St.

Louis College of Bulanao

Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
Philippines 3800
__________________________________________________________________________

A CONTENT ANALYSIS OF THE LITERARY PIECES OF PINUKPUK

A Thesis Proposal
Presented to
The Faculty of the Graduate School
Saint Louis College of Bulanao
Tabuk City

In Partial Fulfillment of
The Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Arts in Education

WILSON B. LONGAY

May 2023
 St. Louis College of Bulanao
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
Philippines 3800
__________________________________________________________________________

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pages
TITLE PAGE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Research Questions
Limitations of the Study
Significance of the Study
Underpinning Theory
Literature Review
Research Paradigm

METHODS
Research Design
Participants of the Study
Instrumentation
Data Gathering Procedure
Analysis of Data

REFERENCES
APPENDICES
 St. Louis College of Bulanao
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
Philippines 3800
__________________________________________________________________________

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Literature serves as a bridge that brings us to the reality of the status of

life encountered in the past in different ages, society, and civilization. It
reminds us of the magnificent footprints and experiences of the folks who
walked before us that people of today are still carrying and preserving.

According to Copyright Act (2019) volume 700, literary pieces/works

are “works, slides presentations, audiovisual works, expressed in words,
verbal or numerical symbols or a number or an indicia which are books,
manuscripts, postcards, tapes, phonecards, disks, periodicals, in which
embodied ideas''.

Literary pieces introduce emotions or values that can serve as a model

of deeds. Yavuz (2020) in his study entitled “Analyses of Character Emotions
in Dramatic Works by Using EmoLex Unigrams” revealed that cumulative total
for each pair is specified for 5 curves of emotions which seen that the sum of
(Negative-Positive), (Sadness-Joy), (Disgust-Trust) pairs for all four plays
constantly increases, which means that emotions is innate in narratives.
(Fear-Anger), (Anticipation-Surprise) are more neutral which is true to human
experiences. Likewise, Vykhrystyuk (2022) depicted values in the Chinese
fairy tales about life being persistent in life despite the difficulties they have
faced. People are known to be friendly to people around them, ready to
mingle and learn from other people. The image of a man is seen as
hardworking, very patient, strong, and courageous. In addition, in order to
pass obstacles in life, we need to burst out of energy. The male characters in
the fairy tale are a great representation of life guidance.

Moreover, literary works help to preserve the traditions and customs of

a certain ethnic group of people. This will keep the remnants of heritage as
cultural identity. Suastika (2019) in her study revealed that Balinese folklore
has helped in the preservation, development, empowerment of Balinese
customs and traditions. It is true that literary works have been the
fundamental meaning or symbol of people’s lives and have not been affected
by the development of media (Christantyawati, et al., 2018).

Folk stories are the origin of names that people in a certain group have
used. Pelila, J. (2019) said that it can be concluded that not all folktales are
fiction which depends on the place it comes from. In his study, he expressed
that many folktales in the province of Benguet and the entire Cordillera are
said to be true since the stories served as an image of their ancestors.
Additionally, he said that characters in most folktales in Benguet are not
just merely from imagination the names mentioned in the stories found in the
names in the community or from the elders.
 St. Louis College of Bulanao
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
Philippines 3800
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In the same vein, literary works are served as historical and religious
remnants by a group of folks. Just like in the province of Capiz, their common
folk literary works are ambahanon, binalaybay, composo, harana, hurubaton,
lowa, paktakon and pulong-pulong used in the introduction for the ulitawo and
lin-ay in bayle dance. The selected folk literature represent the historical,
cultural, social, anthropological or even religious aspects of the Capizenos'
way of life (Dayalo 2018).

