ADVISORY BOARD

International

Prof. (Dr.) Jurg Ott

Visiting Professor, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Professor
Emeritus, Rockefeller University, New York, USA
Email: [email protected]

Dr. Diby Paul

Associate Professor, Biology

School of STEM
Truett McConnell University, Cleveland, Georgia, USA Email: [email protected]

Dr. Atsuko Imai

Assistant Professor,
Department of Genome Informatics and Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University, Japan Email:
[email protected]

National

Prof.(Dr.) Sangeeta Shukla

Vice Chancellor
Jiwaji University, Gwalior Email: [email protected]

Prof.(Dr.) Sarman Singh

Director & CEO,

All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, (MP) Email: [email protected]
[email protected]

Padma Shri Prof.(Dr.) P. Pushpangadan

Director General
Amity Institute for Herbal and Biotech Products Development Email: [email protected]
[email protected]

Prof.(Dr.) S. M. Paul Khurana

Director, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida (UP) Former Vice
Chancellor, Rani Durgavati Vishwavidyalaya, Jabalpur (MP)
Retd. Director, Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla (HP)
Email: [email protected], [email protected]

Dr. U. D. Gupta

Former Director,
National JALMA Institute of Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra Email:
[email protected]

Prof.(Dr.) S.S. Lahiri,

Professor Emeritus, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, NOIDA. Email:
[email protected]

Dr. V. K. Rao

Head, Biosensor Development Division, DRDE, Gwalior Email: [email protected]

Dr. D.T. Selvam

DRDE Gwalior,
Email: [email protected]

Prof.(Dr.) GBKS Prasad

Coordinator, Centre of Food Technology Email: [email protected] [email protected]

Prof.(Dr.) Mahendra Gupta

Head, Department of Microbiology,

Jiwaji University, Gwalior
Email: [email protected], [email protected]

Prof.(Dr.) Rahul Shrivastava

Department of Biological Science & Engineering,

Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology (MANIT), Bhopal Email: [email protected],
[email protected]

Dr. Shailendra Goel

Associate Professor
Department of Botany,
University of Delhi, Delhi – 110007. Email: [email protected]

Dr. Rajeev Kaushik

Principal Scientist
Division of Microbiology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi Email:
[email protected]

Dr. P. K. Mandal

Principal Scientist,
ICAR- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi. Email:
[email protected]

Dr. Gitanjali Yadav

DBT-Cambridge Lecturer in the Department of Plant Sciences at the University of Cambridge, UK Staff
Scientist, NIPGR New Delhi
Email: [email protected], [email protected]

Dr. Alok Kumar Srivastava

Principle Scientist (Plant Pathology)
ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Mau, U.P., India

Email: [email protected]

Dr. Puneet Singh Chauhan, Scientist, CSIR-NBRI, Lucknow Email: [email protected]

EDITORIAL BOARD

Chief Patron
Dr. Aseem Chauhan,
Chairman & Chancellor, Amity University Madhya Pradesh and Additional President, Ritnand Balved
Education Foundation

Chief Advisor
Lt. Gen V.K. Sharma, AVSM (Retd.),
Vice Chancellor, Amity University Madhya Pradesh, Gwalior, India

Advisor
Prof. (Dr.) M.P. Kaushik,
Pro Vice Chancellor, Amity University Madhya Pradesh, Gwalior, India

Editor-in-Chief
Prof.(Dr.) Rajesh Singh Tomar
Director, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Madhya Pradesh, Gwalior, India, Email:
[email protected]

Editors

Prof.(Dr.) Vikas Shrivastava, Coordinator, AIB Dr. Anurag Jyoti, Assistant Professor, AIB
Dr. Manish Kumar, Assistant Professor, AIB

Associate Editors

Dr. Raghvendra Kumar Mishra, Associate Professor, AIB Dr. Raghvendra Saxena, Associate Professor, AIB
Dr. Neha Sharma, Assistant Professor, AIB
International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology
Volume I, Issue II, July 2020 ISSN: 2582-3310

Methods of preventions of viral Keywords: Virus, Decontamination,

contamination from various radiation, waves, UVC.

surfaces using radiations and

INTRODUCTION
mechanic waves: Review
In past few years, many efforts have been
Richa Agrawal*, Rajat Goyal* and #Neha
taken to resist airborne diseases caused by
Sharma
virus such as SARS (severe acute
*Innoverve Inventions Pvt. Ltd, Indore, MP
respiratory syndrome) corona virus and
#Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity
influenza virus. These viruses could cause
University Madhya Pradesh, Maharajpura
catastophic illness in worldwide and harm
Dang, Gwalior (MP)-474005
population at large scale. These viral
Corresponding author:
epidemic preventions are required in open
[email protected]
public area with high efficiency devices.
The prevention steps include strong
ABSTRACT
chemical inactivation, microwave heat
Virus is microparasites capable of
treatment and UV radiations, however all
multiplication in living cells only. They use
these methods affects public area and
cell machinery to reproduce themselves.
population as well. Viruses are capable of
Most viruses consists of genetic material as
absorbing ultrasonic waves and can be
DNA or RNA that can be either double or
inactivated by generating corresponding
single stranded which is covered by protein
resonance ultrasound vibrations in GHz
or lipid capsid. Complexity of encoding
region [2]. In 2015, Szu-chi- Yang suggested
enzymes can range from 4-200 proteins.
that structure energy resonance transfer
Viral attack can induce innate immunity and
(SRET) can be effective to inactivate virus
mount cellular and humoral immune
by using microwave thermal heating at
response No antibiotic can show lethal
particular frequency. Theoretically this
action to virus hence physical, mechanical
SRET process is an efficient way to excite
and chemical killing of virus is done. In this
the vibrational mode of whole virus
paper we will discuss about eradication of
structure due to 100% energy conversion of
viral particles using mechanic waves and
a photon to phonon of same frequency. The
radiations such as microwave,
SRET, however have some limitations and
electromagnetic radiations, laser pulse, ultra
got affected due to surrounding environment
violet radiations, ultra sound waves etc.
which influence the quality of oscillator

1
International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology
Volume I, Issue II, July 2020 ISSN: 2582-3310

(Virus). It is important to study the and decontaminate the water borne virus.
behaviour, phenomena, threshold and However commonly used disinfection
impact of SRET as they are being exposed processes were using since long ago that
to public area. The study of relation between includes ozonization, chlorination, and
induced stress and field magnitude of the ultraviolet radiation already but it is
illuminating microwave is necessary since important to note that these chemical
the virus could be inactivated when the methods of disinfection is harmful to the
induced stress fracture the conformation of users as well. Apart from this, several more
viral particle. expensive methods have been introduced
Ultrasound is another way to disintegration such as streamer corona discharge, high
of virus structure which are having highly energy electron beams, photocatalysis,
symmetric structures (icosahedral) such as irradiation, ultrasound, gamma radiation and
Herpes simplex virus [4], because of many more.
buckminsterfullerene type fullerene which One more experimental step towards this
has soccer ball or cage like structure which goal of prevention is to use microwave
show high symmetry for disintegration of radiation absorption. Microwave helps to
icosahedral viral molecule. A fullerene transfer microwave excitation energy to
molecule consists of 60 atoms of carbon vibrational energy of microorganisms.
having high frequency of disintegration of Impulsive Stimulated Raman Scattering
molecule. A similar simplicity can also be (ISRS) allow a viable way of producing
expected in HIV viral molecule [5]. The large amplitude vibrational mode in solid
frequency of disruption can be calculated by state system as well as in liquid state [7]. KT
using sound wave equation f=C/λ, where f is Tsen in 2007 demonstrated that M13
resonant frequency velocity, C is velocity bacteriophage at a particular pfu
and λ is wavelength [6]. By analogy it is concentration is helpful in controlling and
said that the virus resonant ultra sound inactivating the unwanted microorganism.
energy would be absorbed preferentially by The study shows that the use of visible
virus which may lead to their inactivation femtosecond laser system to excite a
and partial damage. coherent acaustic Raman active vibrational
In another study Constantinos V. mode in M13 phages through ISRS to such
Chrysikopoulos use the high frequency a high energy state to inactivate virus. In
ultrasound in combination with visible light. addition, since structural change due to the
Their studies were done in order to detect mutation of microorganisms leads to slight

2
International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology
Volume I, Issue II, July 2020 ISSN: 2582-3310

differentiation of the vibrational frequency viruses the other major constituents of the
of their capsids, damage caused to viruses virus particles play relatively minor roles in
through vibration of their mechanical inactivation by UV [8]. The number of bases
structures likely would not be immune to in DNA or RNA is important for
simple mutation of receptors on their cell determination of sensitivity to UV
surface and similar treatment procedure inactivation, because the more target
remains active. molecules, the more likely the genome will
A most striking way to kill virus is the be damaged at a given wavelength of UV
exposure of sunlight or can say solar UV exposure. Another noticeable difference in
radiation which acts as principal and sensitivity between viral nucleic acid types
abundant natural virucide in environment. occurs because the most common lethal
UV radiation inactivate the virus by photoproducts of UV are pyrimidine dimers,
changing their structure of DNA or RNA. particularly thymine dimers [11]. The DNA
The most effective wavelength at which containing virus show more susceptibility
virus can be inactivated is at 265 nm [8] that than RNA containing virus because of
fall in UVC range whereas UVB and UVA presence of thymine [12, 8].
portions of the spectrum, 290 to 320 nm and These sensitivities can be used to predict the
320 to 380 nm, respectively [9]. However sensitivities to UV 254 of viruses of
UVB and UVA also show effect on viral particular interest in biodefense, including
DNA but with lower efficiency. C. David Ebola, smallpox, Marburg, Junin, Congo
Lytle, 2005 studied that on exposure to Crimean, and other Venezuelan equine
UV254 radiation on a low pressure mercury encephalitis and hemorrhagic viruses.
vapour (Germicidal lamp) with the primary Vaccinia virus also show significant
exposure at 254 nm. However UV254 is not inactivation at Upper-room 254-nm
found in the sunlight which reaches to the germicidal UV (UVC) light and economical
earth's surface, the ground level virucidal means of air disinfection for tuberculosis
solar UV wavelength fall above 290 nm and other airborne infections [13, 14, 15,16].
[10]. If organisms circulate from the lower room
Fortunately the primary photochemical to the upper room (i.e., if there is adequate
process can damage the DNA or RNA The mixing of room (atmospheric) air) and
nucleic acid in virus particle plays an receive an adequate dose of UVC, upper-
important role in the absorption of UV room UVC can potentially lower the
radiation and in its inactivation. In most concentration of infective organisms in the

3
International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology
Volume I, Issue II, July 2020 ISSN: 2582-3310

lower part of the room and thereby control vibrational energy disturb the conformation
the spread of airborne infections among of viral capsid, whereas other radiations
room occupants without exposing the such as UVC cause the structural changes in
occupants to a significant amount of UV their genetic material like DNA and RNA.
radiation [13, 15, 17]. Use of open air source of radiations or
Do-Kyun Kim, 2018 also reported that closed chamber can be effectively fitted in
Severe Accute Respiratory Syndrome- CoV public area to control and inactivate viral
(CoronaVirus) IN 2003 and Swine flu particles.
influenza virus H1N1 in 2009 stimulate the
process of disinfection and development of REFERENCES
air purification system to control
microorganism such as bacteria, virus and 1. Chi-Kuang Sun, Yi-Chun Tsai,
fungi [18]. Dimerization of pyrimidine Chuan-Liang Kao, Han-Ching Wang, Chu-
disturbs DNA replication and transcription, Fang Lo and Yi-Jan Chen.V.(2016).
which leads to cell death [19, 20, 21]. Until Structure Resonance Energy Transfer from
now,UV irradiation has mostly been EM Wave to Rod-like Virus, IEEE. 978-1-
performed with conventional low-pressure 4673-8485-8/16.
mercury UV lamps (LP lamps), which emit 2. M Babincová, P Sourivong, P
a 254-nm peak wavelength. Babinec. (2000). Resonant Absorption of
Conclusion: It has shown that Ultrasound Energy as a Method of HIV
micoorganism such as bacteria, virus and Destruction. Medical Hypotheses. Nov;
fungi have particular range of inactivation in 55(5):450-1.
case of radiations such as microwave, 3. Szu-Chi Yang, Huan-Chun Lin, Tzu-
electromagnetic radiations, laser pulse, ultra Ming Liu, Jen-Tang Lu, Wan-Ting Hung,
violet radiations, ultra sound waves etc. Few Yu-Ru Huang, Yi-Chun Tsai, Chuan-Liang
works demonstrated the modification in the Kao, Shih-Yuan Chen and Chi-Kuang
study to eradication of viral contamination Sun.(2015). Efficient Structure Resonance
in open air, in solid state or in liquid state, in Energy Transfer from Microwaves to
aerosols (tiny droplets released during Confined Acoustic Vibrations in Viruses.
sneezing of infected person), although the Scientific report.1-15.
viral contamination can only be destroyed at 4. Levine A. J. (1992). Viruses. New
the ground level but cannot alter the York: Scientific American Library.
immune system. The excitational or

