COURSE MATERIAL

III Year B. Tech II- Semester

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

FINITE ELEMENT METHODS

R17A0320

MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
(Autonomous Institution-UGC, Govt. of India)
Secunderabad-500100,Telangana State, India.
www.mrcet.ac.in
MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &
DEPARTMENTTECHNOLOGY
OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CONTENTS

1. Vision, Mission & Quality Policy

2. Pos, PSOs & PEOs

3. Blooms Taxonomy

4. Course Syllabus

5. Lecture Notes (Unit wise)

a. Objectives and outcomes

b. Notes

c. Presentation Material (PPT Slides/ Videos)

d. Industry applications relevant to the concepts covered

e. Question Bank for Assignments

f. Tutorial Questions

6. Previous Question Papers

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 MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY

VISION
❖ To establish a pedestal for the integral innovation, team spirit, originality and
competence in the students, expose them to face the global challenges and become
technology leaders of Indian vision of modern society.

MISSION
❖ To become a model institution in the fields of Engineering, Technology and
Management.
❖ To impart holistic education to the students to render them as industry ready
engineers.
❖ To ensure synchronization of MRCET ideologies with challenging demands of
International Pioneering Organizations.

QUALITY POLICY
❖ To implement best practices in Teaching and Learning process for both UG and PG
courses meticulously.
❖ To provide state of art infrastructure and expertise to impart quality education.
❖ To groom the students to become intellectually creative and professionally
competitive.
❖ To channelize the activities and tune them in heights of commitment and sincerity,
the requisites to claim the never - ending ladder of SUCCESS year after year.

For more information: www.mrcet.ac.in

 MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY
(Autonomous Institution – UGC, Govt. of India)
www.mrcet.ac.in

VISION

To become an innovative knowledge center in mechanical engineering through state-of-

the-art teaching-learning and research practices, promoting creative thinking
professionals.

MISSION

The Department of Mechanical Engineering is dedicated for transforming the students

into highly competent Mechanical engineers to meet the needs of the industry, in a
changing and challenging technical environment, by strongly focusing in the
fundamentals of engineering sciences for achieving excellent results in their professional
pursuits.

Quality Policy

 To pursuit global Standards of excellence in all our endeavors namely teaching,

research and continuing education and to remain accountable in our core and
support functions, through processes of self-evaluation and continuous
improvement.

 To create a midst of excellence for imparting state of art education, industry-

oriented training research in the field of technical education.
 MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY
(Autonomous Institution – UGC, Govt. of India)
www.mrcet.ac.in
PROGRAM OUTCOMES
Engineering Graduates will be able to:
1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems
and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with
appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and
environmental considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and
research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data,
and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex
engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent
responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and
need for sustainable development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.
9. Individual and teamwork: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or
leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and
write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give
and receive clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member
and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
 MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY
(Autonomous Institution – UGC, Govt. of India)
www.mrcet.ac.in
12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological
change.

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES

(PSOs)
PSO1 Ability to analyze, design and develop Mechanical systems to solve the
Engineering problems by integrating thermal, design and manufacturing Domains.

PSO2 Ability to succeed in competitive examinations or to pursue higher studies or

research.

PSO3 Ability to apply the learned Mechanical Engineering knowledge for the
Development of society and self.

Program Educational Objectives

(PEOs)
The Program Educational Objectives of the program offered by the department are broadly
listed below:

PEO1: PREPARATION

To provide sound foundation in mathematical, scientific and engineering fundamentals

necessary to analyze, formulate and solve engineering problems.

PEO2: CORE COMPETANCE

To provide thorough knowledge in Mechanical Engineering subjects including theoretical

knowledge and practical training for preparing physical models pertaining to Thermodynamics,
Hydraulics, Heat and Mass Transfer, Dynamics of Machinery, Jet Propulsion, Automobile
Engineering, Element Analysis, Production Technology, Mechatronics etc.

PEO3: INVENTION, INNOVATION AND CREATIVITY

To make the students to design, experiment, analyze, interpret in the core field with the help of
other inter disciplinary concepts wherever applicable.

PEO4: CAREER DEVELOPMENT

To inculcate the habit of lifelong learning for career development through successful completion
of advanced degrees, professional development courses, industrial training etc.
 MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY
(Autonomous Institution – UGC, Govt. of India)
www.mrcet.ac.in

PEO5: PROFESSIONALISM

To impart technical knowledge, ethical values for professional development of the student to
solve complex problems and to work in multi-disciplinary ambience, whose solutions lead to
significant societal benefits.
 MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY
(Autonomous Institution – UGC, Govt. of India)
www.mrcet.ac.in
Blooms Taxonomy
Bloom’s Taxonomy is a classification of the different objectives and skills that educators set for
their students (learning objectives). The terminology has been updated to include the following
six levels of learning. These 6 levels can be used to structure the learning objectives, lessons,
and assessments of a course.

1. Remembering: Retrieving, recognizing, and recalling relevant knowledge from long‐

term memory.
2. Understanding: Constructing meaning from oral, written, and graphic messages
through interpreting, exemplifying, classifying, summarizing, inferring, comparing, and
explaining.
3. Applying: Carrying out or using a procedure for executing or implementing.
4. Analyzing: Breaking material into constituent parts, determining how the parts relate to
one another and to an overall structure or purpose through differentiating, organizing,
and attributing.
5. Evaluating: Making judgments based on criteria and standard through checking and
critiquing.
6. Creating: Putting elements together to form a coherent or functional whole;
reorganizing elements into a new pattern or structure through generating, planning, or
producing.
MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(Autonomous Institution – UGC, Govt. of India)
www.mrcet.ac.in
Department of Mechanical Engineering
 (R17A0320) FINITE ELEMENT METHODS

UNIT–I
Introduction to Finite Element Method for solving field problems. Stress and Equilibrium.
Strain – Displacement relations. Stress – strain relations.
One Dimensional problem: Finite element modeling, local coordinates and shape functions.
Potential Energy approach, Assembly of Global stiffness matrix and load vector. Finite
element equations, Treatment of boundary conditions, Quadratic shape functions and its
applications.

UNIT–II
Analysis of Trusses: Stiffness matrix for plane truss element, Stress calculations and
problems.
Finite element modelling of two dimensional stress analyses with CST element and
treatment of boundary conditions. Convergence requirements

UNIT–III
Finite element modeling of axi-symmetric solids subjected to axisymmetric loading with
triangular elements. Two dimensional four node isoparametric elements and numerical
integration.

UNIT–IV
Heat transfer analysis: One dimensional steady state analysis composite wall. One
dimensional fin analysis and two dimensional analysis of thin plate.

BEAMS: Element matrices, assembling of global stiffness matrix, solution for displacements,
reaction, stresses.

UNIT-V
Dynamic Analysis: Formulation of finite element model, element matrices, evaluation of
Eigen values and Eigen vectors for a stepped bar and a beam. Overview of commercial
softwares like Ansys, Abaqus etc.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Introduction to Finite Elements in Engineering / Chandraputla, Ashok and Belegundu

/Prentice – Hall.
2. Introduction to Finite Element Analysis by S.Md.Jalaluddin, Anuradha Publishers.
3. The Finite Element Method for Engineers – Kenneth H. Huebner, Donald L.
Dewhirst, Douglas E. Smith and Ted G. Byrom / John Wiley & sons (ASIA) Pte Ltd.

REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. An introduction to Finite Element Method / JN Reddy / Me Graw Hill
2. The Finite Element Methods in Engineering / SS Rao / Pergamon.
3. Finite Element Method and applications/R.D.Cook/WILEY publications
 UNIT 1
BASIC CONCEPTS OF FEM
& 1-D STRUCTURAL
ANALYSIS
Syllabus:

Introduction to Finite Element Method for solving field problems. Stress and
Equilibrium. Strain – Displacement relations. Stress – strain relations. One
Dimensional problem: Finite element modeling, local coordinates and shape
functions. Potential Energy approach, Assembly of Global stiffness matrix and load
vector. Finite element equations, Treatment of boundary conditions, Quadratic
shape functions and its applications.

OBJECTIVE:

Enable the students to understand the fundamentals of FEA.

To learn the principles involved in the discretization of domains with various

elements, polynomial and interpolation and assembly of global arrays.

OUTCOME:

Identify the mathematical model to solve common engineering problems by

applying FEM & formulate the elements for 1-D bar structures.
Unit-I
Historical Background
 Although the name of the finite element method was given recently, the concept dates
back for several centuries. For example, ancient mathematicians found the
circumference of a circle by approximating it by the perimeter of a polygon as shown
in Figure 1.3.
 In terms of the present day notation, each side of the polygon can be called a “finite
element.” By considering the approximating polygon inscribed or circumscribed, one
can obtain a lower bound S(l) or an upper bound S(u) for the true circumference S.

 Fig. 1.3 Lower and Upper Bounds to the Circumference of a Circle.

 Furthermore, as the number of sides of the polygon is increased, the approximate

values converge to the true value. These characteristics, as will be seen later, will hold
true in any general finite element application.
 To find the differential equation of a surface of minimum area bounded by a specified
closed curve, Schellback discretized the surface into several triangles and used a finite
difference expression to find the total discretized area in 1851.
 In the current finite element method, a differential equation is solved by replacing it
by a set of algebraic equations. Since the early 1900s, the behavior of structural
frameworks, composed of several bars arranged in a regular pattern, has been
approximated by that of an isotropic elastic body.
 In 1943, Courant presented a method of determining the torsional rigidity of a hollow
shaft by dividing the cross section into several triangles and using a linear variation of
the stress function ϕ over each triangle in terms of the values of ϕ at net points (called
nodes in the present day finite element terminology).
 This work is considered by some to be the origin of the present-day finite element
method. Since mid-1950s, engineers in aircraft industry have worked on developing
approximate methods for the prediction of stresses induced in aircraft wings.
 In 1956, Turner, Cough, Martin, and Topp presented a method for modeling the wing

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 skin using three-node triangles. At about the same time, Argyris and Kelsey presented
several papers outlining matrix procedures, which contained some of the finite
element ideas, for the solution of structural analysis problems. Reference is
considered as one of the key contributions in the development of the finite element
method.
 The name finite element was coined, for the first time, by Clough in 1960. Although
the finite element method was originally developed mostly based on intuition and
physical argument, the method was recognized as a form of the classical Rayleigh-
Ritz method in the early 1960s.
 Once the mathematical basis of the method was recognized, the developments of new
finite elements for different types of problems and the popularity of the method
started to grow almost exponentially.
 The digital computer provided a rapid means of performing the many calculations
involved in the finite element analysis and made the method practically viable. Along
with the development of high-speed digital computers, the application of the finite
element method also progressed at a very impressive rate.
 Zienkiewicz and Cheung presented the broad interpretation of the method and its
applicability to any general field problem. The book by Przemienieckipresents the
finite element method as applied to the solution of stress analysis problems.
Definition:
 In Finite Element Analysis, the structure or body is divided into finite numbers of
elements, the solution is obtained for individual element and solution of all elements
is assembled to give distribution of field variable over entire region.

 For example: Heat Analysis Field variable is Temperature

Stress & strain Field variable is
Displacement.
Engineering Applications of the Finite Element Method
The finite element method was developed originally for the analysis of aircraft structures.
I. Equilibrium problems or steady-state or time-independent problems
 In an equilibrium problem, we need to find the steady-state displacement or
stress distribution if it is a solid mechanics problem,
 Temperature or heat flux distribution if it is a heat transfer problem and
 Pressure or velocity distribution if it is a fluid mechanics problem.
II. Eigen-value problems
 In eigenvalue problems also, time will not appear explicitly. They may be
considered as extensions of equilibrium problems in which critical values of
certain parameters are to be determined in addition to the corresponding steady-
state configurations.
 In these problems, we need to find the natural frequencies or buckling loads and
mode shapes if it is a solid mechanics or structures problem.

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  Stability of laminar flows if it is a fluid mechanics problem and
 Resonance characteristics if it is an electrical circuit problem.
III. Propagation or transient problems
 The propagation or transient problems are time-dependent problems. This type of
problemarises, for example, whenever we are interested in finding the response of
a body undertime-varying force in the area of a solid mechanics
 Under sudden heating or cooling inthe field of heat transfer.
 Crack propagation.

Engineering Applications of the Finite Element Method

Eigenvalue
Area of Study Equilibrium Problems Propagation Problems
Problems
1.Civil Static analysis of Natural frequencies Propagation of stress
engineering trusses, frames, and modes of waves; response of
structures folded plates, shell roofs, structures; stability of structures to a periodic
shear walls, bridges, structures loads
and prestressed
concrete structures
2. Aircraft Static analysis of Natural frequencies, Response of aircraft
structures aircraft wings, flutter, and stability structures to
fuselages, fins, rockets, of aircraft, rocket, Random loads; dynamic
spacecraft, and missile spacecraft, and response of aircraft and
structures missile spacecraft to a periodic
structures loads
3.Heat Steady-state Transient heat flow in
conduction temperature rocket nozzles, internal
distribution in solids – combustion engines,
and fluids Turbine blades, fins,
and building structures
4. Geomechanics Analysis of excavations, Natural frequencies Time-dependent soil–
retaining walls, undergo and modes of structure interaction
und openings, rock dam- problems; transient
joints, and soil– reservoir systems seepage in soils and
structure interaction and soil–structure rocks; stress wave
problem; stress interaction problems propagation in soils
analysis in soils, dams, and rocks
layered piles, and
machine foundations
5.Hydraulic and Analysis of potential Natural periods Analysis of unsteady
water resources flows, free surface and modes of fluid flow and wave
engineering; flows, boundary layer shallow basins, lakes, propagation problems;
hydrodynamics flows, viscous flows, and harbors; sloshing transient seepage in
transonic aerodynamic of liquids in rigid aquifers and
problems; analysis and flexible porous media; rarefied
of hydraulic structures containers gas dynamics
and dams ;magnetohydrodynamic
flows

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6. Nuclear Analysis of nuclear Natural frequencies Response of reactor
engineering pressure vessels and and stability of containment structures to
containment structures; containment structure dynamic loads; unsteady
steady – s; neutron temperature distribution
State Temperature Flux distribution in reactor components;
distribution in reactor thermal and viscoelastic
components analysis of reactor
structures
7. Biomedical Stress analysis of Impact analysis of skull;
engineering eyeballs, bones, and dynamics of
teeth; load-bearing anatomical structures
capacity of implant and –
prosthetic systems;
mechanics of
heart valves
8. Mechanical Stress concentration Natural frequencies Crack and fracture
Design problems; stress analysis and stability of problems under dynamic
of pressure linkages, gears, and loads
vessels, pistons, machine tools
Composite
materials, linkages,
and gears
9. Steady-state analysis Transient behavior
Electricalmachine of synchronous and of Electromechanical
s and induction machines, devices such as motors
electromagnetics eddy current, and – and actuators,
core loss in electric magnetodynamics
machines,
magnetostatics

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3D Elasticity:
EXTERNAL FORCES ACTING ON THE BODY
Two basic types of external forces act on a body
Body force (force per unit volume) e.g., weight, inertia, etc
Surface traction (force per unit surface area) e.g., friction

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3D elasticity problem is completely defined once we understand the following three
concepts Strong formulation (governing differential equation + boundary
conditions) Strain-displacement relationship
Stress-strain relationship

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Principle of minimum potential energy: Among all admissible displacement fields the one that satisfies
the equilibrium equations also render the potential energy P a minimum.“admissible displacement
field”:
1. first derivative of the displacement components exist
2. satisfies the boundary conditions on Su

General procedure of Finite Element Method

Step 1: Divide structure into discrete elements (discretization).

 Divide the structure or solution region into subdivisions or elements. Hence, the
structure is to be modeled with suitable finite elements.
 The number, type, size, and arrangement of the elements are to be decided.
Step 2: Select a proper interpolation or displacement model.
 Since the displacement solution of a complex structure under any specified
loadconditions cannot be predicted exactly, we assume some suitable solution within
anelement to approximate the unknown solution. The assumed solution must besimple
from a computational standpoint, but it should satisfy certain
convergencerequirements.
 In general, the solution or the interpolation model is taken in the formof a polynomial.
Step 3: Derive element stiffness matrices and load vectors.
 From the assumed displacement model
finding, Stiffness matrix – [K]e

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 Load vector. – [P]e
Step 4: Assemble element equations to obtain the overall equilibrium equations.
 Since the structure is composed of several finite elements, the individual element
stiffness matrices and load vectors are to be assembled in a suitable manner and the
overall equilibrium equations have to be formulated as
[K] [ϕ] = [P]
Where [K] = the assembled stiffness matrix
[ϕ] = the vector of nodal displacements
[P] = Load vector
Step 5: Solve for the unknown nodal displacements.
The overall equilibrium equations have to be modified to account for the boundaryconditions
of the problem. After the incorporation of the boundary conditions, theequilibrium equations
can be expressed as
[K] [ϕ] = [P]
Step 6: Compute element strains and stresses.
From the known nodal displacementsϕ, if required, the element strains and stressescan be
computed by using the necessary equations of solid or structural mechanics.

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Example 1.1:A1 = 200 mm2, E1 = E2 = E = 2 x 106 N/mm2
A2 = 100 mm2, l1 = l2 = 100 mm
P3 = 1000 N. Find: Displacement and stress & strain.

Let overall stiffness matrix [K] = [K(1)] + [K(2)]

In the present case, external loads act only at the node points; as such, there is no need to
assemblethe element load vectors. The overall or global load vector can be written as

By solving the matrix

Φ2 = 0.25 × 10−6cm
and Φ3 = 0.75 ×
10−6cm

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Derive element strains and stresses.
Once the displacements are computed, the strains in the elements can be found as

The stresses in the elements are given by

Example 1.2:A thin plate as shown in Fig. 1.5(a) has uniform thickness of 2 cm and its
modulus of elasticity is 200 x 103 N/mm2 and density 7800 kg/m3. In addition to its self
weight the plate is subjected to a point load P of500 N is applied at its midpoint.
Solve the following:
(i) Finite element model with two finite elements.
(ii) Global stiffness matrix.
(iii) Global load matrix.
(iv) Displacement at nodal point.

(v) Stresses in each element.

(vi) Reaction at support.

(a) Fig. 1.5 (b)

(i) The tapered plate can be idealized as two element model with the tapered area
converted to the rectangular equivalent area Refer Fig. (b). The areas A1 and A2

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 are equivalent areas calculated as
15 11.25 2
A  2  26.25 cm
1
11.252  7.5 2
A  2  18.75 cm
2
2
(ii) Global stiffness matrix can be obtained as

(ii) The load matrix given by

(iv) The displacement at nodal point can be obtained by writing the equation in global
form as

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PenaltyApproach
 In the preceding problems, the elimination approach was used to achieve simplified
matrices. This method though simple, is not very easy to adapt in terms of algorithms
written fix computer programs.
 An alternate method to achieve solutions is by the penalty approach. By this approach
a rigid support is considered as a spring having infinite stiffness. Consider a system as
shown in Fig. 1.7.

Fig. 1.6 Penalty Approach

 The support or the ground is modelled with a high stiffness spring, having a stiffness
C. To represent a rigid ground, c must be infinity.
 However, instead of introducing an infinite value in the calculations, a substantially
high value of stiffness constant is introduced for those nodes resting on rigid supports.

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  The magnitude of the stiffness constant should be at least l0 4 times more than the
maximum value in the global stiffness matrix.
 From Fig. 1.6, it is seen that one end of the spring will displace by a 1. The
displacement Q1 (for dof l) will be approximately equal to a1 as the spring has a high
stiffness.
 Consider a simple 1D element with node 1 fixed.

 At node l, the stiffness term is „C‟ is introduced to reflect the boundary condition
related to a rigid support. To compensate this change, the force term will also be
modified as:

 The reaction force as per penalty approach would be found by multiplying the added
stiffness with the net deflection of the node.
R = - C(Q-a)
 The penalty approach is an approximate method and the accuracy of the forces
depends on the value of C.

Example 1.3:Consider the bar shown in Fig.1.7. An axial load P = 200 x 103 N is applied as
shown.Using the penalty approach for handling boundary conditions, do the following:
(a) Determine the nodal displacements
(b) Determine the stress in each material.
(c) Determine the reaction forces.

Fig. 1.7

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 (a) The element stiffness matrices are

The structural stiffness matrix that is assembled from k1 and k2 is

The global load vector is

F = [0, 200 x 103, 0]T

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Now dofs 1 and 3 are fixed. When using the penalty approach, therefore, a large numberC is
added to thefirst and third diagonal elements of K. Choosing C
C = [0.86 x 106] x 104
Thus, the modified stiffness matrix is

The finite element equations are given by

which yields the solution

Q = [15.1432 x 10-6, 0.23257, 8.1127 x 10-6]mm
(b) The element stresses are

where 1 MPa = 106 N/m2= 1N/mm2. Also,

(c) The reaction forces are

R1 =– CQ1
= –[0.86 x 1010] x 15.1432x 106
= – 130.23 x 103 N
R3 =– CQ3
= –[0.86 x 1010] x 8.1127x 106
= – 69.77 x 103 N
Example 1.4:In Fig. 1.8(a), a load P = 60 x 103 N is applied as shown. Determine the
displacement field,stress and support reactions in the body. Take E = 20 x 103N/mm2.

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 Fig. 1.8
The boundary conditions are Q1= 0 and Q3= 1.2 mm. The structural stiffness matrix K is

andthe global load vector F is

F = [0, 60 x 103, 0]T
In the penalty approach, the boundary conditions Q1= 0 and Q3=1.2imply the
followingmodifications: A large number C chosen here as C = (2/3) x 1010, is added on to the
1stand 3rd diagonal elements of K. Also, the number (C x 1.2) gets added on to the
3rdcomponent of F. Thus, the modified equations are
The solution is

Q = [7.49985 x 10-5, 1.500045, 1.200015]Tmm

The element stresses are

The reaction forces are

R1 = –Cx 7.49985 x 10-5
=–49.999 x 103N
R3 = –Cx(1.200015 – 1.2)

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 =–10.001 x 103N

Effect of Temperature on Elements:

When any material is subjected to a thermal stress, the thermal load is additional load acting
on every element. This load can be calculated by using thermal expansion of the material due
to the rise in. temperature.
Thermal stress in material can be given by
ζt = Eεt
Where εt= thermal strain
E = modulus of elasticity
εt=α Δt
α= coefficient of linear expansion of material
Δt= change in temperature of material.
Then the thermal load is given by
Where, Ft = ζt A = AEα Δt
A = Area of the bar.

Fig. 1.9
Consider the horizontal step bar supported at two ends is subjected to athermal stress and
load P at node 2 as shown in Fig. 5.9.
Thermal load in element 1

Thermal load in element 2

Example 1.5 : An axial load P = 300 x 103 N is applied at 20C to the rod as shown in Fig.
5.10.The temperature is then raised to 60C.

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 (a) Assemble the K and F matrices.
(b) Determine the nodal displacements and element stresses.