Additionally, literary pieces show the practices of an ethnic group in

labor matters. Imson (2019) studies in the Fil-Hispanic legends of Cordillera
that the gender roles are planting rice and Potato. This shows how the Igorot
people are showing consensus and hardwork. Moreover, they also raise pigs
as their additional work for their family needs. During the harvest season,
Igorot are celebrating fiesta which they offer to god their successful harvest.
They called their god “kabunian”. Aside from the roles being told, various
values have also been observed. Igorot people are respectful to their elders.
They believed that treating elders badly will cause something that is not good.
They are made to be strong, brave, and have a great respect in the
community.

Stories are a great source of vocabulary words that help to enrich the
vocabulary knowledge of students and readers. Juni Dikul and Rosliah Kiting
(2019) in their study entitled “The Use of Folklore as Educational
Entertainment Materials” revealed that folk stories can be used to enhance
the understanding of the students in the discussion of a lesson. It will enrich
the student vocabulary and have a deeper understanding in the story that
discusses and accumulates more values. Similarly, Palchevska (2019) in her
study “Translation Peculiarities of the XIXth Century Folk Texts Culturally
Marked Vocabulary” said vocabulary is very important in translation in which
translating words is not easy to do. That is why vocabulary is needed to do
translation effectively.

In the world of teaching, literary pieces are very useful in designing

teaching materials. Asrifan et. al. (2020) in their study “ Literary Work as
Teaching Materials: A Study of Students and Lecturers Needs Analysis”
revealed that literary works are very helpful and interesting in designing
syllabus in teaching language incorporating in the different genres such as
songs, films, poems, novels, short stories, etc.,. Moreover, using literary
works are useful in designing materials in teaching lessons in grammar.
Above all, literary pieces are a great source of knowledge. Such knowledge is
to understand and discover new facts, be it in the past, in the present, or in
the future. It helps to teach any individual to express themselves; teaching of
cultures and histories, and expanding the lens of understanding between
every individual. Furthermore, it makes someone a critical thinker (Twinkle
Hive, 2019).
 St. Louis College of Bulanao
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
Philippines 3800
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Meanwhile, based on previous studies in literary pieces, I have

observed that studies were focused on violence against genders in the olden
times. Characters in the pieces were just described and, mostly, there is no
specific municipality where the pieces come from the studies were focusing.
There is really a gap in a specific place where the literary pieces come from;
and, the relatedness of the pieces to the lives of the people in a certain
municipality. Hence, the researcher would like to explore the activities during
the archaic times in the literary pieces of Pinukpuk. With this, the researcher
would like to analyze legends and short stories of Pinukpuk that were written
in their native language. Specifically, to analyze the gender roles in their
pieces; to look for the vocabulary words and/or terminologies used in the
pieces and give their meanings in English translations; and, to look for the
values that are innate in the pieces.

Thus, the crucial part of this study is to explore the literary pieces of
Pinukpuk that will serve as a springboard for the young generation to follow in
the course of their lives in the future. Lastly, this will help to contribute to the
appreciation and conservation of the heritage and show how grateful the
researcher is to show to the world his hometown’s priceless remnants.

Research Questions
This research paper will be conducted primarily to analyze the contents
of the literary pieces of Pinukpuk.

Limitation of the Study

This study will be conducted to analyze the content of the literary
pieces of Pinukpuk in the published thesis entitled, “The Undocumented Folk
Literature of Pinukpuk”. This was published in 2017 in Journal of Local
Knowledge in the school year of 2023.

Significance of the Study

Literary pieces play a role in tracing the magnificent picture of life in the
archaic times. This study is significant to know more about the history,
particularly the gender role, vocabulary, and values embedded in the literary
pieces of Pinukpuk as a practice by the ancestors. Furthermore, this study will
enlighten the people to learn and to be equipped with skills and knowledge
regarding the folkways of the forefathers in terms of living, and on how they
preserve their cultural values in their generations. In this connection, the youth
of this generation can see how people lived their lives in the past despite the
lack of resources they have. This will help to encourage and motivate them to
do their roles and responsibility as a part of the community; and, live with
them the spirit of good values as they practiced the good ways of life in the
past. Moreover, to historians, this research can be a good basis for sharing
stories based on the old folks. This can help with the upbringing and
patronizing amazing stories from the past that teach great lessons and can be
 St. Louis College of Bulanao
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
Philippines 3800
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an aspiration to follow to live to the fullest. Lastly, for the future researchers,
the results of this study are vital to help craft their manuscripts and to sustain
their research’s findings.

