Banaras Hindu University

Institute of Science, Department of Geography

M. Sc./M.A. Two-Year Semester Course Outline, 2019-20
Semester-I

Paper Code Type Title Credits

GRM 101 Theory Geographical Thought 4
GRM 102 Theory Advanced Geomorphology 4
GRM 103 Theory Hydrology 4
GRM 104 Practical Basin Morphometry, Geological Map and 2
Hydrological Analysis
GRM 105 Practical Statistical Methods and Data Processing 2
GRM 106 Practical Spatial Analysis: Locational and Network 2
GRM 107 Seminar Assignment Based Seminar* 2
TOTAL 20

*Topics will be drawn by lots and each student will deliver a presentation. Topics will be
from the 3 theory papers—GRM 101 to GRM 103. All the staff members related to the topics
will assess the presentation and average will be taken as final assessment.

Semester-II

Paper Code Type Title Credits

GRM 201 Theory Research Methodology 4
GRM 202 Theory Geography of Resources 4
GRM 203 Practical Village Survey: Instrumental and Socio-economic 4

ONE paper of the special group to be selected from the following:

GRM 204A • Population Geography
GRM 204B Theory • Resource Planning 4
GRM 204C • Advance Cartography

The corresponding practical of special group to be selected from the following:

GRM 205A • Representation of Population Data
GRM 205B Practical • Techniques in Resource Planning 2
GRM 205C • Advance Surveying and Mapping Method

GRM 206 S Theory Fundamentals of Remote Sensing 2

(SWAYAM Course)
TOTAL 20

1
 Banaras Hindu University
Institute of Science, Department of Geography
M. Sc./M.A. Two-Year Semester Course Outline, 2019-20
Semester – III

Paper Code Type Title Credits

GRM 301 Theory Geographical Information System and its 4
Application
GRM 302 Theory Advanced Geography of India 4
GRM 303 Practical Remote Sensing and GIS 2
GRM 304 Practical Geographical Field Training 2

ONE paper of the special group to be selected from the following:

GRM 305A • Geography of Rural Settlements
GRM 305B Theory • Regional Planning 4
GRM 305C • Remote Sensing-I: Aerial Remote Sensing
The corresponding practical of special group to be selected from the following:
GRM 306A • Geography of Rural Settlements
GRM 306B • Techniques of Regional Planning 2
GRM 306C Practical • Aerial Photo Interpretation
GRM 307 S Theory Population and Development 2
(SWAYAM Course)
TOTAL 20

SEMESTER – IV

Paper Code Type TITLE Credits

GRM 401 Theory Environmental Studies 4
GRM 402 Theory Oceanography 4
GRM 403 Practical Environmental and Soil Analysis 2

ONE paper of the special group to be selected from the following:

GRM 404A • Urban Geography
GRM 404B Theory • Rural and Urban Planning 4
GRM 404C • Satellite Remote Sensing

The corresponding practical of special group to be selected from the following:

GRM 405A • Methods and Techniques in Urban Geography
GRM 405B Practical • Methods and Techniques in Rural and Urban 2
GRM 405C Planning
• Satellite Image Interpretation
GRM 406* Field Work Dissertation and Presentation 4

TOTAL 20

*GRM 406 Allotment of Supervisors to be made at the beginning of third semester. Dissertation and
Presentation will be assessed for 50 and 50 marks respectively. Total Marks will be 100 only.

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 Banaras Hindu University
Institute of Science, Department of Geography
M. Sc. Two-Year Semester Course Outline, 2019-20
SEMESTER – I
GRM101: Theory
Geographical Thought
Credits: 4
Number of Lectures: 52
UNIT I
Basic Concepts: Nature of geographical knowledge; Man-environment interaction: new
environmentalism; Concepts: space, place, environment, time and spatial organisation;
Culture and cultural landscape.

UNIT II
Modern Approaches: Quantitative revolution; Humanistic geography: phenomenology
and existentialism; Behavioural revolution; Contributions of Carl Sauer and Yi-Fu
Tuan.

UNIT III
Contemporary Trends: Qualitative paradigm; Post-modernism and post-structuralism;
Social theory and De/reconstruction. Welfare Geography; Marxist geography; Radical
geography: contributions of David Harvey

UNIT IV
Trends of Indian Geography: Colonial and Postcolonial geography; Contributions of
Indian geographers; Impact of thoughts of Gandhi, Nehru and Ambedkar on Indian
geography; Indian geography: issues and challenges.

Books Recommended
1. Adams, P., Steven, H. and Karel, T. (eds.) (2001): Texture of Place. Exploring Humanistic Geographies. University of Minnesota Press,
Minneapolis.
2. Daniels, P., Bradshaw, M., Shaw, D. and Sidaway, J. (2000): An Introduction to Human Geography. Issues for the 21st Century.
Prentice Hall, London.
3. Dear, M. J. and Flusty, S. (2002): The Spaces of Postmodernity: Readings in Human Geography. Blackwell Publishers, Oxford.
4. Dikshit, R. D. (2004): Geographical Thought. A Critical History of Ideas. Prentice-Hall of India, New Delhi. (in English and Hindi).
5. Harvey, D. (1969): Explanation in Geography. Arnold, London.
6. Harvey, M. E. and Holly, P.B. (2002): Themes in Geographic Thought. Rawat Publications, Jaipur and New Delhi.
7. Hubbard, P., Kitchin, R., Bartley, B. and Fuller, D. (2002): Thinking Geographically: Space, Theory and Contemporary Human
Geography. Continuum, London.
8. Johnston, R.J. (1985): The Future of Geography, Metheun and Company Ltd., New York. (2003 edition published).
9. Johnston, R.J. and Sidaway, J.D. (2004): Geography and Geographers. 6th edition, Edward Arnold, London.
10. Kapur, A. (ed.) (2001): Indian Geography – Voice of Concern. Concept Publishing. Company, New Delhi.
11. Martin, G. (2005): All Possible Worlds. A History of Geographical Ideas. 4th edition, Oxford University Press, New York.
12. Mathews, J. A. and Herbert, D. T. (eds.) (2004): Unifying Geography. Common Heritage, Shared Future. Routledge, London.
13. Peet, R. (1998): Modern Geographical Thought. Blackwell Publishers Inc., Massachusetts.
14. Sauer, C. O. (1963): Land and Life. University of California Press, Berkeley.
15. Sharma, P.R., Yadava, R.S., Sharma, V.N., (ed.) 2013: Inter Disciplinary Advances in Geography, R.K. Books, New Delhi.
16. Singh, R. L. and Singh, Rana P.B. (eds.) (1990): Literature and Humanistic Geography. National Geographical Society of India, BHU,
Varanasi, Publication number 37
17. Singh, R. L. and Singh, Rana P.B. (eds.) (1992): The Roots of Indian Geography: Search and Research. National Geographical Society
of India, B.H.U., Varanasi, Publication number 39.
18. Singh, Rana P. B. (2004): Cultural Landscapes and the Lifeworld. Indica Books, Varanasi.
19. Soja, E. (1989): Post-modern Geographies. Verso Press, London. Reprinted 1997: Rawat Publications, Jaipur and New Delhi.
20. Taylor, G. (ed.) (1953): Geography in the Twentieth Century. Methuen and Company Ltd. and Company, London.
21. Tuan, Yi-Fu (1977): Space and Place. The Perspective of Experience. Edward Arnold, London.
22. Singh, Ravi S (ed.) 2009. Indian Geography: Perspectives, Concerns and Issues. Jaipur: Rawat Publications
23. Singh, Ravi S (ed.) 2009. Indian Geography in the 21st Centaury: The Young Geographers Agenda. New Castle upon Tyyne, UK:
Cambridge Scholars Publishing.

3
 Banaras Hindu University
Institute of Science, Department of Geography
M. Sc./M.A. Two-Year Semester Course Outline, 2019-20
SEMESTER - I
GRM102: Theory
Advanced Geomorphology
Credits: 4
Number of Lectures: 52

UNIT I
Concepts. Fundamental concepts of geomorphology; Concept of time: cyclic, graded
and steady state; Concept of morphogenetic region; Concept of dynamic equilibrium;
Recent trends in geomorphology.

UNIT II
Drainage Basin Characteristics and Related Aspects. Landscape evolution model;
Drainage basin as a geomorphic unit; Basin morphometry: linear, areal, relief;
Morphometric laws; Denudation and morpho-chronology and dating of landscapes; Soil
erosion and its measurement.

UNIT III
Hill Slope Evolution and Valley Development. Theories of hill-slope evolution;
Erosion surfaces; Evolution and development of river valleys; Classification of valleys;
Drainage patterns and their significance.

UNIT IV
Application Aspects. Geomorphic hazards and mitigation measures; Geomorphology in
engineering construction; Geomorphology in groundwater studies; Geomorphology in
mining, agriculture and rural infrastructural development.

Books Recommended
1. Ahmed, E. (1985): Geomorphology. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.
2. Bloom.A. L. (1998/ 2001): Geomorphology. 3rd edition. Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi.
3. Chorley, R.J., Schumm S A and Sugden D E. (1984): Geomorphology. Methuen and Company Ltd., London.
4. Chow, V. T., D. R. Maidment and L. W. Mays (1988): Applied Hydrology. McGraw-Hill Inc., New York.
5. Dayal, P. (1994): A Text Book of Geomorphology. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.
6. Fairbridge, R.W. (ed.) (1968): Encyclopaedia of Geomorphology. Reinhold Book Corporation., New York
7. Gregory, K.J. and Walling, D.E. (1973): Drainage Basin Form and Process. Edward Arnold, London.
8. Jog, S. R. (ed.) (1995): Indian Geomorphology (2 vols.). Rawat Publications, Jaipur
9. Kale, V. and Gupta, A. (2001): Introduction to Geomorphology. Orient Longman, Hyderabad.
10. King, C.A.M. (1966): Techniques in Geomorphology. Edward Arnold, London.
11. Sharma, P. R. and Mishra, S.P. (eds.), (1993): Applied Geomorphology in Tropics. Rishi Publications,
Varanasi.
12. Singh, M. B. (2002): Physical Geography. Tara Book Agency, Varanasi. (In Hindi).
13. Singh, S. (2004): Geomorphology. Prayag Pustak Bhawan, Allahabad.
14. Sparks, B.W. (1986): Geomorphology. Longmans, London.
15. Thornbury, W.D. (2005): Principles of Geomorphology. John Wiley and Sons, New York.

4
 Banaras Hindu University
Institute of Science, Department of Geography
M. Sc. Two-Year Semester Course Outline, 2019-20
SEMESTER - I
GRM 103: Theory
Hydrology
Credits: 4
Number of Lectures: 52
UNIT I
Bases of Hydrology: Nature, scope and development of Hydrology; Hydrological cycle;
Man’s Influence on the hydrological cycle; Precipitation: formation process, types,
characteristics and measurements.

UNIT II
Water Losses: Interception: factors affecting interception loss; Evaporation: process of
evaporation, factors affecting evaporation from free water surface and soil, estimation of
evaporation; Evapotranspiration: estimation and its control.

UNIT III
Water Disposition: Infiltration: infiltration process and factors controlling infiltration;
Soil moisture and its zones: storage of soil moisture, factors affecting soil moisture
storage; Runoff: its sources and components, factors affecting runoff; River regimes.