Fig. 1.10
(a) The element stiffness matrices are

Now, in assembling F, both temperature and point load effects have to be considered.
The element temperature forces due to ΔT = 40C are obtained as

F = 103[-57.96, 245.64, 112.32]TN

(b) The elimination approach will now be used to solve for the displacements. Since dofs
1 and 3 are fixed, the first and third rows and columns of K, together with the first and
third components of F, are deleted. This results in the scalar equation

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 103[1115] Q2 =103 x
245.64 Q2 = 0.220 mm
Q = [0, 0.220, 0]Tmm
In evaluating element stresses

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 INTRODUCTION
TO
FINITE ELEMENTS

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Introduction to Finite Elements

INTRODUCTION
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
 Info
Course Instructor:
Professor
email:
room:
Tel:
Office hours:

Course website:
Course texts and references
Course text :
Title: Introduction to Finite Elements in Engineering
Author: Tirupathi R Chandrupatla & Ashok D Belegondu
Edition: Fourth
Publisher: Pearson

Relevant reference:

Finite Element Procedures, K. J. Bathe, Prentice Hall

A First Course in Finite Elements, J. Fish and T. Belytschko
 Collaboration / academic integrity
1. Students are encouraged to collaborate in the
solution of HW problems, but submit independent
solutions that are NOT copies of each other.
Funny solutions (that appear similar/same) will be
given zero credit.
Softwares may be used to verify the HW
solutions. But submission of software solution will
result in zero credit.
2. Groups of 4 for the projects
(no two projects to be the same/similar)
A single grade will be assigned to the group and not
to the individuals.
 Major project
Project examples:

1. Analysis of a rocker arm

2. Analysis of a bicycle crank-pedal assembly
3. Design and analysis of a "portable stair climber"
4. Analysis of a gear train
5.Gear tooth stress in a wind- up clock
6. Analysis of a gear box assembly
7. Analysis of an artificial knee
8. Forces acting on the elbow joint
9. Analysis of a soft tissue tumor system
10. Finite element analysis of a skateboard truck
 uniform loading

• Approximate method
• Geometric model
Element • Node
• Element
Fixed boundary

Finite element • Mesh

Cantilever
model plate • Discretization
in plane strain

Node
Problem: Obtain the
stresses/strains in
the plate
 Course content

1. “Direct Stiffness” approach for springs

2. Bar elements and truss analysis
3. Introduction to boundary value problems: strong form, principle of
minimum potential energy and principle of virtual work.
4. Displacement-based finite element formulation in 1D: formation of
stiffness matrix and load vector, numerical integration.
5. Displacement-based finite element formulation in 2D: formation of
stiffness matrix and load vector for CST and quadrilateral elements.
6. Discussion on issues in practical FEM modeling
7. Convergence of finite element results
8. Higher order elements
9. Isoparametric formulation
10. Numerical integration in 2D
11. Solution of linear algebraic equations
12. FE analysis of Heat Transfer Problems like 1-D, Fin and 2-D
problems
13. Finite Element analysis of Dynamic Problems( Eigen values and
eigen Vectors)
Linear Algebra Recap
What is a matrix?
A rectangular array of numbers (we will
concentrate on
real numbers). A nxm matrix has ‘n’ rows and ‘m’
columns
First row
Second row
Third row

SecondFirst Fourth
Third
Row number Column
column columnnumber
columncolumn

D EP A R T M EN T O F M EC HA N I C A L EN G I N EER I N G
What is a vector?

A vector is an array of ‘n’ numbers

A row vector of length ‘n’ is a 1xn matrix

A column vector of length ‘m’ is a mx1 matrix

Special matrices
Zero matrix: A matrix all of whose entries are zero

Identity matrix: A square matrix which has ‘1’ s on the diagonal and zeros
everywhere else.
Matrix operations Equality of matrices

If A and B are two matrices of the same size,

then they are “equal” if each and every entry of one matrix equals the
corresponding entry of the other.
Matrix operations Addition of two
matrices
If A and B are two matrices of the same size,
then the sum of the matrices is a matrix C=A+B whose
entries are the sums of the corresponding entries of A and B
Matrix operations Addition of of matrices
Properties

Properties of matrix addition:

1. Matrix addition is commutative (order of
addition does not matter)

2. Matrix addition is associative

3. Addition of the zero matrix

Matrix operations Multiplication by a
scalar
If A is a matrix and c is a scalar, then the product cA is a matrix whose entries
are obtained by multiplying each of the entries of A by c
 Multiplication by a
scalar
Matrix operations Special case

If A is a matrix and c =-1 is a scalar, then the product

(-1)A =-A is a matrix whose entries are obtained by multiplying each of the entries
of A by -1
Matrix operations Subtraction

If A and B are two square matrices of the same

size, then A-B is defined as the sum A+(-1)B
 Transpos
Special
operation
If A is a mxn matrix, then the transpose of A is
the nxm matrix whose first column is the first
row of A, whose second column is the second
column of A and so on.
 Transpos
Special
operation

If A is a square matrix (mxm), it is called

symmetric if
Matrix operations Scalar (dot) product of
two vectors
If a and b are two vectors of the same size

The scalar (dot) product of a and b is a scalar

obtained by adding the products of
corresponding entries of the two vectors
Matrix Matrix

For a product to be defined, the number of columns

of A must be equal to the number of rows of B.

A B = AB
mxr rxn mxn

outside
Matrix Matrix

If A is a mxr matrix and B is a rxn matrix, then the

product C=AB is a mxn matrix whose entries are
obtained as follows. The entry corresponding to row ‘i’
and column ‘j’ of C is the dot product of the vectors
formed by the row ‘i’ of A and column ‘j’ of B
 Multiplication
Matrix of matrices
Properties

Properties of matrix multiplication:

1. Matrix multiplication is noncommutative
(order of addition does matter)

 It may be that the product AB exists but

BA does not (e.g. in the previous example
C=AB is a 3x2 matrix, but BA does not
exist)
 Even if the product exists, the products
AB and BA are not generally the same
 Multiplication
Matrix of matrices
Properties

2. Matrix multiplication is associative

3. Distributive law

4. Multiplication by identity matrix

5. Multiplication by zero matrix

6.
Matrix operations Miscellaneous
properties

1. If A , B and C are square matrices of the

same size, and then
does not necessarily mean that
2. does not necessarily imply that
either A or B is zero
Inverse of a Definition
matrix
If A is any square matrix and B is another
square matrix satisfying the conditions

Then
(a)The matrix A is called invertible, and
(b)the matrix B is the inverse of A and is
denoted as A-1.

The inverse of a matrix is unique

Inverse of a Uniqueness
matrix
The inverse of a matrix is unique
Assume that B and C both are inverses of A

Hence a matrix cannot have two or more

inverses.
 Some
Inverse of
a matrix

Property 1: If A is any invertible square

matrix the inverse of its inverse is the matrix A
itself

Property 2: If A is any invertible square

matrix and k is any scalar then
 Inverse of Propertie
a matrix
Property 3: If A and B are invertible square
matrices then
 What is a determinant?
The determinant of a square matrix is a number
obtained in a specific manner from the matrix.

For a 1x1 matrix:

For a 2x2 matrix:

Product along red arrow minus product along blue arrow

Example 1

Consider the matrix

Notice (1) A matrix is an array of numbers

(2) A matrix is enclosed by square brackets

Notice (1) The determinant of a matrix is a number

(2) The symbol for the determinant of a matrix is a pair of parallel
lines
Duplicate column method for 3x3 matrix
For ONLY a 3x3 matrix write down the first two
columns after the third column

Sum of products along red arrow

minus sum of products along blue arrow

This technique works only for 3x3 matrices

Example

0 -8 8 0 32 3

Sum of red terms = 0 + 32 + 3 = 35

Sum of blue terms = 0 – 8 + 8 = 0
Determinant of matrix A= det(A) = 35 – 0 =
35
 Finding determinant using inspection
Special case. If two rows or two columns are proportional (i.e. multiples of
each other), then the determinant of the matrix is zero

because rows 1 and 3 are proportional to each other

If the determinant of a matrix is zero, it is called a singular matrix

 Cofactor method What is a cofactor?

If A is a square matrix

The minor, Mij, of entry aij is the determinant of the submatrix that remains
after the ith row and jth column are deleted from A.
The cofactor of entry aij is Cij=(-1)(i+j) Mij
 What is a cofactor?

Sign of cofactor

Find the minor and cofactor of a33

Minor

Cofactor (33 )
C 33 (1) M
33  M 3 4
3

D EP A R T M EN T O F M EC HA N I C A L EN G I N EER I N G
 Cofactor method of obtaining the
determinant of a matrix
The determinant of a n x n matrix A can be computed by multiplying ALL the
entries in ANY row (or column) by their cofactors and adding the resulting
products. That is, for each and

Cofactor expansion along the jth column

d e t ( A ) a 1j a 2j 2j   a n jC nj
1j
 
C C
Cofactor expansion along the ith row

det(A) a in C in
a i1 i1 a i2 i2  
 
C C
D EP A R T M EN T O F M EC HA N I C A L EN G I N EER I N G
 EXAMPLE: EVALUATE DET(A) FOR:

1 0 2 -3
3 4 0 1
A=
-1 5 2 -2 det(A) = a11C11 +a12C12 + a13C13 +a14C14
0 1 1 3

4 0 1 3 0 1 3 4 1

det(A)=(1) 5 2 -2 - (0) -1 2 -2 -1 5 -2
+2
1 1 3 0 1 3 0 1 3

3
40
-15
- (-3) 2
01 = (1)(35)-0+(2)(62)-(-3)(13)=198
1

D EP A R T M EN T O F M EC HA N I C A L EN G I N EER I N G
 Example :
evaluate
1 5 -3
det(A)= 1 0 2
3 -1 2

By a cofactor along the third column

det(A)=a13C13 +a23C23+a33C33

det(A)= 1 0 1 5 6
1 5
-3* (-1) 4
+2*(-1)5 +2*(-1)
3 -1 3 -1 1 0

= det(A)= -3(-1-0)+2(-1)5(-1-15)+2(0-5)=25
Quadratic

The scalar

Is known as a quadratic form

If U>0: Matrix k is known as positive definite

If U≥0: Matrix k is known as positive semidefinite
Quadratic

Let
Symmetric
matrix

Then
Differentiation of quadratic

Differentiate U wrt d1

Differentiate U wrt d2
Differentiation of quadratic

Hence
Outline

• Role of FEM simulation in Engineering

Design
• Course Philosophy
Role of simulation in design:Boeing 777

Source: Boeing Web site

(http://www.boeing.com/companyoffices/gallery/images/commercial/).
Another success ..in failure:
Airbus A380

http://www.airbus.com/en/aircraftfamilies/a380/
Drag Force Analysis t of Aircraft

• Question
What is the drag force distribution on the aircraft?
• Solve
– Navier-Stokes Partial Differential Equations.
• Recent Developments
– Multigrid Methods for Unstructured Grids
San Francisco Oakland Bay Bridge

Before the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake

San Francisco Oakland Bridg

After the earthquake

San Francisco Oakland Bridg

A finite element model to analyze the bridge under seismic loads

Courtesy: ADINA R&D
Crush Analysis of Ford Windstar

• Question
– What is the load-deformation relation?
• Solve
– Partial Differential Equations of Continuum Mechanics
• Recent Developments
– Meshless Methods, Iterative methods, Automatic Error Control
Engine Thermal Analysis

Picture from
http://www.adina.com

• Question
– What is the temperature distribution in the engine block?
• Solve
– Poisson Partial Differential Equation.
• Recent Developments
– Fast Integral Equation Solvers, Monte-Carlo Methods
Electromagnetic Analysis of Packages

Thanks to Coventor
http://www.coventor.
com

• Solve
– Maxwell’s Partial Differential Equations
• Recent Developments
– Fast Solvers for Integral Formulations
Micromachine Device Performance Analysis

From www.memscap.com

• Equations
– Elastomechanics, Electrostatics, Stokes Flow.
• Recent Developments
– Fast Integral Equation Solvers, Matrix-Implicit Multi-level Newton
Methods for coupled domain problems.
 Radiation Therapy of Lung Cancer

http://www.simulia.com/academics/research_lung.html
Virtual Surgery

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Engineering design
General scenario..

Physical Problem

Question

regarding the problem

...how large are the deformations?
Mathematical model ...how much is the heatregarding
Assumptions transfer?
Governed by differential Geometry Kinematics Material law Loading
equations Boundary conditions
Etc.
 Engineering design Example: A bracket

Physical problem

Questions:
1. What is the bending moment at section AA?
2. What is the deflection at the pin?
Finite Element Procedures, K J Bathe
 Example: A

Engineering Mathematical model 1:

How reliable is this model?

How effective is this model?

Moment at section AA

Deflection at load
 Example: A
Engineering design Mathematical model 2: plane
stress

Difficult to solve by hand!

 ..General
Engineering design

Physical Problem

Mathematical model
Governed by differential equations

Numerical model
e.g., finite element
model
 ..General
Engineering design Finite element analysis

PREPROCESSING
1. Create a geometric model
2. Develop the finite element model

Solid model Finite element model

 ..General
Engineering Finite element

FEM analysis scheme

Step 1: Divide the problem domain into non

overlapping regions (“elements”) connected to
each other through special points (“nodes”)
Element
Node

Finite element model

 ..General
Engineering Finite element

FEM analysis scheme

Step 2: Describe the behavior of each element

Step 3: Describe the behavior of the entire body by

putting together the behavior of each of the
elements (this is a process known as “assembly”)
 ..General

Engineering Finite element

POSTPROCESSING

Compute moment at section AA

 ..General

Engineering Finite element

Preprocessing
Step 1

Step 2
Analysis
Step 3

Postprocessing
 Example: A bracket
Engineering design
Mathematical model 2: plane
stress

FEM solution to mathematical model 2 (plane stress)

Moment at section AA

Deflection at load

Conclusion: With respect to the questions we posed, the beam model is

reliable if the required bending moment is to be predicted within 1% and the
deflection is to be predicted within 20%. The beam model is also highly effective
since it can be solved easily (by hand).

What if we asked: what is the maximum stress in the bracket?

would the beam model be of any use?
Engineering design Example: A bracket
Summary

1. The selection of the mathematical

model depends on the response to be
predicted.
2. The most effective mathematical
model is the one that delivers the
answers to the questions in reliable
manner with least effort.
3. The numerical solution is only as
accurate as the mathematical
model.
 Example: A
Modeling a physical ...General scenario
bracket
problem
Physical Problem Change physical problem

Mathematical Model
Improve mathematical model

Numerical model

No!
Does answer make sense?
Refine analysis

YES! Design improvements Structural

Happy 
 Example: and
Verification A validation
Modeling a physical problem bracket

Physical Problem

Validation
Mathematical Model

Verification

Numerical model
 Critical assessment of the FEM

Reliability:
For a well-posed mathematical problem the numerical technique should
always, for a reasonable discretization, give a reasonable solution which
must converge to the accurate solution as the discretization is refined.
e.g., use of reduced integration in FEM results in an unreliable analysis
procedure.

Robustness:
The performance of the numerical method should not be unduly sensitive to
the material data, the boundary conditions, and the loading conditions used.
e.g., displacement based formulation for incompressible problems in
elasticity

Efficiency:
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
INTRODUCTION T
OFINITE ELEME
NTS

PRINCIPLES OF
MINIMUM POTENTIAL
ENERGY AND
RAYLEIGH-RITZ
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Summary:
• Potential energy of a system
•Elastic bar
•String in tension
•Principle of Minimum Potential Energy
•Rayleigh-Ritz Principle

DEP A R TMEN T OF MEC H A N I C A L EN G I N EER I N G

 A generic problem in 1D

Approximate solution strategy:

Guess
Where o(x), 1(x),… are “known” functions and ao, a1, etc are
constants chosen such that the approximate solution
1. Satisfies the boundary conditions
2. Satisfies the differential equation

Too difficult to satisfy for general problems!!

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Potential energy

The potential energy of an elastic body is defined as

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 Strain energy of a linear spring

F x
k
k
1 F
u k
u
F = Force in the spring
u = deflection of the spring
k = “stiffness” of the spring

Hooke’s Law
F = ku
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
 Strain energy of a linear spring

dU
Differential strain energy of the spring for a
small change in displacement (du) of the
F
spring

u u+du For a linear spring

The total strain energy of the spring

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 Strain energy of a nonlinear spring

dU

F The total strain energy of the spring

u u+du

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Potential energy of the loading (for a single spring as in the figure)

k
F
k
u

Potential energy of a linear spring

Example of how to obtain the equlibr

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
 Principle of minimum potential energy for a system of springs

F
x

For this system of spring, first write down the total potential energy of the system
as:

Obtain the equilibrium equations by minimizing the potential energy

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Principle of minimum potential energy for a system of springs

In matrix form, equations 1 and 2 look like

Does this equation look familiar?

Also look at example problem worked out in class

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 Axially loaded elastic bar

y
A(x) = cross section at x
b(x) = body force distribution (force per
unit length)
F E(x) = Young’s modulus
x u(x) = displacement of the bar at x
x
x=0
x=L

Axial strain

Axial stress

Strain energy per unit volume of the bar

Strain energy of the bar

since dV=Adx
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Axially loaded elastic bar

Strain energy of the bar

Potential energy of the loading

Potential energy of the axially loaded bar

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 Principle of Minimum Potential Energy
Among all admissible displacements that a body can have, the one that
minimizes the total potential energy of the body satisfies the strong formulation

Admissible displacements: these are any reasonable displacement that you

can think of that satisfy the displacement boundary conditions of the original
problem (and of course certain minimum continuity requirements). Example:

Any other “admissible”

displacement field w(x)

Exact solution for the displacement

field uexact(x)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICALxENGINEERING
0 L
 Lets see what this means for an axially loaded elastic bar

y
A(x) = cross section at x
b(x) = body force distribution (force per
unit length)
F E(x) = Young’s modulus
x
x
x=0
x=L

Potential energy of the axially loaded bar corresponding to the

exact solution uexact(x)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Potential energy of the axially loaded bar corresponding to the
“admissible” displacement w(x)

Any other “admissible”

displacement field w(x)

Exact solution for the displacement

field uexact(x)

x
0 L
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Example:

Assume EA=1; b=1; L=1; F=1

Analytical solution is

Potential energy corresponding to this analytical solution

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 Now assume an admissible displacement

Why is this an “admissible” displacement? This displacement is quite arbitrary.

But, it satisfies the given displacement boundary condition w(x=0)=0. Also,
its first derivate does not blow up.

Potential energy corresponding to this admissible displacement

Notice
since

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Principle of Minimum Potential Energy
Among all admissible displacements that a body can have, the one that
minimizes the total potential energy of the body satisfies the strong formulation

Mathematical statement: If ‘uexact’ is the exact solution (which satisfies the

differential equation together with the boundary conditions), and ‘w’ is an admissible
displacement (that is quite arbitrary except for the fact that it satisfies the
displacement boundary conditions and its first derivative does not blow up),
then

unless w=uexact (i.e. the exact solution minimizes the potential energy)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

he Principle of Minimum Potential Energy and the strong formulation are
exactly equivalent statements of the same problem.

The exact solution (uexact) that satisfies the strong form, renders the potential
energy of the system a minimum.

So, why use the Principle of Minimum Potential Energy?

The short answer is that it is much less demanding than the strong formulation.
The long answer is, it
1. requires only the first derivative to be finite
2. incorporates the force boundary condition automatically. The admissible
displacement (which is the function that you need to choose) needs to
satisfy only the displacement boundary condition

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Finite element formulation, takes as its starting point, not the strong formulation,
but the Principle of Minimum Potential Energy.

Task is to find the function ‘w’ that minimizes the potential energy of the system

From the Principle of Minimum Potential Energy, that function ‘w’ is the exact
solution.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Rayleigh-Ritz Principle

The minimization of the potential energy is difficult to perform exactly.

The Rayleigh-Ritz principle is an approximate way of doing this.

Step 1. Assume a solution

Where o(x), 1(x),… are “admissible” functions and ao, a1, etc are
constants to be determined from the solution.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Rayleigh-Ritz Principle

Step 2. Plug the approximate solution into the potential energy

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Rayleigh-Ritz Principle

Step 3. Obtain the coefficients ao, a1, etc by setting

The approximate solution is

Where the coefficients have been obtained from step 3

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 Example of application of Rayleigh Ritz

E=A=1
F x F=2

x=1
x=0 x=2

The potential energy of this bar (of length 2) is

Let us assume a polynomial “admissible” displacement field

Note that this is NOT the analytical solution for this problem.
Example of application of Rayleigh Ritz

For this “admissible” displacement to satisfy the displacement boundary

conditions the following conditions must be satisfied:

Hence, we obtain

Hence, the “admissible” displacement simplifies to

Now we apply Rayleigh Ritz principle, which says that if I plug this approximation
into the expression for the potential energy , I can obtain the unknown (in this
case a2) by minimizing 
Hence the approximate solution to this problem, using the Rayleigh-Ritz
principle is

Notice that the exact answer to this problem (can you prove this?) is
 The displacement solution

How can you improve the approximation?

The stress within the
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
 INTRODUCTION T
OFINITE ELEME
NTS

FINITE ELEMENT
FORMULATION FOR 1D
ELASTICITY USING THE
RAYLEIGH-RITZ
PRINCIPLE
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
 Reading assignment:

Lecture notes

Summary:

• Stiffness matrix and nodal load vectors for 1D elasticity problem

DEP A R TMEN T OF MEC H A N I C A L EN G I N EER I N G

 Axially loaded elastic bar

y
A(x) = cross section at x
b(x) = body force distribution (force per
unit length)
F E(x) = Young’s modulus
x
x
x=0
x=L
Potential energy of the axially loaded bar corresponding to the
exact solution u(x)

Potential energy of the bar corresponding to an admissible displacement w(x)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Finite element idea:

Step 1: Divide the truss into finite elements connected to each other through
special points (“nodes”)

1 2 3 4

El #1 El #2 El #3

Total potential energy=sum of potential energies of the elements

 x1= x x x4=

El #1 El #2 El #3

Total potential energy

Potential energy of element 1:

Potential energy of element 2:

 x1= x x x

El #1 El #2 El #3

Potential energy of element 3:

Total potential energy=sum of potential energies of the elements

Step 2: Describe the behavior of each

In the “direct stiffness” approach, we derived the stiffness matrix

of each element directly (See lecture on Springs/Trusses).

Now, we will first approximate the displacement inside each element and then
show you a systematic way of deriving the stiffness matrix (sections 2.2 and 3.1 of
Logan).

TASK 1: APPROXIMATE THE DISPLACEMENT WITHIN EACH ELEMENT

TASK 2: APPROXIMATE THE STRAIN and STRESS WITHIN EACH ELEMENT
TASK 3: DERIVE THE STIFFNESS MATRIX OF EACH ELEMENT (this class)
USING THE RAYLEIGH-RITZ PRINCIPLE
 Summar

Inside an element, the three most important approximations in terms of the

nodal displacements (d) are:

Displacement approximation in terms of shape functions

(1)

Strain approximation in terms of strain-displacement matrix

(2)

Stress approximation in terms of strain-displacement matrix and Young’s modulus

(3)
The shape functions for a 1D linear

1 1

x1 x2
El #1

Within the element, the displacement approximation is

 For a linear

Displacement approximation in terms of shape functions

Strain approximation

Stress approximation
 Why is the approximation “admissible”?

x1=0 x2 x3 x4=L

El #1 El #2 El #3

For the entire bar, the displacement approximation is

Where w(i)(x) is the displacement approximation within element (i).