4
International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology
Volume I, Issue II, July 2020 ISSN: 2582-3310

5. Crawford F. S. Waves. (1968). New Plenum Press, New York, N.Y. 285–351.
York: McGraw Hill. 13. Brickner, P. W., R. L. Vincent, M.
6. Cioslowski J. (1995) Electronic First, E. Nardell, M. Murray, and W.
Structure Calculations on Fullerenes and Kaufman. (2003). The application of
Their Derivates. New York: Oxford ultraviolet germicidal irradiation to control
University Press. transmission of airborne disease:
7. KT Tsen, Shaw-Wei D Tsen, Chih- bioterrorism countermeasure. Public Health
Long Chang, Chien-Fu Hung, TCWu, and Rep.118:99–114.
Juliann G Kiang. (2007). Inactivation of 14. Kethley, T. W., and K. Branch.
viruses by coherent excitations with a low (1972). Ultraviolet lamps for room air
power visible femtosecond laser disinfection. Effect of sampling location and
doi:10.1186/1743-422X-4-50. particle size of bacterial aerosol. Arch.
8. Rauth, A. M.(1965). The physical Environ. Health25:205–214
state of viral nucleic acid and the sensitivity 15. Xu, P., E. Kujundzic, J. Peccia, M. P.
of viruses to ultraviolet light. Biophys. Schafer, G. Moss, M. Hernandez, and S. L.
J.5:257–273. Miller. (2005). Impact of environmental
9. Parrish, J. A., R. R. Anderson, F. factors on efficacy of upper-room air
Urbach, and D. Pitts. (1978). Biological ultraviolet germicidal irradiation for
effects of ultraviolet radiation with emphasis inactivating airborne mycobacteria. Environ.
on human responses to longwave ultraviolet. Sci. Technol.39:9656–9664.
Plenum Press, New York, N.Y. 16. Xu, P., J. Peccia, P. Fabian, J. W.
10. Gibson, J. H. (2003). UVB radiation: Martyny, K. P. Fennelly, M. Hernandez, and
definition and characteristics. USDA/ CSU S. L. Miller. (2003). Efficacy of ultraviolet
website. [Online.] germicidal irradiation of upperroom air in
http://uvb.nrel.colostate.edu. inactivating airborne bacterial spores and
11. Friedberg, E. C., G. C. Walker, and mycobacteria in fullscale studies. Atmos.
W. Siede.(1995). DNA repair and Environ.37:405–419.
mutagenesis. ASM Press, Washington, 17. First M. W., R. A. Weker, S. Yasui,
D.C.24-31. and E. A. Nardell. (2005). Monitoring
12. Murphy, T. M., and M. P. human exposures to upper-room germicidal
Gordon.(1981). Photobiology of RNA ultraviolet irradiation. J. Occup. Environ.
viruses. InH. Fraenkel-Conrat and R. R. Hyg.2:285–292.
Wagner (ed.), Comprehensive virology. 18. Xu Z, Wu Y, Shen F, Chen Q, Tan M,

5
International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology
Volume I, Issue II, July 2020 ISSN: 2582-3310

Yao M. (2011). Bioaerosol

science,technology, and engineering: past,
present, and future. Aerosol Sci Technol
45:1337–1349.
19. Franz CM, Specht I, Cho G-S, Graef
V, Stahl MR. (2009). UV-C-inactivation of
microorganisms in naturally cloudy apple
juice using novel inactivation equipment
based on Dean vortex technology. Food
Control 20: 1103 1107.
20. Guerrero-Beltrán J, Barbosa-
Cánovas G. (2004). Advantages and
limitations on processing foods by UV light.
Food Sci Technol Int 10:137–147.
21. Constantinos V. Chrysikopoulos,
Loannis D, Manariotis, Vasiliki I. Syngouna.
(2013). Virus inactivation by high frequency
ultrasound in combination with visible light.
Colloids and Surface B: Biointerfaces. 174-
179.

6
International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology
Volume I, Issue II, July 2020 ISSN: 2582-3310

Type-2 Diabetes: Abnormalities concluded that the individuals who have

associated with the elevation in level of type-2 diabetes seems to have higher
liver function tests (LFTs) incidence of LFT abnormalities than the
Riya Rathor* person who are not diabetic. For more than 6
Department of Biochemistry, Institute of months, elevation of ALT is commonly
Biosciences and Biotechnology observed. It develops a mild chronic
CSJM University, Kanpur elevation & it should be screened for
Corresponding author* treatable cause of chronic liver disease like
E-mail: [email protected] in hepatitis-B and C. Patients having regular
monitoring generally donot observe any
ABSTRACT elevation in level of LFTs. Before starting
Liver Function Test (LFTs) is very common any oral anti-diabetic or lipid modifying
for the primary analysis of any types of therapy, a proper clinical judgment should
malfunction associated with liver. For be required. Elevation of transaminase not
screening of liver in clinical practice, widely always correlated with histological changes
used LFT includes- ALT (alanine amino in liver. But at the same time a fall in level
transferase), AST (aspartate amino of ALT is achieved in blood while giving
transferase), Alkaline Phosphate (AP), anti-diabetic agent to patients.
Bilirubin, Albumin and Prothrombin Time Keywords: LFT, Antidiaibetic, Drug
(PT). In type-2 diabetic patients, a therapy, lipid modifying therapy.
nonspecific Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase
(GGT) marker is increased. While analyzing INTRODUCTION
the epidemiological studies, intake of Liver function test (LFTs or LFs) also
alcohol, cigarette smoking, BMI, called as hepatic panel; it gives us the
Systological Blood Pressure, Coronary Heart information at clinical level by proper
disease, Heart Rate, hematocrit, uric acid it routine diagnosis of blood serum of
having the positive association. But at the patient’s liver. A proper monitoring should
same time it shows the inverse effect with required for the earlier detection of any
the physical activities. GGT is proposed as malfunction associated with the liver. Type-
another marker for insulin resistance 2 diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic,
because the GGT increases in diabetes. It is progressive and serious metabolic disorder

7
International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology
Volume I, Issue II, July 2020 ISSN: 2582-3310

characterised by hyperglycaemic disorder units/l for >6 months are much more
(high blood glucose levels) & associated common among the patients with acute
with numerous complication & co- hepatitis.
morbidities, including cardiovascular This article will provide us a review on the
disease, nephropathy (kidney damage), clinicopathological investigation related to
neuropathy (nerve damage) & retinopathy the incidence, causes and drug therapy
(retinal damage). Global prevalence of the which associated with the type 2 diabetic
disease has risen rapidly in the past several patients along with their elevated LFTs
decades, primarily as a result of rising level. In type 2 diabetic patients a chronic
obesity a major risk factor for T2DM. mild elevation of transaminases are found
Commonly perform LFTs which are serum generally.
aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase,
bilirubin, albumin & prothrombin time. LFTs Elevated in type-2 Diabetes
Aminotransferases, alanine During fasting & postpraudrial state, liver
aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate help to maintain the normal blood glucose
aminotransferase (AST) which act as maker concentration. A reduction of insulin level in
for hepatocyte injuries and it measure the liver it increases the glycogenolysis &
concentration of intracellular hepatic hepatic glucose production. Liver
enzymes. It leaked out during blood externalised the conditions which depict by
circulation for billiard functions and the insulin resistance & are distinguishable
cholestasis. Alkaline phosphatase (AP), μ- earlier than fasting hyperglycaemic. The
glutamyl transpep- tidase (GGT), and triglyceride storage & lypolysis
bilirubin act as marker and for the synthetic abnormalities found in liver which is an
function albumin & prothrombin are insulin- sensitive tissue. However, it is
responsible. The amino transferase AST and unequivocal that the methodical genetic
ALT are normally range for < 30-40 units/l. events, environmental, metabolic factor &
An acute viral hepatitis, ischemic hepatitis sequence of the events lead to the cardinal
drugs-or-toxin induced liver injury when the insulin resistance [1].
normal upper ranged limit is greater by 8 Chronic hyperinsulinemia is found to be
times. A chronic mild elevation of more liable towards the liver relative
aminotransferases, or AST and ALT< 250 resistance of insulin for the animal models.

8
International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology
Volume I, Issue II, July 2020 ISSN: 2582-3310

This signalised the failure of insulin signal injury. In primary stage studies, it propound
by increasing the insulin receptor substrate- a possible genetic link or inclination to fatty
2. The process of lipogenesis is increased by liver as the increased frequency of specific
the up gradation of sterol regulatory TNF-a–promoter polymorphism was found
element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c) [2]. in nonalcoholic steato-hepatitis (NASH)
Promoting the fatty liver & increase the patients [4]. All the above theories allege
triglycerides availability by the de novo elevated transamination to direct hepatocyte
lipogenesis in the liver responsible for the injury. The impairment in insulin signaling
regulation of SREBP-1c. Hence, down the rather than purely hepatocyte injury which is
regulation of insulin receptor substrate-2- marked by gluconeognesic enzymes whose
mediated insulin signalling pathway in transcription is suppressed by insulin and it
insulin resistance states. As the VLDL also hypothesized the elevation in ALT level
assembly & secretion also increased [1]. [5].
Automatically it becomes toxic for Elevated LFTs can Prolongate Diabetes?
hepatocytes when the excess of free fatty In type-2 diabetic patients a non-specific
acids found in the insulin-resistance state. marker GGT level is increased. In
The keys processes involved in the epidermiological studies, it association is
regulation of metabolism the eminent positive with cigarette smoking , alcohol
mechanisms which include cell membrane intake, heart rate, BMI, systolic blood
disruption at high concentration, pressure, coronary heart disease, serum
mitochondrial dysfunction, toxin formation, triglyceride, uric acid & hematocrit. It has a
activation and inhibition [3]. Other feasible direct involvement with the physical
interpretation for elevated transanimases in activities [6]. As GGT level rise in diabetes
insulin-resistance states which involve the & it results increased in BMI. Hence, it has
oxidant stress from reactive lipid been introduce as another marker of insulin
peroxidation, peroxisomal beta-oxidation resistance. A prospective cohort study of
and recruited inflammatory cells. The 7458 non-diabetic men aged 40-59 years
insulin- resistance state is delineate by an was conducted for 12 years. It helps to
increased increase in proinflammatory evaluate the GGT which predict the
cytokinesis such as tumor necrosis factor-a development of type-2 diabetes while
(TNF-a), and marked the hepatocellular predicting a model as the GGT was added,

9
International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology
Volume I, Issue II, July 2020 ISSN: 2582-3310

but there is no process of progress reported Diabetes Phenomenon over Elevated

in BMI strength and glucose for antipating LFTs
the development of type-2 diabetes. Salmele et al studied based on the clinical
In non-diabetic Ohlson et al found ALT a findings of 175 unselected diabetes
risk factor develop for type-2 diabetes outpatients in Firland it has direct
swidish men, independent of obesity, body dissemination of LFTs abnormalities [10].
fat distribution, plasma glucose, lipid, AST, 118 patients were took up & found to have
bilirubin concentraction & family history of type -2 diabetes and 57 marked for type-1
diabetes [8]. diabetes. Out of 118 patients only 33
Same result found, Vozaroza et al it took patients of type-2 diabetes used insulin in
451 non-diabetic Pima Indians for addition to diets and oral hypoglycemic
approximate 6.9 years it allocate whether the drugs including metformin & sulfonylurea.
development of type-2- diabetic linked by Hemoglobin A1c (A1c) averaged 11.2% ±
the hepatic enzyme elevations [9]. 2.4%. None of the patients had clinical
Percent body fat related to baseline of ALT, signification for diabetic nephropathy
AST and GGT elevated ALT at baseline (diabetic kidney disease) and chronic liver
associated with the increased in hepatic disease. LFTs clinical assessments included
glucose output. Arrange the whole body the albumin, ALT, ALT, AP, GGT, serum
weight, age, sex, body fat, sensitivity and concentration of cholic acid, total bilirubin
acute insulin response as hepatic insulin and chenodeoxycholic acid. 175 diabetes
sensitivity risk of type-2 diabetes decline. It outpatients (100 subject) it regard 57% from
shows the direct involvement. It has an the total abnormalities corresponds to LFT,
immense potential role to increase the 27% (48 subject) with two abnormalities.
hepatic gluconeogenesis or inflammation in The type-2 diabetic patients more frequently
the pathogenesity of the type-2 diabetes. As had elevated ALT (22.9 Vs 5.3%) & GGT
the author determined that higher ALT level (23.7 Vs 10.5%) level than those with type-1
regards the more risk towards the type-2 diabetes.
diabetes. Type-1 diabetes patients more frequently
observe the elevated bilirubin level (21.1 Vs
10.2%). The increased LFTs level is more
than the twice of upper limit of normal