UNIT IV
Assessment and Conservation: Stream flow measurement: interpretation of steam flow
data, Hydrograph: components and separation; Groundwater: occurrence, storage,
recharge and discharge; Floods: estimation and control; Appraisal of water resources;
Water policies and conservation in India.

Books Recommended
1. Chow, V. T., D. R. Maidment and L. W. Mays (1988): Applied Hydrology. McGraw-Hill Inc., New York.
2. Dingman L. S. (2002): Physical Hydrology. 2nd ed. Waveland Press Inc., USA.
3. Rai, V.K.(1993): Water Resource Planning and Development, Deep and Deep Publication, New Delhi
4. Bilas, R. (1988): Rural Water Resource Utilization and Planning. Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi.
5. Hann C.T. (1995): Statistical Methods in Hydrology. First East-West Press Edition, New Delhi.
6. Reddy, J. P. (1988): A Textbook of Hydrology. Laxmi Publication., New Delhi. 4th edition.
7. Singh, M. B. (1999): Climatology and Hydrology. Tara Book Agency, Varanasi. (In Hindi).
8. Ward, R.C. and Robinson, M. (2000): Principles of Hydrology. McGraw Hill, New York.
9. Longmans, G. and Chow, V.T. (1988): Applied Hydrology. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co., New York.
10. Patra K.C. (2011): Hydrology and Water Resource Engineering. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.
11. Subramanya K. (2004): Engineering Hydrology. Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi.
12. Black P.E. (1996): Watershed Hydrology. Lewis Publishers, New York.
13. Jain S.K., Agarwal P.K. and Singh V.P. (2007): Hydrology and Water Resources of India. Springer, The Netherlands.
14. Raghunath H.M. (2006): Hydrology. New Age International (P) Ltd., New Delhi.
15. Shaw E.M (2004): Hydrology in Practice. 3rd ed, Routledge Publishers, London.
16. Singh G., Venkataraman C., Sastry G. and Joshi B.P. (1990): Manual of Soil and Water Conservation Practices. Oxford and
IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
17. Singh V.P. (1993): Elementary Hydrology. Prentice Hall, Englewood, New Jersey.
18. Suresh R. (2005): Watershed Hydrology. Standard Publishers Distributors, New Delhi.
19. Ward A.D. and Elliot W.J. (eds.) (1995): Environmental Hydrology. Lewis Publishers, New York.
20. Viessman, W. Jr. and G. L. Lewis (2003): Introduction to Hydrology. 5th edition, Pearson Education, Inc., New Jersey.
21. Ward, R.C. and Robinson, M. (2000): Principles of Hydrology. McGraw Hill, New York.
22. Ward, Roy (1978): Floods: A Geographical Perspective, The Macmillan Press Ltd.,London. First ed.
23. Sharma, R.K.(1983): A Taxt Book of Hydrology & Water Resources, Dhanpat Rai & Sons, Delhi
24. Prasad, Govind (1998): Hydrology, Chadra Prakashan, Gorakhpur. (in Hindi).
25. Rao, K.L. (1979): India’s Water Wealth: Its assessment, Uses and Projection, Orient Longman, New Delhi.
26. Todd, D.K. (1959): Ground Water Hydrology, Toppan Company Ltd., Tokyo, Japan.

5
 Banaras Hindu University
Institute of Science, Department of Geography
M. Sc./M.A. Two-Year Semester Course Outline, 2019-20
SEMESTER - I
GRM104: Practical
Basin Morphometry, Geological Map and Hydrological Analysis
Credits: 2

Drainage Basin Morphometry: Delineation of basin; Linear aspects: stream ordering,

bifurcation ratio, law of stream numbers, length ratio, law of Stream length, areal
aspects: stream frequency, drainage density, circularity ratio; Relief aspects:
hypsometric curve, hypsometric integral curve, clinographic curve; Advance exercises
on geological maps: fold, fault and unconformable rock series.

Hydrological Analysis: Water balance graph and determination of the components;

Calculation of climatic indices: rainfall-runoff relationship; Hydro-graphs: components
and separation; Unit hydrograph; Flood: frequency and flood peak estimation.

SEMESTER - I
GRM105: Practical
Statistical Methods and Data Processing
Credits: 2

Statistical Methods: The normal frequency distribution curve and its characteristics;
Curve fitting; Test of significance: chi-square test, student’s t-test, F-test, analysis of
variance; Analysis of time series.

Data Processing and Analysis: Collection of data: methods, sources and types;
Sampling procedures: random, stratified random, systematic and cluster;
Classification and tabulation of data; Data input in computer and analysis through
Excel application and SPSS software.

SEMESTER - I
GRM106: Practical
Spatial Analysis: Locational and Network
Credits: 2

Locational Analysis: Absolute and relative location: spacing, indices of randomness, deviation
and nature of dispersion; Nodes-population clusters: the size continuum, size and shape;
Hierarchies: functional hierarchy of settlements and ordering; Interaction: movement and
distance models; Service area and territory: serial polygons, interactions zones; Case of
agricultural and industrial location.

Network Analysis: Topologic structures: branching, circuit and barrier networks; Geometric
structures: networks shape and density, pattern and order; Matrix analysis: concept of
connectivity, accessibility, symmetrical & asymmetrical matrix, diameter, powered matrix, path,
matrix multiplication and addition; Derivation of connectivity matrix, second & third order
connectivity matrix, accessibility matrix; Calculation of nodal degree, accessibility of a node, total
possible paths.

6
 Banaras Hindu University
Institute of Science, Department of Geography
M. Sc. Two-Year Semester Course Outline, 2019-20
SEMESTER -II
GRM201: Theory
Research Methodology
Credits: 4
Number of Lectures: 52
UNIT I
Basic Concepts: Concept and significance of research in geography; Production of
geographical knowledge; Philosophy and methods: naturalism and anti-naturalism,
realism and idealism.

UNIT II
Qualitative Research: Participant’s observation, ethnography, case study,
phenomenology, participatory research.

UNIT III
Research Process: Formulation of research problem; Development of hypothesis,
objectives and methods of research; Selection of sample; Tools and techniques of data
collection; Processing, analysis and representing data.

UNIT IV
Report Writing: Framing a project proposal; Writing thesis; Project report; Research
paper; Citation and referencing.

Books Recommended
1. Ahuja, R. (2001): Research Methods. Rawat Publications, Jaipur and New Delhi.
2. Bhattacharyya, D. K. (2005): Research Methodology. Excel Books, New Delhi
3. Blaxter, L.; Hughes, C. and Tight, M. (1996): How to Research. Open University Press, Buckingham.
4. Denzin, N. K. and Lincoln, Y.S., (eds.) (2000): Handbook of Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks CA. Sage Publications.
5. Dikshit, R. D. (2003): The Art and Science of Geography: Integrated Readings. Prentice-Hall of India, New Delhi.
6. Flowerdew, R. and Martin, D. (eds.) (1997): Methods in Human Geography. A Guide for Students Doing a Research Project.
Longman, Harlow.
7. Hay, I. (ed.) (2000): Qualitative Research Methods in Human Geography. Oxford University Press, New York.
8. Henn, M., Mark W., and Nick F. (2006): A Short Introduction to Social Research. Vistaar Publications, New Delhi
9. Eyles J. and Smith D. M. (1988): Qualitative Methods in Human Geography. Polity Press, Dales Brewering Cambridge.
10. Kitchin, R. and Tate, N., (2001): Conducting Research into Human Geography: Theory. Methodology and Practice.
Prentice-Hall, London.
11. Limb, M. (2001): Qualitative Methodologies for Geographers: Issue and Debates. Edward Arnold, London.
12. Mikkelsen, B. (2005): Methods for Development Work and Research: A New Guide for Practitioners. Sage Publications,
London.
13. Mukherjee, N. (2002): Participatory Learning and Action: with 100 Field Methods. Concept Publishing Company, New
Delhi.
14. O’ Leary, Z. (2005): The Essential Guide in Doing Research, Vistaar Publications, New Delhi
15. Patrick M. and Chapman S. (1990): Research Methods(Third Edition), Routledge, London
16. Peet, R. and Thrift, N. (ed.) (1989/ 2002): New Models in Geography (2 vols.). Rawat Publishers., Jaipur and New Delhi.
17. Robson, C. (1993): Real World Research. A Resource for Social Scientists and Practitioners-Researchers. Blackwell
Publishers, Oxford.
18. Rogers, A. and Viles, H. A. (2003): The Student’s Companion to Geography. Blackwell Publishers, Oxford. Indian reprint
available.
19. Sharma, P.R., Yadava, R.S. and Sharma, V.N., (2011): Interdisciplinary Research Methods: Concepts and Studies. R.K.
Books, New Delhi.
20. Sheskin, Ira, M. (1987): Survey Research for Geographers. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur.
21. Silverman, D. (1993): Interpreting Qualitative Data: Methods for Analysing Talk, Text and Interaction. Sage Publications,
London.
22. Wolcott, H. (1995): The Art of Fieldwork. Alta Mira Press, Walnut Creek, CA.
23. Wright, D.B. (1997): Understanding Statistics. An Introduction for the Social Sciences. Sage Publications, London.

7
 Banaras Hindu University
Institute of Science, Department of Geography
M. Sc./M.A. Two-Year Semester Course Outline, 2019-20
SEMESTER - II
GRM 202: Theory
Geography of Resources
Credits: 4
Number of Lectures: 52
UNIT I
Basic concepts: Nature and scope of Resource Geography; Concept and classification of
resources; Distribution and pattern of resources: Land, water, minerals (Iron ore, Bauxite,
Copper) and power resources; Non-conventional sources of energy, Scientific and technological
innovation and resources.

UNIT II
Human Resource and Locational Aspects: Human Resource: concept, classification,
determinants and problems; Theories of agricultural and industrial location: Von Thunen,
Weber, Losch and Hoover.

UNIT III
Problems and Conservation of Resource: Nature and Production of Resources;
Resource Scarcity; World energy utilization and its crisis; Sustainable development,
climate change, biodiversity and resource conservation; National Policies and
Programmes on Natural Resources in India: Land, Forest and Water

UNIT IV
Regional Perspectives: World economic development; Concept of developed and developing
nations; Concepts of North-South and First, Second, Third and Fourth Worlds.

Books Recommended

1. Burton, I. and Kates, R.W. (1978): Readings in Resource Management and Conservation. McGraw Hills, New
York
2. Clark, G. L., Feldman, M.P. and Gertler, M.S. (eds.) (2000): The Oxford Handbook of Economic Geography.
Oxford University Press, Oxford and New York.
3. Ehrlich, P.R., Ehrlich, R.H. and Holdren, J.P. (1998): Ecoscience: Population, Resources and Development.
2nd edition. Freeman and Company, San Francisco.
4. Sheppard E. and Treror I. B. (ed.) (2003): A Companion to Economic Geography, Blackwell Publication, U.K.
and USA.
5. McCarty, H.M. and James B.L. (1976): A Preface to Economic Geography. Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
6. Mitra, A. (2000): Resource Studies; Shridhar Publishers., Kolkata.
7. Ramesh, A. (ed.) (1984): Resource Geography. Heritage Publishers, New Delhi.
8. Singh, J. (2000): Sansadhan Bhoogol, Gyanodaya Prakashan, Gorakhpur
9. Singh, K.N. and Singh, J. (2003): Arthik Bhoogol Ke Mool Tatva, Gyanodaya Prakashan, Gorakhpur.
10. Todaro M.P. and Smith S.C. (2004): Economic Development, Pearson Education, (Singapore) Private Ltd.
Singapore
11. Michael T. Klare (2001) Resource Wars: The new Landscape of Global Conflict, Holt McDougal, USA.