Let use set d1x=0. Then, can you seen that the above approximation does satisfy
the two conditions of being an admissible function on the entire bar, i.e.,
TASK 3: DERIVE THE STIFFNESS MATRIX OF EACH ELEMENT USING THE
RAYLEIGH-RITZ PRINCIPLE

Potential energy of element 1:

Lets plug in the approximation

Lets see what the matrix

is for a 1D linear element

Recall that

Hence
Now, if we assume E and A are constant

Remembering that (x2-x1) is the length of the element, this is the stiffness matrix we
had derived directly before using the direct stiffness approach!!
Then why is it necessary to go through this complicated procedure??
1. Easy to handle nonuniform E and A
2. Easy to handle distributed loads
For nonuniform E and A, i.e. E(x) and A(x), the stiffness matrix of the linear element
will NOT be

But it will ALWAYS be

Now lets go back to

Element stiffness matrix

Element nodal load vector due to distributed body force

Apply Rayleigh-Ritz principle for the 1D linear element

Recall from linear algebra (Lecture notes on Linear Algebra)

 Hence

Exactly the same equation that we had before, except that the stiffness
matrix and nodal force vectors are more general
 Recap of the properties of the element stiffness matrix

1. The stiffness matrix is singular and is therefore non-invertible

2. The stiffness matrix is symmetric
3. Sum of any row (or column) of the stiffness matrix is zero!

Why?
Sum of any row (or column) of the stiffness matrix is zero

Consider a rigid body motion of the element

Element strain
1 2

d1x=1 d2x=1
 The nodal load vector

b(x)
1 2

d1x d2x

“Consistent” nodal loads

 b(x) /unit length 2
2 1 f2x
1 f1x
Replaced by

d1x d2x d2x

d1x

A distributed load is represented by two nodal loads in a consistent manner

e.g., if b=1

Divide the total force into two equal halves and lump them at the nodes
What happens if b(x)=x?
 Summary: For each

Displacement approximation in terms of shape functions

Strain approximation in terms of strain-displacement matrix

Stress approximation

Element stiffness matrix

Element nodal load vector

What happens for element

For element 3

The discretized form of the potential energy

 What happens for element

Now apply Rayleigh-Ritz principle

Hence there is an extra load term on the right hand side due to the concentrated
force F applied to the right end of the bar.

NOTE that whenever you have a concentrated load at ANY node, that load
should be applied as an extra right hand side term.
Step3:Assembly exactly as you had done before, assemble the global stiffness
matrix and global load vector and solve the resulting set of equations by
properly taking into account the displacement boundary conditions
 Problem:
6” E=30x106 psi
=0.2836 lb/in3
Thickness of plate, t=1”
12”
24”

P=100lb Model the plate as 2 finite elements and

3”
(1) Write the expression for element stiffness
matrix and body force vectors
x (2) Assemble the global stiffness matrix and load
vector
(3) Solve for the unknown displacements
(4) Evaluate the stress in each element
(5) Evaluate the reaction in each support
 Solution (1) Node-element connectivity chart

Finite element model

Element # Node 1 Node 2

1 1 1 2
El #1 12”
2 2 3

2
El #2 P=100lb 12” Stiffness matrix of El #1
3

x
Stiffness matrix of El #2
6 - 0.125x
6”

x
12”

4.5”
E
1  1  1 x
1
(2) 45    9.37510 
6

 k

(12)2 1 1  1 1 

Now compute the element load vector due to distributed body force (weight)
For element

12”

2
El #1
x

Superscript in parenthesis indicates

DEP A R TMEN T OF MEC H A N I C A L EN G I N EER I N G element number
For element

1
El #1 12”
2

El #2 12”

3
N3(2) (x)
x
Solution (2) Assemble the system
Solution

Hence we need to solve

R1 is the reaction at node 1.

Notice that since the boundary condition at x=0 (d1x=0) has not been taken into
account, the system matrix is not invertible.
Incorporating the boundary condition d1x=0 we need to solve the following set of
equations
 Solve to obtain

d2 x  0.923961055in

d  0.9874910
 3x   
Solution (4) Stress in elements

Notice that since we are using linear elements, the stress within each element
is constant.
In element #1
In element #2

 (2)  E B(2) d (2)

E d2x 
 1 1
x x
 
d
3 2
30106  3x 
 d3x -d2x 
12
 1.5882 psi
Solution (5) Reaction at support
Go back to the first line of the global equilibrium equations…


13.125 13.125  d1x  9.3588  R1 
 0 
10  13.125
6
22.5   115.3144
  
9.375 d2x   
 0 9.375 9.375    5.9556 
 d 
   3x   
Check 6”
(The –veThe reaction
sign at the
indicates wall
that thefrom
forceforce
is in the –ve x-
equilibrium in the x-direction
direction)
R1
12”
24”

P=100lb
3”
x
DEP A R TMEN T OF MEC H A N I C A L EN G I N EER I N G
Problem: Can you solve for the displacement and stresses analytically?

Check out

Stress
Comparison of displacement solutions
Notice:
1. Slope discontinuity at x=12 (why?)
2. The finite element solution does not produce the exact solution
even at the nodes
3. We may improve the solution by
(1) Increasing the number of elements
(2) Using higher order elements (e.g., quadratic instead of linear)
Comparison of stress solutions

The analytical as well as the finite element stresses are discontinuous across
the elements
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
INTRODUCTION T
OFINITE ELEME
NTS

SHAPE FUNCTIONS
IN 1D
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
 Reading assignment:

Lecture notes, Logan 2.2,

3.1
Summary:

• Linear shape functions in 1D

• Quadratic and higher order shape functions
• Approximation of strains and stresses in an element

DEP A R TMEN T OF MEC H A N I C A L EN G I N EER I N G

 Axially loaded elastic bar

y
A(x) = cross section at x
b(x) = body force distribution (force per
unit length)
F E(x) = Young’s modulus
x
x
x=0
x=L

Potential energy of the axially loaded bar corresponding to the

exact solution u(x)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Finite element formulation, takes as its starting point, not the strong formulation,
but the Principle of Minimum Potential Energy.

Task is to find the function ‘w’ that minimizes the potential energy of the system

From the Principle of Minimum Potential Energy, that function ‘w’ is the exact
solution.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Rayleigh-Ritz Principle

Step 1. Assume a solution

Where o(x), 1(x),… are “admissible” functions and ao, a1, etc are
constants to be determined.

Step 2. Plug the approximate solution into the potential energy

Step 3. Obtain the coefficients ao, a1, etc by setting

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

The approximate solution is

Where the coefficients have been obtained from step 3

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Need to find a systematic way of choosing the approximation functions.

One idea: Choose polynomials!

Is this good? (Is ‘1’ an “admissible” function?)

Is this good? (Is ‘x’ an “admissible” function?)

Finite element idea:

Step 1: Divide the truss into finite elements connected to each other through
special points (“nodes”)

1 2 3 4

El #1 El #2 El #3

Total potential energy=sum of potential energies of the elements

 x1= x x x4=

El #1 El #2 El #3

Total potential energy

Potential energy of element 1:

Potential energy of element 2:

 x1= x x x

El #1 El #2 El #3

Potential energy of element 3:

Total potential energy=sum of potential energies of the elements

Step 2: Describe the behavior of each element

Recall that in the “direct stiffness” approach for a bar element, we derived the
stiffness matrix of each element directly (See lecture on Trusses) using the
following steps:

TASK 1: Approximate the displacement within each bar as a straight line

TASK 2: Approximate the strains and stresses and realize that a bar (with the
approximation stated in Task 1) is exactly like a spring with k=EA/L
TASK 3: Use the principle of force equilibrium to generate the stiffness matrix
Now, we will show you a systematic way of deriving the stiffness matrix (sections
2.2 and 3.1 of Logan).

TASK 1: APPROXIMATE THE DISPLACEMENT WITHIN EACH ELEMENT

TASK 2: APPROXIMATE THE STRAIN and STRESS WITHIN EACH ELEMENT
TASK 3: DERIVE THE STIFFNESS MATRIX OF EACH ELEMENT (next class)
USING THE PRINCIPLE OF MIN. POT ENERGY

Notice that the first two tasks are similar in the two methods. The only difference is
that now we are going to use the principle of minimum potential energy, rather
than force equilibrium, to derive the stiffness matrix.
TASK 1: APPROXIMATE THE DISPLACEMENT WITHIN EACH ELEMENT

Simplest assumption: displacement varying linearly inside each bar

El #1

x1 x2

How to obtain a0 and a1?

Solve simultaneously

Hence

“Shape functions” N1(x) and N2(x)

 In matrix notation, we

(1)

Vector of nodal shape functions

Vector of nodal displacements

NOTES: PROPERTIES OF THE SHAPE

1. Kronecker delta property: The shape function at any node has a value of 1
at that node and a value of zero at ALL other nodes.

1 1

x1 x2
El #1
Check
2. Compatibility: The displacement approximation is continuous across
element boundaries

x1 x2
El #1 x3
El #2
At x=x2

Hence the displacement approximation is continuous across elements

3.

Use the expressions

And check
 Rigid body

What do we mean by “rigid body modes”?

Assume that d1x=d2x=1, this means that the element should translate in
the positive x direction by 1. Hence ANY point (x) on the bar should
have unit displacement. Let us see whether the displacement
approximation allows this.

YES!
Constant strain

What do we mean by “constant strain states”?

Assume that d1x=x1 and d2x=x2. The strain at ANY point (x) within the
bar is

Let us see whether the displacement approximation allows this.

YES!
Completeness = Rigid body modes + Constant Strain states

Compatibility + Completeness  Convergence

Ensure that the solution gets better as more elements are introduced
and, in the limit, approaches the exact answer.
4. How to write the expressions for the shape functions easily (without
having to derive them each time):
Start with the Kronecker delta property (the shape function at any node has
value of 1 at that node and a value of zero at all other nodes)

1 1

x1 x2
El #1

Node at which N1 is 0

Notice that the length of the element = x2-x1

The denominator is
the numerator evaluated at the node

DEP A R TMEN T OF MEC H A N I C A L EN G I N EER I N G

A slightly fancier assumption:
displacement varying quadratically inside each bar

x1 x2
x3
El #1

This is a quadratic finite element in 1D and it has th

DEP A R TMEN T OF MEC H A N I C A L EN G I N EER I N G

TASK 2: APPROXIMATE THE STRAIN and STRESS WITHIN EACH
ELEMENT

From equation (1), the displacement within each element

Recall that the strain in the bar

Hence

(2)

The matrix B is known as the “strain-displacement matrix”

For a linear finite element

Hence

Hence, strain is a constant within each element (only for a linear element)!
Displacement is linear

El #1

x1 x2

Strain is constant

El #1

x1 x2
Recall that the stress in the bar

Hence, inside the element, the approximate stress is

(3)

For a linear element the stress is also constant inside each element. This has the
implication that the stress (and strain) is discontinuous across element
boundaries in general.
 Summar

Inside an element, the three most important approximations in terms of the

nodal displacements (d) are:

Displacement approximation in terms of shape functions

(1)
u(x)  N
d
Strain approximation in terms of strain-displacement matrix

(2)

Stress approximation in terms of strain-displacement matrix and Young’s modulus

(3)
 Summar

For a linear element

Displacement approximation in terms of shape functions

Strain approximation

Stress approximation
 MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY Subject : FINITE ELEMENT METHODS
UNIT- I
TUTORIAL

1. a.) Derive the equilibrium equation for an elastic continuum using potential energy
by displacement approach.
b.) Explain the following methods used for the formulation of element characteristics and load
matrices: i) Variational approach ii) Galerkin approach
2. For the three-stepped bar shown in Figure, determine the nodal displacements, nodal
forces and stresses in the elements.
Aluminum Brass Steel
E = 70 GPa E = 105 Gpa E = 200 GPa
2 2 2
A = 900 mm A = 400 mm A = 200 mm

3. For the spring system shown in the Fig., find the displacements at the nodes and the reactions.
Given K1=100 N/mm, K2=200 N/mm, K3= 100 N/mm, P=500 N.

4. Describe the advantages, disadvantages and applications of finite element analysis.

5. An axial load P=300X103N is applied at 200 C to the rod as shown in
Figure below. The temperature is the raised to 600 C .
a) Assemble the K and F matrices.
b) Determine the nodal displacements and stresses.
 MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY Subject : FINITE ELEMENT METHODS
UNIT- I
ASSIGNMENT
1. a) Derive the equations of equilibrium for a 3D Solid body
b.) What are the applications of FEM
2. a.) Explain the Steps involved ( Discretization ) in FEM
b.) Explain the Concept of Minimum Potential Energy approach
3. a.) Describe Rayleigh’s Ritz method.
b.) Explain about Natural coordinate System
4. Determine the nodal displacement and Element stresses for axially loaded bar as shown in
the Fig. Consider axial load P = 2KN

5. Determine the nodal displacements, element stresses and support reactions for the bar as
9 2
shown in Figure. Take E = 200 × 10 N/m
 UNIT 2
TRUSS ANALYSIS&2-D
ANALYSIS WITH CST ELEMENT
Syllabus:

Analysis of Trusses: Stiffness matrix for plane truss element, Stress calculations and
problems. Finite element modeling & two dimensional stress analyses with CST
element and treatment of boundary conditions. Convergence requirements

OBJECTIVE:

To learn the principles involved in the discretization of domains with various

elements, polynomial and interpolation and assembly of global arrays.

To learn the applications of FEM equations in 2D Plane problems with CST elements.

OUTCOME

Able to formulate Stiffness and load matrices & Solve the problems in Trusses
and 2-D plane problems.
 UNIT II

Analysis of Trusses
 The links of a truss are two-force members, where the direction of loading is along
the axis of the member. Every truss element is in direct tension or compression.
 All loads and reactions are applied only at the joints and all members are connected
together at their ends by frictionless pin joints. This makes the truss members very
similar to a 1D spar element.

Fig. 1.28 Truss

The direction cosines l andm can be expressed as:

x x
l  cos  2 1
le
y y
m  cos  sin  2 1
le
le  (x 21 x )2  ( y 21y )2
q1‟ =qll + q2 m
q2‟ = q3 l + q4 m
Fig. 1.29 Direction Cosines
 l2 lm l 2 lm 
A E  lm m2 lm m2
[K ]  e e  2 
L  l lm
2
l lm 
e
 
lm m lm m 
2 2

Ee

l 
m l mq
le
 Thermal Effect In Truss Member
 l 
 
(1) Thermal Load , P = A E  m 
eee
 l 

m
Ee le
(2) Stress for an element,   l
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
m l mq  Ee  t

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 (3) Remaining steps will be same as earlier.
Example 1.6: A two member truss is as shown in Fig. 1.30. The cross-sectional area ofeach
member is 200 mm2 and the modulus of elasticity is 200 GPa. Determine the
deflections,reactions and stresses in each of the members.

Fig. 1.30

In globalterms, each node would have 2 dof. These dof are marked as shown in Fig.1.31.
The position of the nodes, with respect to origin (considered at node l) are as tabulated
below:
Node Xi Yi
1 0 0
2 4000 0
3 0 3000

Fig.1.31
For all elements, A=200 mm2
and E= 200 x 103 N/mm2
The element connectivity table with the relevant terms are:

l  (x  x )2  ( y  y )2
Ae Ee x j  xi y j  yi
Element Ni Nj l m l2 m2 lm
e j i j i
le le le
4000  0
(4000  0)2  (0  0)2 00
(1) 1 2 10000 4000 1 0 0
 4000 4000  0
1

(0  4000)2  (3000  0)2 4000

(2) 2 3 8000  5000 3000 0.64 0.36 -0.48
 5000 5000  0.6
 0.8
As each node has two dof in global form, for every element, the element stiffness matrix
would be in a 4 x 4 form. For element 1 defined by nodes l-2,the dof are Q1, Q2, Q3 andQ4

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and that for element 2 defined by nodes 2-3, would be Q3, Q4, Q5 andQ6.

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For a truss element

 lm 

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Element 1:The element stiffness matrix would be :

Element 2: The element stiffness matrix would be :

The global stiffness matrix would be :

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In this case, node 1 and node 3 are completely fixed and hence,
Q1=Q2=Q5 = Q6 = 0
Hence, rows and columns 1,2,5 and 6 can be eliminated
Also the external nodal forces,
F1 = F2 = F3 = F5 = F6 = 0
F4 = -10 x 103 N

In global form, after using the elimination approach

103 (- 3.84 Q3 + 2.88 Q4) = - 10 x 103

- 3.84 Q3 + 2.88 Q4 = - l0
- 3.84 (0.254 Q4) + 2.88 Q4 = -10
Q4 = -5.25mm
Q3 = -1.334mm
The reactions can be found by using the equation:
R = KQ –F

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 R1 = -10 x 103 x (-1.334) = 13340 N
R2 = 0 N
R5 = -5.12 x 103 x (-1.334) + 3.84 x 103x (-5.25) = -13340 N
R6 = 3.84 x 103 x (-1.334) – 2.88 x 103x (-5.25) = 9997.44 N
Ee
To determine stresses: 
 m l mq
l
le
Element 1:

Element 2:

Example 1.7:Consider the four-bar truss shown in Fig. 1.32(a). It is given that E = 29.5 x 106
psi andAe = lin.2 for all elements. Complete the following:
(a) Determine the element stiffness matrix for each element.
(b) Assemble the structural stiffness matrix K for the entire truss
(c) Using the elimination approach, solve for the nodal displacement.
(d) Recover the stresses in each element.
(e) Calculate the reaction forces.

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 (a)

(b)
Fig. 1.32
(a) It is recommended that a tabular form be used for representing nodal coordinate data
and element information. The nodal coordinate data are as follows:
Node x y
1 0 0
2 40 0
3 40 30
4 0 30

The element connectivity table is

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 Element 1 2
1 1 2
2 3 2
3 1 3
4 4 3
Note that the user has a choice in defining element connectivity. For example, the
connectivityof element 2 can be defined as 2-3 instead of 3-2 as in the previous table.
However,calculations of the direction cosines will be consistent with the adopted
connectivityscheme. Using formulas,together with the nodal coordinate data andthe given
element connectivity information, we obtain the direction cosines table:
Element le l m
1 40 1 0
2 30 0 -1
3 50 0.8 0.6
4 40 1 0
For example, the direction cosines of elements 3 are obtained as
l = (x3 – x1)le = (40 - 0)/50 = 0.8 and m = (y3 – y1)le = (30 - 0)/50 = 0.6.
Now, the element stiffness matrices for element 1 can be written as

The global dofs associated with element 1, which is connected between nodes 1 and2,are
indicated in k1 earlier.These global dofs are shown in Fig. 1.32(a) and assistin assembling the
various element stiffness matrices.The element stiffness matrices of elements 2,3and 4 are as
follows:

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 (b) The structural stiffness matrix K is now assembled from the element stiffness
matrices.By adding the element stiffness contributions, noting the element
connectivity, we get

(c) The structural stiffness matrix K given above needs to be modified to account for the
boundary conditions. The elimination approach will be used here. The rows and
columns corresponding to dofs 1, 2, 4, 7, and 8, which correspond to fixed supports,
are deleted from the K matrix. The reduced finite element equations are given as

Solution of these equations yields the displacements

The nodal displacement vector for the entire structure can therefore be written as
Q =[0, 0,27.12x 10-3, 0,5.65 x 10-3, -22.25 x 10-3,0, 0]T in.
(d) The stress in each element can now be determined as shown below.
The connectivity of element 1 is 1 - 2. Consequently, the
nodaldisplacementvectorforelementlisgivenby q = [0,0, 27.72 x 10-3,0]T

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 The stress in member 2 is given by

Following similar steps, we

get ζ3 = 5208.0Psi
ζ4= 4L67.0Psi
(e) The final step is to determine the support reactions. We need to determine the reaction
forces along dofs 1, 2, 4, 7and 8, which correspond to fixed supports. These are
obtained by substituting for Q into the original finite element equation R = KQ - F. In
this substitution, only those rows of K corresponding to the support dofs are needed,
and F = 0 for those dofs. Thus, we have

Which results in

Principle of Minimum Potential Energy

 This principle states that for all kinematically admissible displacementfields
corresponding to equilibrium extremize the total potential energy. Ifextreme condition
is a minimum, the equilibrium is stable. It means that if thesystem is stable and
steady, then total potential energy of the system is zero.
 The application of this principle can be made in a spring or elastic system subjected to
the loading conditions.
 Consider a system of four springs as shown in Fig. 1.33subjected to the deflections
under the application of force. This system has three nodal points.

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 Fig. 1.33
Consider,a system of four spring having the nodes at point 1, 2, 3.
The potential energy P of the system is
1 1 1 1
k  k  k  k FxFx
2 2 2 2
P
1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 1 1 3 3
2 2 2 2
Where,
δ1, δ2, δ3, δ4 = deflections of the four springs
x1, x2, x3 = displacement at nodal points 1, 2, 3
F1, F3 = forces at nodal points 1 and 3
k1, k2, k3, k4 = stiffnesses of four springs
δ1 = x1– x2
δ2 = x2
δ3 = x3– x2
δ 4 = – x3
Potential energy of the system (P) is given by

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
P k (x  x )  kx  k (x  x )  kx FxFx
1 1 2 22 3 3 2 4 3 1 1 33
2 2 2 2
For equilibrium of this three degrees of freedom system, we need to minimize (P) with
respect to x1, x2 and x3.
According to principle of minimum potential energy, the potential energy is differentiated
with respect to each displacement and equated to zero for minimum condition of potential
energy.

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 …….(4)
The x1, x2, x3deflectionscanbeobtainedbyusing numerical methods.
On the other hand, we proceed to write the equilibrium equations of the system by
considering the equilibrium of each separate node as shown in Fig. 1.34.
k1δ1 = F1
k2δ2 – k1δ1 – k3δ3 = 0
k3δ3 – k4δ4 = F3
which is precisely the set of equations represented in Eq. (4).

Fig. 1.34.
We see clearly that the set of equations (4) is obtained in a routine manner using thepotential
energy approach,without any reference to the free-body diagrams. This makes thepotential
energy approach attractive for large and complex problems.

Example 1.8: Calculate the deflections of the points at node 1, 2 and 3 for the spring system
shown in Fig. 1.33. The stiffnesses are k 1 = 80 N/mm, k2= 50 N/mm, k3=60 N/mm, k4 = 40
N/mm, the loads are F1= 40 N, F3 = 60 N.
Find the deflections x1, x2 and x3.
The model of the above system is used and stiffness, deflection and load matrix can be
written as

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Solving the above matrices, the value of x1= 0.4 mm, x2= 0.1 mm, x3= 0.66 mm.

Example 1.9: Fig. 1.35 shows a cluster of four springs. One end of the assembly is fixed and
a force of 1000 N is applied at the end. Using the finite element method, determine:
(a) The deflection of each spring.
(b) The reaction forces at support.

Fig. 1.35
The system of springs can be represented by a finite element model as shown in Fig. 1.36

Fig. 1.36
The element connectivity table is as shown:

The element stiffness matrices are as under:

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The overall stiffness matrix would be:

In global terms,

The boundary conditions for this problem are:

Q1 = 0
F1 = F2 = 0
F3 = 1000 N

By elimination approach:
22 Q2 – 10 Q3 = 0
Q2 = 0.4545 Q3

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 – 10 Q2 + 30 Q3 = 1000
– 10 (0.4545 Q3) + 30 Q3 = 1000
Q3 = 39.286 mm
Q2 = 0.4545 x 39.286 = 17.857 mm
To determine the reaction forces,
R = KQ – F

Natural or Intrinsic Coordinate System:

Fig.1.37
 Consider a element (e), having node numbers 1 & 2 shown in Fig. 1.37 (a). The first node
1 would be at a distance x1 and second node would be at a distance x2 from the reference.
A convenient coordinate system called as the natural coordinate system is defined, as it
helps in formulating individual element matrix which can than be used to combine and
form a global stiffness matrix.
 In natural coordinate system, the centre of the element is considered as 0 and the node 1
and node 2 are placed at a distance - 1 and + 1 respectively Fig. 1.37(b). The variable of
measurement of the distance in this case is represented as ξ. Thus node 1 is at coordinate
position ξ = - 1 and node 2 is at ξ = + 1. Total length of the element would thus be 2 units
and this length of the element is covered in the range ξ = - 1 to +1.
 To establish relationship between two coordinate system consider any point P situated at a
distance x, in the Global coordinate system Fig.1.37 (a) and correspondingly at a distance
ξ from the origin as shown in Fig.1.37 (b).