10
International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology
Volume I, Issue II, July 2020 ISSN: 2582-3310

range. The most significant variation in over weight type-2 diabetic patients.
associated with ALT & GGT. The analysis Further there is no creditability for
shows that the BMI >25 kg/m2 and poor histological changes in the liver. Erbey et al
diabetic control (fasting blood glucose >216 in a large group study it analysed 18,825
mg/dl). As ALT elevated if directly linked non-institutionalized patients with an
with the onset of diabetic since last 4 years. oversampling of Mexican Americans &
Use of proper diet or sulfonylurea is given African Americans [11]. Total sample study
on the mature onset of diabetes (35-51 in which 4.1% elevated ALT, 6.7% type-2
years). Examine the massiveness of LFTs diabetic patients out of which 7.8% had the
estimate all the histological changes, elevated ALT and rest 3.8% prevalence in
Salmela et al studies looked up for 72 those free from any type of diabetes. The
sequential diabetes inpatients with propagation in the ALT elevation level when
hepatomegaly or abnormal LFTs as patients greater by 3 times than the normal value &
who were awaiting liver biopsy [10]. The have no significance difference between
type-2 diabetes patients are 68 and 4 had diabetic & non-diabetic patients (0.4 Vs
type-1 diabetes, but all of them had 0.7%) and for the obese (BMI >30 kg/m2 ) &
abnormal LFTs and hepatomegalay. All for over weight (BMI >25-30 kg/m2). They
have normal blood counts, serum, had more elevation in ALT. 10.6%
electrolytes & renal functions. But no case prevalence in obese diabetic versm a 6.6
reported for the heart failure. Only 5 of them prevalance in obese non-diabetic patients.
had a history of social drinking alcohol and
rest 67 as abstainers. 63 patients had Type-2 Diabetic: NAFLD
abnormal liver histology. 48 had liver fatty NAFLD (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease),
liver or steatosis with non-specific it is the most common reason for the
inflammatory changes. 14 evidence of elevation of LFT s level in type-2 diabetic
fibrosis reported. GGT & ALT it seems too patients. In clinicopathological investigation
elevated generally but here is no significant NAFLD represent a broad spectrum of
difference in mean values of ALT & GGT. histological evidence from hepatic streatosis
The histopathology worsened (steatosis to or fat accumulation in hepatocytes without
inflammation to fibrosis). Abnormal LFTs any inflammation, to hepatic steaotsis with a
result is common in diabetes & particularly necro-inflammatory component that may or

11
International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology
Volume I, Issue II, July 2020 ISSN: 2582-3310

may not have fibrosis or NASH. Low or markers for infection (hepatitis B & C), 81
absence of alcohol consumption were rectify with undetermined etiology or
characterized as NAFLD with or without hereditary cause of liver disease (α-1-
necro-inflammatory activities shows the antitrypsin, iron, ferritin, iron binding
macrovesicular steatosis & cast off the other capacity, ceruloplasmin etc) metabolic
forms of liver disease. Indecipherable the (TSH- thyroid stimulating hormone),
pathogenesis & it marked by the deposition autoimmune (anti-smooth muscle antibody,
of triglycerides within the hepatocytes. For anti-mitochondrial antibody, electrophoresis,
the triglycerides deposition insulin serum protein) [13]. No history reported by
resistance play a major role. As the chronic liver disease & non for alcohol
inflammation followed by the ATP or hepatotoxic drugs. No sarcoid in chest X-
depolarization, mitochondrial dysfunction, rays for all the patients. There is no evidence
FA, excess intercellular & oxidant stress [3]. in article for the transaminites like celiac
NAFLD is regared as the most common in disease, renal insufficiency and muscle
patients with having elevation of serum disorder. With no identified etiology of
aminotransferase ranges from mild to elevated liver enzymes 81 patients marked
moderate. There is no direct intensification negative, abnormal history in 73 patients, all
accordance to the histology of liver as had some association to steatosis. The
transaminase elevation in NAFLD [12]. patient has some association to steatosis.
The prevalence rate of stratosis is 50.6% &
Non- Diabetic: NAFLD steatohepatitis is 32% but without any
Diabetic and non-diabetic chronic elevated clarified etiology for liver disease.
LFTs in the United States is one the most With diabetes and without diabetes for
effective etiology as NAFLD is replacing individuals, same study conducted for 354
alcohol & viral hepatitis [3]. Among all the patients, to investigate abnormal LFTs over
patients reported NAFLD, 60-95% are liver biopsy underwent. Steatosis and
obese, 28-55% type-2 diabetes & 20-92% steatphepatosis on biopsy evidence excluded
have hyperlipidemia. Further study 66% of the patients for specific diagnosis,
conducted were 1,124 adults examine and since their serological & clinical reports
they shows the evaluation of chronic available [14].
elevated LFTs. Based on absence of serum

12
International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology
Volume I, Issue II, July 2020 ISSN: 2582-3310

Type-2 Diabetic and HCV Projection (PROSPER) trial, ALT or AST level is more
In united state, predictor of type-2 diabetes than 3 times the upper limit of normal range
is known to be independent and the most of one patients in placebro group & in
alarming cause for liver disease is hepatitis pravastatin only one patients reported
C- virus (HCV), without cirrhosis it is the rhabdomyoloysis [18], [19]. In pravastatin
most common endocrine disease within 36 patients had myalgias, compared it with
diabetic patients with high prevalence for placebo group only found 32 patients.
HCV reported [15], [16]. Risk factor of Association of high dose statin therapy with
acquiring HCV when comparing 176 more frequent abnormalities of LFTs
diabetic patients to 6172 blood donors patients with clinical cardiovascular disease
matched & it shows higher prevalence of (CVD) were randomized to 10-80 mg of
HCV infection, diabetic patients (11.5 Vs atovastatin while treating to new targets
2.5% p<0.001) [17]. 72.3% had abnormal (TNTs) trail thrice the upper limit of the
elevated LFTs, with HCV diabetic patients normal range obtained for the incidence of
on comparing it with diabetic patients with persistent elevation in AST & ALT or both
no report of HCV (p< 0.001) it shows 27.7% observe for 4-10 days and range obtained is
impact. The study gives us the idea about 1.2 and 0.2% respectively (p< 0.0001) [20].
screening is important for HCV among all Recommendation based on the current large
the diabetic patients with elevated LFTs. trails from the American College of
physicians for type-2 diabetic patients with
Elevated Transaminases Type-2 Diabetes cardiovascular risk factors also in order to
with Statin avoid any other severe disease. In major
It not show any significant association with issues such as macro-vascular complication
the heart protection study of 20,536 who has statin used as primary prevention. Routine
the higher risk individuals of vascular monitoring of LFT not required in these
disease among all diabetes patients. The patients, even the statins and other drugs
elevated rates for ALT are 2 times the upper should be avoided until the baseline
limit of normal range were 1.8% in abnormalities found in LFTs & myopathy as
simvastatin group & 16% in the placebo it can increase the other adverse situation too
group in the pravastation in Elderly [21]. It should be advised not to use the
Individuals at risk of vascular disease advance statin therapy as long as patients are

13
International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology
Volume I, Issue II, July 2020 ISSN: 2582-3310

monitored carefully, as for diabetic patients new diagnosis of liver disorder, 249 (41.2%)
the baseline transaminase less than three attributed to a predisposing conditions, 186
times the upper normal limit. But there is (31%) as mild asymptotic liver enzyme
disagreement over monitoring recurrence of abnormalities with no clinical relevant, 113
these patients. Other disagreement builds on (18.7%) had a specific non drug etiology
elevation of statin hepatotoxicity whether it listed. The rest 57 (8.7%) are no predisposed
developed by transaminase or not? [22]. The conditions with a clinical relevant of liver
proven benefits from CVD risk reduction is disease which attribute towards the other
less weighted over the known potential risk drugs, fatty liver & unknown. An incidence
of statin therapy by the major possibilities of of 0.002/100 person years these two cases
hepatotoxicity, among the diabetic patients oral antibiotic agents not to be ruled out.
over age of 40 years who have a multiple Rajagopalan et al comparison in between
cardiovascular risk factors called as CVD. pioglitazone v/s oral antidiabetic agents
claimed date based on the incidence of liver
Elevated Transaminase When Type-2 failure in type-2 diabetic patients [24]. As
Diabetic Patients Administrated With report received by the pharmacy on their
Oral Agents first antidiabetic treatment it divided into
The sequential report of hepatotoxity led different group based on antidiabetic
Jick et al which is introduced by the insulin therapy. If the patients belong to group
sensitizer in type-2 diabetic patients to pioglitazone then by the help of metformin
analyzed the baseline risk of liver disease on & sulfonylurea group they matched with the
oral agents other than thiazolidinediones patients of rosiglitazone. Same characters
[23]. General Practice Research database i.e. clinical & demographic, found within the
UK based researcher identified 40,190 type- matched groups, the analysis of patients
2 diabetic individuals treated with oral includes 4.458 similar pairs of pioglitazone
diabetic agents, which include metformin, v/s rosiglitazone treated patients. 1,474 pairs
guar gum & sulfonylurasa in between years of pioglitazone v/s sulfonylurea treated
1989-1996. When the oral therapy began patients & 1,137 pairs of pioglitazone v/s
none of the patients reported the known liver metformin treated patients. No patients
disease. During the study periods out of 605 reported increased risk of liver failure or
cases only 1.5% individuals identified as hepatitis with duration of 2 years by

14
International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology
Volume I, Issue II, July 2020 ISSN: 2582-3310

pioglitazone when it compared with the monitored of all those on rosiglitazone.

patients on other antidiabetic agents. Among 5,006 patients who went with
Reversal effect of enzymes elevation with rosiglitazone none of them had hepatotoxic
all patients was found to be elevated ALT on effects. ALT is thrice the upper limit of
pioglitazone [25]. normal ranges & rosiglitazone is 0.32 %,
Pioglitazone is able to control the double- placebo group 0.17% and 0.40 % either with
blind clinical effects in placebo- controls, insulin or sulfonyureamet formin groups. No
virtual identical between patients on difference found for the treatment of
pioglitazone and those of placebo (0.26 v/s placebo, rosiglitazone and other
0.25%), the incidence of elevated ALT antihpyerglycemic agents as study
values greater than 3 times the upper limit of conducted a respective incidence rates of
normal. More than 6000 patients took and 0.29, 0.59 & 0.64/ 100 person- years had
studied by Lebovitz et al for the individuals been reported. As study further proceded
affected with type-2 diabetes either insulin, 5.6% of individuals whose serum ALT
metformin or glyburide and rosiglitazone values in between 1- 1.5 the upper limit of
placebo used various dosed in double blind normal baselone, the individuals 66%
clinical trials. 8.5-9% in all groups since normalized ALT treated with
from beginning of study the mean Alc level antihyperglycemic medicines & that of only
is same [26]. For the first months at every 4 38.7% normalized ALT they were treated by
weeks of treatment & then afterwards at a placebo normalized [26].
interval of 6 to 12 weeks occurred for the Over & over again found mild chronic
screening, baseline and proper measurement elevation of tranaminities in diabetic patients
of liver enzymes. If any individuals found to reduced by improvised insulin resistance &
have grater ALT, ALP or AST level by two it has specific support among insulin
and half times the upper limit of normal resistance, hepatic function & glycemic
during screening then the individuals control.
excluded from the study. This added with A surrogate, thiadolidinediones for the
present recommendation when advise not to insulin resistance use to treat NASH it was
use rosiglitazone orpiglitazone. shown in pilot studies that the decrease in
Approximate 3800 for at least 6 months, LFTs illustrated with rosiglitazone &
2800 for one year & 1000 for at least 2 years pioglitazone therapy for diabetic patients.