Underpinning Theory
This study will be anchored to the “Social Role Theory (Eagly, 1987).
This theory has the main tenets which are : (1) It gives emphasis on the
beliefs regarding the different attributes attributed to men and women. (2) This
argues that mate preferences are based on cultural expectations for ideal
male and female. (3) It emphasizes social roles, gender roles in work division,
and values.

Literature Review

Literary works/pieces are textual works that can be dramatic with or

without illustrations which can be seen through thoughts and imaginations or
in real scenarios. These works may be published or unpublished. Databases
and computer programs are considered literary works. Plays, dramas, and
screenplays are literary works (Villarica, 2021).

Literary pieces contained information such as parents' role in their

households. Jonathan Evans, et. al. (2022) discovered that 62% of Idians
believed that parents' role is to take care of their children. But, old gender
norms in which 34% of Indians believed that taking care of children is handled
by women. 43% believe that a parent's role to earn for living is an obligation
for men. This clearly shows that men shouldered living matters and women
shouldered house matters and the siblings in the family. In the olden days,
gender roles were seen as different responsibilities assigned to men and
women as equally crucial. For example, in Oneida traditional culture, women
have the responsibility to do household chores and prepare and gather food.
On the other hand, men were responsible for gathering wood, to fight, and to
do heavy tasks (Eiginger, 2020).

In the same vein, the article of Brenan (2020), he said that in doing
laundry, cleaning and cooking, 62% said that women primarily make the
decision in it. Aside from that, taking care of the children, doing groceries.
These roles of women can be seen today. Women are the head of tasks
inside a house or a manager who manages the chores. This emphasizes that
men and women are expected to do their roles based on their sex.
Traditionally speaking, women are expected to nurture their tasks as
employed inside the home rather than outside.

In the textbooks “ The Representation of Gender and Gender Roles in

English Textbooks, it was revealed that literary pieces speak of women tasks
such as nurse, hairdresser and teacher while men work as policeman,
inventor, greengrocer, and veterinarian. For instance, women in the book are
 St. Louis College of Bulanao
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
Philippines 3800
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servants, nurses and sports nutritionists or they are married as housewives

and mothers (Petra Holmqvist & Liselotte Gjörup, 2020 ). When it comes to
gender roles in the profession, traditionally, men are expected to be a leader
to lead and protect the community. Therefore, as to the view of masculine in
gender roles, men should be the head of the family providing the needs of the
family such as financial aspects and making sound decisions. Women's roles
are evolving faster towards modern days in western nations than in Moroccan
society. The traditional roles of women still exist in the textbooks which is a
reflection of the society in Morocco (Delgado, V. & Bedmar, V., 2019).
Countries like the Philippines are rich in literary pieces that speak of
the experiences of people from the different regions and provinces during the
archaic times until this generation. Literary works reflect a diverse group of
works which are mostly grounded on traditional folktales, socio-political
histories, and real-life experiences of people in different cultures (Valdeavilla,
2022).

On the other hand, “Damsels in Distress: An analysis of Gender roles

in Disney princess films” by Ghosh (2019 revealed that Women characters
are presented as doing their job to be beautiful in the eyes of their opposite
sex which is male. Their voices are not that heard compared to male
characters. However, Almed, 2016 said that based on IMIAS, gender roles
are an impact of physical tasks in old age or in the past. Likewise, gender
roles are an effect of health behaviors which turn a man or a woman to not
function well.