Now
Length of element in Naturalsystem Dist. of Point P from Node 1 in Natural

system Length of element in Global system Dist. of Point P from Node 1 in
Globalsystem

Prepared By: Department of Mechanical

VimalLimbasiya Page 5.38 Engineering Darshan Institute of Engineering &
Technology, Rajkot
 This confirm the relation of the two coordinate system.
Shape function in Natural Coordinate System:
 The natural coordinate can be used to define shape functions. This makes it convenient to
isolate the element from the continuum and develop the necessary element stiffness
matrix. The shape function as defined earlier is used to interpolate the deflections or
degree of freedom within the element. The accuracy of calculations would increase with
increase in number of elements. Consider linear distribution as represented by Fig.1.38.

Fig.1.38
 The shape function N1 and N2 in natural coordinate term can be developed by
considering Fig.1.39 (a) and Fig.1.39 (b).

Fig.5.16

Prepared By: Department of Mechanical

VimalLimbasiya Page 5.46 Engineering Darshan Institute of Engineering &
Technology, Rajkot
 Fig. 1.39 (a) General line equation is

 Fig. 1.39(b) line equation is

 Once the shape functions are defined, the linear displacement field within the element
can be written in terms of nodal displacements q1 and q2 as….
 u  N1 q1  N2 q2.......................................(b)

Fig. 1.40

which in Matrix form will be

Department of Mechanical Engineering Prepared By:

Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology, Rajkot VimalLimbasiya
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 uNq

 The term q is referred to as element displacement vector, and the verification of equation
(b) can be done by considering the equation of shape functions.

So displacement at Node 1 will be

u N1 q1  N2 q2
 1 (q1 )  0 (q2 )
 q1

So displacement at Node 2 will be

u N2 q2  N1 q1
 1 (q2 )  0 (q1 )
 q2
 Thus it is seen that as per equation, the displacement at Node 1 and 2 are q1 and q2 which
are the expected results.
2 x  x1 
 We know equation   1
 x 2  x1 

Prepared By: Department of Mechanical

VimalLimbasiya Page 5.48 Engineering Darshan Institute of Engineering &
Technology, Rajkot
 Comparing equation, it is seen that both, the displacement u and the coordinate x can be
interpolated within the element using the same shape function N1 and N2. This is referred
to as the “ Isoparametric Formulation”.

Example – 1.10: Temp. at Node 1 is 100° C and Node 2 is 40° C. The length of the element
is 200 mm. Evaluate the shape function associated with Node 1 and Node 2. Calculate the
temp. at point P situated at 150 mm from Node 1. Assume a linear shape function.

Fig. 1.41

Solution:

Prepared By: Department of Mechanical

VimalLimbasiya Page 5.48 Engineering Darshan Institute of Engineering &
Technology, Rajkot
Example – 1.11 : A 1D spar element having a linear shape function as shown in fig. If the
temp.at Node 1 is 50° C and Node 2 is -20°C. Find the temp. at point P.

Fig. 1.42

Solution:

Prepared By: Department of Mechanical

VimalLimbasiya Page 5.48 Engineering Darshan Institute of Engineering &
Technology, Rajkot
Example – 1.12: Consider an element having a linear shape function shown in fig. Evaluate
the natural coordinate and shape functions for point P. If the displacement at Node 1 and
Node 2 are 2 mm and -1 mm respectively, determine the value of displacement at point P.
Also determine in global terms the point where the displacement would be zero. Also
determine the shape function at zero displacement point.

Fig. 1.43
Solution:

Prepared By: Department of Mechanical

VimalLimbasiya Page 5.48 Engineering Darshan Institute of Engineering &
Technology, Rajkot
Example – 1.13: Determine the temperature at x = 40 mm if the temperature at nodes Øi =
120° C and Øj = 80° C and xi = 10 mm, xj = 60 mm.

Fig. 1.44
Prepared By: Department of Mechanical
VimalLimbasiya Page 5.48 Engineering Darshan Institute of Engineering &
Technology, Rajkot
Solution:

x 

1
0

6
0
1
x  40
2
i  120 C
j  80C

Let
2 x  x1 
 1
 x2  x1 
2 40  10
 1
60 10
 0.2

1  1  0.2
N     0.4
1
2 2
1  1  0.2
N     0.6
2
2 2

Let
  N1 i  N2 j
 0.4 120  0.6 80

 96 C

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Inside each element, all components of strain are constant: hence the name
Constant Strain Triangle Element stresses (constant inside each element)

IMPORTANT NOTE:
1. The displacement field is continuous across element boundaries
2. The strains and stresses are NOT continuous across element boundaries

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Recommendations for use of CST
1. Use in areas where strain gradients are small
2. Use in mesh transition areas (fine mesh to coarse mesh)
3. Avoid CST in critical areas of structures (e.g., stress concentrations, edges of holes, corners)
4. In general CSTs are not recommended for general analysis purposes as a very large
number of these elements are required for reasonable accuracy.

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
 INTRODUCTION T
OFINITE ELEME
NTS

DEVELOPMENT OF
TRUSS EQUATIONS
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
 Chapter 2: Lecture notes

Summary:

• Stiffness matrix of a bar/truss element

• Coordinate transformation
• Stiffness matrix of a truss element in 2D space
•Problems in 2D truss analysis (including multipoint constraints)
Trusses: Engineering structures that are
composed only of two-force members. e.g.,
bAricdtgueasl ,trrouosfsseusp:pAoirrytsstructures
composed of slender members (I-beams, channels,
angles, bars etc) joined together at their ends by
welding, riveted connections or large bolts and pins

Gusset plate
A typical truss structure
Ideal trusses:
Assumptions
• Ideal truss members are connected only at their ends.
• Ideal truss members are connected by frictionless
pins (no moments)
• The truss structure is loaded only at the pins
• Weights of the members are neglected

A typical truss structure

Frictionless pin
These assumptions allow us to idealize each
truss member as a two-force member (members
loaded only at their extremities by equal opposite
and collinear forces)
member in
compression

member in tension

Connecting pin
FEM analysis scheme
Step 1: Divide the truss into bar/truss elements connected to each other
through special points (“nodes”)

Step 2: Describe the behavior of each bar element (i.e. derive its stiffness
matrix and load vector in local AND global coordinate system)

Step 3: Describe the behavior of the entire truss by putting together the
behavior of each of the bar elements (by assembling their stiffness matrices
and load vectors)

Step 4: Apply appropriate boundary conditions and solve

 Stiffness matrix of bar element
E, A

© 2002 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning™

L: Length of bar
A: Cross sectional area of bar
E: Elastic (Young’s) modulus of bar
:displacement of bar as a function of local coordinate of bar
The strain in the bar at

The stress in the bar (Hooke’s law)

 Tension in the bar

L
Assume that the displacement is varying linearly along the bar

Then, strain is constant along the bar:

Stress is also constant along the bar:

Tension is constant along the bar:

The bar is acting like a spring with stiffness

Recall the lecture on
E, A

© 2002 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning™

Two nodes: 1, 2
Nodal displacements:
Nodal forces:
Spring constant:

Element stiffness matrix in local coordinates

Element
Element
force vector Element nodal
DEP A R TMEN T OF
stiffnes N EvE ReI cN Gtor
MEC HsA N I C A L EN G I displacement
What if we have 2
E1 , A1
E2 , A2

L2
L1

This is equivalent to the following system of springs

x
Element 1 Element 2 3
1 2

d1x d2x d3x

PROBLEM
Problem 1: Find the stresses in the two-bar assembly loaded as shown below

E, 2A
E, A
1 P
2 3
L
L
Solution: This is equivalent to the following system of springs

x
Element 1 Element 2 3
1 2

d1x d2x d3x

We will first compute the displacement at node 2 and then the stresses within
each element
 The global set of equations can be generated using the technique
in the lecture on “springs”

here

Hence, the above set of equations may be explicitly written as

From equation (2)

To calculate the
For element #1 first compute the element strain

and then the stress as

(element in tension)

Similarly, in element # 2

(element in compression)
© 2002 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning™

Inter-element continuity of a two-bar structure

Bars in a truss have various orientations

member in
compression

member in tension

Connecting pin
 y

At node 1: At node 2:
 In the global coordinate system, the vector of nodal displacements and

Our objective is to obtain a relation of the form

Where k is the 4x4 element stiffness matrix in global coordinate system

 The key is to look at the local

Rewrite as
NOTES

1. Assume that there is no stiffness in the local y direction.

^

2. If you consider the displacement at a point along the local x direction as a

vector, then the components of that vector along the global x and y directions are
the global x and y displacements.

3. The expanded stiffness matrix in the local coordinates is symmetric and singular.
NOTES
5. In local coordinates we have

But or goal is to obtain the following relationship

Hence, need a relationship between and

and between and

f
ˆ Need to understand how
the components of a vector
change with coordinate
transformation
 Transformation of a vector in two dimensions

y Angle  is measured
positive in the counter
clockwise direction
from the +x axis)
v

The vector v has components (vx, vy) in the global coordinate system and (vx, vy) in
the loc ^al co^ordinate system. From geometry
In matrix form

vˆ x  cos θ sin θ  vx 

 
    vy 
 v y   sin θ cos θ
Or ˆ  Direction cosines


where

Transformation matrix for a single vector in 2D

relates

where are components of the same vector

in local and global coordinates,
respectively.
 Relationship between and for the truss element

At node 1 d1y

At node 2

Putting these together

T* 0
T 
 44  0 T *
 Relationship between and for the truss element

At node 1

At node 2

Putting these together

fˆ  Tf
Important property of the transformation matrix T

The transformation matrix is orthogonal, i.e. its inverse is its transpose

Use the property that l2+m2=1

 Putting all the pieces together

The desired relationship is

Where is the element stiffness matrix in the global

coordinate system
Computation of the direction

2 (x2,y2)
L

1
(x
,y1)
1

What happens if I reverse the node numbers?

1 (x1,y1)
L

2
(x2,y2)
Computation of the direction
Question: Does the stiffness matrix change?
 Example Bar element for stiffness matrix

© 2002 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning™

l  cos 30  3
2
1
m  sin 30 
2
 Computation of element
© 2002 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning™

Recall that the element strain is

dˆ1x 

dˆ 2x 
ε  1
 L  1 0 1 0  1y

dˆ 
dˆ 1x ˆ
L
d 2x 
ˆ 
d
 2y 
1
  1 0 1 0
L
dˆ
1
  1 0 1 0 Td
L
  l m 0 0 
1 
ε  l 0 0
1 0 1 0  d
m
L  0 0 l m 
 
 0 0 m l 
1
    m l m d
l
L d1x 
 
1 d1y 
 
l  m l m 
d 2x
L  

d 2y 
Computation of element stresses stress and

Recall that the element stress is

E ˆ  dˆ 1x
 E
 l
  Eε  d 2x m l md
L L
 
Recall that the element tension is
Steps in solving a

Step 1: Write down the node-element connectivity table linking local

and global nodes; also form the table of direction cosines (l, m)
Step 2: Write down the stiffness matrix of each element in
global coordinate system with global numbering

Step 3: Assemble the element stiffness matrices to form the global stiffness
matrix for the entire structure using the node element connectivity table

Step 4: Incorporate appropriate boundary conditions

Step 5: Solve resulting set of reduced equations for the unknown

displacements
Step 6: Compute the unknown nodal forces
Node element connectivity

ELEMENT Node 1 Node 2

1 1 2
2 2 3

3 3 1

1 2 (x2,y2)
L
60
El 1 El 3

2 60 3 1
60 (x ,y1)
El 2 1
 Stiffness matrix of element Stiffness matrix of element
d1x d1y d2x d2y d2x d2y d3x d3y
d1x
  d2x
d1y
 

d2y
k
(2) 
d2x   d3x
d2y
 
  d3y
Stiffness matrix of element 3
There are 4 degrees of freedom
d3x d3y d1x d1y (dof) per element (2 per node)
d3x

d3y

d1x

d1y
Global stiffness matrix
d1x d1y d2x d d3x d3y
2y

d1x
d1y d2x d2y
d3x
d3y

How do you incorporate boundary conditions?

 Example 2
The length of bars 12 and 23 are equal (L)
y E: Young’s modulus
A: Cross sectional area of each bar
3 P2
El#2 Solve for
(1) d2x and d2y
P1 (2) Stresses in each bar

El#1 2
45o
x
Solution
1

Step 1: Node element connectivity table

ELEMENT Node 1 Node 2

1 1 2
2 2 3
Table of nodal coordinates

Node x y
1 0 0
2 Lcos45 Lsin45

3 0 2Lsin45

Table of direction cosines

ELEMENT Length

1 L cos45 sin45
2 L -cos45 sin45
Step 2: Stiffness matrix of each element in global coordinates with global
numbering

Stiffness matrix of element 1

d1x d1y d2x d2y

d1x
d1y d2x d2y
Stiffness matrix of element 2

d2x d2y d3x d3y

d2x

d2y
d3x
d3y
Step 3: Assemble the global stiffness

The final set of equations is

Step 4: Incorporate boundary

Hence reduced set of equations to solve for unknown displacements at node 2

Step 5: Solve for unknown

Step 6: Obtain stresses in the elements 0

For element #1: 0

For element #2:

0
 Multi-point constraints

© 2002 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning™

Figure 3-19 Plane truss with inclined boundary conditions at node

3 (see problem worked out in class)
Problem 3: For the plane truss
P=1000 kN,
y L=length of elements 1 and 2 = 1m
E=210 GPa
P El#2
3
A = 6×10-4m2 for elements 1 and
2
2 = 6 ×10-4 m2 for element 3
El#1
El#3

45o
x Determine the unknown displacements and
1 reaction forces.
Solution

Step 1: Node element connectivity table

ELEMENT Node 1 Node 2

1 1 2
2 2 3
3 1 3
Table of nodal coordinates

Node x y
1 0 0
2 0 L

3 L L

Table of direction cosines

ELEMENT Length

1 L 0 1
2 L 1 0

3 L
DEP A R TMEN T OF MEC A N I C A L EN G I N N G
H EER I
Step 2: Stiffness matrix of each element in global coordinates with global
numbering

Stiffness matrix of element 1

d1x d1y d2x d2y

d1x
d1y d2x d2y
Stiffness matrix of element 2 d2x d2y d3x d3y

d2x

d2y
d3x
d3y

Stiffness matrix of element 3

d1x d1y d3x d3y
d1x

d1y
d3x
d3y
Step 3: Assemble the global stiffness

N/m

The final set of equations is Eq(1)

 Step 4: Incorporate boundary
y

P El#2 3

2
El#1
El#3

45o
x
1

Also, in the local coordinate system of element 3

How do I convert this to a boundary condition in the global (x,y)

 y

P El#2 3

2
El#1
El#3

45o
x
1

Also, in the local coordinate system of element 3

How do I convert this to a boundary condition in the global (x,y)

Using coordinate

(Multi-point constraint)

Eq
Similarly for the forces at node

Eq (3)
Therefore we need to solve the following equations

Eq(1)

Eq(2)

Eq(3)

Incorporate boundary conditions and reduce Eq(1) to

 Write these equations out

Eq(4)

Eq(5)

Eq(6)

Add Eq (5) and (6)

using Eq(3)

using Eq(2)

Eq(7)

Plug this into Eq(4)

Compute the reaction forces
Physical significance of the stiffness

In general, we will have a stiffness matrix of the form

And the finite element force-displacement relation

 Physical significance of the stiffness

The first equation is

Force equilibrium
equation at node 1

Columns of the global stiffness matrix

What if d1=1, d2=0, d3=0

? While d.o.f 2 and 3 are held fixed

Force along d.o.f 1 due to unit displacement at d.o.f 1

Force along d.o.f 2 due to unit displacement at d.o.f 1

Force along d.o.f 3 due to unit displacement at d.o.f 1

Similarly we obtain the physical significance of the other entries of the

global stiffness matrix
In general

= Force at d.o.f ‘i’ due to unit displacement at d.o.f ‘j’

keeping all the other d.o.fs fixed
Example
The length of bars 12 and 23 are equal (L)
y E: Young’s modulus
A: Cross sectional area of each bar
3 P2 Solve for d2x and d2y using the “physical
El#2
interpretation” approach
P1

El#1 2
45o
x
1 Solution

Notice that the final set of equations will be of the form

Where k11, k12, k21 and k22 will be determined using the “physical
interpretation” approach
To obtain the first column apply

y
y
3 F2y=k21
F2y=k21

F2x=k11 T2
El#2
2 2’ F2x=k11
El#1
T1 2
x
x
1
d2x=1

Force equilibrium Force-deformation relations

Combining force equilibrium and force-deformation relations

Now use the geometric (compatibility) conditions (see figure)

Finally
To obtain the second column apply

y
y
3
F2y=k22
2’ T2
El#2 d2y=1
2 F2x=k12
El#1
T1 2
x
x
1

Force equilibrium Force-deformation relations

Combining force equilibrium and force-deformation relations

Now use the geometric (compatibility) conditions (see figure)

This negative is due to compression

Finally
 3D Truss (space truss)
© 2002 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning™
In local coordinate
 The transformation matrix for a single vector in

l1, m1 and n1 are the direction cosines of x ^

© 2002 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning™

Transformation matrix T relating the local and global displacement and load
vectors of the truss element

Element stiffness matrix in global coordinates

Notice that the direction cosines of only the local x axis ente^r the k matrix
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
INTRODUCTION T
OFINITE ELEME
NTS

CONSTANT STRAIN
TRIANGLE (CST)
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Lecture notes

Summary:

• Computation of shape functions for constant strain triangle

• Properties of the shape functions
• Computation of strain-displacement matrix
• Computation of element stiffness matrix
• Computation of nodal loads due to body forces
• Computation of nodal loads due to traction
• Recommendations for use
• Example problems
Finite element formulation for 2D:

Step 1: Divide the body into finite elements connected to

each other through special points (“nodes”)
py
px v
3
3
Element ‘e’ u3
v4
v2
ST 4
v1 u4
y x u2
y 2
Su
1
x v u1
u
x
TASK 2: APPROXIMATE THE STRAIN and STRESS WITHIN
EACH ELEMENT

Approximation of the strain in element ‘e’

 Summary: For each element
Displacement approximation in terms of shape functions

Strain approximation in terms of strain-displacement matrix

Stress approximation

Element stiffness matrix

Element nodal load vector

DEP A R TMEN T OF MEC H A N I C A L EN G I N EER I N G

Constant Strain Triangle (CST) : Simplest 2D finite element

v1
1 v3
(x ,y ) u1
(x3,y3)
1 1
v2 v u3
y (x,y)
u 3

2 (x2
u2
,y2)
x

• 3 nodes per element

• 2 dofs per node (each node can move in x- and y-
directions)
• Hence 6 dofs per element
The displacement approximation in terms of shape functions is
 Formula for the shape functions are
v1
v3
1 u1
(x ,y ) (x3,y3)
1 1
v2 v u3
y u 3
(x,y)

where u2
2 (x2,y )
2
x

DEP A R TMEN T OF MEC H A N I C A L EN G I N EER I

 Properties of the shape functions:

1. The shape functions N1, N2 and N3 are linear functions

of x and y
N2
N1 N
3
1
1 1
1 3 1
y 3 2 3

1
2 2

x
2. At every point in the domain
3. Geometric interpretation of the shape functions
At any point P(x,y) that the shape functions are evaluated,

P (x,y)
1
A2
A3 A1
y 3

x
Approximation of the strains
Inside each element, all components of strain are constant:
hence the name Constant Strain Triangle

Element stresses (constant inside each element)

IMPORTANT NOTE:
1. The displacement field is continuous across element
boundaries
2. The strains and stresses are NOT continuous across
element boundaries
Element stiffness
t

Since B is constant
A

t=thickness of the element

A=surface area of the element
Element nodal load
Element nodal load vector due to body

fb1
1 y fb3
fb1 y
x
Xb fb3x
fb2y (x,y) Xa 3
y

fb2x
2

x
EXAMPLE:

If Xa=1 and Xb=0

Element nodal load vector due to

EXAMPLE:

fS1y
fS3y
1

fS1x fS3x
y 3

x
 Element nodal load vector due to
EXAMPLE:

fS2y
(2,2)
2 fS2x
y 1

2
fS3y
1 3 f x
(0,0) (2,0) S3x Similarly, compute
Recommendations for use of CST

1. Use in areas where strain gradients are small

2. Use in mesh transition areas (fine mesh to coarse

mesh)

3. Avoid CST in critical areas of structures (e.g.,

stress concentrations, edges of holes, corners)

4. In general CSTs are not recommended for

general analysis purposes as a very large number
of these elements are required for reasonable
accuracy.
 Example 1000 lb
y 300 psi
3 2

El Thickness (t) = 0.5 in

2 2 in E= 30×106 psi
El
4 =0.25
1 1
3 in x

(a) Compute the unknown nodal displacements.

(b) Compute the stresses in the two elements.
Realize that this is a plane stress problem and therefore we need to use

Step 1: Node-element connectivity chart

ELEMENT Node 1 Node 2 Node 3 Area

(sqin)
1 1 2 4 3
2 3 4 2 3

Node x y
1 3 0 Nodal coordinates
2 3 2
3 0 2
4 0 0
 Step 2: Compute strain-displacement matrices for the
Recall with

For Element #1: 2(2)

Hence

4(3) 1(1) Therefore

(local numbers within brackets)

For Element #2:

Step 3: Compute element stiffness

u1 v1 u2 v2 u4 v4
u3 v3 u4 v4 u2 v2
 Step 4: Assemble the global stiffness matrix corresponding to the
degrees of freedom
Notice that

Hence we need to calculate only a small (3x3) stiffness matrix

u
1
u2
v2
u u2 v2
1
Step 5: Compute consistent nodal
 f1x 
 
f   f2 x 
 
 f2 y 

The consistent nodal load due to traction on the edge 3-2

3 2
Hence

Step 6: Solve the system equations to obtain the unknown nodal loads

Solve to get
Step 7: Compute the stresses in the elements

In Element #1

With

Calculate
 In Element #2

With

Calculate


114.1 

  28.52  psi
(2)

 363.35

Notice that the stresses are constant in each element

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
INTRODUCTION T
OFINITE ELEME
NTS

PRACTICAL
CONSIDERATIONS IN
FEM MODELING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Reading assignment:

Logan Chap 7 + Lecture notes

Summary:

• Aspect ratio and element shapes

• Use of symmetry
• Natural subdivisions at discontinuities
• Stress equilibrium in FEM solutions
© 2002 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning™ Aspect ratio and element shapes

Aspect ratio = longest

dimension/ shortest
dimension

Figure 7-1a (a) Beam with

loading: effects of the
aspect ratio (AR) illustrated
by the five cases with
different aspect ratios
 © 2002 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning™

Figure 7-1b (b) Inaccuracy of solution as a function of the aspect

ratio (numbers in parentheses correspond to the cases listed in
Table 7-1)
 © 2002 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning™

Figure 7-2 Elements with poor shapes

Avoid abrupt changes in element

Abrupt change in Gradual change in

element size element size
Examples of how NOT to connect
 Use of symmetry in modeling
© 2002 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning™

Figure 7-3 Use of symmetry applied to a soil mass subjected to

foundation loading (number of nodes = 66, number of elements
= 50) (2.54 cm = 1 in., 4.445 N = 1 lb)
 © 2002 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning™

Figure 7-4 Use of symmetry applied to a uniaxially loaded

member with a fillet
© 2002 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning™

Figure 7-5 Problem reduction

using axes of symmetry applied
to a plate with a hole subjected
to tensile force
 Natural subdivisions at discontinuities

DEP A R TMEN T OF MEC H A N I C A L EN G I N EER I

 Look before you leap!
1. Check the model that you have developed:
• Boundary conditions
• Loadings
• Symmetry?
• Element aspect ratios/shapes
• Mesh gradation

2. Check the results

• Eyeball
• Anything funny (nonzero displacements where they should be zero?)
• Are stress concentrations in places that you expect?
• Comparison with known analytical solution/literature

3. If you remesh the same problem and analyze, do the solutions converge?
(specifically check for convergence in strain energy)
 Stress equilibrium in FEM analysis

Example: Consider a linear elastic bar with varying cross section

1 2
x
P=3E/80 The governing differential (equilibrium) equation
80cm
Eq(1)
E: Young’s modulus

Boundary conditions

Analytical solution
Lets us discretize the bar using a 2-noded (linear) bar element. The finite element
approximation within the bar is

where the shape functions

If we incorporate the boundary condition at x=0

Does this solution satisfy the equilibrium equation (Eq 1)?