8
 Banaras Hindu University
Institute of Science, Department of Geography
M. Sc. Two-Year Semester Course Outline, 2019-20
SEMESTER -II
GRM 203: Practical
Village Survey: Instrumental and Socio-economic

Credits: 4

Instrumental Survey: Surveying with the help of theodolite and levelling by dumpy
level; Use of GPS and total stations for collection of data and mapping.

Household Survey: Making interview schedule; Conducting household survey and

report writing; Resource mapping; Infrastructure mapping; Social mapping.

Books Recommended

1. Archer, J.E. and Dalton, T.H. (1968): Field Work in Geography. William Clowes and Sons Ltd.,
London and Beccles.
2. Bolton, T. and Newbury, P.A. (1968): Geography through Fieldwork. Blandford Press, London.
3. Jones, P. A. (1968): Field Work in Geography. Longmans, Green and Company Ltd., London and
Harlow.
4. Lousenbury, J. F. and Aldrich, F.T. (1986): Introduction to Geographic Field Methods and
Techniques. Charles E. Merrill Publishing Company, Colombus.
5. Pugh, J.C. (1975): Surveying for Field Scientists. Methuen and Company Ltd., London.
6. Knight, Peter G. and Parsons, Tony (2003): How to do your Essays Exams & Coursework in
Geography and Related Disciplines. Nelson Thornes, Cheltenham, U.K.
7. Parsons, Tony and Knight, Peter G. (2005): How to do your Dissertation in Geography and Related
Disciplines. 2nd ed., Routledge, London.
8. Kitchen, Rob and Tate, Nicholas J. (2009): Conducting Research into Human Geography: Theory,
Methodology & Practice. 2nd ed., Prentice Hall-Pearson, Harlow, U.K.
9. Kitchen, Rob and Fuller, Duncan (2005): The Academic’s Guide to Publishing. Vistaar Publications
(Sage), New Delhi.
10. Stoddard, Robert H. (1982): Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography. Kendall/Hunt
Publication, Dubuque, Iowa, U.S.A.

9
 Banaras Hindu University
Institute of Science, Department of Geography
M. Sc./M.A. Two-Year Semester Course Outline, 2019-20
SEMESTER -II
Optional Paper
GRM 204 A: Theory
Population Geography
Credits: 4
Number of Lectures: 52
UNIT I
Conceptual Aspects: Nature and scope of population geography; methodology in
studying population geography; sources and types of population data; population
processes: fertility, mortality and migration; Human development.

UNIT II
Population Theories: Theories of Population Growth: Malthus, Marx, Optimum and
Population Transition; Migration Theories: Ravenstien and Everetts Lee.

UNIT III
Population Problems: Problems of under, over, declining and zero population;
Population resource regions of the world and India; Concept of ageing, young, stationary
and stable population.

UNIT IV
Population Structure in India: Population characteristics: population distribution,
growth and density; Ethnicity, age-sex structure, rural-urban variation, literacy and
literacy differential, occupational structure and work force; National population policy.

Books Recommended
1. Bhende, A. A. and Kanetkar T. (2003): Principles of Population Studies. Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai.
2. Champion, T. (ed.) (1993): Population Matters. Paul Chapman, London.
3. Chandna, R. C. (2006): Geography of Population. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.
4. Clark, J. I. (1972): Population Geography. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
5. Dube, K.K. and Singh, M.B. (1994): Jansankhya Bhoogol. Rawat Publications, Jaipur and New Delhi.
6. Ehrlich, P.R. and Ehrlich, A.H. (1996): Ecoscience: Population, Resources, Environment. 6th ed. W.H. Freeman
and Company, San Francisco.
7. Garnier, B.J. (1993): Geography of Population. 3rd edition. Longman, London.
8. Jones, H. R. (2000): Population Geography. 3rd edition. Paul Chapman, London.
9. Pathak, L. P. (ed.) (1998): Population Studies. Rawat Publications, Jaipur and New Delhi.
10. Peters, G. L. and Larkin, R.P. (1983): Population Geography. Problems, Concepts and Prospects.
Kendall/Hunt, Dubuque, Iowa, U.S.A.
11. Poston, D. L. and Michael, M. (2005): Handbook of Population. Springer Heidelberg, Germany.
12. Ross, John A. (ed.) (1982): International Encyclopaedia of Population. Free Press, New York.
13. Singh, K.N. and Singh, D.N. (eds.) (1992): Population Growth, Environment and Development. EDSC,
Varanasi.
14. Srinivasan, K, and Vlassoff, M. (2001): Population Development Nexus in India: Challenges for the New
Millennium. Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi.
15. Trewartha, G.T. (1985): A Geography of Population: World Patterns. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
16. Woods, R. (1979): Population Analysis in Geography. Longman, London.
17. Zelinsky, W., Kosinski, L. A. and Prothero M. R. (eds.) (1970): Geography and a Crowding World. Oxford
University Press, New York and Oxford.
18. Zelinsky, W. (1966): A Prologue to Population Geography. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.

10
 Banaras Hindu University
Institute of Science, Department of Geography
M. Sc. Two-Year Semester Course Outline, 2019-20
SEMESTER - II
Optional Paper
GRM 204 B: Theory
Resource Planning
Credits: 4
Number of Lectures: 52
UNIT I
Basic Framework: Nature and scope of resource planning; Methods and techniques of
resource appraisal; Concept and approaches of sustainable development; Human
resource development.

UNIT II
Resource Conservation: Principles of resource conservation; Resource management;
Planning for conservation of resources: land, water, forest, and minerals (with special
reference to India).

UNIT III
Indian Perspective: Resource utilisation and development; Impact of resource
utilisation on environment; Environmental planning and policies in India; Resource
potentials and resource regions.

UNIT IV
Resource Perspective: Agriculture regions; Population-resource regions; Resource
planning units and development strategies: Damodar Valley and National Capital
Region (NCR).

Books Recommended
1. Adam, M.G.(2000a): Kumasi Natural Resources Management, Final Technical Report. Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich,
U.K.
2. Adams, W. M. (1990): Green Development: Environment and Sustainability in the Third World. Routledge and Chapman Hall, London.
3. Alam, S. Manzoor and Kidwai, Atiya Habeeb (eds.) (1987): Regional Imperatives in Utilization and Management of Resources: India and the
U.S.S.R. Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi.
4. Burton, I. and Kates, R.W. (1978): Readings in Resource Management and Conservation. McGraw Hills, New York.
5. Corbridge, S., (ed.) (1995): Development Studies: A Reader. Arnold, London.
6. Ehrlich, P.R., Ehrlich, R.H. and Holdren, J.P. (1998): Ecoscience: Population, Resources and Development. 2nd ed. Freeman and Company,
San Francisco.
7. Freeman, T.W. (1972): Geography and Planning. Freeman and Company, New York.
8. Holechek, J. L., Cole, R., Fisher, J., and Valdez, R. (2000): Natural Resources: Ecology, Economics and Policy. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey.
9. Mitchell, B. (1979): Geography and Resource Analysis. Longman, London.
10. Mitra, A. (1999): Resource Studies. Shridhar Publications, Calcutta.
11. Prasad, H. et al. (eds.) (2005): Sustainable Management of Water Resources, Tara Book Agency, Varanasi
12. Rao, P. K. (2001): Sustainable Development: Economics and Policy. Blackwell Publications, Oxford.
13. Raza, M. (ed.) (1989): Renewable Resources for Regional Development: The Indian and the Soviet Experience. Concept Publishing Company,
New Delhi.
14. Reid, S. (2000): Global Environmental Outlook. Earthscan, London.
15. Reid, S. (1995): Sustainable Development. Earthscan, London.
16. Simon, D. and Närman, A. (eds.) (1999): Development Theory and Practice. Longman.
17. Simon, D. (ed.) (2005): Fifty Key Thinkers on Development. Routledge, London.
18. Singh, M. B. et. al. (eds.) (2005): Sustainable Management of Natural Resources. Tara Book Agency, Varanasi.
19. Sundaram, K.V.; Mani, M. and Jha, M.M. (eds.) (2004): Natural Resource Management and Livelihood Security. Concept Publishing Company,
New Delhi.
20. Thakur, B., (ed.) (2003): Perspectives in Resource Management in Developing Countries, Vol. I: Resource Management: Theory and Techniques.
Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi.
21. UNDP (2001-04): UNDEP Human Development Report. Oxford University Press.
22. Valdiya, K. S. (1987): Environmental Geology: Indian Context. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company. Ltd., New Delhi
23. World Bank (2001-05): World Development Report. Oxford University Press, New York.

11
 Banaras Hindu University
Institute of Science, Department of Geography
M. Sc./M.A. Two-Year Semester Course Outline, 2019-20
SEMESTER - II
Optional Paper
GRM 204 C: Theory
Advance Cartography
Credits: 4
Number of Lectures: 52
UNIT I
Science of Cartography: History and development of cartography; Science of
cartography and communication theory; Sources of cartographic data; Cartographic
techniques and methods in preparation of diagrams and maps.

UNIT II
Measuring the Earth: Properties of sphere; The earth: its shape and size; Coordinate
reference system on the sphere; Celestial coordinates: equatorial system, horizon
system; Geographical co-ordinates and grid system; UTM grids.

UNIT III
Survey Methods: Curvature of earth and its effect on survey and leveling; Geographical
Positioning System (GPS); Trigonometrical surveying; Calculation of height by leveling.

UNIT IV
Thematic Mapping: Soil and vegetation maps, Environmental maps and population
maps (rural and urban); Atlas mapping; Pre and post census mapping; Automation and
computer aided cartography.

Books Recommended
1. Bailey, T. and Gatrell, A. C. (1995): Interactive Spatial Data Analysis. Longman, Harlow.
2. Dorling, D. and Fairborn, D. (1997): Mapping. Ways of Representing the World. Longman, Harlow.
3. Fraser Taylor, D.R. (1980): The Computer in Contemporary Cartography. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
4. Fraser Taylor, D.R. (ed.) (1983): Graphic Communication and Design in Contemporary Cartography. John Wiley and Sons,
New York.
5. Griffith, D. A. and Amehein (1997): Statistical Analysis for Geographers. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
6. Kanetkar, T.P. and Kulkarni, S.V. (1967): Surveying and Levelling, Part II. A.V.G. Prakashan, Poona.
7. Keates, J.S. (1973): Cartographic Design and Production. Longman Group Ltd.
8. Mailing, D.H. (1973): Co-ordinate Systems and Map Projections. George Philip and Sons Ltd.,
9. Monkhouse, F.J. and Wilkinson, H. R (1962): Maps and Diagrams. Methuen and Company Ltd. and Company Ltd.,
London.
10. Nag, P. (ed.) (1984): Census Mapping Survey. Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi.
11. Nair, N. B. (1996): Encyclopaedia of Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing. Rawat Publications, Jaipur and New Delhi.
12. Raisz, E. (1962): Principles of Cartography. McGraw Hill Books Company Inc., New York.
13. Misra, R.P. and Ramesh, A. (1999): Fundamentals of Cartography. Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi.
14. Rhind, B. and Adams, T. (ed.) (1983): Computers in Cartography. British Cartographic Society, London.
15. Robinson, A. H. H., Sale R., Morrison J. and Muehrcke, P. C (1984): Elements of Cartography. 6th edition, John Wiley and
Sons, New York.
16. Shaw, G. and Wheeler, D. (1994): Statistical Techniques in Geographical Analysis. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New
Jersey.
17. Singh, R. L. and Singh, Rana P. B. (1993): Elements of Practical Geography. Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana and New Delhi.
18. Thrower, N. (1996): Maps and Civilisation Cartography, Culture and Society. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
19. Unwin, D. (1982): Introductory Spatial Analysis. Methuen and Company Ltd., London.
20. Walford, N. (1995): Geographical Data Analysis. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester.