15
International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology
Volume I, Issue II, July 2020 ISSN: 2582-3310

For 48 weeks a study took placed 18 non- months if any mild chronic elevation of ALT
diabetic patients with NASH on pioglitazone or elevation of ALT≤ 250 unit/l in any
with a daily dose of 30 mg/48 weeks [27]. diabetic patients found then the screening
72% with normalized and rest all patients for treatable cause of chronic liver disease
with decrease serum ALT level by the end like hepatitis B, hepatitis C and
of study it was observed. A great fall found hemochromatosis seems to have incidence in
in report of serum ALT level from an type 2 diabetes. The diagnostic workup is
average of 99 units/ l to a baseline of 40 probably not required for those patients who
unit/l within a interval of 48 weeks. do not have any evidence for more serious
One more study used rosigitazone for 48 liver disease, such as elevation in bilirubin
weeks treatment on 30 patients with NASH or prothrombin time or decrease in albumin
a daily dose of 4 mg & impairment of or even in a patients who have any direct
glucose tolerance or diabetes among 50% of medical history & physical examination do
them [28]. A significant improvement were not raise suspicion of other cause of elevated
noticed in the level of mean serum ALT LFTs. If patients develop any preliminary
levels among 25 patients who finished the symptoms which enhance the hepatic
study of period 48 weeks with a changed impairment before administering drug
notice from baseline 104 units/l to 42 units/l. therapy, a proper routine monitoring of
Again increased in level of liver enzyme LFTs in patients with type 2 diabetes it
near to pretreatment for rosiglitazone found requires. Time to time screening based on
after 24 weeks offs & this observation made the clinical assessments. So, nod your head
over the end of 72 weeks. that transaminases does not always have
correlate with the histological changes in the
CONCLUSION liver. As higher glucose level achieved then
The elevated ALT is most common descends in level of ALT shown by
abnormalities among diabetic patients. It antidiabetic agents. If elevation of ALT is
concluded that the individual those who more than three times the upper limit of
having the type-2 diabetes follow the higher normal range then it would not be an
incidence of LFT abnormalities than the antipathy to start any oral antidiabetic or
person who do not have diabetes. After lipid modifying therapy.
proper clinical observation for more than six

16
International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology
Volume I, Issue II, July 2020 ISSN: 2582-3310

REFRENCES causes." American journal of

1. Lewis, Gary F., et al. Disordered fat epidemiology 142.7 (1995): 699-708.
storage and mobilization in the 7. Perry, Ivan J., S. Goya Wannamethee,
pathogenesis of insulin resistance and and A. Gerald Shaper. "Prospective
type 2 diabetes." Endocrine reviews study of serum γ-glutamyltransferase
23.2 (2002): 201-229. and risk of NIDDM." Diabetes Care
2. Shimomura, Iichiro, et al. "Decreased 21.5 (1998): 732-737.
IRS-2 and increased SREBP-1c lead 8. Ohlson, L-O., et al. "Risk factors for
to mixed insulin resistance and type 2 (non-insulin-dependent)
sensitivity in livers of lipodystrophic diabetes mellitus. Thirteen and one-
and ob/ob mice." Molecular cell 6.1 half years of follow-up of the
(2000): 77-86. participants in a study of Swedish
3. Neuschwander-Tetri, Brent A., and men born in 1913." Diabetologia
Stephen H. Caldwell. "Nonalcoholic 31.11 (1988): 798-805.
steatohepatitis: summary of an 9. Vozarova, Barbora, et al. "High
AASLD Single Topic Conference." alanine aminotransferase is associated
Hepatology 37.5 (2003): 1202-1219. with decreased hepatic insulin
4. Grove, Jane, et al. "Association of a sensitivity and predicts the
tumor necrosis factor promoter development of type 2 diabetes."
polymorphism with susceptibility to diabetes 51.6 (2002): 1889-1895.
alcoholic steatohepatitis." Hepatology 10. Salmela, Pasi I., et al. "Liver function
26.1 (1997): 143-146. tests in diabetic patients." Diabetes
5. O'Brien, Richard M., and Daryl K. care 7.3 (1984): 248-254.
Granner. "Regulation of gene 11. Erbey, John R., Cheryl Silberman,
expression by insulin." Biochemical and Eva Lydick. "Prevalence of
Journal 278.Pt 3 (1991): 609. abnormal serum alanine
6. Wannamethee, Goya, Shah Ebrahim, aminotransferase levels in obese
and A. Gerald Shaper. "Gamma- patients and patients with type 2
glutamyltransferase: determinants and diabetes." The American journal of
association with mortality from medicine 109.7 (2000): 588-590.
ischemic heart disease and all

17
International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology
Volume I, Issue II, July 2020 ISSN: 2582-3310

12. Alba, L. M., and Keith Lindor. "Non‐ 18. Heart Protection Study Collaborative
alcoholic fatty liver disease." Group. "The effects of cholesterol
Alimentary pharmacology & lowering with simvastatin on cause-
therapeutics 17.8 (2003): 977-986. specific mortality and on cancer
13. Daniel, Satyajit, et al. "Prospective incidence in 20,536 high-risk people:
evaluation of unexplained chronic a randomised placebo-controlled trial
liver transaminase abnormalities in [ISRCTN48489393]." BMC medicine
asymptomatic and symptomatic 3.1 (2005): 6.
patients." The American journal of 19. Shepherd, James, et al. "Pravastatin in
gastroenterology 94.10 (1999): 3010- elderly individuals at risk of vascular
3014. disease (PROSPER): a randomised
14. Skelly, Maeve M., Peter D. James, controlled trial." The Lancet 360.9346
and Stephen D. Ryder. "Findings on (2002): 1623-1630.
liver biopsy to investigate abnormal 20. LaRosa, John C., et al. "Intensive
liver function tests in the absence of lipid lowering with atorvastatin in
diagnostic serology." Journal of patients with stable coronary disease."
hepatology 35.2 (2001): 195-199. New England Journal of Medicine
15. Harris, Elizabeth H. "Elevated liver 352.14 (2005): 1425-1435.
function tests in type 2 diabetes." 21. Snow, Vincenza, et al. "Lipid control
Clinical diabetes 23.3 (2005): 115- in the management of type 2 diabetes
119. mellitus: a clinical practice guideline
16. Knobler, Hilla, et al. "Increased risk from the American College of
of type 2 diabetes in noncirrhotic Physicians." Annals of internal
patients with chronic hepatitis C virus medicine 140.8 (2004): 644-649.
infection." Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 22. Pasternak, Richard C., et al.
Vol. 75. No. 4. Elsevier, 2000. "ACC/AHA/NHLBI clinical advisory
17. Simó, Rafael, et al. "High prevalence on the use and safety of statins."
of hepatitis C virus infection in Journal of the American College of
diabetic patients." Diabetes care 19.9 Cardiology 40.3 (2002): 567-572.
(1996): 998-1000. 23. Jick, SUSAN S., Monika Stender, and
Marian W. Myers. "Frequency of

18
International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology
Volume I, Issue II, July 2020 ISSN: 2582-3310

liver disease in type 2 diabetic rosiglitazone." Hepatology 38.4

patients treated with oral antidiabetic (2003): 1008-1017.
agents." Diabetes Care 22.12 (1999):
2067-2071.
24. Rajagopalan, R., S. Iyer, and A.
Perez. "Comparison of pioglitazone
with other antidiabetic drugs for
associated incidence of liver failure:
no evidence of increased risk of liver
failure with pioglitazone." Diabetes,
Obesity and Metabolism 7.2 (2005):
161-169.
25. Harris, Elizabeth H. "Elevated liver
function tests in type 2 diabetes."
Clinical diabetes 23.3 (2005): 115-
119.
26. Lebovitz, Harold E., Margaret
Kreider, and Martin I. Freed.
"Evaluation of liver function in type 2
diabetic patients during clinical trials:
evidence that rosiglitazone does not
cause hepatic dysfunction." Diabetes
care 25.5 (2002): 815-821.
27. Promrat, Kittichai, et al. "A pilot
study of pioglitazone treatment for
nonalcoholic steatohepatitis."
Hepatology 39.1 (2004): 188-196.
28. Neuschwander‐Tetri, Brent A., et al.
"Improved nonalcoholic
steatohepatitis after 48 weeks of
treatment with the PPAR‐γ ligand

19
International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology
Volume I, Issue II, July 2020 ISSN: 2582-3310

IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON OUR not only polluting the nature but also

ENVIRONMENT creating havoc damage to the aquatic flora

and fauna. Present paper has tried to put
Kuldip Dwivedi and Rwitabrata Mallick
some light on the effect of COVID-19 on
Department of Environmental Science,
our environment.
Amity University Madhya Pradesh,
Keywords: COVID-19, Pandemic,
Maharajpura, Bhind Road, Gwalior 474005,
Pollution, Waste, Corona, Environment
Madhya Pradesh, India
*Corresponding author:
INTRODUCTION
Mobile: +918770867384
Effect of COVID-19 pandemic on our
E-mail: [email protected]
environment is highly significant. As per the
experimental analysis and evidences, release
ABSTRACT
of various greenhouse gases like CO2, CH4,
Within a span of sixty-ninety days, the
CFCs have come down to a significant
world has been changed totally. Millions
quantity worldwide during the lockdown
people expired already, and several lakhs are
phase [1]. Activities in more than 200
infected, and the numbers are growing
countries around the world have become
continuously worldwide. Reason behind all
standstill due to the outbreak of Corona
these, is COVID-19 pandemic and spread of
Virus in last few months which resulted in
Corona virus. Along with human, our
some good outcome for Mother Nature.
environment has also changed a lot during
these months. The rate of pollution of air,
Impact on the environment:
water, soil, noise has reduced to a great
Factories, institutes, automobiles, refineries,
extent. Sustainable development has been
recyclers, agricultural machineries, power
autogenerated in the environment and
plants, mining activities were stopped
Mother Nature has cured herself a lot. Clear
during lockdown phase against COVID-19
water, view of snow-capped mountains,
outbreak [2]. Number of vehicles plying on
visibility of wildlife in locality, appearance
the road came to almost zero in number. All
of endangered animals, pure oxygen in the
these resulted in the extraordinary downfall
air all have returned somehow during the
of the atmospheric concentrations of CO2,
lockdown phase throughout the world. On
CO, NO2, SOX, Particulate Matters
the other hand, increase in biomedical
throughout the most populous and most
waste, plastic wastes have been a major
polluted towns of the world. The nationwide
concern against the environment. These are

20
International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology
Volume I, Issue II, July 2020 ISSN: 2582-3310

lockdown policy and implementation of law resulted in sharp fall in carbon emission.
and order to maintain social distancing have The lockdown phase resulted in downfall of
resulted in developing waste free roads pollution level into almost 50% than the
especially beach areas. As there were no previous year concentration at the same time
vehicles, aircrafts, trains, buses, commercial [6]. During lockdown phase, vehicular
and public vehicles on the road, noise level movement was restricted, and industries
has also been reduced to a great extent were shut down. This resulted in the
especially in COVID-19 infected nations downfall of air contamination to a great
[3]. extent. Due to suspension of waterways
Cities in China, Italy, England, France, during lockdown phase, neither fishing nor
USA, Spain were completely locked down pleasure trips, the water has become clean
after the first wave of COVID-19 spread out and in some places crystal clear. In case for
and appearance of Corona virus pandemic. Ganga river in India near Haridwar in
In India, lakhs of migrant workers are Uttarakhand water became clean and clear.
approaching several modes of Animals have been spotted roaming around
communication to reach home in their native freely and visiting areas they were not in
places [4]. Countrywide lockdown has normal cases. Endangered wildlife was
resulted in extreme conditions among viewed in many places worldwide. Millions
countrymen. Worldwide, International and of turtles visited land for hatching eggs.
Domestic flights have been closed, trains Dolphins were viewed in water where they
have been cancelled, inter-state bus services were not seen for decades [7].
have been stopped.
COVID-19 and outbreak of corona virus has
Discussion developed negative effects on our
People have been maintaining social environment. All the affected nations have
distancing, wearing masks, gloves and other stopped the waste recycling activities due to
personal protective equipment [5]. Staying safety and security of the workers and
at home advisory has been strictly employees during the outbreak [8]. Hence,
implemented nationwide. These were all sustainable waste management has not been
done to control the spread of COVID-19 in done at all. Online shopping, packaged
terms of Corona virus. Suddenly, industries, drinking water bottles, plastic wrapped food
factories, communication and several other items, groceries, online foods all coupled
and businesses have been shut down which together to enhance the wastes in and around

21
International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology
Volume I, Issue II, July 2020 ISSN: 2582-3310

us during this lockdown phase. Due to decreased and betterment of coastal beach
COVID-19, biomedical wastes have areas were observed as positive impacts
increased into several folds [9]. Doctors, during lockdown phase. On the other hand,
nurses, health staffs, patients, COVID among the negative indirect effects, the
suspects, health department officials, police, increase in domestic and medical waste was
workers in health centres everybody has mentioned. It is important to mention that
generated umpteen number of plastic wastes although the emissions of some greenhouse
in the form of gloves, PPE, face shields, gases (GHGs) have lowered down as a
masks, shoe cover, head cover, eyeglass etc. result of the pandemic, this reduction could
[10]. have little impact on the total concentrations
of GHGs that have accumulated in the
CONCLUSION atmosphere for years. There is requirement
It can be concluded by saying that there has of long-term constructive planning on the
been some positive impact observed during basis of sustainable socio economic
the lockdown phase worldwide. These development. There will be disaster if
positive impacts of COVID-19 were biomedical wastes like used gloves, masks,
definitely in terms of nature and shoe cover, heal cover, face shields, aprons,
environment. Be it decrease in air pollution, PPE kits are not properly disposed and get
reduction in greenhouse gas emission or mixed with other waste products.
lowering concentration of particulate
matters in the atmosphere. Most populous At the end, it can be mentioned that that
and most polluted cities in the world COVID-19 will generate some positive and
situated in India, Italy, France, Spain, some negative effects on our environment.
England, China, USA, Russia, Germany Lowering concentration of greenhouse gases
have observed decrease in the contamination for a short time period is not going to be a
level of air pollutants. On the other hand, solution. Corona virus will stay for some
quality of water has improved into several more time, and during the unlocking phase
fold during the lockdown phase. Several of restrictions situation might get worse
rivers passing through Industrial belts have again in terms of increase in toxicity level of
become clear and clean after the pandemic air, water and land. Proper management and
COVID-19 appeared worldwide. This paper long-term planning is the need of the hour.
tried to describe the effects of COVID-19 on
our environment. Noise level has been REFERENCES