Conclusion: The FEM displacement field does NOT satisfy the equilibrium
equations at every point inside the elements.

However, the solution gets better as the mesh is refined.

 Stress equilibrium in FEM analysis

To obtain exact solution of the mathematical model in solid

mechanics we need to satisfy
1. Compatibility
2. Stress-strain law
3. Stress-equilibrium
at every point in the computational domain.

In a FE model one satisfies the first 2 conditions exactly.

But stress-equilibrium is NOT satisfied point wise.
Question: Then what is satisfied?
Let us compute the FEM solution using a bar element
The stiffness matrix is

The system equations to solve are

With u1x=0; we solve for

(Note that the exact solution for the displacement at node 2 is 1cm!!)
Let us now compute the nodal forces due to element stresses using the formula
Two observations

P=3E/80

1. Element equilibrium
2. Nodal equilibrium
The following two properties are ALWAYS satisfied by the
FEM solution using a coarse or a fine mesh

Property 1: Nodal point equilibrium P

Property 2. Element equilibrium
El #4 El #3

El #2 El #1

PROPERTY 1: (Nodal point equilibrium) At any node the

sum of the element nodal point forces is in equilibrium with the
externally applied loads (including all effects due to body forces,
surface tractions, initial stresses, concentrated loads, inertia,
damping and reaction)
How to compute the nodal reaction forces for a given finite element?

Once we have computed the element stress, we may obtain the

nodal reaction forces as
Nodal point equilibrium implies:
This is equal in
magnitude and in the
same direction as P

El #4 El #3

El #2 El #1

Sum of forces equal externally applied load (=0 at this node)

 PROPERTY 2: (Element equilibrium) Each element is in
equilibrium under its forces f
i.e., each element is under force and moment equilibrium
e.g.,
Define

as a rigid body displacement in x-direction

F4y F3y
F4x F3x
But

F1x F2x

F1y F2y
since this is a rigid
Hence body
displacement, the
DEP A R TMEN T OF MEC H A N I C A L EN G I N EER I N G strains are zero
Example (Finite Element Procedures, Bathe 1996)

DEP A R TMEN T OF MEC H A N I C A L EN G I N EER I

NOTE: In a finite element analysis

1. Stress equilibrium violated inside each element

2. Stresses are discontinuous across elements
3. Stresses are not in equilibrium with the applied traction
 © 2002 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning™

Figure7-10 Example 6.2, illustrating violation of equilibrium of

a differential element and along the diagonal edge between two
elements (the coarseness of the mesh amplifies the violation of
equilibrium)
 © 2002 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning™

Figure 7-11 Convergence of a finite element solution based on the

compatible displacement formulation
Hence a finite element analysis can be interpreted as a process in
which
1. The structure or continuum is idealized as an assemblage
of elements connected at nodes pertaining to the elements.

2. The externally applied forces are lumped to these nodes to

obtain the equivalent nodal load vectors

3. The equivalent nodal loads are equilibriated by the nodal

point forces that are equivalent to the element internal stresses.

4. Compatibility and stress-strain relationships are exactly

satisfied, but instead of force equilibrium at the differential
level, only global equilibrium for the complete structure, of the
nodal points and of each element under its nodal point forces is
satisfied.
 MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Subject : FINITE ELEMENT METHODS
UNIT-II
TUTORIAL - II

1. a.) Determine the shape functions for 4 – nodded quadrilateral element.

b.) For a beam and loading shown in fig.5, determine the slopes at 2 and 3 and the
vertical deflection at the midpoint of the distributed load.

2. Calculate the stiffness matrix, stresses and reactions in the truss structure shown in Figure

3. Derive the stiffness matrix for truss and beam as shown in figure 2

4. For axi-symmetric element shown in figure, determine the strain-displacement matrix. Let E =
2.1 x105N/mm2 and ν= 0.25. The co-ordinates shown in figure are in millimetres.

5.Write about different boundary considerations in beams

 MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY Subject : FINITE ELEMENT METHODS
UNIT –II
ASSIGNMENT -II

1. Consider the truss shown in Fig.. Determine the displacement and stress in each truss member.

2. For the triangular plane structure given in Fig, determine the deflection at the point of
load application using a one-element model. If a mesh of several triangular elements is used,
comment on the stress values in the elements close to the tip.

3. a.) Write about different boundary considerations in beams.

b.) Determine the support reactions and maximum vertical deflection for the
Continuous beam shown in Figure.
.

4. Explain the prosperities for hermits shape functions

5. (a) Derive the B Matrix (relating strains and nodal displacements) for an iso
parametric triangular element with linear interpolation for the geometry as well as field
variables.
b) Explain why the above element is popularly known as CST. Discuss about the advantages and
disadvantages of the element
 UNIT 3
AXISYMMETRIC
ANALYSIS&NUMERICAL
INTEGRATION
Syllabus:

Finite element modeling of axi-symmetric solids subjected to

axisymmetric loading with triangular elements. Two dimensional four
node isoparametric elements and numerical integration.

OBJECTIVE:

To learn the principles involved in the discretization of domains with various

elements, polynomial and interpolation and assembly of global arrays.

To learn the applications of FEM for axisymmetric problems with axisymmetric

Boundary conditions.

To Understand the need of numerical integration and Iso parametric formulation.

OUTCOME:

Able to solve the problems in Axisymmetric structures.

Apply the numerical integration techniques to get element matrices.

UNIT-III
Axisymmetric Elements

In this chapter, we consider a special two-dimensional element called the axisymmetric

element.
This element is quite useful when symmetry with respect to geometry and loading
exists about an axis of the body being analyzed.
Problems that involve soil masses subjected to circular footing loads or thick-walled
pressure vessels can often be analyzed using the element developed in this chapter.

Derivation of the Stiffness Matrix

Axisymmetric elements are triangular tori such that each element is symmetric with respect
to geometry and loading about an axis such as the z axis.
Hence, the z axis is called the axis of symmetry or the axis of revolution.
Each vertical cross section of the element is a plane triangle.
The nodal points of an axisymmetric triangular element describe circumferential lines.

For instance, the axisymmetric problem of a semi-infinite halfspace loaded by a circular

area (circular footing) can be solved using the axisymmetric element developed.

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For instance, the axisymmetric problem of a domed pressure vessel can be solved using
the axisymmetric element.

For instance, the axisymmetric problem of stresses acting on the barrel under an internal
pressure loading.

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For instance, the axisymmetric problem of an engine valve stem can be solved using the
axisymmetric element.

For instance, an axisymmetric specimen loaded under tension compression.

Because of symmetry about the z axis, the stresses are independent of the angular
coordinate. Therefore, all derivatives with respect to θ vanish, and the
displacement component v (tangent to the θ direction), the shear strains and the shear
stresses with angular θ planes are all zero.

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Consider an axisymmetric ring element and its cross section to represent the general state
of strain for an axisymmetric problem.

The displacements can be expressed for element ABCD in the plane of a cross-section in
cylindrical coordinates.
We then let u and w denote the displacements in the radial and longitudinal directions,
respectively.

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Derivation of Force Vectors:

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Numerical Integration in 2D
Summary:
a. Gauss integration on a 2D square domain
b. Integration on a triangular domain
c. Recommended order of integration
d. “Reduced” vs “Full” integration; concept of “spurious” zero energy modes/ “hour-glass”
modes

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“Reduced” vs “Full” integration
Full integration: Quadrature scheme sufficient to provide exact integrals of all terms of the
stiffness matrix if the element is geometrically undistorted.
Reduced integration: An integration scheme of lower order than required by “full” integration.
Recommendation: Reduced integration is NOT recommended.

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
INTRODUCTION
TOFINITE ELEM
ENTS

MAPPED ELEMENT
GEOMETRIES AND
SHAPE FUNCTIONS:
THE ISOPARAMETRIC
FORMULATION
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
 Reading assignment:

Chapter 10.1-10.3, 10.6 + Lecture notes

Summary:

• Concept of isoparametric mapping

• 1D isoparametric mapping
• Element matrices and vectors in 1D
• 2D isoparametric mapping : rectangular parent elements
• 2D isoparametric mapping : triangular parent elements
• Element matrices and vectors in 2D
For© 2002
complex
Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning™

General quadrilateral elements

Elements with curved sides

Consider a special 4-noded rectangle in its local coordinate system

t
2 1 Displacement interpolation
1 1
1

s
1
3 Shape functions in local coord system
4
Recall that

Rigid body modes

Constant strain
states
Goal is to map this element from local coords to a general quadrilateral element in
global coord system t

2
t
2 1 y 1
1 1
1
3
s
s
1
3 4 s
4
x
Local coordinate system
Global coordinate system
 In the mapped coordinates, the shape functions need to

1. Kronecker delta property

Then

2. Polynomial completeness
 The

Provides the required mapping from the local coordinate system

To the global coordinate system and is known as isoparametric mapping

(s,t): isoparametric coordinates

(x,y): global coordinates
Examples
t
t
1 1
1
s
1
y
s
x
t

s s
y
1
x
 1D isoparametric mapping

3 noded (quadratic) element

1 3 x1 x3 x2
2 x
s
1 3 2
1 1
Isoparametric mapping
Local (isoparametric) coordinates
NOTES
1. Given a point in the isoparametric coordinates, I can obtain the corresponding
mapped point in the global coordinates using the isoparametric mapping equation

Question
x=? at s=0.5?
2. The shape functions themselves get mapped
In the isoparametric coordinates (s) they are polynomials.
In the global coordinates (x) they are in general nonpolynomials
Lets consider the following numerical example

4 2 x

1 3 2
Isoparametric mapping x(s)

Simple polynomial

Inverse mapping s(x)

Complicated function
Now lets compute the shape functions in the global
 Now lets compute the shape functions in the global

N2(x)
N2(s)

1
1 3 2 1 4 2 x
s
1 3 2
1 1

N2(x) is a complicated function

N2(s) is a simple polynomial

However, thanks to isoparametric mapping, we always ensure

1. Knonecker delta property
2. Rigid body and constant strain states
Element matrices and vectors for a mapped 1D bar

1 3 2
x
s
1 1 1 3 2

Displacement interpolation

Strain-displacement relation

Stress

The strain-displacement matrix

The only difference from before is that the shape functions are in the isoparametric
coordinates

We know the isoparametric mapping

And we will not try to obtain explicitly the inverse map.

How to compute the B matrix?
 Using chain

(*)

Do I know

Do I know

I know

Hence

From (*)
What does the Jacobian

Maps a differential element from the isoparametric coordinates to the global

coordinates
The strain-displacement

For the 3-noded element

 The element stiffness

NOTES
1. The integral on ANY element in the global coordinates in now an integral from -1
to 1 in the local coodinates
2. The jacobian is a function of ‘s’ in general and enters the integral. The
specific form of ‘J’ is determined by the values of x1, x2 and x3. Gaussian
quadrature is used to evaluate the stiffness matrix
3. In general B is a vector of rational functions in ‘s’
 Isoparametric mapping in 2D: Rectangular parent
© 2002 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning™

Parent element Mapped element in global

coordinates

Isoparametric mapping

DEP A R TMEN T OF MEC H A N I C A L EN G I N EER I N G

Shape functions of parent element in isoparametric

Isoparametric mapping
NOTES:
1. The isoparametric mapping provides the map (s,t) to (x,y) , i.e., if you are
given a point (s,t) in isoparametric coordinates, then you can compute the
coordinates of the point in the (x,y) coordinate system using the
equations

2. The inverse map will never be explicitly computed.

8-noded Serendipity
© 2002 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning™

t 7
4 3
1 1
1
6
8 s
1
5
1
2
8-noded Serendipity element: element shape functions in
coordinates
NOTES
1. Ni(s,t) is a simple polynomial in s and t. But Ni(x,y) is a complex function of x
and y.
2. The element edges can be curved in the mapped coordinates
3. A “midside” node in the parent element may not remain as a midside node in
the mapped element. An extreme example

t 5 y
2 1 1
1 1
1
5
8 2,6,3
8
6 s
x
1
7
3
4 7
4. Care must be taken to ensure UNIQUENESS of mapping

t y
2 1
1 1
1
3 1
x
s
1
3
4

4
Isoparametric mapping in 2D: Triangular parent elements

2 t Parent element: a right angled triangles with

arms of unit length

Key is to link the isoparametric coordinates with

1 P(s,t) the area coordinates
s
t
s
3 1
1
 Now replace L1, L2, L3 in the formulas for the shape functions of triangular
elements to obtain the shape functions in terms of (s,t)

Example: 3-noded triangle

2 (x2,y2) t

2 t

1
1 y 3 (x3,y3)
s x s
1 (x1,y1)
3
1

Parent shape functions Isoparametric mapping

Element matrices and vectors for a mapped 2D element

Recall: For each element

Displacement approximation

Strain approximation

Stress approximation

Element stiffness matrix

Element nodal load vector

STe

DEP A R TMEN T OF MEC H A N I C A L EN G I N EER I N G

In isoparametric formulation
1. Shape functions first expressed in (s,t) coordinate
system i.e., Ni(s,t)
2. The isoparamtric mapping relates the (s,t) coordinates with the global
coordinates (x,y)

3. It is laborious to find the inverse map s(x,y) and t(x,y) and we do not do that.
Instead we compute the integrals in the domain of the parent element.
NOTE
1. Ni(s,t) s are already available as simple polynomial functions
2. The first task is to find and

Use chain rule

 In matrix form

This is known as the

Jacobian matrix (J) for the We want to compute
Can be mapping these for the B
computed (s,t) → (x,y) matrix
How to compute the Jacobian matrix?
Start from
Need to ensure that det(J) > 0 for one-to-one mapping
 3. Now we need to transform the integrals from (x,y) to (s,t)

Case 1. Volume integrals

h=thickness of element

This depends on the key result

 Problem: Consider the following isoparamteric map
2 1
t (6,6)
2 1 (3,6)
1 1
1

s
1 y
3
4 4
3
(3,1) (6,1)
ISOPARAMETRIC COORDINATES x
GLOBAL COORDINATES
 Displacement

Shape functions in isoparametric coord system

 The isoparamtric

In this case, we may compute the inverse map, but we will NOT do that!
 The Jacobian

since

NOTE: The diagonal terms are due to stretching of the sides along the x-
and y-directions. The off-diagonal terms are zero because the element does
not shear.
Hence, if I were to compute the first column of the B matrix along the positive
direction

I would use

Hence
 N1 1t 

   
 x 6
B    
0  0
1    
  1  s 
N1
Hence, if I were to compute the first column of the B matrix along the positive
   
 y   10 

DEP A R TMEN T OF MEC H A N I C A L EN G I N EER I N G

The element stiffness
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
 INTRODUCTION
TOFINITE ELEM
ENTS

NUMERICAL INTEGRATION
IN 1D
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
 Reading assignment:

Lecture notes, Logan 10.4

Summary:

• Newton-Cotes Integration Schemes

•Gaussian quadrature

DEP A R TMEN T OF MEC H A N I C A L EN G I N EER I N G

Axially loaded elastic bar

y A(x) = cross section at x

b(x) = body force distribution (force per
unit length)
F E(x) = Young’s modulus
x
x
x=0 x=L
For each element x1 x2
1 2
Element stiffness matrix

d1x d2x

where

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Only for a linear finite element

Element nodal load vector

Question: How do we compute these integrals using a computer?

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Any integral from x1 to x2 can be transformed to the following integral on (-1, 1)

Use the following change of variables

Goal: Obtain a good approximate value of this integral

1. Newton-Cotes Schemes (trapezoidal rule, Simpson’s rule, etc)
2. Gauss Integration Schemes

NOTE: Integration schemes in 1D are referred to as “quadrature rules”

Trapezoidal rule: Approximate the function f by a straight line g that passes
through the end points and integrate the straight line

g f

f
f


-1 1
•Requires the function f(x) to be evaluated at 2
points (-1, 1)
• Constants and linear functions are exactly
integrated
• Not good for quadratic and higher order
polynomials

How can I make this better?

Simpson’s rule: Approximate the function f� by a parabola g� that passes
through the end points and through f(0) and integrate the parabola

g� f
f�

f

f(
�
-1 1
•Requires the function f(x) to be evaluated at 3
points (-1,0, 1)
• Constants, linear functions and parabolas are
exactly integrated
• Not good for cubic and higher order polynomials
How to generalize this formula?
Notice that both the integration formulas had the general

Weight Integration point

Trapezoidal rule: Accurate for polynomial of

M=2 degree at most 1 (=M-1)

Simpson’s rule: Accurate for polynomial of

M=3 degree at most 2 (=M-1)
Generalization of these two integration rules: Newton-

• Divide the interval (-1,1) into M-1 equal intervals using M points
• Pass a polynomial of degree M-1 through these M points (the value of this
polynomial will be equal to the value of the function at these M-1 points)
• Integrate this polynomial to obtain an approximate value of the integral

f
f�

f
g�

�
-1 1
With ‘M’ points we may integrate a polynomial of degree ‘M-
exactly.

Is this the best we can do ?

With ‘M’ integration points and ‘M’ weights, I should be able to integrate a
polynomial of degree 2M-1 exactly!!
Gauss integration rule

See table 10-1 (p 405) of Logan

 Gauss quadrature

Weight Integration point

How can we choose the integration points and weights to exactly integrate a
polynomial of degree 2M-1?

Remember that now we do not know, a priori, the location of the integration
points.
 Example: M=1 (Midpoint

How can we choose W1 and �1 so that we may integrate

a (2M-1=1) linear polynomial exactly?

But we want
 Hence, we obtain the

For this to hold for arbitrary a0 and a1 we need to satisfy 2 conditions

i.e.,
 For

f�
f

g�

�
-1 1
Midpoint quadrature rule:
• Only one evaluation of f� is required at the midpoint of the interval.
• Scheme is accurate for constants and linear polynomials (compare with
Trapezoidal rule)
 Example:

How can we choose W1 ,W2 �1 and �2 so that we may integrate a polynomial of

degree (2M-1=4-1=3) exactly?

But we want
Hence, we obtain the 4 conditions to determine the 4 unknowns (W 1 ,W2 �1
and �2 )

Check that the following is the solution

For M=2

f�

�
-1 * * 1

• Only two evaluations of f� is required.

• Scheme is accurate for polynomials of degree at most 3 (compare with
Simpson’s rule)
 Exercise: Derive the 6 conditions required to find the integration points
and weights for a 3-point Gauss quadrature rule

Newton-Cotes Gauss quadrature

1. ‘M’ integration points are 1. ‘M’ integration points are necessary

necessary to exactly integrate a to exactly integrate a polynomial of
polynomial of degree ‘M-1’ degree ‘2M-1’
2. More expensive 2. Less expensive
3. Exponential convergence, error
proportional to
Example

Exact integration

Integrate and check!

Newton-Cotes

To exactly integrate this I need a 4-point Newton-Cotes formula.

Why?

Gauss
To exactly integrate this I need a 2-point Gauss formula. Why?
Gauss

Exact answer!
Comparison of Gauss quadrature and Newton-Cotes for the

Newton-Cotes

Gauss quadrature
In FEM we ALWAYS use Gauss quadrature

Linear Element
1 2

Stiffness matrix

Nodal load vector

Usually a 2-point Gauss integration is used. Note that if A, E and b are complex
functions of x, they will not be accurately integrated
 Quadratic Element

Nodal shape functions 1 2 3

You should be able to derive these!

Stiffness matrix

Assuming E and A are constants

Need to exactly integrate quadratic terms.
Hence we need a 2-point Gauss quadrature scheme..Why?
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
 INTRODUCTION
TOFINITE ELEM
ENTS

NUMERICAL INTEGRATION
IN 2D
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
 Reading assignment:

Lecture notes, Logan 10.4

Summary:

• Gauss integration on a 2D square domain

• Integration on a triangular domain
• Recommended order of integration
• “Reduced” vs “Full” integration; concept of “spurious” zero energy
modes/ “hour-glass” modes
 1D quardrature rule

Weight Integration point

Choose the integration points and weights to maximize accuracy

Newton-Cotes Gauss quadrature

1. ‘M’ integration points are 1. ‘M’ integration points are necessary

necessary to exactly integrate a to exactly integrate a polynomial of
polynomial of degree ‘M-1’ degree ‘2M-1’
2. More expensive 2. Less expensive
3. Exponential convergence, error
proportional to
 Exampl f


-1 1

A 2-point Gauss quadrature rule

is exact for a polynomial of degree 3 or less

2D square domain
t
1 1

1
s
1

Using 1D Gauss rule to integrate along ‘t’

Using 1D Gauss rule to integrate along ‘s’

Where Wij =Wi Wj

For

Wij =Wi Wj=1

Number the Gauss points IP=1,2,3,4

 The

Uses M2 integration points on a nonuniform grid inside the parent element

and is exact for a polynomial of degree (2M-1) i.e.,

A M2 –point rule is exact for a complete polynomial of degree

(2M-1)
 CASE I: M=1 (One-point GQ rule)

is exact for a product of two linear

t
polynomials
1 1
s1=0, t1=0
W1= 4

1
s
1
 CASE II: M=2 (2x2 GQ rule)

t
1 1

1
s
1

is exact for a product of two cubic

polynomials
 CASE III: M=3 (3x3 GQ rule)

t
1 1

3 6 2
1
7 1 9
s
1 4 8 5

is exact for a product of two 1D polynomials of degree 5

 EXAMPLES
If f(s,t)=1

A 1-point GQ scheme is sufficient

If f(s,t)=s

A 1-point GQ scheme is sufficient

If f(s,t)=s2t2

A 3x3 GQ scheme is sufficient

 2D Gauss quadrature for triangular domains

Remember that the parent element is a right angled triangle with unit sides

t The type of integral encountered

t
s=1-t t s

1
Constraints on the weights
if f(s,t)=1
 Example 1. A M=1 point rule is exact for a polynomial

1/3
1

1/3
s

1
Why

Assume

Then

But

Hence
 Example 2. A M=3 point rule is exact for a complete polynomial of degree

1/2
1
1 2
1/2
s
3
1
Example 4. A M=4 point rule is exact for a complete polynomial of degree

(0.2,0.6)
1 2 (1/3,1/3)
1
3 4
s
(0.2,0.2)
1(0.6,0.2)
Recommended order
of integration
“Finite
Element
Procedures”
by K. –J. Bathe
“Reduced” vs “Full” integration

Full integration: Quadrature scheme sufficient to provide exact integrals of

all terms of the stiffness matrix if the element is geometrically undistorted.
Reduced integration: An integration scheme of lower order than required by
“full” integration.

Recommendation: Reduced integration is NOT recommended.