12
 Banaras Hindu University
Institute of Science, Department of Geography
M. Sc. Two-Year Semester Course Outline, 2019-20
SEMESTER - II
Optional Paper
GRM 205 A: Practical
Representation of Population Data
Credits: 2

Unit I: Population growth of India and the world using arithmetic and semi-log scales;
Population distribution map of India using dot and sphere/circle, cubes, combined;
Density map of India by choropleth; compound and superimposed pyramid of
population data; Occupational structure of India by divided rectangle; Fertility,
mortality and natural growth of population by polygraph.

Unit II: Population potential map by Isopleth; Scatter diagram; Life table calculation;
Computation of HDI for India; Migration by flow diagram; Centrographic analysis of
population growth; Measurement of population concentration by cumulative curve.

SEMESTER – II
Optional Paper
GRM 205 B: Practical
Techniques of Resource Planning
Credits: 2

Human resource mapping: Population Resource region: a case study; Computation of

Human Development Index: a case study; Demographic transition model: a case study;
Relationship between energy, human resource and economic development.

Resource mapping: Agricultural productivity; Agricultural efficiency; Delineation of

crop combination regions; Resource appraisal planning of National Capital Region;
Resource mapping.

SEMESTER – II
Optional Paper
GRM 205 C: Practical
Advanced Surveying and Mapping Methods
Credits: 2

Geospatial survey and Map Projection: Calculation of height by levelling and

Theodolite; Total Station; Contour planning; Survey by GPS: Urban facility mapping;
Construction of map projections (mathematical method): Conical equal area with one
and two standard parallels (Lambert’s and Alber’s), International and Gnomonic
Equatorial.

Mapping methods: Computer aided cartography; Designing and preparation of a map

on various scales; Representation of statistical data by various cartographic methods;
Preparation of thematic maps: Vegetation, environmental and population maps.
13
 Banaras Hindu University
Institute of Science, Department of Geography
M. Sc./M.A. Two-Year Semester Course Outline, 2019-20
SEMESTER – II
Swayam Course
GRM 206 S: Theory
Fundamentals of Remote Sensing
Credits: 2
Number of Lectures: 52
UNIT I
Fundamentals: Remote sensing: definition and scope; Electro-magnetic radiation:
characteristics, interaction with atmosphere, Remote sensing regions and bands;
Spectral signature; Types of remote sensing.

UNIT II
Aerial Photographs: Aerial photos: types, scale, resolution; Geometric properties of
aerial photos; Stereoscopy; Stereoscopic parallax; Relief displacement.

UNIT III
Satellite Imagery: General and orbital characteristics of remote sensing satellites;
General characteristics of remote sensing sensors: MSS and LISS; Characteristics of
raw remote sensing data.

UNIT IV
Interpretation and Application: Image processing techniques: Visual and digital;
Elements of image interpretation: pre-processing operations, enhancements and
classifications; Remote sensing in Land use/Land cover mapping and environmental
monitoring.

Books Recommended
1. Campbell, J. B. (2002): Introduction to Remote Sensing. 5th edition. Taylor and Francis, London.
2. Cracknell, A and Hayes, L. (1990): Remote Sensing Year Book, Taylor and Francis, London.
3. Curran, P.J. (1985): Principles of Remote Sensing, Longman, London.
4. Deekshatulu, B.L. and Rajan, Y.S. (ed.) (1984): Remote Sensing. Indian Academy of Science, Bangalore.
5. Floyd, F. and Sabins, Jr. (1986): Remote Sensing: Principles and Interpretation, W.H. Freeman, New York.
6. Guham, P. K. (2003): Remote Sensing for Beginners. Affiliated East-West Press Private Ltd., New Delhi.
7. Hallert, B. (1960): Photogrammetry, McGraw Hill Book Company Inc., New York
8. Harry, C.A. (ed.) (1978): Digital Image Processing, IEEE Computer Society, California
9. Hord, R.M. (1982): Digital Image Processing of Remotely Sensed Data, Academic Press, New York.
10. Leuder, D.R. (1959): Aerial Photographic Interpretation: Principles and Application. McGraw Hill, New York.
11. Lillesand, T.M. and Kiefer, R.W. (2000): Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation. 4th edition. John Wiley and
Sons, New York.
12. Nag, P. (ed.) 1992: Thematic Cartography and Remote Sensing, Concept Publishing. Company, New Delhi.
13. Reeves, R.G. (ed.) (1983): Manual of Remote Sensing, Vols. 1 and 2, American Society of Photogrammetry and
Remote Sensing, Falls Church, Virginia.
14. Siegel, B.S. and Gillespie, R. (1985): Remote Sensing in Geology, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
15. Silver, M. and Balmori, D. (eds.) (2003): Mapping in an Age of Digital Media. Wiley-Academy, New York and
Chichester.
16. Spurr, R. (1960): Photogrammetry and Photo Interpretation, The Roland Press Company, London.
17. Survey of India, (1973): Photogrammetry, Survey of India, Dehradun.
18. Swain, P.H. and Davis, S.M. (ed.), (1978): Remote Sensing: The Quantitative Approach. McGraw Hill, New
York.

14
 Banaras Hindu University
Institute of Science, Department of Geography
M. Sc. Two-Year Semester Course Outline, 2019-20
SEMESTER - III
GRM 301: Theory
Geographical Information System and Its Application
Credits: 4
Number of Lectures: 52
UNIT I
Basics of GIS: Definition and Evolution of GIS; Components of GIS; Issues in GIS:
User, Technology, data and application, recent advances in GIS; Mobile GIS.

UNIT II
Nature of geospatial data: Spherical and plane coordinate systems; Earth’s shape
and datum; Types and characteristics of map, contents and layout of map.

UNIT III
Representation of geographic data: Types and characteristics of geographical data;
Raster and vector data models; DBMS; Procedures of GIS: data input, geo-
referencing, data editing and output; Characteristics and applications of Digital
Elevation Model (DEM).

UNIT IV
GIS implementation: Integration of Remote sensing, GPS and GIS; Geo-spatial
information Products; GIS project design, planning and management; Web-GIS
applications; Applications of GIS in land management, disaster management and
urban development.

Books Recommended
1. Burrough, P.A. and McDonnell, R. (1998): Principles of Geographic Information Systems. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
2. Chang, K.T. (2003): Introduction to Geographic Information Systems. Tata McGraw Hill Publications Company, New Delhi.
3. Chauniyal, D. D. (2004): Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems. (in Hindi). Sharda Pustak Bhawan,
Allahabad.
4. Demers, M. N. (2000): Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems. John Wiley and Sons, Singapore.
5. Fraser Taylor, D.R. (1991): Geographic Information Systems. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
6. Goodchild, M.F.; Park, B. O. and Steyaert, L. T. (eds.) (1993): Environmental Modelling with GIS. Oxford University Press,
Oxford.
7. Heywood, I. (2003): An Introduction to Geographical Information Systems. 2nd edition, Pearson Publishing Company,
Singapore.
8. Korte, G. M. (2002): The GIS Book. On Word Press: Thomson Learning, New York and Singapore.
9. Lo, C.P. and Yeung, A. K. W. (2002): Concepts and Techniques of Geographic Information Systems. Prentice Hall of India, New
Delhi.
10. Longley, P., Goodchild, M.F., Maguire, D. and Rhind, D. (1999): Geographic Information Systems. Principles, Techniques,
Management, Applications. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
11. Maguirre, D. J.; Michael F. G. and David W. R. (1999): Geographical Information Systems: Principles and Application. Geo
Information International, Vol.2, Longman Publication., New York.
12. Martin, D. (1996): Geographic Information Systems: Socioeconomic Implications. Routledge, London.
13. Michael F. G. and Karan K. K. (ed.) (1990): Introduction to GIS. NCGIA, Santa Barbara, California.
14. Reddy, M. A. (2001): Textbook of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems. B. S. Publications., Hyderabad.
15. Ripple, W. J. (ed.) (1989): Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems: A Compendium. ASPRS/ ACSM, Falls Church.
16. Siddiqui, M.A. (2005): Introduction to Geographical Information Systems, Sharda Pustak Bhawan, Allahabad.
17. Star, J. and Estes, J. (1990): Geographic Information Systems – An Introduction. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
18. Worboys, M. F. (1995): GIS: A Computing Perspective. Taylor and Francis, London.

15
 Banaras Hindu University
Institute of Science, Department of Geography
M. Sc./M.A. Two-Year Semester Course Outline, 2019-20
SEMESTER - III
GRM 302: Theory
Advanced Geography of India
UNIT I
Physical aspects: Location and Space relations; Geological evolution and structure;
physiographic divisions; climate: seasons and types; Soil types; Drainage systems;
Natural vegetation.

UNIT II
Human aspects: Peopling of India; distribution of racial groups, language, religion
and tribes; Population distribution and growth; Migration; Urban and rural
settlements: characteristics and types.

UNIT III
Economic aspects: Resource base: land, water, mineral and energy; Agriculture:
characteristics and types; Industries: types and industrial clusters; Surface and
water transport.

UNIT IV
Regional aspects: Physiographic and socio cultural bases of region formation in
India; Geographical regionalization of India: M.B. Pithawala, Kazi S. Ahmad, O.H.K.
Spate and R.L.Singh; Studies of selected regions: Karnataka Plateau, Thar Desert,
Middle Ganga Plain, Garhwal Himalaya, Konkan Plain and Utkal Plain.