22
International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology
Volume I, Issue II, July 2020 ISSN: 2582-3310

[1] https://www.india.com/festivals- COVID-19 Infections in Wuhan and Other

events/world-environment-day-2020- Provincial Capitals in China."
positive-impact-of-covid-19-lockdown-on- [8] Steve, C., Holland, S.P., Mansur,
environment-4047703/ E.T., Muller, N.Z., Yates, A.J.,
[2]https://www.bbc.com/future/article/2020 (2020), Expected Health Effects of Reduced
0326-covid-19-the-impact-of-coronavirus- Air Pollution from COVID-19 Social
on-the-environment Distancing. No. w27135. National Bureau of
[3] World Health Economic Research.
Organization. Considerations for quarantine [9] Wang, P., Chen, K., Zhu, S., Wang,
of individuals in the context of containment P., Zhang, H., (2020), "Severe air pollution
for coronavirus disease (COVID-19): events not avoided by reduced
interim guidance, 19 March 2020. No. anthropogenic activities during COVID-19
WHO/2019-nCoV/IHR_Quarantine/2020.2. outbreak." Resources, Conservation and
World Health Organization, 2020. Recycling 158: 104814.
[4] Wu, Xiao, Rachel, C. N., Benjamin, [10] Zambrano-Monserrate, M.A., Ruano,
M. S., Braun, D., Dominici, F., M. A., Alcalde, L.S. (2020). Science of the
(2020),"Exposure to air pollution and Total Environment. 728, 138813
COVID-19 mortality in the United
States." medRxiv.
[5] Ma, Y, Zhao, Y, Liu, J, He, X.,
Wang, B., Fu, S., Yan, J, Niu J, Zhou, J.,
Luo, B.,(2020), "Effects of temperature
variation and humidity on the death of
COVID-19 in Wuhan, China." Science of
The Total Environment: 138226.
[6] Frédéric, D., Baker, J.S., Navel, V.,
(2020),"COVID-19 as a factor influencing
air pollution?" Environmental Pollution
(Barking, Essex: 1987) 263: 114466.
[7] Han, Y., Lam, J.C., Li, V.O., Guo,
P., Zhang, Q., Wang, A., Jon Crowcroft et
al., (2020), "The Effects of Outdoor Air
Pollution Concentrations and Lockdowns on

23
International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology
Volume I, Issue II, July 2020 ISSN: 2582-3310

Significance of Rhizosphere in Tea tea rhizosphere has been tested thoroughly,

Gardens specifically in relation to plant-microbe

response. Counter to the common outcomes,
1*Rwitabrata Mallick
rhizosphere and soil comparisons were
1Assistant Professor, Department of
happened to be continuously below 1. The
Environmental Science
edaphic samples were gathered from vintage
Amity University Madhya Pradesh
tea estates which showed negative impact of
Maharajpura, Bhind Road, Gwalior 474005,
rhizosphere. Finding of 'negative
Madhya Pradesh, India
rhizosphere effect' in old tea bushes is a
*Corresponding author:
significant and a novel nature of tea
Mobile: +919831970014,
rhizosphere. Supremacy of a certain
E-mail: [email protected]
population of microbes, affinity towards a
section of general opponents, constitutes a
ABSTRACT
good instance of reciprocated selection in
natural environment. These discoveries have
The lush green undulated terrain of
unlocked newer paths for extended
Darjeeling covered with tea gardens is
researches in the field of 'rhizosphere
famous throughout the globe for its
microbiology'. Present study is an attempt to
excellent aroma and taste. The best quality
evaluate the transforming features and
tea is produced in Kurseong hill area under
significant implications in the tea industry.
Darjeeling. Experimental analysis on
Keywords: rhizosphere, tea, garden, estate,
monthly basis was done regarding microbial
soil, microorganism, population
population in the selected tea gardens.
Interactions among certain microorganisms
INTRODUCTION
were analysed during the study.
Coordination in between specific microbes
The Darjeeling logo is a hallmark of
might also be responsible for the impact.
excellence. Launched in 1986, the
Fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes – these
Darjeeling logo has come to represent high
three groups of microbes were tested during
quality muscatel flavored tea with the
the process. Results showed that neo tea
unmistakable class that only Darjeeling can
plant rhizosphere and rhizosphere of several
offer. The logo is a significant landmark in
other perpetual plants, of various ages,
the history of the tea industry.
flourishing in age old tea gardens, seemed to
Conceptualized by the Association of
expediate growth of microbes. At present,

24
International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology
Volume I, Issue II, July 2020 ISSN: 2582-3310

Darjeeling Tea Gardens and launched in the assumed that the rhizosphere of relatively
international and domestic market by the new tea bushes and of various perennial
Tea Board, it guarantees genuine Darjeeling plants having variety in ages generally
Tea, tested and packed for the connoisseurs developed in tea estates which are already
of tea throughout the world [3]. The established, could have accelerated
Darjeeling tea industry is a happening place microbial growth [6]. The -ve impact of
and has more surprises to furnish. The rhizosphere of relatively much aged tea
Darjeeling Tea Research Institute is located gardens do not seem to be a regular incident
on Pankhabari Road of Kurseong. Kurseong like growing old in normal condition but
still applies the traditional basic model of could be one of its kind and specific to tea
tea manufacture, known as the “Curling, plants [7].
Tearing and Crushing”, popularly known as
C.T.C [1]. Presently, organic tea is the most Several experiments were conducted by
famous name given to tea grown using gathering edaphic samples from various
chemical free manure and eco-friendly sites of the country [8]. The results showed
practices. There is no use of chemical various distinguishing characteristics. Tea
fertilizers and pesticides in an organic tea gardens from where samples were collected
garden [2]. are situated in the eastern Himalayan region
are characterized with the quantity of
MATERIALS & METHODS rainfall, even some experience snowfall [9].

Regular assessment of various microbial The initial experiments, which were carried
growth in soils growing tea in terms of units out at Makaibari tea experimental garden
making of colony have been executed by the and Castleton tea estate, both in Darjeeling
process of plate-count. Three separate soil District under Kurseong Subdivision of
depths were analysed for the span of 1 year. West Bengal, gave interesting and thought
The examination was done on three groups provoking outcomes. Investigations were
of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes [4]. carried out for a time period of one year, at
The samples were collected from tea monthly interval in Makaibari tea estate,
gardens which clearly indicates an overall which assured the propagation of
negative effect of rhizosphere. This negative rhizosphere microbial populations of
effect can also be caused by specific relatively new tea plants as primarily
microorganism living together [5]. It can be expected [10]. On the contrary, already

25
International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology
Volume I, Issue II, July 2020 ISSN: 2582-3310

established tea bushes with rhizosphere was conducted from various tea gardens to
found to hinder growth of microbes as justify the status of rhizosphere effect in
observed in terms of the microbial established bushes [13].
population in the area infested by
rhizosphere and microbial population of RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
non-rhizosphere area [11]. Microbial The soil samples were obtained from
analyses of samples obtained from the soil various locations (1) Rohini tea estate (2)
of Castleton tea estate, where the bushes Ambootia tea estate and (3) Goomtee tea
were of assarnica type and the plantations estate. The tea bushes were of various age
were more than twenty years old which also groups. While Rohini and Ambootia tea
showed strong inhibition of rhizosphere estates represented the well-maintained tea
microbial communities [12]. plantations, Goomtee tea estate was not used
for a long time. It has been observed that in
Out of the microbial communities, namely - most of the cases, the R:S showed same
actinomycetes, bacteria and fungi, bacteria trend as received from Makaibari tea
were the maximum subdue group among the plantations, except in case of estimations of
matured tea rhizosphere. Fungal and bacterial populations from Rohini tea estate,
Actinomycetes populations were also that showed inhibitory effect even at 4years
suppressed but to a much lower extent. The of age [14]. All the tea gardens under
stimulation of microbes in the rhizosphere discussion are situated in the Himalayan
("rhizosphere effect") due to plant roots is a range representing the subtropical or
popularly known and normal phenomenon temperate conditions which are generally
and indicates a "positive" influence of plant characterized by rainfall and or snowfall
roots on rhizosphere microorganisms. It is (Table 1).
an important observation and is against the
general norm. Similar experiments were also

26
International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology
Volume I, Issue II, July 2020 ISSN: 2582-3310

Table 1 Comparative data of age of tea plants and climate in different study areas

Study Area Age of tea Altitude in Mean monthly temperature Total rainfall
plants m above in degree Celsius in millimetre
mean sea Maximum Minimum
level
Rohini Tea 4, 8, >100 1300 25.5 13.5 2400
Estate

Ambootia Tea >30 1400 23.5 13.5 2300

Estate

Goomtee Tea 4, 15 1600 20.5 8.5 1800

Estate

Makaibari 32,44,123 1400 18.5 14.5 2100

Tea Estate

Karbia Tea >100 1577 23.5 10.5 1100

Estate

The 'negative rhizosphere effect was more positive in nature in case of actinomycetes
prominent in sophisticated tea estates rather and fungi. Various factors that might be
than abandoned tea estates. This was found responsible at Selim Hill tea estate in terms
from two tea gardens, known as (1) Selim of minimizing the population of microbes
Hill tea estate, where from different quantity [15].
of soil samples were taken developing along
the borders of the tea estate and (2) St. CONCLUSION
Mary’s tea garden having the detreated. Tea is the main plantation crop in Kurseong
Some recent observations performed from hill area, and the finest qualities of tea are
an immature tea estate at Karbia, impact of produced here. Tea is one of the tourist
rhizosphere found to be attractions of this region. With the

27
International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology
Volume I, Issue II, July 2020 ISSN: 2582-3310

enhancement of eco-tourism, tea-tourism plantations were analysed having a

would also play an important role towards background. From different results and data
more and more revenue generation. obtained, it has been observed that almost
Research and developmental activities have eighty percent of the tea rhizosphere and
been done to estimate in which way the fifty four percent of the tea root endophyte
microbes are associated along with the tea were unclassified, and which may be part of
plantations in various tea estates. Several unculturable section. As a matter of fact of
thousand lakhs of microbes live in close the inability to predict their metabolic needs,
association with the soil and plants in tea these microbes are unculturable.
gardens. This is almost similar with the
microorganisms inside the human body. REFERENCES
Tea-tourism, if appropriately organized, is [1]. Baath E, Olsson S, Tunlid A. (1988)
expected to upgrade the livelihood of Growth of bacteria in the rhizoplane and the
workers of tea gardens. Through tea- rhizosphere of rape seedlings. FEMS
tourism, visitors to the tea estates will Microbiol Ecol, 53, 355–360
purchase local handicrafts, folk medicines [2]. Bowen GD, Rovira AD. (1989) The
and can have the essence of local cuisine rhizosphere. In: Anderson JM, Ingram JSI
which will further pave the opportunity for (eds) Tropical soil biology and fertility. A
more national and international tourists handbook of methods. CAB International,
ultimately benefiting local people. Aberystwyth, 101–112
[3].Chanway CP, Holl FB. (1993) Ecotypic
The target is to be able to rebuild the specificity of spruce emergence-
rhizosphere community which is synthetic stimulating Pseudomonas putida. Forest Sci,
in nature and can be utilized to enhance 39,520–527
water harvesting efficiency, management of [4]. Curl, E. A., & Truelove, B. (2012). The
nutrients and sustainability towards climate rhizosphere (Vol. 15). Springer Science &
change. Eco-huts, eco-village concept may Business Media.
further be encouraged in the tea estates [5]. Fitter, A. H., & Hay, R. K.
throughout Kurseong sub-division for (2012). Environmental physiology of plants.
further betterment of eco-tourism. With the Academic press.
help of metagenomic techniques several [6]. Hiltner L (1904) Über neuere
microbial species associated with bulk soil, Erfahrungen und Probleme auf dem Gebiet
root endophytes and rhizosphere soil of tea der Bodenbakteriologie unter besonderer

28
International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology
Volume I, Issue II, July 2020 ISSN: 2582-3310

Berücksichtigung der Gründungung und plant pathogens. Univ Calif Press, Berkley,
Brache. Arb Dtsch Landwirtsch Ges, 98, 187–209
59–78 [14]. Krupa S, Fries N (1971) Studies on the
[7]. Holl FB, Chanway CP (1992) ectomycorrhizae of pine: 1. Production of
Rhizosphere colonization and seedling volatile organic compounds. Can J Bot, 49,
growth promotion of lodgepole pine 1425–1431
by Bacillus polymyxa. Can J Microbiol, 38, [15]. Lynch JM (1987a) Microbial
303–308 interactions in the rhizosphere. Soil
[8]. Ivarson KC, Katznelson H (1960) Microorg, 30, 33–41
Studies on the rhizosphere microflora of
yellow birch seedlings. Plant and Soil, 12,
30–40
[9]. Johnson LF, Curl EA (1972) Methods
for research on the ecology of soil-borne
plant pathogens. Burgess, Minneapolis
[10]. Kanwar BS (1990) Himachal Pradesh
agricultural handbook. H. P. Vishva
Vidyalays, Palampur
[11]. Bag. N., Kumar, A,, Nandi, S.K.,
Pandey, A. and Palni, L.M.S. (2001).
Efficient rooting and biological hardening of
tissue culture raised tea (Camellia sinensis
(L.)O. Kuntze) plants. In: Proceedings of
2001 lnternational Conference on O-CHA
(tea) Culture & Science. Session II.
Production, Shizuoka, Japan. 132-135.
[12]. Katznelson H (1946) The rhizosphere
effect of mangels on certain groups of
micro-organisms. Soil Sci,62,343–354
[13]. Katznelson H (1965) Nature and
importance of the rhizosphere. In: Baker
KF, Synder WC (eds) Ecology of soil-borne