 WHICH ORDER OF GQ TO USE FOR FULL
INTEGRATION?
To computet the stiffness matrix we need to evaluate the following integral

For an “undistroted” element det (J) =constant

Example : 4-noded parallelogram

1
s t

1
s t
s2 st t2
Hence, 2M-1=2
M=3/2

Hence we need at least a 2x2 GQ scheme

Example 2: 8-noded Serendipity element

1
s t
s2 st t2
s2t st2

1
s t
s2 st t2
 1
s t
s2 st t2
s3 s2t st2 t3
s4 s3t s2t2 st3 t4

Hence, 2M-1=4
M=5/2

Hence we need at least a 3x3 GQ scheme

Reduced integration leads to rank deficiency of the stiffness matrix and “spurious”
zero energy modes

“Spurious” zero energy mode/ “hour-glass” mode

The strain energy of an element

Corresponding to a rigid body mode,

If U=0 for a mode d that is different from a rigid body mode, then
d is known as a “spurious” zero energy mode or “hour-glass” mode

Such a mode is undesirable

 Example 1. 4-noded

y
1 1

Full integration: NGAUSS=4

1 Element has 3 zero energy (rigid body)
modes
x
1
Reduced integration: e.g., NGAUSS=1
 Consider 2 displacement

y
y

x
x

We have therefore 2 hour-glass modes.

Propagation of hour-glass modes through a
 Example 2. 8-noded serendipity

y
1 1

Full integration: NGAUSS=9

1 Element has 3 zero energy (rigid body)
modes
x
1
Reduced integration: e.g., NGAUSS=4
 Element has one spurious zero energy mode corresponding to the following
displacement field

y Show that the strains corresponding to this

displacement field are all zero at the 4
Gauss points

Elements with zero energy modes introduce uncontrolled errors and

should NOT be used in engineering practice.
 MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY Subject : FINITE ELEMENT METHODS
UNIT – III
TUTORIAL - III

1. An axi-symmetric triangular element is subjected to the loading as shown in fig. the

load is distributed throughout the circumference and normal to the boundary.
Derive all the necessary equations and derive the nodal point loads.

2 a.) Discuss in detail about 2D heat conduction in Composite slabs using FEA.
b.) Using the isoperimetric element, find the Jacobean and inverse of Jacobean matrix for
the element shown in Fig.2, 3(a) & 3(b) for the following cases.
i) Determine the coordinate of a point P in x-y coordinate system for the ξ = 0.4 and η =
0.6.
ii) Determine the coordinate of the Q in ξ and η system for the x = 2.5 and y = 1.0.

3. Derive the shape functions of two dimensional four nodded iso-parametric element. Plot
the shape functions
4. Explain the formulation of 4-noded Iso-parametric axi-symmetric element and derive
the stiffness matrix.
5. Explain plane stress and plane strain conditions with suitable examples.
 MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY Subject : FINITE ELEMENT METHODS
UNIT – III
ASSIGNMENT- III

1. a.) Write the difference between CST and LST elements

b) For point P located inside the triangle shown in the figure below the shape functions N1
and N2 are 0.15 and 0.25, respectively. Determine the x and y coordinates of point P.

2. For the plane stress element shown in Fig, the nodal displacements are
u1 = 2.0 mm, v1 = 1.0 mm , u2 = 0.5 mm, v2 = 0.0 mm, u3 = 3.0 mm, v3 = 1.0 mm
and consider Young’s Modulus E = 210 GPa, Poisson’s ratio ν = 0.25 and uniform
plate thickness t = 10 mm. Determine the element stresses σx , σy , τxy , σ1 and σ2 and the
principal axis angle θp.

(50,100)

(30, 20) (80, 20)

3. Differentiate between Axi- symmetric elements and symmetric elements with

suitable examples.

4. a.) Derive the Shape Functions N1, N2 and N3 for a plane triangular element.

b.) Compute the strain displacement matrix and also the strains of a axi-symmetric
triangular element with the coordinates r1 = 30 mm, z1 = 40 mm, r2 = 60 mm, z2 = 50
mm, r3= 50 mm, z3 = 80 mm. The nodal displacement values are u1 = 0.01 mm, w1 =
0.01 mm, u2 = 0.01 mm, w2 = -0.04 mm, u3 = -0.03 mm, w3 = 0.07 mm

5 .a.)Explain the methodology to estimate the stiffness matrix of four nodded

Quadrilateral element.
2x 3 2
b.) Evaluate ∫ [e + x + 1 / (x + 2)] dx over the limits -1 and +1 using one point
 UNIT 4
BEAM ANALYSIS & HEAT TRANSFER
ANALYSIS
Syllabus:

Heat transfer analysis: One dimensional steady state analysis composite wall. One
dimensional fin analysis and two dimensional analysis of thin plate.

BEAMS: Element matrices, assembling of global stiffness matrix, solution for

displacements, reaction, stresses.

OBJECTIVE:

To learn the principles involved in the discretization of domains with various

elements, polynomial and interpolation and assembly of global arrays.

To understand the application of FEM for Beams and Heat Transfer Problems.

OUTCOME:

Derive element matrices to find stresses in Beams and temperatures in Heat

transfer problems.
 UNIT – IV
Flexural Elements or Beam Elements
The bar, one-dimensional elements discussed earlier will be now extended to general one-
dimensional elements that can take bending.
• We develop here a flexural or beam element using the elementary beam theory.
• To begin with we consider one-dimensional beam that can bend in a plane.
• This will subsequently be extended to include two-plane bending, axial load and torsion.

Elementary Beam Theory

• The beam is loaded only in y - direction.
• Deflections of the beam are small compared to the characteristic dimensions of the beam.
• The material of the beam is linearly elastic, isotropic, and homogeneous.
• The beam is prismatic and has an axis of symmetry in the plane of bending.

From elementary beam theory, the following assumptions are valid:

1. Each beam element is of length L and has two nodes
2. Each element is connected to other element only at nodes
3. Element loading occurs only at nodes
• Here the field variable of interest is the transverse displacement v(x) of the neutral surface
away from its straight, undeflected position.
• The same end displacements, give rise to different beam configurations. Hence we need to
take the slope v’ (θ) into consideration.
The stresses and strains in a beam are given as Here σ and ε are the normal stress and normal
strain respectively. M is the the bending moment at the section. v(x) is deflection of the neutral axis
at x. I is the moment of inertia of the section about the neutral axis.

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Beam Elements- PE Approach
• The potential Energy formulation

• In the above equation of elemental beam, we notice that

• The total strain energy is obtained by integrating the above as

• The potential energy of the beam is, where p is the load per unit length

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EXAMPLE:

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Example:

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Heat Transfer Analysis

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UNIT-V
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS

Dynamics is a special branch of mechanics where inertia of accelerating masses must be considered
in the force-deflection relationships. In order to describe motion of the mass system, a component
with distributed mass is approximated by a finite number of mass points. Knowledge of certain
principles of dynamics is essential to the formulation of these equations.
Every structure is associated with certain frequencies and mode shapes of free vibration (without
continuous application of load), based on the distribution of mass and stiffness in the structure. Any
time-dependent external load acting on the structure, whose frequency matches with the natural
frequencies of the structure, causes resonance and produces large displacements leading to failure
of the structure. Calculation of natural frequencies and mode shapes is there for every important.
In general, for a system with on' degrees of freedom, stiffness 'k' and mass 'm' are represented by
stiffness matrix [K] and mass matrix [M] respectively.
Then

Here, [M] is the mass matrix of the entire structure and is of the same order, say n x n, as the
stiffness matrix [K]. This is also obtained by assembling element mass matrices in a manner exactly
identical to assembling element stiffness matrices. The mass matrix is obtained by two different
approaches, as explained subsequently.

A structure with 'n' DOF will therefore have 'n' eigen values and 'n' eigenvectors. Some eigen values
may be repeated and some eigen values maybe complex, in pairs. The equation can be represented
in the standard form,
[A]{x}i= λi{x}i.
In dynamic analysis, ωi, indicates ith natural frequency and {X} I indicates ith natural mode of
vibration.

A natural mode is a qualitative plot of nodal displacements. In every natural mode of vibration, all
the points on the component will reach their maximum values at the same time and will pass
through zero displacements at the same time. Thus, in a particular mode, all the points of a
component will vibrate with the same frequency and their relative displacements are indicated by

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the components of the corresponding eigen vector. These relative (or proportional) displacements
at different points
on structure remain same at every time instant for undamped free vibration.

Hence, without loss of generality, {u(t)} can be written as {u}.

Since {u} = {O} forms a trivial solution, the homogeneous system of equations
( [A] - λ[I] ) {u} = {O}
gives a non-trivial solution only
when ([A]-λ[I])= {O},
which implies
Det( [A] - λ[I] ) =
o.

This expression, called characteristic equation, results in nth order polynomial in A, and will
therefore have n roots. For each λ, the corresponding eigenvector {u}. can be obtained from the n
homogeneous equations represented by
([K] - λ[M]) {u} = {O}.
The mode shape represented by {u(t)}gives relatives values of displacements in various degrees of
freedom.

NORMALIZATION
The equation of motion of free vibrations ([K] –ω 2[M]) {u} = {O} is a system of homogeneous
equations (right side vector zero) and hence does not give unique numerical solution.
Mode shape is a set of relative displacements in various degrees of freedom, while the structure is
vibrating in a particular frequency and is usually expressed in normalized form, by following one of
the
three normalization methods explained here.

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(a) The maximum value of anyone component of the eigenvector is equated to 'I' and, so, all other
components will have a value less than or equal to ' 1' .
(b) The length of the vector is equated to '1 ' and values of all components are divided by the length
of this vector so that each component will have a value less than or equal to '1'.
(c) The eigenvectors are usually normalized so that

For a positive definite symmetric stiffness matrix of size n x n, the Eigen values are all real and
eigenvectors are orthogonal
i.e.,

MODELLING FOR DYNAMIC ANALYSIS

Solution for any dynamic analysis is an iterative process and, hence, is time -consuming. Geometric
model of the structure for dynamic analysis can be significantly simplified, giving higher priority for
proper representation of distributed mass. An example of a simplified model of a water storage
tank is shown in Fig. Below, representing the central hollow shaft by long beam elements and water
tanks at two levels by a few lumped masses and short beam elements of larger moment of inertia.

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MASS MATRIX
Mass matrix [M] differs from the stiffness matrix in many ways:
(i) The mass of each element is equally distributed at all the nodes of that element
(ii) Mass, being a scalar quantity, has same effect along the three translational degrees of freedom
(u, v and w) and is not shared
(iii) Mass, being a scalar quantity, is not influenced by the local or globa coordinate system. Hence,
no transformation matrix is used for converting mass matrix from element (or local) coordinate
system to structural (or global) coordinate system.

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Two different approaches of evaluating mass matrix [M] are commonly considered.
(a) Lumped mass matrix
Total mass of the element is assumed equally distributed at all the nodes of the element in each of
the translational degrees of freedom. Lumped mass is not used for rotational degrees of freedom.
Off-diagonal elements of this matrix are all zero. This assumption excludes dynamic coupling that
exists between different nodal displacements.
Lumped mass matrices [M] of some elements are given here.
Lumped mass matrix of truss element with 1 translational DOF per node along its local X-axis

Lumped mass matrix of plane truss element in a 2-D plane with2 translational DOF per node
(Displacements along X and Y coordinate axes)

Please note that the same lumped mass is considered in each translational degree of freedom
(without proportional sharing of mass between them) at each node.
Lumped mass matrix of a beam element in X-V plane, with its axis along x-axis and with two DOF
per node (deflection along Y axis and slope about Z axis) is given below. Lumped mass is not
considered in the rotational degrees of freedom.

Note that lumped mass terms are not included in 2nd and 4th rows, as well as columns
corresponding to rotational degrees of freedom.
Lumped mass matrix of a CST element with 2 DOF per node. In this case, irrespective of the shape of
the element, mass is assumed equally distributed at the three nodes. It is distributed equally in all
DOF at each node, without any sharing of mass between different DOF

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(b) Consistent mass matrix
Element mass matrix is calculated here, consistent with the assumed displacement field or element
stiffness matrix. [M] is a banded matrix of the same order as the stiffness matrix. This is evaluated
using the same
interpolating functions which are used for approximating displacement field over the element. It
yields more accurate results but with more computational cost. Consistent mass matrices of some
elements are given here.
Consistent mass matrix of a Truss element along its axis (in local coordinate system)

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Consistent mass matrix (if a Plane Truss element, inclined to global X-axis -Same elements of I-D
mass matrix are repeated in two dimensions(along X and Y directions) without sharing mass
between them. Mass terms in X and Y directions are uncoupled.

Consistent mass matrix of a Space Truss element, inclined to X-Y plane) -Same elements of 1-0 mass
matrix are repeated in three dimensions (along X, Y and Z directions) without sharing mass between
them.

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 Consistent mass matrix of a Beam element

Consistent mass matrix of a CST element in a 2-D plane

Note: Natural frequencies obtained using lumped mass matrix are LOWER than exact values.

Example 1 : Find the natural frequencies of longitudinal vibrations of the unconstrained stepped shaft of areas
A and 2A and of equal lengths (L), as shown below.

Solution : Let the finite element model of the shaft be represented by 3 nodes and 2 truss elements (as only
longitudinal vibrations are being considered) as shown below.

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 Using consistent mass matrix approach

Assembling the element stiffness and mass matrices,

Eigenvalues of the equation ([K] – ω2 [M] ) {u} = {O} are the roots of the characteristic equation represented by

Multiplying all the terms by (L/AE)

The roots of this equation are

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 The first eigenvector implies rigid body motion of the shaft. One component (u I in this
example) is equated to '1' and other displacement components (U2 and U3 in this example) are
obtained as ratios w.r.t. that component,following one method of normalization. Alternatively,
they may also be expressed in other normalized forms.
Note: Static solution for such an unconstrained bar, with rigid body motion, involves a singular [K]
matrix and can not be solved for {u}, while dynamic analysis is mathematically possible.

SUMMARY
• A distributed mass system will have as many natural frequencies and mode shapes as the
number of DOF, 'n'.
• Free undamped vibrations involve a set of n homogeneous equations. Such equations will not give
a unique solution. A mode shape consists of relative displacement values at (n-l) DOF, obtained
w.r.t. the chosen displacement value at one DoF. The mode shapes (Eigen vectors) are usually
normalized.
• The n natural frequencies may be real or complex (in pairs). Some of them may be zero
(indicating rigid body mode) or repeated.
• Only first few frequencies (lower values) are significant and are usually calculated by iterative
methods. Hence, a coarse mesh is adequate for dynamic analysis.

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 UNIT IV
B E A M E L E M E N T S & H E AT T R A N S F E R

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF BEAMS
BEAM WITH
BEAM WITH
BEAM WITH
BEAM WITH
BEAM WITH
EXAMPLE PROBLEM
Heat Conduction Analysis of Solid Structures using FEM
 Introduction to
Fundamentals of Heat Conduction in Solids
 Fourier law of heat conduction

A natural phenomenon is that heat flows in a solid is possible only with temperature gradients with heat from the
locations at higher temperature to the locations with lower temperature. Consequently, heat will flow from the left side
to the right side of the slab if we maintain the situation of T a > Tb with Ta and Tb being the temperature at left and right
faces of the slab respectively as illustrated below:

Amount of
heat flow, Q Tb Q
Area, A
Ta

Q
A(Ta  Tb)t = Qk
A(Ta  Tb)t
d d
where K = Thermal conductivity of material with units of: Btu/in-s-oF in the traditional system, or w/m-oC in the SI system.
Fourier law of heat conduction-cont’d

Instead of total heat flow, a more commonly used terminology in engineering analysis is “heat flux” defined as
“heat flow in solid per unit area and time.” Mathematically, it is expressed as:
Q ( T T )
q k a b for heat flow in a solid slab – a vector quantity
At d

For continuous variation of temperature between the two faces and let the coordinate along the length of the
slab be x-axis, we will have the above expression in the form of:

T(x)
Heat flow: Ta > Tb
d T(x) T(x  T(x  x)
qk 
x) T(x)
T(x) T(x + Δx)
k
Ta Tb
x x
T(x)

x Δx
with “contiguous” variation of temperature, the following expression prevails:
x + Δx
dT(x)
q  q(x)   k (5.1)
0 X
dx

Equation (5.1) is the mathematical expression of the “Fourier Law of Heat

Conduction”
Fourier law of heat conduction in 3-D space

qz
q(r,t qr,t   kTr,t (5.2)
z
)
with components:
T(x, y, z, (5.3a)
q
t)   k
qx x x
qy x
T(x,y,z,t) T( x, y, z, (5.3b)
qy  k
x y
t)
y
y Position (5.3c)
T(x, y, z,
vector: q
t)   k
r: (x,y,z) z z
z

where kx, ky and kz are the thermal conductivity of the material along the respective x-, y- and z-directions.

For isotropic materials, we will have k = kx=ky=kz

The resultant total heat flux in the solid in Equation (5.2) is the vector sum of the components in Equation (5.3)
To be:
q(x, y, z, t)  q2  q2  q2
x y z
 Heat Conduction Equation in Solids
q1 Given a solid situated in a space defined by a coordinate system (r,t) or (x,y,z,t)
z
q3
Heat fluxes in and out of the solid by q1, q2, q3,…….., and heat generated in the solid
by the amount Q(x,y,z,t) per unit volume and unit time.
T(r,t
) q2 There will be induced temperature distribution (or temperature field) in the solid
by T(r,t) or T(x,y,z,t) in the solid.
Q(r,t)
The heat conduction equation was derived using q 
xq  q T

0
the
the Fourier law of heat conduction and on   x  y  z  Q  c (5.4)
q4 basis of law of conservation of energies  x y z 
y t
Now, if we substituting the heat fluxes shown in Equations (5.2) and (5.3) into the above expression to
yield:
  k T x, y, z, t  T x, y, z, t  T x, y, z, t Tx, y, z, t
x x   y k   z k   Q x, y, z, t   c (5.5)
 y   z  t

Equation (5.4) is the heat conduction equation for solids, in which ρ is the mass density and c is the specific heat of the material
For steady-state heat conduction in the solid:
   Tx, y, z,t  T  x, y, z, t    T x, y, z, t 
x k   y k   z k
z   Qx, y, z, t 0 (5.6)
 x   y  

The term Q(x,y,z,t) in both Equations (5.4) and (5.5) is the heat GENERATED by the solid, such as by Ohm’s heating or nuclear fission
Heat Conduction Equation in Solids with specific conditions

The Heat conduction equation:

  k T x, y, z, t   T x, y, z, t   Tx, y, z, t Tx, y, z, t 
x x
    Qx, y, z, t (5.5)
k y y
k z
zc
t
     

The boundary conditions: and h is the

heat transfer
(1) Specified temperature on the boundary surface S1: Ts = T1(x,y,z,t) on S1 coefficient of
the
(2) Specified heat flow on the boundary surface S2: surrounding
fluid at bulk
qxnx+qyny+qznz=-qs on S2 (nx=cosine to outward normal line in x-direction) fluid
temperature
(3) Specified convective boundary condition on the boundary surface S3: Tf for
qxnx+qyny+qznz=h(Ts-Tf) on S2 convective
boundary
condition
The initial conditions: T(x,y,z,0) = To(x,y,z)
over surface
S3.
In the above boundary conditions, qs in Equation (5.7b) is the heat flux across the boundary from external sources,
(5.7a)

(5.7b)

(5.7c)

(5.7d)
Finite Element Formulations
 Finite element formulation of heat conduction in solid structures
The primary unknown quantity in finite element analysis of heat conduction in solid structures is the TEMPERATURE
in the elements and NODES.

As usual, the very first step in FE analysis is to discretize the continuum structure into discretized FE model such as illustrated below:

z q1 q1
z q3 z Nodal
q3
Element Temperature:
T(r,t) temperature
T(r,t)
● Tm
Q(r,t)
T(r,t Tk
) q2 q2 ●
Ti●
Q(r,t) ● Tj
x x
0 x
q4 0 0
q4
y y y
Continuum solid Discretized FE model Typical element
 Finite element formulation of heat conduction in solid structures – cont’d
The Interpolation Function, [N(x,y,z]:
The same definition of interpolation function for stress analysis is used for the heat conduction analysis, i.e.:

Element Interpolation Nodal

Temperature, T
= Function  Temperatur (5.8)
[N(x,y,z)] e
{T}
where the interpolation function: [N(x,y,z)] = { Ni Nj Nk Nm} (5.9)

The nodal temperature: {T} = {Ti Tj Tk Tm}T (5.10)

The temperature gradients in the element may be obtained in terms of nodal temperature by
differentiate
the relationship in Equation (5.8) as:
Tx, y, z Ni N N Nm 
 k

  x
j
x x x x 
 
Tx, y, z N N N  m
 yi yj yk BN
yTT (5.11)
 y   

 T x , y , z   N i N N N 
 j
  k m N N N 
N

 z   z z z z i j k m 
 


 x x x x
 
where the matrix [B] has the    Ni
form: B
N j Nk N m (5.12)
 y y y y 
 N N  m
 j k Nz 
Ni z z

z
 Finite element formulation of heat conduction in solid structures – cont’d

The functional for deriving element equations:

Because the conduction of heat in solids can be completely described by simple differential equations such as
  k T x, y, z, t   T x, y, z, t   T x, y, z, t Tx, y, z, t 
x
x     Qx, y, z, t (5.5)
k y ky z
zc
t
     

for transient state, and

  k T x, y, z, t   T x, y, z, t   Tx, y, z, t
x x
    Qx, y, z, t (5.6)
k  y ky z
z 0
     

for steady-state, and the boundary and initial conditions expressed in Equations (5.7), Galerkin method such as
described in Chapter 3 will be used to derive the element equation.

We will first review the Galerkin method in the next slide.