Books Recommended
1. Ahmad, A. (2009): Geography of the South Asian Sub-continent: A Critical Approach. Concept Publishing Company,
New Delhi.
2. Brammer, H. (2012): The Physical Geography of Bangladesh, University Press, Dhaka.
3. Chapman, G. and Baker, K.M. (eds.) (1992): The Changing Geography of Asia. Routledge, London.
4. Deshpande C. D., (1992): India: A Regional Interpretation, ICSSR, New Delhi.
5. Dutt, A.K. and Geib, M.M. (1998): Atlas of South Asia: A Geographic Analysis by Countries, New Delhi: Oxford and IBH
Publishing.
6. Farmer, B.H. (1983): Introduction to South Asia. Methuen and Company Ltd. and Company Ltd., London.
7. Fraser, Neil, Bhattacharya, A. And Bhattacahrya, B. (ed.) (2001): Geography of Himalayan Kingdom Bhutan. New
Delhi, Concept Publishing House.
8. Gopalakrishnan, R. (1982): The Geography and Politics of Afghanistan. Concept Publishing House. New Delhi.
9. Haq, M. (1997) Human Development in South Asia, Karachi: Oxford University Press, Karachi.
10. Johnson, B.L.C. (1983): Development in South Asia. Penguin Books, Harmonsworth.
11. Khullar, D. R. (2006): India: A Comprehensive Geography. Kalyani Publishers., New Delhi.
12. Krishnan, M. S. (1968): Geology of India and Burma. 4th edition. Higgin Bothams Private. Ltd., Madras.
13. Panditharatne, Bernard Leslie (2010): A Concise Geography of Sri Lanka. Colombo, Godage International Publishers.
14. Rasheed, K. B. S. (2008). Bangladesh: Resource and Environmental Profile (Dhaka: AH Development Publishing
House).
15. Rashid, Haroun (1977): Geography of Bangladesh, University Press, Dhaka.
16. Schwartzberg, J. E. (1978). A Historical Atlas of South Asia, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).
17. Shafi, M. (2000): Agricultural Geography of South Asia, New Delhi, Macmillan.
18. Shrestha, S.H. (2004): Economic Geography of Nepal, Educational Publishing House, Kathmandu
19. Singh, J. (2003): India: A Comprehensive and Systematic Geography. Gyanodaya Prakashan, Gorakhpur.
20. Singh, R. L. ed. (1971): India: A Regional Geography. National Geographical Society of India,Varanasi.
21. Spate O. H. K. and Learmonth A.T.A. (1967): India and Pakistan: A General and Regional Geography, Methuen,
London.
22. Spate, O.H. K., Learmonth A. T. A. and Farmer, B. H. (1996): India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Methuen, London,
7thedition.
23. Subbarao, B. (1959): The Personality of India. University of Baroda Press, Baroda.
24. Tirtha, R. (2002): Geography of India. Rawat Publications., Jaipur and New Delhi.
25. Tiwari, R. C. (2007): Geography of India, Prayag Pustak Bhawan, Allahabad

16
 Banaras Hindu University
Institute of Science, Department of Geography
M. Sc. Two-Year Semester Course Outline, 2019-20
SEMESTER - III
GRM 303: Practical
Remote Sensing and GIS
Credits: 2

Remote Sensing: Stereoscopic vision test, visual interpretation of stereogram/

stereopairs and satellite images; preparation of land use/land cover maps;
Geomorphic and Drainage maps; Determination of scale.

GIS: Scanning of a map, geo-referencing; creation of shape files; on-screen digitization

of polygons, points and lines, adding attributes, map creation and export;

Books Recommended:
1. Bhatta, B. (2010): Remote Sensing and GIS, Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
2. Campbell, J.B. (2002): Introduction to Remote Sensing. 5th edition, Taylor and Francis, London
3. Chauniyal, D. D. (2004): Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems. (in Hindi).
Sharda Pustak Bhawan, Allahabad.
4. Curran, P.J. (1985): Principles of Remote Sensing, Longman, London
5. ESRI (1993): Understanding GIS. Redlands, USA
6. Glen, E. M. and Harold, C. S. (1993): GIS Data Conversion Handbook. Fort Collins, Colorado,
GIS Word Inc.
7. Goodchild, M.F.; Park, B. O. and Steyaert, L. T. (eds.) (1993): Environmental Modelling with GIS.
Oxford University Press, Oxford.
8. Lillesand, T.M. and Kiefer, R.W. (2000): Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation. 4 th edition.
John Wiley and Sons, New York
9. Longley, P. and Batty, M. (eds.) (1996): Spatial Analysis: Modelling in a GIS
Environment. GeoInformation International, Cambridge.
10. Longley, P., Goodchild, M.F., Maguire, D. and Rhind, D. (1999): Geographic Information
Systems. Principles, Techniques, Management, Applications. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
11. Maguirre, D. J.; Michael F. G. and David W. R. (1999): Geographical Information Systems:
Principles and Application. Geo Information International, Vol.2, Longman Publication., New
York.
12. Martin, D. (1996): Geographic Information Systems: Socioeconomic Implications. Routledge,
London.
13. Ralston, B. A. (2002): Developing GIS Solutions with Map Objects and Visual Basic. OnWord
Press: Thompson Learning, New York and Singapore.
14. Worboys, M. F. (1995): GIS: A Computing Perspective. Taylor and Francis, London.

17
 Banaras Hindu University
Institute of Science, Department of Geography
M. Sc./M.A. Two-Year Semester Course Outline, 2019-20

SEMESTER - III
GRM 304: Practical
Geographical Field Training
Credits: 2
Principles of field training: Meaning and objectives; Field as laboratory of
geography; Contents of field training: physical, social, economic and cultural; Field
training techniques; Field training based report writing.

Field Visit: Students will undertake field training for 2 to 3 weeks duration in any
region of India having geographical importance.

Books Recommended
1. Archer, J.E. and Dalton, T.H. (1968): Field Work in Geography. William Clowes and Sons Ltd.
London and Beccles.
2. Bolton, T. and Newbury, P.A. (1968): Geography through Fieldwork. Blandford Press, London.
3. Jones, P. A. (1968): Field Work in Geography. Longmans, Green and Company Ltd., London and
Harlow.
4. Lousenbury, J. F. and Aldrich, F.T. (1986): Introduction to Geographic Field Methods and
Techniques. Charles E. Merrill Publishing. Company, Colombus.
5. Pugh, J.C. (1975): Surveying for Field Scientists. Methuen and Company Ltd. London.
6. Parsons, Tony and Knight, Peter G. (2005): How to do your Dissertation in Geography and Related
Disciplines. Routledge, London. 2nd Ed.
7. Kitchen, Rob and Tate, Nicholas J. (2009): Conducting Research into Human Geography: Theory,
Methodology & Practice. Prentice Hall-Pearson, Harlow U.K. 2nd Ed.
8. Kitchen, Rob and Fuller, Duncan (2005): The Academic’s Guide to Publishing. Vistaar Publs.
(Sage), New Delhi.
9. Hay, Iain (ed.) (2005): Qualitative Research Methods in Human Geography. Oxford University Press,
Melbourne. 2nd Ed.
10. Hay, Iain (ed.) (2004): Communicating in Geography and the Environmental Sciences. Oxford
University Press, Melbourne. 2nd Ed.
11. Stoddard, Robert H. (1982): Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography. Kendall/Hunt
Pub. Dubuque IO.

18
 Banaras Hindu University
Institute of Science, Department of Geography
M. Sc. Two-Year Semester Course Outline, 2019-20

SEMESTER – III
Optional Paper
GRM 305 A: Theory
Geography of Rural Settlements
Credits: 4
Number of Lectures: 52
UNIT I
Conceptual framework: Nature, scope and significance of rural settlement geography; Human settlement
as a system; Characteristics of rural settlements; Theories and models of settlement diffusion: Eric
Bylund (Sweden), Gunnar Olsson (Sweden), David Grossman (Nigeria), John Hudson (USA);
Contributions of Banaras School.
UNIT II
Spatiality and Histogenesis: Evolution and growth of rural settlements; Site and location of rural
settlements; Distribution, spacing, and nature of dispersion; Types and patterns; Morphology of village:
examples from India, Germany, Japan, Israel, African countries; Rural-service centres: nature, hierarchy,
service area and interaction.
UNIT III
Rural Dwellings: Origin, evolution and characteristics of rural folk houses and its cultural landscape;
House types and their characteristics in different geographical environments; patterns of pre-colonial and
post independence settlements.

UNIT IV
Characteristics of Indian Village: Indian village as a system; Evolution and multiplicity; Pressure and
constraints of village settlement; religio-ritual, secular-economic and secular-economic interlocking
system; Transformation of Indian village: livelihood risk, food security and planning; Ideas of village and
settlement: Mahatma Gandhi and B.R. Ambedkar.

Books Recommended
1. Desai, A.R. (….): Rural Sociology, Popular Prakashan, Bombay.
2. Bahskar, G. and Reddy, A.V. (2005): Rural Transformation in India: The impact of Globalization, New Century Publication,
New Delhi.
3. Jha, H. P. and Rodger G. (2018): The changing village in India, Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
4. Bhattacharya, S. (2012): Challenges of Livelihood and Inclusive Rural Development in Era of Globalization, Raj Publisher,
Jalandhar, Punjab.
5. Fraster, T.G. (2013): Indians Rurasl Transformation and Development, D.K.Printworld, Delhi.
6. Daniel, P. (2002): Geography of Settlement. Rawat Publications., Jaipur and New Delhi.
7. Eidt, R. C., Singh, K. N. and Singh, Rana, P.B., (eds.) (1977): Man, Culture and Settlement. Kalyani Publishers., New Delhi.
8. Ghosh, S. (1999): A Geography of Settlements. Orient Longman, Kolkata.
9. Hudson, F. S. (1976): A Geography of Settlements. MacDonald and Evans, New York.
10. Mitra, A. (1960): Report on House Types and Village Settlement Patterns in India. Publication Division, Govt. of India, New
Delhi.
11. Oliver, P. (1987): Dwellings. The House across the World. University of Texas Press, Austin.
12. Rapoport, A. (1969): House, Form and Culture. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
13. Rykwert, J. (ed.) (2004): Settlements. University of Pennsylvania Press, University Park, USA.
14. Singh, R.L. (eds.) (1973): Rural Settlements in Monsoon Asia, National Geographical Society of India, Varanasi.
15. Singh, R. L., Singh, K.N. and Singh, Rana P.B., (eds.) (1975): Readings in Rural Settlement Geography, National
Geographical Society of India, Varanasi.
16. Singh, R. L. and Singh, Rana P. B. (eds.) (1978): Transformation of Rural Habitat in Indian Perspective, National
Geographical Society of India, Varanasi, Pub. 19.
17. Singh, R.L., Singh, K.N and Singh Rana P.B., (eds.) (1976): Geographic Dimensions of Rural Settlements. National
Geographical Society of India, Varanasi,

19
 Banaras Hindu University
Institute of Science, Department of Geography
M. Sc./M.A. Two-Year Semester Course Outline, 2019-20
18. Singh, Rana P.B. and Singh, R.B. (1981): Changing Frontiers of Indian Village Ecology. National Geographical Society of
India, Varanasi, Pub. 27.
19. Singh, R.Y. (2005): Geography of Settlements. Rawat Publications, Jaipur and New Delhi.
20. Singh, S.B. (1977): Rural Settlement Geography. U.B.B.P., Publications, Gorakhpur.
21. Tiwari, R. C. (2000): Settlement Geography; in Hindi. Prayag Pustak Bhawan Allahabad.
22. Wanmali, S. (1983): Service Centres in Rural India. B.R. Publications Corporation, New Delhi
23. Wood, M. (2005): Rural Geography: Processes, Responses and Experiences of Rural Restructuring. Sage Publication,
London.

SEMESTER – III
Optional Paper
GRM 305 B: Theory
Regional Planning
Credits: 4
Number of Lectures: 52
UNIT I
Fundamental concepts: Concept, nature and scope of regional planning; Approaches
to regional planning; Planning regions: concept and types; Planning regions of India;
Regional policies in India; Changing paradigm of planning in India.