Furthermore, Gender Roles in Irish Culture article 2019 stated that men
and women in Ireland in the 18th century where men are placed outside and
women placed inside home. Women believed in their ability to have children
in a healthy way and a colleague in the farm activity where men are valued
who represent women as a legal family in marital disputes.They have the right
to take their properties when they get married. Today, women in Ireland can
be leaders and participate in government activities.

According to an opinion article 2021 regarding “Opinion on traditional

gender roles in Japan 1979-2019”, the gender equality conducted in 2019
shows that the majority of the Japanese people do not agree with the notion
that men work outside the house and women shall stay at home to do the
household chores. But, at this moment, the notion or attitude has changed
from 1979 to present.

Correspondingly, despite the overall power of men in the Igbo society,

women as feminine are importantly necessary and the core or fundamental to
the overall wellbeing of men, the growth and continuity of the society.
Moreover, another crucial role of women in the Igbo community culture is their
support in providing solace to their children through maternal family
background or story. Women in the Igbo traditional society play an important
 St. Louis College of Bulanao
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
Philippines 3800
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role in building connections of family, relationship, and community to another

in a way of marriage compact (Nduka, U. & Ozioma, N., 2019).

However, it is found out in the result of the discussion that genders are
represented in stereotypical ways: Men have the authority in which sometimes
their violent nature can end the lives of their wives to calm their rage. Hence,
women have no authority to resist when they are beaten but also show they
were trying to resist by using their wit. This stereotypical representation of
gender can create an internal static and rigid image of male and female in the
minds of children (Shaheen, et. al. 2019).

Aside from that, men are found where women depend on since they
are the breadwinner in the family. Their mindset instilled that they are superior
to their wives and responsible for the family needs and that is a normal
phenomenon to the Indonesian folks. On the other hand, women are
responsible for doing domestic tasks such as serving refreshments. They are
also responsible for serving their husband and taking good care of their
children. Further, women are doing tasks which are under domestic work.
Therefore, it really showed that men are more capable in doing difficult duties
and reflected as superior than women (Dewi, 2019).

Another study entitled, “Critical Analysis of Images of Women and

Gender Roles in Ankole Proverbs and Folktales” by Hadija (2019) result was
men are doing hunting wild animals for food in the family and at the time, they
were protecting their own family against bad influence and their community.
They are said to be hardworking and brave warriors.

Likewise, Vykhrystyuk (2022) revealed in the fairy tales that male are
hunting wild animals. They are fishing in the water lakes. That sometimes
men disappear for a month and that they went to hunt animals for food and to
the rivers to do fishing. Men are represented as strong and have a balance in
life.

Literary pieces are great tools to share knowledge about the past, the
present, and the future. Through stories, we can be abreast with the history of
the past; the story of our ancestors, and how they behave in their generations.
Reading their stories through the folk genres will help someone to intercept
good characteristics, behaviors, and an inspiration to course their lives. It
helps to stimulate and motivate the young generation to live with values
reflected in our ancestors.

There are many stories in the world, in every country, in every region,
and in every province and city. These stories have a lot of value to be taken
by readers. Villanueva (2022) found out on his study entitled, an “Analysis of
“Biag ni Lam-ang'', an Ilokano folk literature that Ilokanos are family-oriented,
 St. Louis College of Bulanao
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
Philippines 3800
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value and sanctify friendship, belief in “higher- being’, and in nature forces
even superstitions in dreams. These are values that Ilokanos have.

In the same vein, Estacio 2018 found in his study entitled, “Gender
representation in Filipino Storybooks for Children” that most characters exhibit
non-aggressive/destructive behavior towards other characters and their
actions are relatively appropriate for young children. This creates an
impression that one cannot assume certain personality traits and behavior to
a specific gender. Similarly, Abrar (2016) stated in his study on three-
selected stories that: “do not underestimate the weakest opponent” ,”never
give up is the key to success”, and “look before we sleep.” Another is, “Being
smart helps better in life, and Trust is the basis of relationships”. Truly, stories
are not just meant to be read for having leisure time, but also for knowledge
and values that can be adopted in it.