29
International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology
Volume I, Issue II, July 2020 ISSN: 2582-3310

Bio-Nanotechnology and COVID- Coronavirus (COVID-19) an epidemic and a

19 state of emergency in 2019. COVID-19 is

said to have come from Wuhan, China. In
Pallavi Singh Chauhan*, Vikas
order to maintain control on disease as well
Shrivastava and Rajesh Singh Tomar
as for the prevention of the same, various
Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity
centers are available in three different
University Madhya Pradesh
countries around the world, including the
*Corresponding author’s Email:
United States, Germany, and Vietnam [1].
[email protected]
However, WHO rejected clear evidence
prior to January 14, 2020, referring to a
ABSTRACT
report that should also be discussed and
Nanotechnology can solve many health
examined by the Chinese authorities that the
problems caused by the coronavirus
individual's personal transmission occurs
pandemic. This study will explore in depth
before January 14, 2020. To date, the
how nanotechnology can help in fighting
coronavirus has infected more than a million
against this pandemic and the ongoing
people worldwide and has caused more than
mitigation strategies. Nanomaterials are
55,000 victims. In most countries, a curfew
currently being developed and marketed for
and a mandatory quarantine have been
COVID-19 storage, detection and treatment.
officially reported, hoping to prevent the
On the other hand, nanotechnology in
virus from spreading too quickly [2].
various fields of science and technology can
In general, coronaviruses are a different
be of great help in the diagnosis, prevention
family of helically coiled RNA viruses that
as well as treatment of COVID-19.
contains the largest 26 to 32 kilobase
Key words: Nanotechnology, COVID-19,
genomes known among all RNA viruses.
Nanotherapy, Diagnosis, Health
They are found in a wide variety of hosts
that can infect species such as mammals and
INTRODUCTION
birds. Four major types of coronaviruses are
Outbreak of the global issue pertaining to
ɑ-coronaviruses, β-coronaviruses, ϒ-
new deadly virus called the new
coronaviruses and ∂-coronaviruses, where ɑ-
Coronavirus 2019 (2019-nCoV), the World
coronaviruses and β-coronaviruses infect
Health Organization (WHO) announced
mammals; ϒ-coronaviruses infect birds and

30
International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology
Volume I, Issue II, July 2020 ISSN: 2582-3310

∂-coronaviruses can infect both birds and displayed for several hours to 2 days.
mammals [3]. COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2-based
The new human zoonotic coronavirus was diagnostic kits were developed by BGI team
first reported by the Chinese Centers for and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control
Disease Control and Prevention (CCDC) 2 and Prevention. Coronavirus RNA is
on January 9, 2020. The coronavirus converted to DNA, and the multiplier is
genome is encapsulated in a helical protein tracked millions of times until the analyzer,
coating known as capsid and lipid called the PCR tool, finds the corresponding
molecules. In particular, the viral envelope copy of the duplicated DNA. A person is
contains three structural proteins, and the positive for the virus if the virus genetic
viral mechanism contains membrane code is recognized. Most of the newly
proteins, including nucleocapsid and created sets available are capable of finding
envelope proteins [4]. different genes within the coronavirus and
Spike protein in coronaviruses forms come with three analyzes. If mutation is
corona-like structures, which emerge from there, the complex will be able to find and
the surface of the virus used to penetrate recognize the new generation formed. For
host cells. The S1 and S2 are involved in it, one or two tested positive responses, the
where S1 binds to the receptor and S2 for results should be written as a catalog of viral
fusion with membrane of host cells. S genomes to prevent the spread of new
protein is common target of neutralization viruses [6].
by antibodies and other vaccines. Available complexes can find target proteins
Nucleocapsid protein is virtually unchanged called human RNA polymerase protein
and used as a marker in diagnostic tests [5]. (ORF1 gene), nucleocapsid protein (N
Diagnostic Aspect gene), and envelope protein (E gene). There
Coronavirus Respiratory Disease 2019 is also a set that corresponds to the other
(COVID-19) clinical trial includes the use of protein (gene S) on the coronavirus. In
reverse transcription polymerase chain addition to the complexes, there are
reaction (rRT-PCR) performed in samples currently other detection platforms. Nano
collected by the respiratory system by sensors will replace heat-sensitive weapons
various methods such as swab from used to detect and measure high heat in
nasopharyngeal routes. The reports are

31
International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology
Volume I, Issue II, July 2020 ISSN: 2582-3310

people suspected of infecting airports and microorganisms that cause influenza and
borders [7]. tuberculosis. Due to their potential for
Role of Nanotechnology in treatment of surface modification and functionalization,
COVID-19 nanoparticles are able to trap pathogens and
Till now, no clear cure or vaccine has been viruses and numerous reports have been
proposed for the treatment of COVID-19. reported [10]. The nanoparticles can also be
The exception is the drug traditionally used modified or functionalized to dissolve the
to improve the immune system i.e. viral lipid membrane, bind proteins at the S1
chloroquine. However, Nano peak, and envelope and encapsulate
pharmaceuticals, can not only make a major nucleocapsids and RNA. Nanoparticles can
contribution to medicine and be processed to attack certain pathogens.
pharmaceuticals, but also emerge to prevent Given their size, the modified nanoparticles
the lethal outbreak of COVID-19 worldwide act to detect viruses without causing
[8]. problems to the body or interfering with
Nanoparticles are expected to alter size and other functions that are specifically involved
enhanced properties as a result of a in the human immune system. If COVID-19
significant increase in surface area between lasts longer than this year, we need to tailor
volume and volume. The structure of the the current research strategies to address the
coronavirus reveals a resemblance to major stresses on our healthcare that
nanoparticles. Influence or binding of small COVID-19 has created. The Society of
nanoscale particles, such as viruses, to the Nanotechnology can make an important
highest levels of proteins is primarily due to contribution to the war against COVID-19.
the fact that infrared electromagnetic Nanomaterials are used in care diagnostics,
radiation causes the structure of the virus to and vaccine development [11].
be disrupted [9]. People infected with SARS-CoV-2 may be
Theranostics is a new drug that includes the carrier of the same broad spectrum of
detection and neutralization of viruses with symptoms as other respiratory infections or
Nano drugs and Nano pharmaceuticals with silence. COVID-19 co-proliferation is a
an emphasis on diagnosis and treatment. As major concern. It is important to conduct
a result, there are reports of the application economically viable and rapid diagnostic
of nanoparticles to combat the tests for physicians in local hospitals. With

32
International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology
Volume I, Issue II, July 2020 ISSN: 2582-3310

these diagnoses, frontline employees can REFERENCES

simply scan the patient and prevent virus [1]. Nguyen, T., Duong Bang, D. & Wolff,
spread. Diagnosis is important in A. (2020). 2019 novel coronavirus disease
determining the spread of infection. With (COVID-19): paving the road for rapid
rapid diagnosis and mass surveillance, detection and point-of-care diagnostics.
public health workers can monitor the Micromachines, 11(3), 306.
spread of the virus, actively identify areas of [2]. Tufan, Z.K. & Kayaaslan, B. (2020).
infection, anticipate an increase in capacity, Crushing the curve, the role of national and
and direct the necessary resources where international institutions and policy makers
necessary [12]. in COVID-19 pandemic. Turkish Journal of
Medical Sciences, 50(SI-1), 495-508.
CONCLUSION [3]. Miłek, J. & Blicharz-Domańska, K.
The success of this system depends on the (2020). Coronaviruses in avian species–
open cooperation and communication review with focus on epidemiology and
between the federal government and major diagnosis in wild birds. Journal of veterinary
health institutions. The WHO argued that research, 62(3), 249-55.
broader evidence is needed to prevent the [4]. McBride, R., Van Zyl, M. & Fielding,
epidemic. Patients may need treatment after B.C. (2014). The coronavirus nucleocapsid
identified with COVID-19. These treatments is a multifunctional protein. Viruses, 6(8),
block the viral replication. The main 2991-3018.
research of Nano biological effects can be [5]. Kannan, S., Ali, P.S., Sheeza, A. &
adapted to understand how SARS-CoV-2 Hemalatha, K. (2020). COVID-19 (Novel
affects cells. Vaccines are the key to Coronavirus 2019)-recent trends. Eur. Rev.
preventing disease by boosting their Med. Pharmacol. Sci., 24(4), 2006-11.
immunity against pathogens. The life we [6]. Corman, V.M., Landt, O., Kaiser, M.,
know before this epidemic will change Molenkamp, R., Meijer, A., Chu, D.K.,
forever. Our society is capable of Bleicker, T., Brünink, S., Schneider, J.,
accelerating the translation of development Schmidt, M.L. & Mulders, D.G. (2020).
and using nanotechnology as a leading tool. Detection of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-
nCoV) by real-time RT-PCR.
Eurosurveillance, 25(3), 2000045.

33
International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology
Volume I, Issue II, July 2020 ISSN: 2582-3310

[7]. Saylan, Y. & Denizli, A. (2020). Virus [12]. Raoult, D., Zumla, A., Locatelli, F.,
detection using nanosensors. Nanosensors Ippolito, G. & Kroemer, G. (2020).
for Smart Cities, 501-511. Coronavirus infections: Epidemiological,
[8]. Dhama, K., Sharun, K., Tiwari, R., clinical and immunological features and
Dadar, M., Malik, Y.S., Singh, K.P. & hypotheses. Cell Stress, 4(4), 66.
Chaicumpa, W. (2020). COVID-19, an
emerging coronavirus infection: advances
and prospects in designing and developing
vaccines, immunotherapeutics, and
therapeutics. Human Vaccines &
Immunotherapeutics, 19, 1-7.
[9]. Chen, L. & Liang, J. (2020). An
overview of functional nanoparticles as
novel emerging antiviral therapeutic agents.
Materials Science and Engineering: C, 6,
110924.
[10]. Nakamura, K., Hikone, M., Shimizu,
H., Kuwahara, Y., Tanabe, M., Kobayashi,
M., Ishida, T., Sugiyama, K., Washino, T.,
Sakamoto, N. and Hamabe, Y. (2020). A
sporadic COVID-19 pneumonia treated with
extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in
Tokyo, Japan: A case report. Journal of
Infection and Chemotherapy.
[11]. Udugama, B., Kadhiresan, P.,
Kozlowski, H.N., Malekjahani, A., Osborne,
M., Li, V.Y., Chen, H., Mubareka, S.,
Gubbay, J.B. & Chan, W.C. (2020).
Diagnosing COVID-19: the disease and
tools for detection. ACS nano, 14(4), 3822-
35.

34
International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology
Volume I, Issue II, July 2020 ISSN: 2582-3310

In-silico based development, functions and hold important therapeutic

identification and characterization roles.

Results: A total 7331 EST sequences of
of EST based SSR from Cinnamon
Cinnamon, were retrieved from the
dbEST database in FASTA format.
Raman Bhardwaj, Raghvendra Saxena,
Among, these 1139 SSRs were
Rajesh Singh Tomar, Raghvendra Kumar
identified, which includes 692 repeat unit
Mishra*
for mononucleotides repeats, 161 repeat
Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity
units for dinucleotide repeats, 270 repeat
University Madhay Pradesh Gwalior (M.P.)-
units for trinucleotide repeats, 11 repeat
India
units for tetra nucleotide repeats, 1 repeat
Corresponding Author:
unit for penta-nucleotide repeats, and 4
*[email protected]
repeat units for hexa-nucleotides repeats.
Following identification of SSR, BLAST
ABSTRACT
(Basic Local Alignment Search Tool)
alignment of EST SSR was performed,
Background: The discovery of genes and
which corroborated their functions.
to construct genome mapping simple
However, most of them were attributed to
sequence repeats (SSR) markers plays
essential protein and many were gene
very crucial role which were derived
related proteins, some of them were
from the expressed sequence tags (ESTs).
metabolically active proteins and
The research objective is to develop EST
enzymes were identified in the plant.
based SSR markers, in Cinnamon and to
Conclusions: Findings will helps to
study its genes and other aspects. This
analysis the important molecular markers
plant is attribute with high medicinal
and to facilitate the analysis of genetic
value. It contains several secondary
diversity.
metabolites and other compounds like
Keywords: Expressed sequence tags-
alkaloids, steroids. Flavonoids, saponins,
simple sequence repeats, in silico studies,
proteins, tannins, polyphenols, and
functional markers, cinnamon.
glycosides, known to impart specific