UNIT II
Regional Development: Regional planning and national development; Economic
development and regional development; Regional economic complexes; Inter-regional
and intra-regional functional interactions; Survey for planning: diagnostic, techno-
economic and regional; Regional disparities in India.

UNIT III
Approaches to planning: Approaches to integrated regional planning at different levels:
local, regional and national; Constitutional framework of multi-level planning in India
Financial resource distribution: state, district and block level planning; Planning for
tribal, agricultural, industrial and urban (metropolitan) regions.

UNIT IV
Regional planning in India: Service and market centres planning; Growth centre and
regional development with reference to India and France; Decentralised planning:
themes and issues; Regional planning: development strategies in the 21st century; NITI
AAYOG; Role of remote sensing and GIS in regional planning.

Books Recommended
1. Chandna, R. C. (2000): Regional Planning: A Comprehensive Text. Kalyani Publishers., New Delhi.
2. Chaudhuri, J. R. (2001): An Introduction to Development and Regional Planning with special reference to India. Orient Longman, Hyderabad.
3. Cowen, M.P. and Shenton, R.W. (1996): Doctrines of Development. Routledge, London.
4. Doyle, T. and McEachern, D. (1998): Environment and Politics. Routledge, London.
5. Friedmann, J. (1992): Empowerment: The Politics of Alternative Development. Blackwell, Cambridge MA and Oxford.
6. Friedmann, J. and Alonso, W. (ed.) (1973): Regional Development and Planning. The MIT Press, Mass.
7. Hettne, B.; Inotai, A. and Sunkel, O. (eds.) (1999 – 2000): Studies in the New Regionalism. Vol. I-V. Macmillan Press, London.
8. Isard, W. (1960): Methods of Regional Analysis. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
9. Kuklinski, A. R. (1972): Growth Poles and Growth Centres in Regional Planning. Mouton and Co., Paris.
10. Kuklinski, A.R. (ed.) (1975): Regional Development and Planning: International Perspective, Sijthoff-Leydor.
11. Leys, C. (1996): The Rise and Fall of Development Theory. Indian University Press, Bloomington, and James Curry, Oxford.
12. Mahapatra, A.C. and Pathak, C. R. (eds.) (2003): Economic liberalisation and Regional Disparities in India. Special Focus on the North Eastern Region.
Star Publishing House, Shillong.
13. Kane, M. and William M.K.T.(2007): Concept Mapping for Planning and Evaluation, Sage Publications, London.
14. Misra, R. P. (ed.) (1992): Regional Planning: Concepts, Techniques, Policies and Case Studies. 2nd edition. Concept Publishing Company., New Delhi.
15. Misra, R.P. and Natraj, V.K. (1978): Regional Planning and National Development. Vikas, New Delhi.
16. Misra, R.P., Sundaram, K. V. Pradasa Rao, V. L. S. (1976): Regional Development Planning in India. Vikas Publishers, New Delhi.
17. Moseley, M.J., (1974): Growth Centres in Spatial Planning. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
18. Norgaard, R. B. (1994): Development Betrayed. The End of Progress and a Coevolutionary Revisioning of the Future. Routledge, London.
19. Pathak, C. R. (2003): Spatial Structure and Processes of Development in India. Regional Science Association., Kolkata.
20
 Banaras Hindu University
Institute of Science, Department of Geography
M. Sc. Two-Year Semester Course Outline, 2019-20
20. Sanyal, B. M. (2001): Decentralised Planning: Themes and Issues. Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi.
21. Sharma, P. V., Rao, V. L., and Pathak, C. R. (eds.) (2000): Sustainable Regional Development (with special reference to Andhra Pradesh). Regional
Science. Association, Kolkata and School of Economics, Andhra University, Vishakhapatnam.
22. Sen, A. (1999): Development as Freedom. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
23. Sen, A. and Dreze, J. (eds.) (1996): Indian Development: Selected Regional Perspectives. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
24. Smith, D. and Närman, A. (eds.) (1999): Development Theory and Practice: Current Perspectives on Development and Development Co-operation.
Longman, London.
25. Stöhr, W. B. and Taylor, D.F.R. (eds.) (1981): Development from Above and Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries. John
Wiley and Sons, Chichester.
26. Sundaram, K. V. (1997): Decentralized Multilevel Planning: Principles and Practice (Asian and African Experiences). Concept Publishing Company, New
Delhi.
27. Sundaram, K. V. (2004): The Trodden Path: Essays on Regional and Micro Level Planning. Anaunya Publications., New Delhi.
28. Verhelst, T. (1990): No Life Without Roots – Culture and Development. Zed Books, London.
SEMESTER – III
Optional Paper
GRM 305 C: Theory
Remote Sensing-I: Aerial Remote Sensing
Credits: 4
Number of Lectures: 52
UNIT I
Conceptual background: Types and geometry of aerial photograph; Relief
displacement; Stereoscopic parallax; Parallax equation and its approximation; Digital
photogrammetry and orthophotos.

UNIT II
Elements of aerial photograph: Qualitative information, philosophy and sequence in
air photo interpretation; Elements of air photo pattern: landforms, drainage, erosion
details, gray-tones, vegetation; Elements of image interpretation.

UNIT III
Aerial photo interpretation: Interpretation keys and their types; Aerial mosaics; Multi-
spectral aerial photographs; Ground control for mapping from aerial photos;
Rectification methods in aerial photos.

UNIT IV
Geospatial mapping: Aerial photo interpretation in general resource evaluation;
Geomorphic studies; land use/land cover; hydro-geomorphic studies; environmental
monitoring.

Books Recommended

1. Cracknell, A. and Ladson, H (1990): Remote Sensing Year Book. Taylor and Francis, London.
2. Curran, P.J. (1988): Principles of Remote Sensing. ELBS Longman, Essex, U.K.
3. Deekshatulu, B.L. and Rajan, Y.S. (ed.) (1984): Remote Sensing. Indian Academy of Science,
Bangalore.
4. Floyd, F. S. Jr. (1997): Remote Sensing: Principles and Interpretation. W.H. Freeman, New York.
5. Hallert, B. (1960): Photogrammetry. McGraw Hill Book Company. Inc. New York
6. Leuder, D.R. (1959): Aerial Photographic Interpretation: Principles and Application, McGraw Hill,
New York.
7. Lillesand, T.M. and Kiefer, R.W. (2000): Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation. 4th ed. John Wiley
and Sons, New York.
8. Rampal, K.K. (1999): Handbook of Aerial Photography and Interpretation. Concept Publishing.
Company, New Delhi.
9. Reeves, R.G. (ed.) (1983): Manual of Remote Sensing. Vols. 1 and 2, American Society of
Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Falls Church, Virginia.
10. Siegel, B.S. and Gillespie, R. (1985): Remote Sensing in Geology. John Wiley and Sons, New York.

21
 Banaras Hindu University
Institute of Science, Department of Geography
M. Sc./M.A. Two-Year Semester Course Outline, 2019-20
11. Spurr, R. (1960): Photogrammetry and Photo Interpretation. The Roland Press Company, London.
12. Survey of India, (1973): Photogrammetry. Survey of India, Dehradun.
13. Swain, P.H. and Davis, S.M. (ed.) (1978): Remote Sensing: The Quantitative Approach. McGraw-
Hill, New York.
14. Wolf P.R. and Dewitt, B. A. (2000): Elements of Photogrammetry with Applications in GIS. McGraw-
Hill, New York.

SEMESTER – III
Optional Paper
GRM 306 A: Practical
Geography of Rural Settlements
Credits: 2

Spatial Systems: Rural settlement: types and patterns; Typological classification of

rural settlements from maps; Analysis of spatial pattern of rural settlements:
randomness and spacing indices; Testing of Christaller’s theory; Size classification of
rural settlements by scatter diagrams;

Indian context: Rural service centres: identification, indices, hierarchy, classification

and ordering; Field-based mapping of village: social morphology, house types and
facilities; Planning of Indian village.

SEMESTER – III
Optional Paper
GRM 306 B: Practical
Techniques of Regional Planning

Credits: 2

Regional planning methods: Regional planning of a given area: district planning;

service centre planning: micro level planning; central place hierarchy and growth centre
in regional development.

Delineation of planning regions: Delineation of city region/ Umland: a case study;

Identification and demarcation of axial growth: a case study.

SEMESTER – III
Optional Paper
GRM 306 C: Practical
Aerial Photo-interpretation

Credits: 2

Interpretation: Identification of objects and features; Determination of height of objects

from single photographs; preparation of base map.

22
 Banaras Hindu University
Institute of Science, Department of Geography
M. Sc. Two-Year Semester Course Outline, 2019-20
Map work: Preparation of thematic maps: lithology and structure, land use/ land cover,
forest types, soil and soil erosion; hydro-geomorphic mapping.

SEMESTER – III
Optional Paper
GRM 307 (SWAYAM Course): Theory
Population and Development
Credits: 2
Number of Lectures: 26
UNIT I
Conceptual Framework: Population as resource; Population and development;
Population and ecosystem; Malthusian and Neo-Malthusian theory; Demographic
transition.

UNIT II
Population Trends: History of human population; Population characteristics of the
world; Optimum population; Population policies in developed and developing countries;
Demographic dividend.

UNIT III
Development trends: Relationship between population, food and energy; Limits to
Growth; Concept of rich and poor world and their global perspectives; Population
decline and economic development.

UNIT IV
Population and Development in India: Population growth scenario and relationship
with development; population policies; family welfare and planning.

Books Recommended
1. Champion, T. (ed.) (1993): Population Matters. Paul Chapman, London.
2. Ehrlich, P.R. and Ehrlich, A.H. (1996): Ecoscience: Population, Resources, Environment. 6th edition, W.H. Freeman and
Company, San Francisco.
3. Firor, J. and Jacobsen, J. E. (2003): The Crowded Greenhouse: Population, Climatic Change and Creating a Sustainable World.
Universities Press (India) Private. Ltd., Hyderabad.
4. Haggett, P. (2001): Geography, A Modern Synthesis. 5th edition, Harper and Row, New York.
5. Hammett, C. (eds.) (1996): Social Geography: A Reader. Arnold, London.
6. Meadow, D.H., Meadows D.L., Randers J., and Behrens W.W. III.(1973): The Limits to Growth: I Report of the Club of Rome.
The New American Library, New York.
7. Meadows, D.H., Meadows, D.L. and Randers, J. (1992): Beyond the Limits. Confronting Global Collapse, Envisioning a
Sustainable Future. (A sequel to The Limits to Growth). Chelsa Green Publishers, Post Mills VT, USA.
8. Mesarovic, M. and Pester, E. (1974): Mankind at the Turning Point: II Report of the Club of Rome. The New American Library,
New York.
9. Middleton, N. and O’Keefe, P. (2001): Redefining Sustainable Development. Pluto Press, London.
10. Ross, J. A. (ed.) (1982): International Encyclopaedia of Population. Free Press, New York.
11. Sharma, P. R. (ed.) (1991): Perspectives on the Third World Development. Rishi Publications., Varanasi.
12. Sharma, P. R. (ed.) (1994): Regional Policies and Development in the Third World. Rishi Publications, Varanasi.
13. Simon, J. L. (1977): The Economics of Population Growth. Princeton University. Press, Princeton.
14. Thakur, B. (ed.) (2004): Population, Resources and Development. Vol. II, Perspectives in Resource Management in Developing
Countries. Concept Publishing. Company, New Delhi.
15. Tinbergen, J. (1976): RIO. Reshaping the International Order: III Report of the Club of Rome. The New American Library, New
23
 Banaras Hindu University
Institute of Science, Department of Geography
M. Sc./M.A. Two-Year Semester Course Outline, 2019-20
York.
16. U.N.C.E.D. (1987): Our Common Future. UNCED The Centre for Our Common Future, Geneva.