Ferah Burgul Adıgüzel & Perihan Ayaz (2020) found that values
“responsibility” and “love” were present in the novels they have studied:
Values in Youth Literature; case of Cambridge Books. Along with friendship,
being helpful, being respectful and self-oriented have been found in the
novels. This shows people have a kind heart and know how to mingle and be
in the spirit of humanity.

Literary pieces contained discrimination. This shows a discrimination

which is a negative value towards genders. Men still stand as a superior in the
family compared to women. Identified that female actresses suffered more
consequences than male actors. Men usually get what they want then women
or if they do, they will die or be harmed (Copenhaver, 2020). This shows
again a discrimination which is a negative value towards genders. Men still
stand as a superior in the family compared to women.

Ochoa, 2019 in his study, the data emphasized in the power of

efficacy and moral conviction showed that men are supportive to mobilize
feminist collective action to do. In the similar vein, Casil (2021), showed that
women are undervalued for not making decisions in the family. In other ways,
men are favored doing the decision in the family.

Anderson's study published in 2014, found that “Beauty and the Beast”
contained the ideas of gender roles, cultural awareness, sexuality, and how
we identify other people. The values reveal in it that we cannot only say that
tales are part of our culture; but, tales reflect our identity as people or
individuals. Further, Hayarpi (2022) in his study on “Shakespearean Fools in
Dostoevsky: Toward an Ethics of Love” found values that, the role of people
who lack sense or those foolish in the story is in vice-versa. Love that is either
active or has strong sympathy depends on both sides. Sometimes; the fool in
love may stay and some may come; the fool laborers may dwell to help
people in need.
 St. Louis College of Bulanao
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
Philippines 3800
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In the study of Agustina et. al. (2019), values that found were: 1)
religious faith (like thanksgiving); 2) social concerns (like cooperation, sharing,
and willing to give life and helpers to others); 3) being true or honest; 4)
nationalism; 5) love to native land; 6) hardworking for living; 7) friendly; and 8)
love and peace. These characters are used by the teachers in Ganesha
Vocational High School in creating materials for teaching to help develop the
characters of the student. And, the values mirror the everyday lives of people
in the Indonesian Archipelago. Likewise, Balinese folk stories have contained
good deeds and/or values for development, empowerment, and heritage
preservation including the Balinese cultures. Christantyawati, et al (2018) said
that myth has always been the guide or pattern that is followed by people in
the way they act and the way they behave. The youth are able to learn and
develop values in the importance of nurturing their knowledge.

Juni Dikul and Rosliah Kiting (2019) found values in the storybook
entitled "Yontuk Om Gayo Basung” were noble, fair, respectful,
wise,courageous, shy, patient, polite and so forth. This storybook is
full of traditional elements of values that help the students to have more
insight to those good values and practices in the past. Additionally, ethnic
values contained in the “Karo” folklore texts under educational values are (a)
the value of listening to parents and being patient. Values on Morality are (b)
having a human heart which is humility, forgiveness, and being nice to others
not being self-proclaimed. (c) Religious values are being content with what
they have, a trusted person, and not playing gambling. These good deeds of
the Karo ethnic community who instill values through folklore might be biased
but depend on people's understanding.

Literary pieces contained learnings. Asrifan et. al. (2020) in their study “
Literary Work as Teaching Materials: A Study of Students and Lecturers
Needs Analysis” said that literary works are tools in molding and improving
the behaviors of the learners. Recommended that literary pieces are crucial in
locating and learning the human civilization that are helpful in planting good
values to learners. Similarly, Vykhrystyuk (2022) depicted values in the
Chinese fairy tales about life being persistent in life despite the difficulties they
have faced. People are known to be friendly to people around them, ready to
mingle and learn from other people. The image of a man is seen as
hardworking, very patient, strong, and courageous. In addition, in order to
pass obstacles in life, we need to burst out of energy. The male characters in
the fairy tale are a great representation of life guidance.

