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Binocular Vision

Binocular single vision refers to the coordinated use of the two eyes to produce a single mental impression of an object. It allows for simultaneous vision with two eyes by fusing the images into a single perception. There are three grades of binocular vision: simultaneous perception and superimposition, fusion, and stereoscopic vision. Fusion is the ability to perceive two similar images as one, while stereoscopic vision provides depth perception based on binocular disparity. For binocular single vision to occur, the eyes must have normal retinal correspondence and images must fall within Panum's fusional area for fusion to take place. Suppression can occur physiologically or pathologically to inhibit the visual sensations from one eye.

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Tanmoy Singha
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817 views21 pages

Binocular Vision

Binocular single vision refers to the coordinated use of the two eyes to produce a single mental impression of an object. It allows for simultaneous vision with two eyes by fusing the images into a single perception. There are three grades of binocular vision: simultaneous perception and superimposition, fusion, and stereoscopic vision. Fusion is the ability to perceive two similar images as one, while stereoscopic vision provides depth perception based on binocular disparity. For binocular single vision to occur, the eyes must have normal retinal correspondence and images must fall within Panum's fusional area for fusion to take place. Suppression can occur physiologically or pathologically to inhibit the visual sensations from one eye.

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Tanmoy Singha
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Defination

It is simultaneous vision with two seeing eyes that occurs when an


individual fixes his visual attention on an object.
It is the coordinated use of the two eyes to produce a single mental
impression.
 Binocular single vision is the ability to use both eyes simultaneously so
that each eye contributes to a common single perception.
 Normal binocular single vision occurs with bifoveal fixation and
normal retinal correspondence in everyday sight.
Grades of Binocular Vision

 1. Simultaneous perception and superimposition


 2. Fusion
 3. Stereoscopic vision
Grades of Binocular Vision
 Simultaneous perception: It is the ability to
perceive simultaneously two images, one formed on
each retina by synoptophore. Superimposition is the
simultaneous perception of the two images formed
on corresponding areas, with the projection of these
images to the same position in space. This may
occur whether the correspondence is normal or
abnormal. If fusion is absent, two similar images are
seen as separate but superimposed and no fusion
range is demonstrable.
 It consists of power to see two dissimilar objects
simultaneously.
 Fusion: It may be sensory or motor. Sensory
fusion is the ability to perceive two similar
images, one formed on each retina, and
interpret them as one. Motor fusion is the ability
to maintain sensory fusion through a range of
vergence, which may be horizontal, vertical or
cyclovergence.
 It is the ability of the two eyes to produce a
composite picture from two similar pictures,
each of which is incomplete in one small detail.
 Stereoscopic vision is the perception of
the relative depth of objects on the
basis of binocular disparity.
 It is the ability to obtain an impression
of depth by the superimposition of two
pictures of the same object which
have been taken from slightly different
angles.
Normal retinal correspondence
When both the fovea have a common visual direction and the retinal
elements nasal to the fovea in one eye corresponds to the retinal
elements temporal to the fovea in the other eye.
Horopter (Horizon of vision)
Emprical Horopter
 It is flatter than the theoretical horopter.
 The distribution of the corresponding
retinal elements are not same in nasal
and temporal parts of retinas.
 The empirical horopter is a convex
parabola.
Panum’s space
Panum’s space is a narrow band around
the horopter within which object points
give rise to binocular single vision.
Objects are seen as single even though
the object stimulates slightly disparate
retinal elements.
Panum’s area is narrow at the fixation
point and wide towards the periphery.
The horizontal area at the fovea is
approximately 6–10 minutes of arc, and
this increases towards the periphery
measuring approximately 30–40
minutes of arc at 12◦ from the fovea.
Physiological diplopia
This is a type of diplopia that
exists in the presence of
binocular vision. It consists of
the appreciation that a near
object appears double when a
distant object is fixated
(heteronymous or crossed
diplopia).
A distant object appears double
when a near object is fixated
(homonymous or uncrossed
diplopia) All objects outside
Panum’s space give rise to
physiological diplopia.
Physiological diplopia indicates
that the patient is capable of
using both eyes and is not
suppressing one eye.
Fusion
Central fusion occurs when the images of an object are perceived by each
fovea, and the area surrounding them . This produces bifoveal binocular single
vision with fusion. The highest levels of stereoacuity are associated with central
fusion. Peripheral fusion results from unification of images outside the central
region.
Gross stereopsis is associated with peripheral fusion.
In order for fusion to occur, the images presented to each eye must be similar
in size, brightness and sharpness. Peripheral fusion contributes significantly to
the maintenance of binocular single vision. If this is destroyed, even while
maintaining good central vision, disruption of binocularity occurs.
Retinal rivalry
When dissimilar images are presented to corresponding retinal areas, fusion
becomes impossible and retinal rivalry occurs. The patient will see one target,
then the other when dissimilar targets are shown to each eye, but not both at
once. Retinal rivalry is a physiological finding in binocular single vision and is
distinct from suppression as it indicates a state of fluctuation between competing
components. Retinal rivalry may also be produced by differences in colour and
unequal illumination.
Suppression

Suppression is the mental inhibition of visual sensations of one eye in favour of those of
the other eye when both eyes are open. This may occur in binocular single vision and
commonly in manifest strabismus.
Physiological suppression is present in binocular single vision. Blurred images are
suppressed when concentrating on one particular object.
Suppression may occur with
 interocular blur,
 suspension,
 binocular retinal rivalry
 permanent suppression
Interocular blur arises where there is a significant difference in blur or contrast between
the two eyes such as with anisometropia, unequal amplitude of accommodation or
asymmetric accommodation.
Suspension relates to physiological suppression during physiological diplopia.
Binocular retinal rivalry with differences from either eye in object size or shape prevents
fusion.
Permanent suppression occurs where the individual is unable to see the object.
Suppression occurs at a cortical level.
Pathological suppression is present in manifest strabismus and may alternate with
alternating deviations.
Suppression typically develops in childhood strabismus. There is an issue as to whether adults
can truly develop suppression. Development of ‘suppression’ has been reported in adults
with thyroid eye disease, following retinal detachment surgery and keratoconus. In adult
onset strabismus, patients are seen to have a poor prognosis with regard to the ability to
learn to suppress or ignore diplopia.
Diplopia and confusion are not appreciated where suppression is present. Confusion is the
simultaneous appreciation of two superimposed images due to the stimulation of
corresponding retinal points by two different images. Binocular single vision is not present
with pathological suppression, and suppression obstructs attempts to obtain binocular
single vision.
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