SEMESTER - IV
GRM401: Theory
Environmental Studies
Credits: 4
Number of Lectures: 52
UNIT I
Basic concepts: Meaning, types and components of environment; Principles and
approaches to environmental studies; sustainable development; Biodiversity: concept,
extinction and conservation.

UNIT II
Ecosystem: Concept, classification and components of ecosystem; Energy flow in
ecosystem: food chain, food web and ecological succession; Geo-biochemical cycles:
carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus; Biomes of the world.

UNIT III
Environmental Problems: Types and causes of environmental degradation;
Pollution: air, water, and solid waste; Hazards: natural (flood, earthquake) and
anthropogenic; green house effect; ozone depletion.

UNIT IV
Environmental Management: Concept of environmental management; environmental
monitoring and standards; Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA); Environmental
policies and legislations in India: Environmental Protection Act, 1986, Biological
Diversity Act, 2002.

Books Recommended
1. Anjuneyulu, Y. (2004): Introduction to Environmental Science. B. S. Publications, Hyderabad.
2. Blaikie, P., Cannon, T. and Davis, I. (eds.) (2004): At Risk: Natural Hazards, Peoples Vulnerability and Disasters.
Routledge, London.
3. Clarke, J. I., Curson, P., Kayastha S. L. and Nag P. (eds.) (1991): Population and Disaster. Basil Blackwell, USA
4. Gautam, A. (2007): Environmental Geography, Sharda Pustak Bhawan, Allahabad
5. Huggett, R. J. (1998): Fundamental of Biogeography. Routledge, London.
6. Kayastha, S.L. and Kumra V.K. (1986): Environmental Studies. Tara Book Agency, Varanasi.
7. Kumra, V.K. (1982): Kanpur City. A Study in Environmental Pollution. Tara Book Agency, Varanasi.
8. Mathur, H. S. (2003): Essentials of Biogeography. Pointer Publication, Jaipur.
9. Nag, P., Kumra, V.K. and Singh, J. (1990): Geography and Environmental Issues at Local, Regional and National Levels. (in
3 vols.), Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi.
10. Odum, E.P. (1975): Ecology. Rowman and Littlefield, Lanham USA.
11. Rajagopalan, R. (2005): Environmental Studies: From Crisis to Cure, Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
12. Saxena, K.K. (2004): Environmental Studies. University Book House Private Ltd., Jaipur
13. Saxena, H. M. (1999): Environmental Geography. Rawat Publications., Jaipur and New Delhi.
14. Sharma, P.R., Yadava, R.S. and Sharma, V.N. (ed.) (2013): Interdisciplinary Advances in Environmental and Earth
System Studies, R.K. Books, New Delhi.
15. Singh, A.K., Kumra, V.K. and Singh, J. (1986): Forest Resource, Economy and Environment. Concept Publishing.
Company, New Delhi.
16. Singh, D.N., Singh, J. and Raju, K.N.P. (eds.) (2003): Water Crisis and Sustainable Management. Tara Book Agency,

24
 Banaras Hindu University
Institute of Science, Department of Geography
M. Sc. Two-Year Semester Course Outline, 2019-20
Varanasi.
17. Singh, J. (2001): Paryavaran Evam Samvikas. Gyanodaya Prakashan, Gorakhpur.
18. Singh, O., Nag P., Kumra V.K. and Singh J. (eds.) (1993): Frontier in Environmental Geography. Concept Publishing
Company, New Delhi.
19. Singh, O., Kumra V.K. and Singh J. (1988): India’s Urban Environment: Pollution, Perception and Management. Tara Book
Agency, Varanasi.
20. Singh, R. B. (ed.) (1995): Studies in Environment and Development. Rakesh Prakashan, Varanasi.
21. Singh, Rana P.B. (ed.) (1993): Environmental Ethics: Discourses and Cultural Traditions. National Geographical Society of
India, BHU, Varanasi.
22. Singh, S. (2006): Environmental Geography. Prayag Pustak Bhawan, Allahabad.
23. Sinha, B.R.K. (2009): Population, Environment and Development, New Century Publication, New Delhi.
SEMESTER - IV
GRM 402: Theory
Oceanography
Credits: 4
Number of Lectures: 52

Unit I
Basic concept and formation of ocean basins: Nature, scope and evolution of
Oceanography; Importance of oceans in global systems; Origin of oceans; Ocean
basins; Continental shelf, continental slope, deep sea plain, ocean deeps, submarine
canyons; Bottom relief of Indian Ocean.

Unit II
Properties and circulation of ocean water: Physical and chemical properties of sea
water, temperature, density, salinity; Circulation of ocean water: tides, waves and
currents.

Unit III
Marine Life and deposits: Phytoplankton, Zooplankton and nekton; Coral reefs;
Fisheries; Classification sources and texture of marine deposits; Marine sediments:
organic and carbonic deposits, distribution of pelagic sediments; Oceanic coast.

Unit IV
Human Ocean Relation: Mineral, energy and food resources; Geo-politics of oceans
with reference to Indian ocean; Indian ocean realm; Sea-routs and maritime security;
geostrategic significance of oceanic routes; Global warming and sea level change.

Books Recommended
1. Sverdrup, Keith A., Duxbury, Alison B. and Duxbury, Alyn C. (2006): Fundamentals of Oceanography, fifth edition.
McGraw Hill Higher Education, New York.
2. Sverdrup, Harald Ulrik, Johnson, Martin Wiggo, Fleming, Richard H. (1942): The Ocean, Their Physics, Chemistry, and
General Biology. Prentice Hall, New York.
3. King, Cuchlaine A.M. (1962): Oceanography for Geographers. Edward Arnold Ltd, London.
4. Neuman, Gerhard, and Piersons Jr., William J (1966): Principles of Physical Oceanography. Prentice-Hall Inc.
Eaglewood Cliffs, N.J.
5. Lal, D. S. (2009): Climate and Oceanography. Sharda Pustak Bhavan, Allahabad.
6. Singh, S. (2008): Oceanography. Prayag Pushtak Bhawan, Allahabad.
7. Thurman, G.T. (1994): Introduction to Oceanography, 7th ediction, Macmillan, New York.
8. Trujillo, A. P. And Thruman, H.V. (2012): Essentials of Oceanography. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

SEMESTER - IV
GRM 403: Practical
Environmental and Soil Analysis
Credits: 2
25
 Banaras Hindu University
Institute of Science, Department of Geography
M. Sc./M.A. Two-Year Semester Course Outline, 2019-20

Environmental analysis: Environmental Impact Assessment of a waste disposal site;

Water analysis: physical and chemical characteristics; Air analysis: estimation of SPM.

Soil Analysis: Soil analysis: physical and chemical; soil profile.

SEMESTER – IV
Optional Paper
GRM 404 A: Theory
Urban Geography
Credits: 4
Number of Lectures: 52
UNIT I
Bases: Nature, scope and recent trends in urban geography; Urban population: characteristics,
processes and trends; Methodology in urban studies; Origin and evolution of urban settlements:
bazaar-based and colonial based; Distribution of urban centres.

UNIT II
Characteristics: Characteristics of cities in different historical periods: pre-industrial,
industrial and post-industrial; Functional classification of urban centres; urban transportation;
National Urban Information System.

UNIT III
Spatiality and Models: Size and spacing of cities: rank-size rule; law of the primate city; Urban
hierarchies; Central place theory (Christaller and Lösch); Urban land use and functional
morphology: functional areas and peri-urban areas; Theories of urban structure: Burgess, Hoyt,
Harris and Ullman, Mann, White.

UNIT IV
Issues and Planning: Urban sprawl; Urban problems: environmental, poverty, inequality,
slums, transportation, housing, segregation and crime; Planned cities: Chandigarh and Jaipur;
smart cities in India; National Urban Policy; Master Plans: A case study of Varanasi.

Books Recommended
1. Bridge, B. and Watson, S. (eds.) (2000): A Companion to the City. Blackwell, Oxford.
2. Carter, H. (1995): The Study of Urban Geography. 4th ed. Reprinted in 2002 by Rawat Publications, Jaipur and New Delhi.
3. Dubey, K.K. (1976): Use and Misuse of Land in KAVAL Towns. National Geographical Society of India, Varanasi.
4. Dubey, K.K. and Singh, A.K. (1983): Urban Environment in India. Deep and Deep, New Delhi.
5. Dutt, A. Allen, K. Noble, G., Venugopal G. and Subbiah S. (eds.) (2003): Challenges to Asian Urbanisation in the 21st Century.
Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht and London.
6. Hall, P. (1992): Urban and Regional Planning. Routledge, London.
7. Hall, T. (2001): Urban Geography. 2nd edition. Routledge, London.
8. Haughton, G and Hunter, C. (1994): Sustainable Cities. Jessica Kingsley, London.
9. Jacquemin, A. (1999): Urban Development and New Towns in the Third World: A Lesson from the New Bombay Experience.
Ashgate, Aldershot, UK.
10. Johnson, J.H. (1981): Urban Geography, Pergaman Press, Oxford.
11. Mayer, H. and Cohn, C. F. (1959): Readings in Urban Geography, University. of Chicago Press, Chicago.
12. Pacione, M. (2005): Urban Geography: A Global Perspective. Routledge, London and New York.
13. Paddison, R. (ed.) (2001): Handbook of Urban Studies. Sage, London.
14. Ramachandran, R., (1991): Urbanisation and Urban Systems in India. Oxford University Press, Delhi.
15. Rao, B. P. and Sharma, N. (2007): Nagariya Bhoogol. Vasundhara Prakashan, Gorakhpur.
16. Singh, K. and Stainberg, F. (eds.) (1998): Urban India in Crisis. New Age International, New Delhi.
17. Singh, O. P. (1987): Nagariya Bhoogol. Tara Book Agency, Varanasi
18. Singh, R.L. (1955): Banaras. A Study in Urban Geography. Nand Kishore and Brothers, Banaras.
19. Singh, R.L. and Singh, Rana P.B., (eds.) (1979): Place of Small Towns in India. National Geographical Society of India, Varanasi,
20. Singh, Rana P.B. and Rana, P.S. (2002): Banaras Region. Indica Books , Varanasi.
26
 Banaras Hindu University
Institute of Science, Department of Geography
M. Sc. Two-Year Semester Course Outline, 2019-20
21. Singh, S. B. (ed.) (1996): New Perspectives in Urban Geography. M.D. Publications, New Delhi
22. Singh, T.D. (1985): Spatial Pattern of Population in the Cities of U.P. Tara Book Agency, Varanasi
23. Singh. H. H. (1972): Kanpur: A Study in Urban Geography, Indrasini Publications, Varanasi
24. Stanley, B., Jack, W. and Donald, Z. (eds.) (2003): Cities of the World. Rowman and Littlefield, New York and Oxford.
25. Tripathi, V.K., Jha, D.K. and Harshwardhan R. (eds.) (2018): Advances in Urban Studies in India. R.K. Books, New Delhi

SEMESTER – IV
Optional Paper
GRM 404 B: Theory
Rural and Urban Planning
Credits: 4
Number of Lectures: 52
UNIT I
Concepts of rural planning: Concept and approaches of rural planning; Policies and
paradigms of rural development programmes; Basic infrastructures for rural
development; Social Impact Assessment Analysis and its significance in rural planning;
Urban-rural linkage approach to planning.