35
International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology
Volume I, Issue II, July 2020 ISSN: 2582-3310

INTRODUCTION precisely states that CZ contains ‘hardly

Cinnamon or known as ‘true cinnamon’ is any’ coumarin. Coumarins are secondary
native to Sri Lanka and southern parts of the phyto-chemicals with strong anticoagulant,
India. Cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, and carcinogenic and having hepato-toxic
linalool are the three main components of properties [6]. The fundamental mechanisms
the essential oils obtained from the bark of for the coumarin content-related toxic
Cinnamon, these components represent effects are yet to be completely clarified. CC
82.5% of the total composition [1]. Trans contains high concentration of coumarin
cinnamaldehyde, accounts for than any other foods. Studies have shown
approximately 49.9-62.8% of the total that coumarin coverage from food
amount of bark oil [2,3]. Two more major consumption is mainly due to CC. Currently
components of cinnamon extracts are available evidences shown that coumarin
cinnamaldehyde and eugenol [4]. There are does not appear to play any direct role in the
two main verities of cinnamon, observed biological effects of CC. However,
Cinnamomum zeylanicum (CZ) and CC variety has been shown many beneficial
Cinnamon cassia (CC). These verities have pharmaceutical properties [6,7]. Numerous
basic difference in their coumarin (1,2- beneficial health effects of CZ have been
benzopyrone) content [5]. The levels of confirmed through in-vitro and in-vivo
coumarins in CC seem to be very high and studies in animals. They have anti-
can cause health risk if consumed regularly inflammatory properties, reducing
in higher quantities. According to the cardiovascular disease, anti-microbial
German Federal Institute for Risk activity, boosting cognitive function and
Assessment (BFR), 1 kg of CC powder reducing risk of colonic cancer. Cinnamon
contains approximately 2.1-4.4 g of has been also mentioned in chinese texts as
coumarin, which means 1 teaspoon of CC long as 4,000 years ago, it is one of the
powder would contain around 5.8-12.1 mg oldest herbal medicines known [8].
of coumarin. Above given is the TDI EST-SSR (expressed sequence tag-
(Tolerable Daily Intake) for coumarin if 0.1 simple sequence repeat) is a new developed
mg/kg body weight/day which was molecular marker based on the expression
recommended by the European Food Safety sequence of microsatellites. This technology
Authority (EFSA) [6]. The BFR reports has attained the advantage of avoiding the

36
International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology
Volume I, Issue II, July 2020 ISSN: 2582-3310

construction steps of genomic DNA library The EST-SSR markers are associated with
in SSR development process; it gives the the genes carrying them as once they
exact marker involve in gene function and mapped. They also act as a valuable source
shows similarity in genomic functional area. of functional markers. Thus the formation of
EST-SSR explains the phenotypic difference EST based SSR markers is a cheap
based on its polymorphisms. This EST-SSR alternative as compared to conventional SSR
are highly conserved within the species as it development method. In genome analysis of
is a part of gene which leads to make the sorghum these EST-SSRs play a major role
primers more commonly used among the in producing lasting insight into processes
species. Therefore for the development of by which novel genotypes are generated,
SSR markers, these EST sequences act as such advantages helps in the applications of
valuable resources. In the recent years, crop breeding programs [9-11].
several studies revealed that there are vast The Conventional method of the
numbers of ESTs accumulated as the result development of SSR marker is tedious and
of deep research analysis on different costly. Therefore, the availability of genic
species. These accumulated EST data EST sequence or genomic sequence in open
provides a platform in the development of public databases and availability of
SSR markers [9-11]. bioinformatics tools, the development of
Various projects on sequencing or ESTs SSR marker is becoming now low cost and
generates large amount of DNA sequence easier [12]. Although, previously several
data which can be easily accessible to SSR markers were already generated by
public, it carries both genic (EST) and using EST databases in several crops. For
genomic sequences which can be further the diversity analysis the EST-SSR markers
used in the development of markers such as were widely used in several crops like:
SSRs, SNPs. etc. The presence of any wheat [10,13,14], barley [9], in mapping of
marker type from such data which can easily barley [11, 15], pearl millet [16] and finger
accessible leads to the generation of markers millet [17]. The genomic SSRs derived from
in cheap cost, like if SSRs are present in the the transcribed regions of the genome are
genic sequence, they called as EST-SSRs more polymorphic as compare to the EST
[9]. derived SSR markers [15, 12].

37
International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology
Volume I, Issue II, July 2020 ISSN: 2582-3310

In the terms of cross-species transferability Recognition of EST sequences

the EST-SSR markers are very superior, Firstly, the EST sequences of cinnamon
because they were derived from the most were retrieved in FASTA format from the
conserved regions of the genome which are NCBI https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) i.e.
very useful in the application of comparative National Centre for Biotechnology
genome mapping and phylogenetic analysis. Information advances science & health by
EST-SSR markers developed in a small providing access to biomedical & genomic
number (30) in sorghum with wheat, rice information. After that the MISA web
and maize [18]. These markers have also (http://webblast.ipk-gatersleben.de/misa/)
shown very transfer rate in several crops was used for the recognition and
system. In wheat the EST-SSR markers determination of the ideal microsatellite also
developed showing 62% transferability compound microsatellites which are fitful by
across the all four species barley, maize, the certain number of bases from the ESTs
wheat and rice. EST-SSRs showing 40% recognized from the NCBI followed to
transferability rate from barley to rice [11, design the primers at microsatellite loci.
15].
MISA
MATERIALS AND METHODS In the plant genetics and the forensic science
the microsatellites are prominently used
Development of EST-SSR markers: In the marker system. The challenge is to make
improvisation of species, molecular markers microsatellites from re-sequencing data.
are prominently used, they help to identify MISA is a web based computational
the polymorphisms, mating system application tool which help in the
parameters, marker-assisted selection and development of microsatellite markers.
genotype characterization. Finally EST-SSR MISA web can be accessed by this link
was constructed for cinnamon as we found http://misaweb.ipk-gatersleben.de/. A 25
there was no EST-SSR developed till date. years ago microsatellites were rise and still it
was a most common genetic marker using in
plant breeding and plant genetics and
forensics science, where it is generally
known as simple sequence repeats (SSRs) or

38
International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology
Volume I, Issue II, July 2020 ISSN: 2582-3310

short tandem repeats (STRs). In the hits we identified an appropriate EST giving
microsatellite the basic structural block is the maximum score was selected, followed
the short sequence motifs present between by recognition of homologous genomic
one and six pairs in length which is repeated region. For the analysis of complete
in tandem, by high throughput sequencing coverage across the genome sequence
data or Sanger method these characteristics BLAST were performed.
can be easily detected by giving in-silico
approach using nucleotide sequences Primer Designing
[10,12]. The selected contigs (SSR containing ESTs
sequences) and the single tone were used to
Pre-processing of the FASTA sequences design primer pairs by using primer3
The retrieved FASTA sequence was pre- (http://biotools.umassmed.edu/bioapps/prim
processed first by the help of software er3_www.cgi). The Primers were designed
named CAP3 in such a way that they follow such
(http://doua.prabi.fr/software/cap3) which conditions: primer length (min-70nt, opt-
was freely available on web server, it 160nt, max- 250nt), Tm (min-54°C, opt-
identify the non-redundant EST sequences. 57°C, max-60°C) & GC content (min-45%,
The CAP3 software runs algorithm which opt-50%, max- 60%) [12].
overlaps between the sequences and further
join the reads in the decreasing order to form BLAST
contigs. After the pre-processing of FASTA BLAST is a most common local alignment
sequences CAP3 gave two files ie. Contigs tool (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool)
and Single tone which was further processed founded by Altschul. It is based on a set of
separately [12]. algorithms in which a fragment of query
sequence that aligns with the fragment of
Selection of candidate EST sequences subject sequence present in the database.
The non-repeated SSR containing EST The initial alignment should be greater than
sequences of Cinnamon were used for neighbour score threshold (T). The
homology search by using Basic Local alignments can be extended in both the
Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) tool direction till the score aligned segment is
available in the NCBI. From all the BLAST increase.

39
International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology
Volume I, Issue II, July 2020 ISSN: 2582-3310

server. This server is used to make protein

There were two alignments global and local. modelling accessible to the all researchers of
The global sequence approaches are used to life sciences worldwide; on the basis of
compare the whole sequence with the other FASTA sequence it provides the 3D
full sequences. In the local method the part structure of proteins.
of the sequence is align with the other part
of the sequence. The global alignment gives RESULTS AND DISSCUSSION
comparison of one to other sequence, local
alignment shows higher similarity in the MISA (Microsatellite Identification
regions but lack the ability of comparison of Search Tool)
two sequences. While comparing small The EST sequence which retrieve from the
group of sequence global approach is very NCBI database, the CAP3, and MISA
useful as the comparison of sequences software is used for cinnamon plant, MISA
increases the cost increases. The local gave the following results as discussed
alignments are based on heuristic below:-
programming approach that is very suitable
for very large databases, but they do not Distribution frequency of repeat units for all
provide give optimum solution. This the SSR’s in Cinnamon
limitation plays a major role in the genomics
as they uncover regions of similarity that are
correlated by two diverse sequences.

SWISS MODEL - ExPASy

ExPASy is the bioinformatics resource
portal which gives a key to open scientific
databases and software tools in other aspects
of life sciences. It carries some useful tools
like SWISS MODEL, UNIPROT, PROSITE
and STRINGS WISS-MODEL it is a fully
developed protein structure homology
modelling server access by the ExPASy web

40
International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology
Volume I, Issue II, July 2020 ISSN: 2582-3310

UNIT SIZE
Number of SSRs Percentage
692

270
161
60.75% 14.13% 23.70% 0.96% 11 0.08% 1 0.35% 4

Figure1. Distribution frequency of repeat units for all the SSRs

in Cinnamon.
Based on the results obtained from the cinnamon MISA
analysis, In total 1139 SSRs were identified: out of which 692
repeat unit were mononucleotides repeats, 161 repeat unit for
dinucleotide repeats, 270 repeat unit for trinucleotide repeats,
11 repeat unit for tetra nucleotide repeats, 1 repeat unit for
penta-nucleotide repeats, and 4 repeat unit for hexa-nucleotides
repeats.

41
International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology
Volume I, Issue II, July 2020 ISSN: 2582-3310

AAGCAG/CTGCTT was common. These results were similar

to previous studies [12].

CAP3

Pre-processing of the EST sequences downloaded from the

public domain were carried out by CAP3 software. By using
the Cap3 program, which helps in the elimination of repeating
data set from the sequence file, ultimately it results into the
Figure 2: Distribution frequency of nucleotides for all the formation of two files with one containing contig sequence
SSRs in Cinnamon. whereas in other the single tone sequence. As summary
discussed below:-
The figure 2 indicated that A/T mononucleotide was the most
common repeat among all SSR motifs, while the Most common Numbers of Contigs: 2233
dinucleotide motif was AG/CT. Among the tri nucleotide Number of Single tone: 2305
repeats AAT/ATT was most common; in tetranucleotide SSR
motifs AAAT/ATTT was most common. The pentanucleotide
motif was AAAGC/CTTTG, in hexanucleotide SSR motif

42
International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology
Volume I, Issue II, July 2020 ISSN: 2582-3310

30 27.58
25 21.7
20 15.41
15
9.03 9.52
10
4.88 0.91
5 0.74 2.48 1.82 2.98 1.9
Contig. 49.2% Single tone. 50.7% 1 0.41 2.23 0.49 0.49 0.49
0
2

percentage
Figure 3: Distribution of single tone & contig in Cinnamon.
Figure 4: Biological distribution of contig and single tone.
BLAST
BLAST was carriedout by BLAST nucleotide analysis; all the Biological Function: In biological functions the genes acquire
2233 Contig and 2305 Single tone sequences of Cinnamon all vital processes like metabolism, photosynthesis, cell
were BLAST to analyze the putative function of the sequence. signalling, environmental related factors, etc. In this analysis
On the basis of their appropriate match, all SSR loci were we have got 1207 total sequences from Contig and Single tone
divided into three groups; from the Cap3 software there were found to be 9 Ribosomal
RNA gene functionality, 59 Ribosomal Protein, 11 Protein
mRNA, 333 chloroplastic & 186 mitochondrial proteins, 5
histone, 27 enzyme, 30 complete genome, 109 chromosome, 6
microsatellite, 22 cytoplasm, 6 cell wall structural, 262

43
International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology
Volume I, Issue II, July 2020 ISSN: 2582-3310

uncharacterized protein, 36 hypothetical protein, 23 whole

genome, 115 cytochome & 6 transmembrane protein after the 35 31.73
30
analysis. 25 18.81
20
15 9.28 2.26
45 40 10 5.43 4.79 0.89 5.21 3.8 2.22
5 1.62 1.71 1.62 0.17 0.89 0.34 0.85
40 0.85 0.85 0.08 0.81 0.25 0.08
35 28.82 0

Oxidase/peroxid…

Adenosylhomoc…
30

Hydrolase
Kinase

Isozyme

Ligase

Enolase

Phosphorylase
Synthase

Ribosome
Phosphatse
Reductase

Transaldolase

Ferredoxin
Proteasome
Synthetase

Demethylase
Decarboxylase
Transferase
Dehydrogenase

Isomerase
Oxygenase

Hydroxylase
25
20
15 8.23 7.64 8.82
10 2.35 0.58 2.35 1.17
5
0

Percentage

Figure 6: Enzyme distribution of contig and single tone.