 Step 4 – Chapter 3 Galerkin method
In contrast to the Rayleigh-Ritz method, this method is used to derive the element equations for the cases in which
specific differential equations with appropriate mathematical expressions for the boundary conditions available for
the analytical problems, such as heat conduction and fluid dynamic analyses

Element Φ(r)
Nodal {Φ}
Φ(r) = N(r)Φ

r : x, y, z
Real Situation on solids Approximate situation: Discretized Situation with elements

Differential Equation: D(Φ) for the volume V (5.4) Differential Equation: D(N(r)Φ) for the element volume V
Boundary condition: B(Φ) for the real situation Boundary condition: B(N(r)Φ) for the real
on boundary S (5.5) situation
on element boundary
Mathematical model:
W DdvW Bds Mathematical model: W D  N
Wj B(Nir)i ds= R
0
v s j
v 
rd i i
v s
where W and W are arbitraly weighting functions Wj and Wj are discretized weighting functions, and R is the Re sidual
[N(r)] in Equation (5.9)
Galerkin method lets
Wj and Wj  N and let R to be minimum, or R→ 0 for good discretization, resulting in:

(r) [Ke] {q} = {Q}

The same element equation:
 Finite element formulation of heat conduction in solid structures – cont’d
Derivation of Element Equation using Galerkin Method

Using the Galerkin method, we can rewrite the basic heat conduction equation in the following form:
 qx qy qz T 
 Q   c Nidv  0
 x  y
v
 t 
 z

Equation (5.4) Equation (5.9)

By incorporate the boundary conditions in Equations (5.7) in the above equation will result in the element equation with the balanced
of heat flus across the boundary and the induced temperature in the element in the following equation:
Tx, y, z, hT T N
T

t)c  dv Ni
N Ni Ni 
dsqdv  QN dv  q nN ds  q N ds  (5.13)
 i
v  v i  

v i s s i s f i
s
t  x y z  1 2 3

with heat flux across boundaries q   the direction cosine to outward norrmal nT  n n n
T
q q
q and
x y z

x
y z
 Finite element formulation of heat conduction in solid structures –
Derivation of Element Equation using Galerkin Method – cont’d

The heat balance in Equation (5.13) may be lumped to the following element equation:
CTc K h K TT  Rq  h R R (5.14)

where in the coefficient T

Theheat capcitnce matrix : C cN  N (5.15a)
matrices:
dv 
v (5.15b)
T
The condictivity matrix : K c  kB Bdv (5.15c)
The convective matrix :K  vhN  N ds
T

h
  S3

and the nodal thermal force matrices:

The heat flux across the boundary S 1: RT    T
(5.16a)

 q
(5.16b)
dv heat generation matrix : R  QN 
T
The SnNT ds
1

Q  v
The heat flux across the boundary S : q N  ds
2  T
S
Finite element formulation of heat conduction in solid structures –  2
s
c)

The convective heat flux cross the boundary S3 : hT N (5.16d)

Rh  T
S dsf
3
Heat Conduction in Planar Structures
Using Finite Element Method
Finite element formulation of heat conduction in solid structures in
Heat conduction in a tapered plate:
Ts
y 22 23 24 25
L1 ●
ο13 ● ●
15 16 17 18
Ts r 18 Ts
T FE ο 1514 ●16 ●17 ● 19 20 21
● ● ●
Mesh 7 ● 8
s
H 9 10 11 12
T(x,y,t) qs 9 qs
x
8 ●10 ●11 ●
12
●
13 ●
14
h(Ts-Tf) 1 1 2 3 4 5 6
● ● ● ● ● ● X
L
2 3 4 5 6 7
h(Ts-Tf)

FE formulation in a triangular y T3(x3,y3)

●
plate element:

Element temperature: T(x,y) T(x,y)

Nodal temperature: T (x222
,y )
T1(x1,y1); T2(x2,y2); T3(x3,y3)
●
T1(x1,y1)
Finite element formulation of heat conduction in solid structures in
0 x
 Finite element formulation of heat conduction in solid structures in
FE formulation in a triangular plate element-The interpolation function:
We assume the element temperature T(x,y) is represented by a simple
linear polynomial function that:
1
Tx, y    x  y  1 x y    R
T
(5.17)

1 2 3  2

 
with RT  1 x  3 (5.18)

y
where α1, α2, and α3 are constants

Because the coordinates (x1,y1), (x2,y2) and (x3,y3) of the nodes in a FE mode are fixed. We may substitute these coordinates
into Equation (5.17) and obtain the following expressions for the corresponding quantities at the three nodes:
T1  1 2x1 3  1 2x3 3y3
y1 T2  1 2x2
3y2 T3
Finite element formulation of heat conduction in solid structures in
for Node1 for Node3
for Node 2
(5.19)
or in a matrix form for nodal temperatures: T A
and the unknown coefficients     A   T   h  T 
1
(5.20)
 Finite element formulation of heat conduction in solid structures in planes –
FE formulation in a triangular plate element – the interpolation function -
The matrix [A] in Equations (5.19) and (5.20) contains the coordinates of the three nodes as:

1 x1 y1 
A  1 x 2 y2 
1 x3 y3 
The inversion of matrix [A]-1 = [h] can be performed to
give:

x2 y3  x3 y2 x3 y1  x1 y2  x2 y1

x1y3
1 
h y y y y y1 y 2  (5.21)
A  2 3 3 1
 x3  x2 x1  x2  x1 
x3
where
A Is the determinant of the element of matrix  x 1  x2 y1  x2 y3  x3 y2  x3 y1  x1 y3   2 A
[A] y2
with A= the area of triangle made by (T1T2T3)
 Finite element formulation of heat conduction in solid structures in planes –
FE formulation in a triangular plate element – the interpolation function -

By substituting (5.21) into (5.20) and then (5.19), the element quantity represented by T(x,y) can be
made to equal the corresponding nodal quantities {T}: T1, T2, T3 to be:

T x, y  R hT

T
(5.22)

We will thus have the interpolation function: N(x,y) = {R}T[h] with {R}T = {1 x y} in Equation (5.18) and [h} given in Equation (5.21)

We thus have the relationship between the element quantity to the nodal quantifies by the following expression:
T(x,y) = {N(x,y)} {T}
or express the above equation in the form according to Equation (5.8) as:
T1x1, y1 
Tx, y N x, yN x, y N x,y T x , y (5.23)

1 2 3
T2 x2 , y2  
3 3 3
 
1 1 1
with N   b x  cy, N  a bxc N  a  b x  c (5.24)
a y, y
1 1 1 2
1
2A 2A
2 2 2 3
2A
3 3 3
 Finite element formulation of heat conduction in solid structures in planes –
FE formulation in a triangular plate element – the interpolation function -
and
2 A  x2 y3  x3 y1  x1 y2  x2 y1  x3 y2  x1 y3
 Finite element formulation of heat conduction in solid structures in planes –
FE formulation in a triangular plate element – the interpolation function -
 T1x1, y1 

Tx, y N1x,y 
N 2x, N3 x, x2 , y2  (5.23)
y yT2 
T3x3, y 3 
 
1
with N  a  b x  c 1 1
y, N  a bxc N  a  b x  c y
y,
1 1 1 1
2A 2
2A
2 2 2 3
2A
3 3 3

a1  x2 y3  x3 y2
b1  y2  y3 c1  x3  x2 (5.25a)
 a2  x3 y1  x1
 b2  y3   c2  x1 
(5.25b)
y3  a3  x1 y2 
y1  b3  y1 x3  c3  x2 (5.25c)
x2 y1 
 y2   x1 

2 A  x1 y2  x2 y1  x2 y3  x3 y2  x3 y1  x1 y3   2 the area of the element( A) made of triangle (T1T2T3)
 Finite element formulation of heat conduction in solid structures in planes –
FE formulation in a triangular plate element – The element coefficient
The conductivity matrix [Kc]:

 
By following Equation (5. K
c
A
 
15b),we have
T
k Bthe conductivity matrix for a triangular plate element to be:
(5.26)

The temperature gradient matrix [B] can be obtained by the following formulation:
N1 N2 N31 
B x x  1 b2 (5.27)
x b1
N N b3
N   
 1 2 3
 2A c1 c2 c3
y y y 
We may obtain the conductivity matrix by substituting Equation (5.27) into Equation (5.26), leading to:
 b2  c2 bb cc bbcc
k  1
K  b
ccb 
1 1 22
c
1 2
b  c2
1 3 13
bbc  (5.28)
2 
c
4A 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 3 23
 Finite element formulation of heat conduction in solid structures in planes –
FE formulation in a triangular plate element – The element coefficient
 b1b3  c c1 3 b2b3  b32  c32 

c2c3
 Finite element formulation of heat conduction in solid structures in planes –
FE formulation in a triangular plate element – The element equations:
As in the case of stress analysis in chapter 4, the element equations for heat conduction
solids of plenary geometry may be shown to take the form:
Ke T q (5.29)
where [Ke} = coefficient matrix in Equation (4.28), {T} = nodal temperature, and {q} = thermal forces
at the nodes
The thermal forces at nodes are: {q} = {fQ} + {fq} = (fh} (5.30)
1
Qv  
in
f  N Qdv Q   N
T

which
{fQ} = heat generation in the solid  (5.31a)
1
with dv 3  
T Q
1
v v
 Ni 
T 
{fq} = heat flux across boundary  f   N  qds  q Nj 
S2  (5.31b)
with ds
q
N 
 S
2
i j 1
 
1 for side i- 
0 m
qLmit 1
 
j j m
for side j-  for side m-i
qL t qL m t
  1 0
2   2   2  
0 1
Finite element formulation of heat conduction in solid structures in planes –
     1
where t = thickness of the plane
{f
ds } = convective heat flux across boundary with f  N T hT (5.31c)
h h  S3 f
 Example 4.1
Use finite element method to determine the temperature variation across the thickness of longitudinal fins
Cool
of a tubular heat exchanger as shown in the figure on the left. The heat exchanger is designed to heat up
the cold fluid outside the tube by the hot fluid circulating inside the tube. The cross-section of a single fin is
illustrated in the figure shown in lower-left of this slide.
HOT

The fin is made of aluminum with the properties: Mass density ρ = 2.7 g/cm3 , Specific heat
c = 0.942 J/g-oC, and thermal conductivity k = 2.36 W/cm-oC

2 cm The discretized FE model of the fin cross-section is shown below:

4 cm y
Convective BC
Convective BC
h, Tf
h, Tf 4(0,4) • •
3(2,4) Boundary conditions:
Cold 2 qs = 10 kW/m2
Convective BC
qs Convective BC h, Tf
HOT h = 20 W/m2-oC
h, Tf
1
Tf = 40oC
• • X
1(0,0 2(2,0)
Tube with one longitudinal fin ) Heat flux qs
Example 4.1-
Interpolations functions for
We will use Equations (5.25a,b,c) to determine the constant coefficients ai, bi and ci (I = 1,2,3)
for each element. These coefficients will then be used to express the interpolation function of
both Element 1 and 2, as in Equation (5.23).

We realize the following nodal coordinates in the FE model of the fin:

For element 1 (Node 1, 2 and 3):

x1 = 0, y1 = 0; x2 = 2, y2 = 0; x3 = 2, y3 = 4

The area A of the cross-section area of Element 1 is computed by using the expression:
2 A  x1 y2  x2 y1  x2 y3  x3 y2  x3 y1  x1 y3   0  0  2  0 2  4  2  0 2  0  0
 4 8
This leads to A = 4 cm2
We will further compute the constant coefficients by the following expressions:
a1  x2 y3  x3 y2  2  2  2  0  4 b1  y2  y3  0  4  4 c1  x3  x2  2  2  0
a2  x3 y1  x1 y3  4  0  0  00
b2  y3  y1  4  0  4
40
b3  y1  y2  0  0  0
a3  x1 y2  x2 y1  0  0  2 
 Example 4.1-
Interpolations functions for
c2  x1  x3  0  2  2

c3  x2  x1  2  0  2
 Example 4.1-
Interpolations functions for
For Element 2 (Node 1, 3 and 4):
x1 = 0, y1 = 0; x3 = 3, y3 = 4; x4 = 0, y4 = 4

The area A of the cross-section area of Element 2 is the same as of

Element 1 = 4 cm2. the constant coefficients are determined the same
way as for those in Element 1.
a1  x2 y3  x3 y2  3 4  0  4  12 b1  y2  y3  4  4  0 c1  x3 
x2  0  3  3
a2  x3 y1  x1 y3  0 0  0 4  0 b2  y3  y1  4  0  4 c2 
x1  x3  0  0  0
a3  x1y2  x2 y1 0  4  3 0  0b3  y1  y2  0  4  4 c3  x2  x1 3  0  3
We will thus have the interpolation functions for both element 1 and 2 by substituting the constant coefficients into Equation (5.23):
For Element 1
N1
2
4 4x  0  y 0.5  T 
1:  41 0.5x
 1
 
1

N2
0  4x  2 y x 
2 0.25y
Leads T 0.5 
e (x  0.25 yT2 (a)
to: 0.5y
N3 4 0.5x 
1
0 0  x  2 y 0.25y  
2
1 4  T3 
For
2: Element N 12 0  x  3y  1.5  0.375 y
Example 4.1-
Interpolations functions for
T1  1
2 4 T 1.5 0.375 y
2  
1 Leads to: 0.5x 0.5x  0.375 (b)
e yT3
N3 2 0  4x  0  y  0.5x
4
T 
 4
N4 1 0  4x  3y   0.5x 

2 4 0.375 y
Example 4.1-
Element coefficient matrices [Ke]:
We will use Equation (5.28) to derive these matrices.

 b2  c 2 b b c c bbcc
k  1
K bbc
1 1 2
b c
2 2
1 2 1 3 13
b b  c c
c
c
4 A2 
12 1 2 2 2 2 3 23 (5.28)

 b1b3 c c1 3 b2b3  c 2c 3 b32 c23 

For Element 1:
Node: 1 2 3

K 
1
2.36   4  0
2 2
(4)(4)  (0) (4)(0)  (0)(2)  0.6  0.6 0  1
(4)(4) (0)(2) (2) (4)(0)  (2)(2)  0.6 1.2  0.15 2 (C)
42 (2)2
4  42    
e

 (4)(0) (2)(2) 02 (2)2   0  3

 (4)(0) (0)(2)  0.15 
For Element 0.15
2:
 02   22 Node: 1 3 4
(0)(4)  (2)(0) (0)(4)  (2)(2)  0.1475 0  0.1475 1
Example 4.1-2 
K  2.36  (0)(4) (2)(0) 4 0
2 2 4(4)  (0)(2)  0 0.6  0.6  3 (d)
e
4  42    
  4
(0)(4) (2)(2) (4)(4) (0)(2) (4)2 (2)2   0.7375 
0.6
0.1475
 Example 4.1- Assembly of element coefficient matrices for Overall coefficient (conductance)

We need to assemble the element coefficient matrices to construct the overall structure coefficient
matrix by summing up the two element coefficient matrices. We need to add the elements for the
nodes that are shared by various elements. In the present case, we have Node 1 and 3 shared by both
these two elements. We establish the following “map” for assembling the overall coefficient matrix *K+:

Elements in Elements in K 2 Node 1 2 3 4 for the [Kc] matrix

K 1

e
Node 1 2 3 4 1 2 3e 4 1 ●◊ ● ●◊ ◊
1 ● ● ● ◊ ◊ ◊
2
2 ● ●
● ●
●
+ = ● ● ● 0
3 ● ◊ ◊ ◊
3 ●◊ ● ●◊ ◊
4 ◊ ◊ ◊
4
where ●=element in the matrix in Equation (c), and ◊ = elements in Equation (d) ◊ 0 ◊ ◊
We thus have the overall coefficient (or conductance) matrix in the form:
 0.7475  0.6 0  0.1473
 0  0.15 0.75
 1.2
Kc   0.6 0.15

Example 4.1- Assembly of element coefficient matrices for Overall coefficient (conductance)
  0.6  0
 (e)
 
 0.1473 0  0.7375 
0.6
 Example 4.1- Set thermal forces at the
We have the following heat across the boundaries of the fin:

(1) Heat flux entering the fin crossing the line 1-2 with qs=10 W/cm2
(2) Heat leaving the fin crossing boundary line 2-3 by
convection with h = 20 W/m2-oC = 20x10-4 W/cm2-oC
(3) Heat leaving the fin crossing boundary line 4-1 by convection
with h = 20 W/m2-oC = 20x10-4 W/cm2-oC
The structure has a length, i.e. the thickness t = 10 cm
We will formulate the equivalent nodal thermal forces for the above specified boundary
thermal forces according to the formulas of:  fih 
 f  fiq qs L i t f    N T
hT ds  N N
T

hT 
t for heat
j  1 for
 heat flux cross line i-j line i-j, and
L
q f 
2
 h  f   i j f i j
S
 jq  1 3
 f jh removal by convection

(1) Heat flux entering the fin crossing the line 1-2 with qs=10 W/cm2:

f1q  f2q
(L12)(t) 210
q s 2  10 2  100W
(2) Heat leaving the fin crossing boundary line 2-3 and line 4-1 by convection with h = 20 W/m2-oC = 20x10-4 W/cm2-oC
f  N 
N3 x2 (hTf L23t)
1.51.6
3h
Example
3 4.1- 2.4 Set thermal forces at the
     (hT f L21.03t)  
 f2h  N2 
 y0  W
N x2 (hTf L23t) 1.01.6  1.6 
 2
 y4  f  N   N4 x0 (hTf 1.51.6  2.4

L41t)
and
4h 4 
  (hT L t)    y4  W
 f 41
N x0 (hT L t) 0 1.6  0
f N
 1h   1   1 y0 f 41 
  
 Example 4.1- Set thermal forces at the nodes-

We thus have the thermal force matrix for the 4 nodes as:

q1 
  f1h  100   100 
f1q 
q   f  f 100 1.6 101.6


q 2   2h   


2q      
 
  2.4 2.4
q f 3h 
 3    

q4  f4h  2.4   2.4 




The overall structure heat conduction equation: [K]{T} = {q}

 0.7475  0.6 0  0.1473T1   100 
Example4.1- Set thermal forces at the nodes-101.6
 1.2  0.15 0 T
0.6 

0.6 0  2    
 (f)
 0.15 0.75     2.4
 T
 3  
 
 0.1473 0  0.6 0.7375 T4  2.4 
Example 5.1-
4.1-

T   0.7475  0  0.1473  100 

1

1
0.6
     
T2    1.2  0.15 0  101.6
 0.6
T3 0  
  0.75  0.6  2.4
0.15  
T4  0.1473 0  0.7375   2.4
0.6   100  629.72
3.8178 2.2913 3.0596 3.2517
2.2913  471.38
2.2728 2.3505 2.3699
 101.6 
(g)
    
3.0596 2.3505 6.5654 5.9524 2.4  574.81
3.2517
 2.3699 5.9524 6.8480 2.4  595.47
We thus solve for the nodal temperatures to

be:
T1 = 629.72 oC, T2 = 471.38 oC, T3 = 574.81 oC and T4 = 595.47 oC
 The same Example 13.6 of the textbook on “A First course in the Finite Element Method,” 5th edition
Example 4.2 by Daryl Logan, published by Cenage Learning, 2012

Problem: “For the 2-D body shown in Figure 13-22, determine the temperature distribution.
T=100oF The temperature at the left side of the body is maintained at 100 oF. The edges on the top and
h=20
bottom of the body are insulated. There is heat convection from the right side with convective
2 ft T∞=50 oF coefficient h = 20 Btu/h-ft2-oF. The free stream temperature is T = ∞5 0 oF. The coefficients of
thermal conductivity are Kxx=Kyy=25 Btu/h-ft-oF. The dimensions are shown in the figure.
Assume the thickness to be 1 ft.”

2 ft
Figure 13-22 2-D body subjected to Solution: The discretized FE model of the body is shown in Figure 13-23 with 4 elements and
temperature variation and convection 5 nodes. Nodal coordinates are:

x1 = 0, y1 = 0 for Node 1

4 3 x2 = 2, y2 = 0 for Node 2
x3 = 2, y3 = 2 for Node 3,
3 x4 = 0, y4 = 2 for Node 4, and
2 ft x5 = 1, y5 = 1 for Node 5
2 54
We will formulate the element coefficient matrices for all the 4 elements in Figure 13-23
1
1 2 using the equations (5.25a,b,c) and (5.28)
2 ft
Figure 13-23 Discretized 2-D body
of Figure 13-22
Example 4.2 – Cont’d
For Element 1: with Nodes 1,2 5
The area 2A is:
2 A  x2 y5  x5 y1  x1 y2  x2 y1  x5 y2  x1 leads to: A = 1 ft2.
y5  2

To find the constant coefficients in Equation (5.25a,b,c):

From Equation (5.25a):

a1  x2 y5  x5 y2  2 11 0  2
b1 y2  y5  0 1  1
c1  x5  x2  1 2  1

From Equation (5.25b): From Equation (5.25c):

a2  x5 y1  x1 y5  1 0  0 1 a3  x1y2  x2 y1  0  0  2  0  0
0
b3  y1  y2  0  0  0
b2  y5  y1  1 0  1
c3  x2  x1  2  0  2
c2  x1  x5  0 1 1
Example 4.2 – Cont’d We will use Equation (5.28) to formulate the element coefficient matrix:

 b2  c2 b b c c bbcc
k  1
K bbc
1 1 2
bc2 c2
1 2 1 3 13
bbc  (5.28)
c
c
4A 2 
12 1 2 2 2 2 3 23 
 b1b3 c c1 3 b2b3 c 2c 3 b32 c23 
 
 b2  c21 bbcc b1 b3  c1 3c 
 
K1  k b b1  c
c
1 2
2
1 2
b  c2 b b  c c
2 
e
4A 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 3 23

 b1b3 c c1 3 b2b3  b32  c32 


c2c3
 (1)(0) (1)(2)

25  12  (1)(1) (1)

(1)2 (1)
(1)2(1)2
(1)(1) (1)(1) (1)(0)  (1)(2)
41 2

 (1)(0)  (1)(2) (1)(0) (1) (0) (2)2
2 

(2)
Node 1 2 5
 12.5 0 12.5
 0 12.5 12.5

12.5 12.5 25 
 Example 4.2 – Element coefficient matrices for Element 2, 3 and 4 following the similar
as shown below:
Node 1 5 4
 12.5 12.5 0 
For Element 2:
K  2 
 12.5 25 12.5
e  
 0 12.5 12.5 

For Element 3: Node 4 5 3

 12.5 12.5 0 
K  12.5
3
e 25 12.5 A note from the Instructor:
 0 12.5 12.5 

For Element 4: A note from the Instructor:

The author of this example (Daryl Logan) attributes the co
Node 2 3 5
 12.5 0 12.5
K 
4
 0 12.5 12.5 (a)
e  
12.5 12.5 25 
Example 4.2 – Additional heat conductance matrix for convective heat transfer in
m
Ni Ni Ni Nj Ni Nm 
K T
hN  N ds  h N N N N NN
h S 3 S3  j i j j j m

 Nm Ni Nm N j N m N m  i j

h
For the case with convective heat transfer from Edge i-j, the following expression is used:
2
h(L )(t) 1 0
Kh i
6
j 
1 2 
0 (5.29)
0 0 0
For the current situation, the side that has convective heat transfer is Side 2-3, we will thus have:

2
Node 2 3 5
  1 0 By adding this matrix 25.83 6.67 12.5
K 4 20(2)(1) 1
6

2 0

to the conductance of
Element 4 in Equation K  4


25.83 12.5

h
6.67
0 0 matrix of Element 4 to be:
0  (a), we obtain the Conductance
Example 4.2 – Additional heat conductance matrix for convective heat transfer in
e 
12.5 
1
2
.
5

2
5



 Example 4.2 – Assemble the element coefficient matrices for the Overall coefficient matrix
accounting the fact that Node 4 is shred by all 4 elements.
 25 0 0 0  25

0 38.33 6.67 0  25


K   0 6.67 38.33 0  25 Btu / h o F (b)
  25
 0 0 0 25 
 25    25 100 
 25 25
The thermal forces at nodes:
We already know that temperature at Node 1 and 4 are specified to be 100oF

The thermal forces across boundary 2-3 of element 4 is:

1
 2  hT L t
f  1 20(50)(2)(1) 1000

 f4  f   23  
1 
  

 Btu /h
 3   1 1000
f  2 0 2 0  0 
 5      
 Example 4.2 –

The overall heat conduction equation becomes:

  25 0  25 T1  100 

0 0
 25 T 1000
 0 38.33 6.67 0   2  
 0 6.67 38.33 0  25 T3   1000
  100
 0  T
0 0 25 25 4
    
25  25  25  25
 100 T5  5000**

** = (-25)(100oF)+(-25)(100oF)=-5000oF on the left side of the fifth equation in the left-hand-side of the equation

We may sole the above equations and obtain:

T2 = 69.33oF, T3 = 59.33oF and T5 = 84.62oF with specified T1=T4 = 100oF

 Summary on Heat Conduction Analysis of Plane Structures by FE Method
1) An overview of heat conduction in 3-D solids was presented in this Chapter with heat conduction
equation for the induced temperature distributions in the solids by the sources of: (a) heat generation by
the solid,
(b) the prescribed surface temperature, (c) specified heat flux across the boundary surfaces, and (d) the
convective heat across the boundary surfaces.

2) Finite element formulation of heat conduction in solids is derived using the Galerkin method due to the
fact that heat conduction in solids can e described by the heat conduction equations with prescribed
boundary conditions by mathematical expressions.

3) Finite element formulations begin with the derivation of interpolation functions [N} = {Ni Nj Nm} for triangular
plane elements with Nodes i, j and m. These functions relate the “element temperatures” and the “nodal temperatures.”

4) The interpolation functions for the FE analysis were derive on the basis of linear polynomial function for the
temperature variations in the element.

5) Special FE formulations of the aforementioned boundary conditions were presented.

6) This chapter only presents the FE formulation for steady-state heat conduction in solids of plane geometry.
 MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY Subject : FINITE ELEMENT METHODS
UNIT – IV
TUTORIAL - IV
1. Calculate the temperature distribution and the heat dissipating capacity of a fin shown in
Figure. The thermal conductivity of the material is 200 W/mk. The surface transfer
coefficient is 0.5 W/m2K. The ambient temperature is 300C the thickness of the fin is 1
cm.