UNIT II
Approaches to rural planning: Land use planning: concepts, principles and
classification; carrying capacity of land; agricultural efficiency; rural land patterns and
issues of land acquisition in India; rural industries; rural infrastructure.

UNIT III
Concept of urban planning: Concept of urban planning; Urban planning: methods and
techniques; Urban land use: models and planning; Urban renewal and re-development
of towns; Urban governance; Urban infrastructure: Transportation, energy, water
supply and sanitation.

UNIT IV
Approaches to urban planning: Optimum city-size; New and satellite towns; city
planning in India: principles and approaches; emerging concept of smart cities; urban
planning: case studies of Chandigarh and Varanasi.

Books Recommended

1. Bhat, L.S. (1976): Micro Level Planning in India. K.B. Pub. New Delhi.
2. Bhat, L.S. (1988): Strategy for Integrated Area Development. Case Study of North Kanara District (Karnataka). Concept
Publishing. Company, New Delhi.
3. Chisholm, M. (1962): Rural Settlement and Land Use. Hutchinson, London.
4. Desai, A. R. (1990): Rural Development. Popular Prakashan, Bombay.
5. Desai, V. and Potter, R. (eds.) (2002): The Arnold Companion of Development Studies. Arnold, London.
6. Found, W.C. (1982): Theoretical Approach to Rural Land Use Pattern. Methuen and Company Ltd., London.
7. Hall, P. (1992): Urban and Regional Planning. Routledge, London.
8. Jr. Chapin S. F., Kaiser, E. J. Godschalk, D. R. (1995): Rural and Urban Land-use Planning. University of Illinois Press
Urbanq and Chicago
9. Krishnamurthy, J. (2000): Rural Development. Problems and Prospects. Rawat Publications, Jaipur.
10. Learmonth, A.T.A. (1962): Sample Villages in Mysore. Liverpool Univ. Press.
11. Lejonhud, K. (2003): Indian Villages in Transformation: A Longitudinal Study of Three Villages in Uttar Pradesh. Karlstad
University Studies, Karlstad.
12. Misra, R. P. and Achyutha, R. N. (1998): Micro-Level Rural Planning: Principles, Methods and Case Studies. Concept
Publishing. Company, New Delhi.
13. Misra, R. P. and Misra, K. (eds.) (1998): Million Cities of India: Sustainable Development Foundation, New Delhi.

27
 Banaras Hindu University
Institute of Science, Department of Geography
M. Sc./M.A. Two-Year Semester Course Outline, 2019-20
14. Sharma, P. R. (ed.) (1991): Perspectives on the Third World Development. Rishi Publications, Varanasi.
15. Sharma, P. R. (ed.) (1994): Regional Policies and Development in the Third World. Rishi Publications, Varanasi.
16. Singh, B. N. (1988): Integrated Rural Area Development and Planning. Anupama Publications., Delhi.
17. Singh, R. L. and Singh, Rana P. B. (eds.) (1980): Rural Habitat Transformation in World Frontiers. National Geographical
Society of India, Varanasi, Pub. 30.
18. Sundaram, K.V. (1977): Urban and Regional Planning in India. Vikas, New Delhi.
19. Yugandhar, B. N. and Mukherjee, N. (eds.) (1991): Studies in Village India: Issues in Rural Development. Concept
Publishing. Company, New Delhi.

SEMESTER – IV
Optional Paper
GRM 404 C: Theory
Satellite Remote Sensing
Credits: 4
Number of Lectures: 52
UNIT I
Fundamentals: Spectral characteristics of common natural objects; Atmospheric effects
on remote sensing data; spectral signatures and spectral response patterns; Resolutions
of remote sensing data.

UNIT II
Sensors and Platforms: Indian Remote Sensing satellites and sensors; microwave
remote sensing-SLAR and geometric characteristics of SLAR imagery.

UNIT III
Image Processing Techniques: Visual (VIP) and Digital (DIP); Image rectification/pre-
processing operations; Image enhancement (contrast enhancement, spatial filtering and
band ratioing); Image classification: supervised and unsupervised.

UNIT IV
Applications: Satellite image interpretation in terrain and resource mapping and
evaluation; Lithology and structure; land use/land cover and space use mapping;
Forest types; Environmental monitoring; Remote sensing and GIS.

Books Recommended:

1. Campell, J. B. (2003): Introduction to Remote Sensing. 4th ed. Taylor and Francis, London.
2. Cracknell, A. and Ladson, H (1990): Remote Sensing Year Book. Taylor and Francis, London.
3. Curran, P.J. (1985): Principles of Remote Sensing. Longman, London.
4. Deekshatulu, B.L. and Rajan, Y.S. (ed.) (1984): Remote Sensing. Indian Academy of Science, Bangalore.
5. Floyd, F. and Sabins, Jr. (1986): Remote Sensing: Principles and Interpretation. W.H. Freeman, New York.
6. Gautam, N.C. and Raghavswamy, V. (2004): Land Use/ Land Cover and Management Practices in India. B.S.
Publications., Hyderabad.
7. Harry, C.A. (ed.) (1987): Digital Image Processing. IEEE Computer Society, California.
8. Hord, R.M. (1982): Digital Image Processing of Remotely Sensed Data. Academic Press, New York.
9. Jensen, J.R. (1986): Introductory Digital Image Processing: A Remote Sensing Perspective. Prentice-Hall,
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
10. Jensen, J.R. (2004): Remote Sensing of the Environment: An Earth Resource Perspective. Prentice-Hall,
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
11. Lillesand, T.M. and Kiefer, R.W. (2000): Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation. John Wiley and Sons, New
York.
12. Nag, P. (ed.) (2000): Thematic Cartography and Remote Sensing. Concept Publishing. Company, New Delhi.
13. Nag, P. and Kudrat, M (1998): Digital Image Processing. Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi.
14. Rampal, K.K. (1999): Handbook of Aerial Photography and Interpretation. Concept Publishing. Company, New
Delhi.

28
 Banaras Hindu University
Institute of Science, Department of Geography
M. Sc. Two-Year Semester Course Outline, 2019-20
15. Reeves, R.G. (ed.) (1983): Manual of Remote Sensing, Vols. 1 and 2. American Society of Photogrammetry and
Remote Sensing, Falls Church, Virginia.
16. Renz, A.N. (ed.) (1999): Remote Sensing for the Earth Sciences: Manual of Remote Sensing. American Society
of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, and John Wiley and Sons, New York.
17. Siegel, B.S. and Gillespie, R. (1985): Remote Sensing in Geology. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
18. Swain, P.H. and Davis, S.M. (ed.) (1978): Remote Sensing: The Quantitative Approach. McGraw Hill, New
York.

SEMESTER – IV
Optional Paper
GRM 405 A: Practical
Methods and techniques of Urban Geography
Credits: 4

Global Perspective: Theoretical models of urban growth: infrastructure, community

zone based study of maps; Functional interpretation of urban morphology and town
plan through the ages; Functional classification of towns based on occupational
data, population size and centrality.

Indian Perspective: Structure and growth analysis of Indian cities and

conurbations; Determination of urban hierarchy in Indian region; Determination of
population density gradient in urban areas; Application of rank-size rule in selected
regions of India.

SEMESTER – IV
Optional Paper
GRM 405 B: Practical
Methods and techniques of Rural and Urban Planning
Credits: 4

Rural Planning: Rural land use mapping (India and UK); International colour scheme
and its applicability in Indian context; Intensive rural planning; Social Impact
Assessment Analysis for developmental projects in rural area; Land capability: its
determination and mapping.

Urban Planning: Preparation of urban land use maps; Diagrammatic representation

of internal structure of urban centres based on traditional theories; Examination of
master plans of towns and cities; Planning a new town considering urban land use:
neighbourhood, sector and community plans.

SEMESTER – IV
GRM 405 C: Practical
Satellite Image Interpretation
Credits: 4

Thematic Mapping: Preparation of keys from satellite images; Preparation of thematic

maps on lithology and structure, geomorphology, land use/land cover, soils and soil
erosion, forest types, hydro-geomorphologic mapping and ground water potential zones.

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 Banaras Hindu University
Institute of Science, Department of Geography
M. Sc./M.A. Two-Year Semester Course Outline, 2019-20
Digital Image Processing: Image enhancements; Geo-referencing; Mosaic preparation;
Image classification: supervised and unsupervised.

SEMESTER - IV
GRM 406: Practical
Field work dissertation and Presentation
Credits: 4

Dissertation writing: Students in consultation with their allotted supervisors have to

select a thematic topic as per their specialization group, collect and analyse data and
write a report (dissertation) and submit it to the office 15 days before the
commencement of the semester examination.

The dissertation should be designed under the following heads:

Topic
Introduction
Conceptual background
Literature review
Statement of problem
Objectives
Research questions
Methodology
Study area
Analysis and interpretation of data
Conclusion
References

Evaluation: Students will have to appear in viva-voce examination along with their
dissertation. Dissertation and viva-voce will be assessed for 50+50 marks respectively.
Total Marks will be 100 only.

Note: Allotment of Supervisors to be made at the beginning of third semester.

Books Recommended

1. Archer, J.E. and Dalton, T.H. (1968): Field Work in Geography. William Clowes and Sons Ltd.
London and Beccles.
2. Bolton, T. and Newbury, P.A. (1968): Geography through Fieldwork. Blandford Press, London.
3. Jones, P. A. (1968): Field Work in Geography. Longmans, Green and Company Ltd., London and
Harlow.
4. Lousenbury, J. F. and Aldrich, F.T. (1986): Introduction to Geographic Field Methods and
Techniques. Charles E. Merrill Publishing. Company, Colombus.
5. Pugh, J.C. (1975): Surveying for Field Scientists. Methuen and Company Ltd. London.
6. Knight, Peter G. and Parsons, Tony (2003): How to do your Essays Exams & Coursework in
Geography and Related Disciplines. Nelson Thornes, Cheltenham U.K.
7. Parsons, Tony and Knight, Peter G. (2005): How to do your Dissertation in Geography and
Related Disciplines. Routledge, London. 2nd Ed.
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 Banaras Hindu University
Institute of Science, Department of Geography
M. Sc. Two-Year Semester Course Outline, 2019-20
8. Kitchen, Rob and Tate, Nicholas J. (2009): Conducting Research into Human Geography: Theory,
Methodology & Practice. Prentice Hall-Pearson, Harlow U.K. 2nd Ed.
9. Kitchen, Rob and Fuller, Duncan (2005): The Academic’s Guide to Publishing. Vistaar Publs.
(Sage), New Delhi.
10. Stoddard, Robert H. (1982): Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography.
Kendall/Hunt Pub. Dubuque, Iowa, U.S.A.

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