Literary pieces also teach values. Asfa and Raman (2018) said that
folktale’s theme found in the folktale-based vocabulary exercise have seen
which contributed to the students’ mastery of vocabulary of 1sth grade in
MKGR Makassar. The folktales greatly the achievement of students in the
mastery of vocabulary level. The theme also taught students of good deeds
 St. Louis College of Bulanao
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
Philippines 3800
__________________________________________________________________________

such as love and a hero. Mohammadi (2022) found that Turkic folklore’s
values are being fearless and rough in the battles of life. But, said to be
people-oriented, confident, and gentle. The good characteristics of the
characters depict that male is respected their wives so much. In times of
adversity, male respect the decision of their wives. That is why their wives are
fighting into battle to save their husbands.

Similarly, Juni Dikul and Rosliah Kiting (2019) in their study entitled
“The Use of Folklore as Educational Entertainment Materials” revealed that
folk stories can be used to enhance the understanding of the students in the
discussion of a lesson. It will enrich the student vocabulary and have a deeper
understanding in the story that discusses and accumulates more values.
Olexandra Palchevska (2019) in her study “Translation Peculiarities of the
XIXth Century Folk Texts Culturally Marked Vocabulary” said vocabulary is
very important in translation in which translating words is not easy to do. That
is why vocabulary is needed to do translation effectively.

Study on “Indonesian Folklore Animation as English Learning Media

and Students’ Character Education for Primary” by Mutiarani Mutiarani and
Irpan Ali Rahman (2019) said that literary pieces using folklore can be a good
springboard to teach vocabulary words to the students in primary level. This
helped the students to enrich their vocabulary knowledge. Besides, Nazara
(2019) in her study “Learning Vocabularies Using Short Stories at Primary
School: Students’ Perception “ revealed that students have great perceptions
or positive views in using short stories to learn new vocabulary words.
Therefore, Nazari recommended short stories to use as a springboard to
teach children vocabulary words.

The studies above revealed that stories are the epitome of cultural
values and practices. They are the pictures of the past phenomenon in life.
But, on the other hand, there is a gap in the previous studies regarding the
roles of genders in the stories, terminologies, and other ways of life in a
specific municipality which this study would like to explore more through the
literary pieces of Pinukpuk.

Thus, this study endeavors to analyze the literary pieces of Pinukpuk

written in their first language.

METHODS
 St. Louis College of Bulanao
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
Philippines 3800
__________________________________________________________________________

Research Design
This research will use content analysis. It will analyze the literary
pieces of Pinukpuk. The literary pieces are legends and short stories as a
focus of the study. Qualitative research design is used to deal in studying
historical events about the past, people, events, and documents, including
phenomena on individual experiences (Hoover, 2021).

Participants of the Study

The 4 legends and 4 folktales will serve as the corpus data for the
content analysis that the researcher will do.

Instrumentation
The researcher will use the published literary pieces in a “Journal of
Local Knowledge (2017” as corpus data. The research entitled, “The
Undocumented Folk Literature of Pinukpuk” (Baggay, et. al 2017). The
literary pieces will be analyzed focusing on their contents.

Data Gathering Procedure

The research will seek the approval of the authors of the study entitled,
“The Undocumented Folk Literature of Pinukpuk” published in 2017 in Journal
of Local Knowledge where the researcher will get the copy of the stories that
he will be analyzing.

Data Analysis
The data that will be gathered will be analyzed using a qualitative as a
research design. Content analysis will be used to analyze the literary pieces
of Pinukpuk focusing on legends and short stories. The idea of Content
Analysis was adapted from the study of Guzman (2013) titled “Kalinga Folk
Literature as Materials for Literature of the Philippines”.

Where is the list of references? Literature Matrix?

Attach also the legends and stories that you will analyze