;
vector<double> volumes;
•You can specify initial size if desired
vector<int> scores(24);
•You can use [] to access individual elements

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Defining Vectors
• Define a vector of integers (starts with 0 elements)
vector<int> scores;

• Define int vector with initial size 30 elements

vector<int> scores(30);

• Define 20-element int vector and initialize all elements to 0

vector<int> scores(20, 0);

• Define int vector initialized to size and contents of vector

finals
vector<int> scores(finals);

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 8-57

C++ 11 Features for Vectors

•C++ 11 supports vector definitions that use an

initialization list
vector<int> scores {88, 67, 79, 84};

•Note: no = operator between the vector name and

the initialization list
•A range-based for loop can be used to access the
elements of a vector
for (int test : scores)
cout << test << " ";

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Growing a Vector’s Size

•Use the push_back member function to add an

element to a full vector or to a vector that had no
defined size
// Add a new element holding the value 75
scores.push_back(75);
•Use the size member function to determine the
number of elements currently in a vector
int howbig = scores.size();

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Removing Vector Elements

•Use the pop_back member function to remove
the last element from a vector
scores.pop_back();
•Note: pop_back removes the last element but
does not return it
•To remove all of the elements from a vector, use
the clear member function
scores.clear();
•To determine if a vector is empty, use empty
member function
while (!scores.empty()) ...
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 8-60

8.13 Arrays of Objects 1 of 2

•Objects can be used as array elements

class Square
{ private:
int side;
public:
Square(int s = 1)
{ side = s; }
int getSide()
{ return side; }
};
Square shapes[10]; // Create array of 10
// Square objects
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Arrays of Objects 2 of 2

•Use the array subscript to access a specific object

in the array
•Then use dot operator to access the member
methods of that object
for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)
cout << shapes[i].getSide() <<
endl;

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 8-62

Initializing Arrays of Objects 1 of 2

•You can use the default constructor to perform

the same initialization for all objects
•You can use an initialization list to supply
specific initial values for each object
Square shapes[5] = {1,2,3,4,5};
•The default constructor is used for the
remaining objects if initialization list is too short
Square boxes[5] = {1,2,3};
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Initializing Arrays of Objects 2 of 2

•If an object is initialized with a constructor that

takes > 1 argument, the initialization list must
include a call to the constructor for that object

Rectangle spaces[3]={ Rectangle(2,5),

Rectangle(1,3),
Rectangle(7,7)
};
•The same constructor does not have to be used for
every object that is being initialized

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 8-64

Arrays of Structures 1 of 2
•Structures can be used as array elements
struct Student
{
int studentID;
string name;
short year;
double gpa;
};
const int CSIZE = 30;
Student class[CSIZE]; // Holds 30
// Student structures

•An array of structures can be used as an alternative

to parallel arrays
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 8-65

Arrays of Structures 2 of 2

•Use the array subscript to access a specific

structure in the array
•Then use the dot operator to access members of
that structure
cin >> class[25].studentID;
cout << class[i].name << " has GPA
"
<< class[i].gpa << endl;

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 8-66

Copyright

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