Percentage

Enzymatic Function: Cinnamon is important medicinal plant

Figure 5: Protein distribution of contig and single tone.
used for treating various diseases. It contains more than 2338

Protein Function: By the help of nucleotide BLAST analysis, enzymatic activity with 742 synthases, 127 reductase, 38

there were in total 170 proteins found in the sequences, among oxidases & peroxidases, 21 isozymes, 38 isomerases, 40

these 16 were heat shock proteins, 49 transcription proteins, 15 oxygenase, 217 dehydrogenase, 112 kinase, 565 transferases,

auxin, 2 steroid, 13 splicing, 68 BURP domain protein, 4 122 ligase, 20 hydrolase, 4 enolase, 20 phosphatase, 21

syntaxin, 4 calcium binding protein and 1 transposon. transaldolase, 2 phosphorylase, 89 hydroxylase, 19 proteasome,
52 synthetase, 6 decarboxylase, 8 demethylase, 2 ribosome, 20
ferrodoxin and 53 adenosylhomocysteinase.

44
International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology
Volume I, Issue II, July 2020 ISSN: 2582-3310

Primer3
Primers were constructed based on suitable nucleotide and
appropriate sequences after BLAST of contigs and single tone.

Table1: Characteristics of EST-derived SSRs for Cinnamon.

ID TM GC% Forward Primer Reverse Primer Product Predicted function based on blast Accession
(oC) size
DY327125.1 60 50 GCACCATCTTC TAACATTCCCC 170 Erythrantheguttatus G-type lectin S-receptor- XM_012999490.1
GTCCTTCAT AGCTTCGTC like serine/threonine-protein kinase At1g34300
(LOC105974395), mRNA
DY327131.1 60 50 ATCCTCTGGAA TGATCAAGTG 234 Erythrantheguttatus pyruvate kinase, cytosolic XM_012980626.1
GAGCTGCAA CGACCTTCAG isozyme (LOC105956735), mRNA
DY327152.1 60 53 ACTCATCTCGA CGGCACATCTT 207 Agastache rugosa chalcone synthase (CHS) JQ314450.1
CAGCCTCGT TCAGGAGAT mRNA, complete cds
DY327176.1 60 45 CCTTGGTTTTA GCCATGGGAT 249 Ocimumbasilicum germacrene D synthase AY693644.1
ACGCTGGAA AGAGCAAAAA (GDS) mRNA, complete cds
DY327188.1 59 50 CGCACTCTTCA ACTGCTATAA 249 Sesamum indicum (RS)-norcoclaurine 6-O- XM_011094646.2
TCACTCCAA GCGCCATCGT methyltransferase-like (LOC105173010),
mRNA
DY327192.1 59 53 ACTGTTGGACC CCCAAAGCAA 155 Sesamum indicum cyclin-dependent kinase D-3 XM_020695628.1
ATCCAGAGG GAATCTCAGC (LOC105166737), transcript variant X2, mRNA
DY327215.1 60 48 CCACTTCATGC GAAGCAAAAT 234 Sesamum indicum 3-phosphoshikimate 1- XM_011092260.2
TCCCTGTTT TCGGTTGGAA carboxyvinyltransferase 2 (LOC105171218),
mRNA
DY327278.1 60 50 ATGAGAAACA TTCTTCTTCTC 208 Sesamum indicum protein SRC1 XM_011095843.2
TGGCGAGGAC AGCGCCTTC (LOC105173924), mRNA
DY327305.1 60 53 GAAGGACTTC TGCTTAACAGC 162 Sesamum indicum serine/threonine-protein XM_011088543.2

45
International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology
Volume I, Issue II, July 2020 ISSN: 2582-3310

CCCGATTCTC AACGACCTG kinase PBS1 (LOC105168454), mRNA

DY327320.1 60 50 AGAGAGAGAT TTCGTCACTCG 219 Olea europaea var. sylvestris serine/arginine- XR_002698229.1
TCGCCGATCA TGCTGAAAG rich splicing factor SR45a-like
(LOC111369703), transcript variant X3,
misc_RNA
DY327324.1 60 50 ATCCCATCCAT CGATCGACAC 155 Sesamum indicum glycosyltransferase family XM_011096181.2
CCTTCCTTC ATCGAAGCTA protein 64 protein C5 (LOC105174171), mRNA
DY327360.1 60 50 AAACACAAGG GCGATGGAGA 180 Sesamum indicum autophagy-related protein XM_011099623.2
TGCACCACAA GCCAACTTAG 18f (LOC105176725), mRNA
DY327460.1 60 50 CCTTGGTTTTA GCCATGGGAT 249 Ocimumbasilicum germacrene D synthase AY693644.1
ACGCTGGAA AGAGCAAAAA (GDS) mRNA, complete cds
DY327475.1 59 50 CAAGCTGTTCA AGCGAGCTTC 178 Sesamum indicum acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 3, XM_011101927.2
ACCCCAAAT CTCATCTCAG peroxisomal (LOC105178460), mRNA
DY327481.1 60 50 GCAAGGTAGT GAAGTTGCGC 177 Sesamum indicum 40S ribosomal protein S15 XM_011092832.2
GCCCAATCAT AAGGCTAAAC (LOC105171649), mRNA
DY327482.1 59 55 ATCATTTGTGG CCCTTGACCCC 199 Erythrantheguttatus serine XM_012989028.1
AGGGAGTGC CTTAGACTC hydroxymethyltransferase 4 (LOC105964521),
transcript variant X2, mRNA
DY327495.1 60 50 AGTGATCTCTT TGAGAGCAAG 166 Ocimumbasilicum gamma-cadinene synthase AY693645.1
TGGGCATGG GGAGGAGAAA (CDS) mRNA, complete cds
DY327503.1 60 50 GAGGTCGAAG TCAAATTGGTG 176 Sesamum indicum serine XM_011085916.2
ATCCCACAGA CTCTTGCTG hydroxymethyltransferase 4 (LOC105166533),
mRNA
DY327504.1 59 55 ATCATTTGTGG CCCTTGGACCC 199 Erythrantheguttatus serine XM_012989028.1
AGGGAGTGC CTTAGACTC hydroxymethyltransferase 4 (LOC105964521),
transcript variant X2, mRNA

SWISS MODEL-EXPASY

46
International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology
Volume I, Issue II, July 2020 ISSN: 2582-3310

The 3D structures of important protein which were represented

by contings and single tome sequences developed with the help
of SWISS Model Expasy.

Table 2: Proteins Structures predicted on the basis of BLAST

results.
PREDICTED: Sesamum indicum (RS)-
norcoclaurine 6-O-methyltransferase-like
(LOC105173010), mRNA

PREDICTED: Sesamum
indicumchorismate synthase 1,
chloroplastic (LOC105166625), mRNA

47
International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology
Volume I, Issue II, July 2020 ISSN: 2582-3310

PREDICTED: Erythrantheguttatus protein

BPS1, chloroplastic-like
(LOC105960562), transcript variant X2,
mRNA

PREDICTED: Sesamum indicum

autophagy-related protein 18f
(LOC105176725), mRNA

PREDICTED: Sesamum indicum

aquaporin TIP1-1-like (LOC105169946),
mRNA

48
International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology
Volume I, Issue II, July 2020 ISSN: 2582-3310

PREDICTED: Sesamum indicum

syntaxin-112-like (LOC105178362),
mRNA

49
International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology
Volume I, Issue II, July 2020 ISSN: 2582-3310

providing necessary facilities, their valuable

support and encouragement throughout the
CONCLUSION work.
In the present, developed EST-SSR will be
highly useful in genotyping of cinnamon References:
accessions with microsatellite markers, that
can reveal the genetic diversity among [1] Chericoni, S., Prieto, J.M., Iacopini, P.,
accessions. These information will help us to Cioni, P., & Morelli, I. (2005). In vitro
select better parents with desired genes for activity of the essential oil of cinnamomum
the progeny to develop new commercial zeylanicum and eugenol in peroxynitrite
variety. It helps to generate novelty of the induced oxidative processes. Journal Agric
species with higher productivity and quality Food Chem, 53, 4762–4765.
traits towards the sustainable development. [2] Singh. G., Maurya, S., DeLampasona,
The development of cinnamon SSR further M.P., & Catalan, C.A. (2007). A comparison
helps in characterization of potential genetic of chemical, antioxidant and antimicrobial
makers which are very important for crop studies of cinnamon leaf and bark volatile
improvement and in gene mapping. These oils, oleoresins and their constituents. Food
EST-SSR markers play a major role in Chem Toxicol, 45,1650–1661.
determining the genetic relationship, [3] Simic, A., Sokovic, M.D., Ristic, M.,
pedigree analysis and genetic background of Grujic-Jovanovic, S., Vukojevic, J., &
the species. Marin, P.D. (2004). The chemical
composition of some lauraceae essential oils
Acknowledgement: We wish to express our and their antifungal activities. Phytother
sincere acknowledgement to Dr. Ashok Res, 18,713–717.
Kumar Chauhan, President, RBEF parent [4] Usta, J., Kreydiyyeh, S., Barnabe, P.,
organization of Amity University Madhya Bou-Moughlabay, Y., & Nakkash-
Pradesh (AUMP), Dr. Aseem Chauhan, Chmaisse, H. (2003). Comparative study on
Additional President, RBEF and chairman of the effect of cinnamon and clove extracts
Amity University Gwalior Campus, Lt. Gen. and their main components on different
V.K. Sharma, AVSM (Retd.), Vice types of ATPases. Hum Exp Toxicol,
Chancellor of AUMP Gwalior Campus, for 22,355–362.

50
International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology
Volume I, Issue II, July 2020 ISSN: 2582-3310

[5] Archer, A. (1988). Determination of (2003). Transferable EST-SSR markers for

cinnamaldehyde, coumarin and cinnamyl the study of polymorphism and genetic
alcohol in cinnamon and cassia by high- diversity in bread wheat. Mol Gen Genom,
performance liquid chromatography. J 270, 315-323.
Chromatogr, 447, 272–276. [12] Mishra, R.K., Gangadhar, B.H.,
[6] Abraham, K., Wöhrlin, F., Lindtner, O., Nookaraju, A., Kumar, S., & Park, S.W.
Heinemeyer, G., Lampen, & A. (2010). (2012). Development of EST‐derived SSR
Toxicology and risk assessment of markers in pea (Pisum sativum ) and their
coumarin: focus on human data. Mol Nutr potential utility for genetic mapping and
Food Res, 54, 228–39. transferability. Plant breeding, 131(1), 118-
[7] European Food Safety Association: 124.
Coumarin in flavourings and other food [13] Leigh, F., Lea, V., Law, J., Wolters, P.,
ingredients with flavouring properties. Powell, W., & Donini, P. (2003).
EFSA J 2008, 793:1–15. Assessment of EST- and genomic
[8] Verspohl, E.J., Bauer, K., & microsatellite markers for variety
Neddermann, E. (2005). Antidiabetic effect discrimination and genetic diversity studies
of Cinnamomum cassia and Cinnamomum in wheat. Euphytica, 133,359-366.
zeylanicum in vivo and in vitro. Phytother [14] Zhang, L.Y., Ravel, C., Bernard, M.,
Res, 19(3):203-6. Balfourier, F., Leroy, P., Feuillet, C., &
[9] Cinnamon (Cinnamomumzeylanicum). Sourdille, P. (2006). Transferable bread
Cinnamon - MotherNature.com Health wheat EST-SSRs can be useful for
Encyclopedia [Online] Available from: phylogenetic studies among the Triticeae
http://www.mothernature.com/ency/ Herb/ species. Theor Appl Genet, 113, 407-418.
Cinnamon.asp (Accessed 2000 April). [15] Thiel, T., Michalek, W., Varshney,
[10] Varshney, R.K., Thiel, T., Stein, N., R.K., & Graner, A. (2003). Exploiting EST
Langridge, P., & Graner, A. (2002). In silico databases for the development and
analysis on frequency and distribution of characterization of gene-derived SSR-
microsatellites in ESTs of some cereal markers in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.).
species. Cell Mol Biol Lett, 7, 537-546. TheorAppl Genet, 106, 411-422.
[11] Gupta, P.K., Rustgi, S., Sharma, S., [16] Senthilvel, S., Jayashree, B.,
Singh, R., Kumar, N., & Balyan, H.S. MahalakshmiM V., Kumar, P.S., Nakka, S.,

51
International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology
Volume I, Issue II, July 2020 ISSN: 2582-3310

Nepolean, T., & Hash, C.T. (2008).

Development and mapping of simple
sequence repeat markers for pearl millet
from data mining of expressed sequence
tags. BMC Plant Biology, 8,119.
[17] Dida, M.M., Srinivasachary, R.S.,
Bennetzen, J.L., Gale, M.D. & Devos, K.M.
(2007). The genetic map of finger millet,
Eleusine coracana. Theoretic. Appl
Genetics, 114, 321-332.
[18] Temnykh, S., Park, W.D., Ayres, N.,
Cartinhour, S., Hauck, N., Lipovich, L.,
Cho, Y.G., Ishii, T., & McCouch, S.R.
(2000). Mapping and genome organization
of microsatellite sequences in rice (Oryza
sativa L.). TheorAppl Genet, 100,697-712.

52