2. a) A 20-cm thick wall of an industrial furnace is constructed using fireclay bricks that
have a thermal conductivity of k = 2 W/m-°C. During steady state operation, the furnace
wall has a temperature of 800°C on the inside and 300°C on the outside. If one of the
walls of the furnace has a surface area of 2 m 2 (with 20-cm thickness), find the rate of
heat transfer and rate of heat loss through the wall.

3. Establish the Hermite shape functions for a beam element Derive the equivalent nodal point
loads for a UDL acting on the beam element in the transverse direction and also determine
stiffness matrix

4. Estimate the temperature distribution in a fin whose cross section is 15mm X 15mm and 500mm long.
Take Thermal conductivity as 50W/m-k and convective heat transfer coefficient as 75 W/m 2-k at 25oC.
The base temperature is assumed to be constant and its value may be taken as 900oC. And also calculate
the heat transfer rate?

5.) A metal pipe of 10-cm outer diameter carrying steam passes through a room. The walls and
the air in the room are at a temperature of 20°C while the outer surface of the pipe is at a
temperature of 250°C. If the heat transfer coefficient for free convection from the pipe to the air
is h = 20 W/m2-°C find the rate of heat loss from the pipe.
 MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY
Subject : FINITE ELEMENT METHODS
UNIT – IV
ASSIGNMENT - IV
1. Consider a quadrilateral element as shown in fig, the local coordinates are ξ =0.5, η =
0.5. Evaluate Jacobean matrix and strain- Displacement matrix.

2. Compute the Strain displacement matrix for the tetrahedral element shown in Figure.

3.a.) Define lumped mass and consistent mass

b.) What do you mean by steady state heat transfer analysis?
4.Estimate the temperature profile in a fin of diameter 25 mm, whose length is 500mm.
The thermal conductivity of the fin material is 50 W/m K and heat transfer coefficient
over the surface of the fin is 40 W/m 2 K at 300C. The tip is insulated and the base is
exposed to a temperature of 150 0C. Evaluate the temperatures at points separated by 100
mm each.
5.a.) What are different thermal applications of finite element analysis? Compare the
structural analysis with thermal analysis.
b.) Calculate the temperature distribution in the fin of 10 mm diameter, which is exposed
2 0
to the convective boundary conditions of 40 W/m K with 30 C. The base of the fin is
3
exposed to a heat flux of 450 KW/m and the thermal conductivity of fin material is
30W/m K
UNIT 5
DYNAMIC
ANALYSIS
Syllabus:

Dynamic Analysis: Formulation of finite element model, element matrices,

evaluation of Eigen values and Eigen vectors for a stepped bar and a beam. Overview
of commercial softwares like Ansys, Abaqus etc.

OBJECTIVE:

To Learn the Applications of FEM for dynamic problems with emphasis on undamped
vibration system.

OUTCOME:

Solve dynamic problems where the effects of mass matters during the analysis.
UNIT-V
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS

Dynamics is a special branch of mechanics where inertia of accelerating masses must be considered
in the force-deflection relationships. In order to describe motion of the mass system, a component
with distributed mass is approximated by a finite number of mass points. Knowledge of certain
principles of dynamics is essential to the formulation of these equations.
Every structure is associated with certain frequencies and mode shapes of free vibration (without
continuous application of load), based on the distribution of mass and stiffness in the structure. Any
time-dependent external load acting on the structure, whose frequency matches with the natural
frequencies of the structure, causes resonance and produces large displacements leading to failure
of the structure. Calculation of natural frequencies and mode shapes is there for every important.
In general, for a system with on' degrees of freedom, stiffness 'k' and mass 'm' are represented by
stiffness matrix [K] and mass matrix [M] respectively.
Then

Here, [M] is the mass matrix of the entire structure and is of the same order, say n x n, as the
stiffness matrix [K]. This is also obtained by assembling element mass matrices in a manner exactly
identical to assembling element stiffness matrices. The mass matrix is obtained by two different
approaches, as explained subsequently.

A structure with 'n' DOF will therefore have 'n' eigen values and 'n' eigenvectors. Some eigen values
may be repeated and some eigen values maybe complex, in pairs. The equation can be represented
in the standard form,
[A]{x}i= λi{x}i.
In dynamic analysis, ωi, indicates ith natural frequency and {X} I indicates ith natural mode of
vibration.

A natural mode is a qualitative plot of nodal displacements. In every natural mode of vibration, all
the points on the component will reach their maximum values at the same time and will pass
through zero displacements at the same time. Thus, in a particular mode, all the points of a
component will vibrate with the same frequency and their relative displacements are indicated by

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the components of the corresponding eigen vector. These relative (or proportional) displacements
at different points
on structure remain same at every time instant for undamped free vibration.

Hence, without loss of generality, {u(t)} can be written as {u}.

Since {u} = {O} forms a trivial solution, the homogeneous system of equations
( [A] - λ[I] ) {u} = {O}
gives a non-trivial solution only
when ([A]-λ[I])= {O},
which implies
Det( [A] - λ[I] ) =
o.

This expression, called characteristic equation, results in nth order polynomial in A, and will
therefore have n roots. For each λ, the corresponding eigenvector {u}. can be obtained from the n
homogeneous equations represented by
([K] - λ[M]) {u} = {O}.
The mode shape represented by {u(t)}gives relatives values of displacements in various degrees of
freedom.

NORMALIZATION
The equation of motion of free vibrations ([K] –ω 2[M]) {u} = {O} is a system of homogeneous
equations (right side vector zero) and hence does not give unique numerical solution.
Mode shape is a set of relative displacements in various degrees of freedom, while the structure is
vibrating in a particular frequency and is usually expressed in normalized form, by following one of
the
three normalization methods explained here.

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(a) The maximum value of anyone component of the eigenvector is equated to 'I' and, so, all other
components will have a value less than or equal to ' 1' .
(b) The length of the vector is equated to '1 ' and values of all components are divided by the length
of this vector so that each component will have a value less than or equal to '1'.
(c) The eigenvectors are usually normalized so that

For a positive definite symmetric stiffness matrix of size n x n, the Eigen values are all real and
eigenvectors are orthogonal
i.e.,

MODELLING FOR DYNAMIC ANALYSIS

Solution for any dynamic analysis is an iterative process and, hence, is time -consuming. Geometric
model of the structure for dynamic analysis can be significantly simplified, giving higher priority for
proper representation of distributed mass. An example of a simplified model of a water storage
tank is shown in Fig. Below, representing the central hollow shaft by long beam elements and water
tanks at two levels by a few lumped masses and short beam elements of larger moment of inertia.

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MASS MATRIX
Mass matrix [M] differs from the stiffness matrix in many ways:
(i) The mass of each element is equally distributed at all the nodes of that element
(ii) Mass, being a scalar quantity, has same effect along the three translational degrees of freedom
(u, v and w) and is not shared
(iii) Mass, being a scalar quantity, is not influenced by the local or globa coordinate system. Hence,
no transformation matrix is used for converting mass matrix from element (or local) coordinate
system to structural (or global) coordinate system.

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Two different approaches of evaluating mass matrix [M] are commonly considered.
(a) Lumped mass matrix
Total mass of the element is assumed equally distributed at all the nodes of the element in each of
the translational degrees of freedom. Lumped mass is not used for rotational degrees of freedom.
Off-diagonal elements of this matrix are all zero. This assumption excludes dynamic coupling that
exists between different nodal displacements.
Lumped mass matrices [M] of some elements are given here.
Lumped mass matrix of truss element with 1 translational DOF per node along its local X-axis

Lumped mass matrix of plane truss element in a 2-D plane with2 translational DOF per node
(Displacements along X and Y coordinate axes)

Please note that the same lumped mass is considered in each translational degree of freedom
(without proportional sharing of mass between them) at each node.
Lumped mass matrix of a beam element in X-V plane, with its axis along x-axis and with two DOF
per node (deflection along Y axis and slope about Z axis) is given below. Lumped mass is not
considered in the rotational degrees of freedom.

Note that lumped mass terms are not included in 2nd and 4th rows, as well as columns
corresponding to rotational degrees of freedom.
Lumped mass matrix of a CST element with 2 DOF per node. In this case, irrespective of the shape of
the element, mass is assumed equally distributed at the three nodes. It is distributed equally in all
DOF at each node, without any sharing of mass between different DOF

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(b) Consistent mass matrix
Element mass matrix is calculated here, consistent with the assumed displacement field or element
stiffness matrix. [M] is a banded matrix of the same order as the stiffness matrix. This is evaluated
using the same
interpolating functions which are used for approximating displacement field over the element. It
yields more accurate results but with more computational cost. Consistent mass matrices of some
elements are given here.
Consistent mass matrix of a Truss element along its axis (in local coordinate system)

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Consistent mass matrix (if a Plane Truss element, inclined to global X-axis -Same elements of I-D
mass matrix are repeated in two dimensions(along X and Y directions) without sharing mass
between them. Mass terms in X and Y directions are uncoupled.

Consistent mass matrix of a Space Truss element, inclined to X-Y plane) -Same elements of 1-0 mass
matrix are repeated in three dimensions (along X, Y and Z directions) without sharing mass between
them.

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 Consistent mass matrix of a Beam element

Consistent mass matrix of a CST element in a 2-D plane

Note: Natural frequencies obtained using lumped mass matrix are LOWER than exact values.

Example 1 : Find the natural frequencies of longitudinal vibrations of the unconstrained stepped shaft of areas
A and 2A and of equal lengths (L), as shown below.

Solution : Let the finite element model of the shaft be represented by 3 nodes and 2 truss elements (as only
longitudinal vibrations are being considered) as shown below.

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 Using consistent mass matrix approach

Assembling the element stiffness and mass matrices,

Eigenvalues of the equation ([K] – ω2 [M] ) {u} = {O} are the roots of the characteristic equation represented by

Multiplying all the terms by (L/AE)

The roots of this equation are

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 The first eigenvector implies rigid body motion of the shaft. One component (u I in this
example) is equated to '1' and other displacement components (U2 and U3 in this example) are
obtained as ratios w.r.t. that component,following one method of normalization. Alternatively,
they may also be expressed in other normalized forms.
Note: Static solution for such an unconstrained bar, with rigid body motion, involves a singular [K]
matrix and can not be solved for {u}, while dynamic analysis is mathematically possible.

SUMMARY
• A distributed mass system will have as many natural frequencies and mode shapes as the
number of DOF, 'n'.
• Free undamped vibrations involve a set of n homogeneous equations. Such equations will not give
a unique solution. A mode shape consists of relative displacement values at (n-l) DOF, obtained
w.r.t. the chosen displacement value at one DoF. The mode shapes (Eigen vectors) are usually
normalized.
• The n natural frequencies may be real or complex (in pairs). Some of them may be zero
(indicating rigid body mode) or repeated.
• Only first few frequencies (lower values) are significant and are usually calculated by iterative
methods. Hence, a coarse mesh is adequate for dynamic analysis.

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 MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY Subject : FINITE ELEMENT METHODS
UNIT – V
TUTORIAL - V
1. Determine natural frequencies for a Steel bar as shown in figure.

2. a.) Write a short note on damping.

b.) Consider axial vibration of the steel bar shown in Figure., Develop the global
stiffness and mass matrices Determine the natural frequencies and mode shapes using
the characteristic polynomial technique.

3. Consider axial vibration of the steel bar shown in Fig. a) Develop the global stiffness and
mass matrices b) By hand calculations, determine the lowest natural frequency and mode shape
1and 2

4. Write the step by step procedure to determine the frequencies and nodal displacements of
the steel cantilever beam shown in Figure.

5. Explain the Overview of Commercial software’s like ANSYS, ABAQUES .

 MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY Subject : FINITE ELEMENT METHODS
UNIT – V
ASSIGNMENT - V

1. Determine the Eigen values and Eigen Vectors for the stepped bar as shown in
Figure, take density as 7850 kg/m3 and E= 30X106N/m2?

2. Define a.) Eigen value and Eigenvector

b.) Dynamic analysis

3. Determine natural frequencies and corresponding mode shapes for the

2 2 3
figure Take L1=1m, L2=2m, A1=2m , A2=1m , ρ = 7850 kg/m , E =
200Gpa

4. Consider axial vibration of the steel bar shown in Figure.6,

i) Develop the global stiffness and mass matrices
ii) Determine the natural frequencies and mode shapes using the characteristic
polynomial technique.

5.) Write short note on a.) Eigen vectors for a stepped beam b.) Evaluation of Eigen values
PREVIOUS QUESTION PAPERS
 R15
Code No: R15A0322
MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY
(Autonomous Institution – UGC, Govt. of India)
III B.Tech II Semester Regular/supplementary Examinations, April/May 2019
Finite Element
Methods (ME)
Roll No

Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 75

Note: This question paper contains two parts A and B
Part A is compulsory which carriers 25 marks and Answer all questions.
Part B Consists of 5 SECTIONS (One SECTION for each UNIT). Answer FIVE
Questions, Choosing ONE Question from each SECTION and each Question carries 10
marks. ***
PART-A (25 Marks)
1). a What is meant by finite Element method [2M]
b Name the weighted residual techniques? [3M]
c Write down the expression of stiffness matrix for a truss element. [2M]
d Define plane strain problem. [3M]
e What is CST element? [2M]
f Write down the shape functions for an axisymmetric triangular element. [3M]
g Write the governing equation for a steady flow heat conduction. [2M]
h Write down the expression of stiffness matrix for a beam element. [3M]
i What is meant by discretization and assembling? [2M]
j What is the difference between static and dynamic analysis? [3M]
PART-B (50 MARKS)
SECTION-I
2 Describe advantages, disadvantages and applications of finite element analysis. [10M]
OR
3 The following equation is available for a physical phenomena
-10 =5; 0<x<1, Boundary Conditions; y(0) =0, y(1) =0, Using Galarkin
method of weighted residual find an approximate solution of the above [10M]
differential equation.
SECTION-II
4 For the two bar truss shown in figure, determine the displacement at node 1 and [10M]
stresses in element2, Take E=70GPa, A= 200mm2.

OR U2
5 For the plane stress element shown in figure the nodal displacements =
are U1= 2.0mm, V1=1.0mm 1.

Page 1 of
0 mm,V2= 1.5mm, U3= 2.5mm,V3=0.5mm, Take E= 210GPa, ν= 0.25,
[10M]

Page 2 of
 t=10mm. Determine the strain-Displacement matrix [B].
200,400

400,100
100,100

SECTION-III
6 For axisymmetric element shown in figure, determine the strain-displacement
matrix. Let E = 2.1x105N/mm2 and ν= 0.25. The co-ordinates shown in figure are
in millimeters.

[10M]

.
OR
7 Evaluate the following integral using Gaussian quadrature, so that the result is
exact. [10M]
+2x –sinx) dx
SECTION-IV
8 Estimate the temperature distribution in a fin whose cross section is 15mm X
15mm and 500mm long. Take Thermal conductivity as 50W/m-k and convective
heat transfer coefficient as 75 W/m2-k at 25oC. The base temperature is assumed [10M]
to be constant and its value may be taken as 900 oC. And also calculate the heat
transfer rate?
OR
9 For the beam loaded as shown in figure, determine the slope at the simple
supports. Take E=200GPa, I=4x106m4.
24kN/m

[10M]

5m 5m

Page 3 of
 SECTION-V
10 Determine the Eigen values and Eigen vectors for the beam shown in figure

A1=1m2
A2=0.5m2

E=30x105N/m2 [10M]
ρ=0.283kg/m3

10m 5m

OR
11 Write short note on [10M]
(a) Eigen vectors for a stepped beam
(b) Evaluation of Eigen values.
****

Page 4 of
 MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
B. Tech III Year II Semester
FINITE ELEMENT METHODS
---
1.a) Derive the interpolation functions at all nodes for the quadratic
serendipity element.
b) Evaluate the integral by using one and two-point Gaussian quadrature and
compare with exact value.

I= ∫ + 1
− 1
∫ + 1
− 1
3 2 2
(x + x y + xy + sin 2x +cos 2y)dx dy

2.a) Clearly explain the finite element formulation for an axisymmetric shell with an
axisymmetric loading. Determine the matrix relating strains and nodal
displacements for an axisymmetric triangular element.
b) Establish the Hermite shape functions for a beam element Derive the equivalent
nodal point loads for a u.d.l. acting on the beam element in the transverse
direction and also determine stiffness matrix.

3.a) Write about different boundary considerations in beams.

b) Determine the support reactions and maximum vertical deflection for the
continuous beam shown in Figure.1.

Figure.1

4.a) Discuss in detail about 2D heat conduction in Composite slabs using FEA.
b) Using the isoparametric element, find the Jacobian and inverse of Jacobian matrix
for the element shown in Fig.2, 3(a) & 3(b) for the following cases.
i) Determine the coordinate of a point P in x-y coordinate system for the ξ = 0.4
and η = 0.6.
ii) Determine the coordinate of the Q in ξ and η system for the x = 2.5 and y =
1.0.
 5. Calculate the temperature distribution and the heat dissipating capacity of a
fin shown in Figre.4. The thermal conductivity of the material is 200 W/ . The
2
surface transfer coefficient is 0.5 W/m K. The ambient temperature is 30 C. the
thickness of the fin is 1 cm.

Figure.4

6.a) Write the steps involved in finite-element analysis of a typical problem.

b) Determine the nodal displacements, element stresses and support reactions for
9 2
the bar as shown in Figure 5. Take E = 200 × 10 N/m .

Figure.5

7.a) Derive the equilibrium equation for an elastic continuum using potential energy
by displacement approach.
b) Explain the following methods used for the formulation of element characteristics
and load matrices:
i) Variational approach ii) Galerkin approach

8.a) With an example differentiate Between Lumped mass, Consistent mass and
Hybrid mass matrix and derive for truss element.
b) Consider axial vibration of the steel bar shown in Figure.6,
i) Develop the global stiffness and mass matrices
ii) Determine the natural frequencies and mode shapes using the characteristic
polynomial technique.

Figure.6
 MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

B. Tech III Year II Semester

FINITE ELEMENT METHODS
---
1)a) Discuss in detail about the concepts of FEM formulation .How is that FEM emerged as
powerful tool. Discuss in detail about applications of finite element method.

b)Derive an equation for finding out the potential energy by Rayleigh –Ritz method. Using
Rayleigh – Ritz method, find the displacement of the midpoint of the rod shown in Fig.1.
Assume E = 1, A = 1, ρ g = 1 by using linear and quadratic shape
functions concept.

2. a) Discuss in detail about Linear and Quadratic shape functions with examples.
b) For the truss shown in fig.2 determine the displacements at point B and stresses
in the bars by considering linear and quadratic shape functions.

1
3. a) Consider axial vibration of the Aluminum bar shown in Fig.3, (i) develop the
global stiffness and (ii) determine the nodal displacements and stresses using
elimination approach and with help of linear and quadratic shape function
concept. Assume Young’s Modulus E = 70Gpa.
b) Determine the mass matrix for truss element with an example.

4. a) Establish the shape functions for a 3 – noded triangular element.

b) Find the deformed configuration, and the maximum stress and minimum stress
locations for the rectangular plate loaded as shown in the fig.4. Solve the problem
using 2 triangular elements. Assume thickness = 10cm; E = 70 Gpa, and
υ = 0.33.

5. a) Determine the shape functions for 4 – nodded quadrilateral element.

b) For a beam and loading shown in fig.5, determine the slopes at 2 and 3 and
the vertical deflection at the midpoint of the distributed load.

2
 6. a) Clearly explain the finite element formulation for an axisymmetric shell with an axisymmetric
loading.Determine the matrix relating strains and nodal displacements for an axisymmetric
triangular element.
b) Determine the temperature distribution in a straight fin of circular c/s. Use three one
dimensional linear elements and consider the tip is insulated. Diameter of fin
2 0
is 1 cm, length is 6 cm, h = 0.6 W/cm –C, φ∞ = 25 C and base temperature is
φ C.
0
=80
7. a) Determine the element stresses, strains and support reactions for the given bar problem as
shown in Fig. 6

N
=1.2 mm ; L =150 mm; P = 60000 N ; E = 2 X 10 4
m ; A = 250
mm.

Fig. 6
b) What are shape functions? Indicate briefly the role of shape functions in FEM
analysis.

8. a) Derive one dimensional steady state heat conduction equation.

b) An axisymmetric triangular element is subjected to the loading as shown in
fig.7 the load is distributed throughout the circumference and normal to the
boundary. Derive all the necessary equations and derive the nodal point loads.

Fig.7
--ooOoo--
 Finite Element Methods

1.a) Write the strain stress relations based on generalized Hooke’s law and derive the
elasticity matrix for 3-D field problems.
c) Describe the standard procedure to be followed for understanding the
finite element method step by step with suitable example.

2.a) Derive the stiffness matrix of axial bar element with quadratic shape functions based on
first principles.
c) Calculate the nodal displacements and forces for the stepped bar with the
stiffness values of 10 kN/m and 18 kN/m and a load of 32 kN is subjected at the
end of
the stepped bar and other end of the bar is fixed.

3.a) Derive the shape functions and stiffness matrix of a two nodded beam element.
c) Derive the load vector for the beam element when a uniformly distributed load is
applied.
4.a) For a plane strain problem, the nodal displacements are u1 = 4.4 μm, u2 = 2.2 μm, u3=2.2 μm,
v1 = 3.8 μm, v2 = 2.9 μm, v3 = 4.5 μm. Take E=200 GPa, μ = 0.3 and t=10mm. Find the
stresses, principal stresses. The coordinates of triangular element are 1(5,25), 2(15,5) and
3(25,15). All dimensions are in millimeters.
T
c) Show that the stiffness for a triangular element is [B] [D][B] At using variational
principle. Where A=area of the triangle and t= thickness.
5.a) Compute the strain displacement matrix and also the strains of a axisymmetric triangular
element with the coordinates r1 = 3 cm, z1 = 4 cm, r2 = 6 cm, z2 = 5 cm, r3= 5 cm, z3 = 8 cm.
The nodal displacement values are u1 = 0.01 mm, w1 = 0.01 mm, u2 = 0.01 mm, w2 = -0.04
mm, u3 = -0.03 mm, w3 = 0.07 mm
b) Differentiate between Axi symmetric elements and symmetric elements with
suitable examples.
6.a) Explain the methodology to estimate the stiffness matrix of four noded
quadrilateral element.
2x 3 2
b) Evaluate ∫ [e + x + 1 / (x + 2)] dx over the limits -1 and +1 using one point
and three point quadrature formula and compare with exact solution.
7. a) What are different thermal applications of finite element analysis? Compare the structural
analysis with thermal analysis.
b) Calculate the temperature distribution in the fin of 10 mm diameter, which is exposed to the
2 0
convective b.c. of 40 W/m K with 30 C. The base of the fin is exposed to a heat flux of 450
3
kW/m and the thermal conductivity of fin material is
30 W/m K.

8. Determine natural frequencies and corresponding mode shapes for the figure
2 2 3
8. Take L1=1m, L2=2m, A1=2m , A2=1m , ρ = 7850 kg/m , E = 200Gpa

Fig: 8
 R15
Code No: R15A0322
MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(Autonomous Institution – UGC, Govt. of India)
III B.Tech II Semester supplementary Examinations, Nov/Dec 2018
Finite Element Methods
(ME)
Roll No

Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 75

Note: This question paper contains two parts A and B
Part A is compulsory which carriers 25 marks and Answer all questions.
Part B Consists of 5 SECTIONS (One SECTION for each UNIT). Answer FIVE Questions,
Choosing ONE Question from each SECTION and each Question carries 10 marks.

PART – A
1.a. Briefly discuss weighted residual method for giving approximate solutions for [2M]
complicated domains
b. Write the stiffness matrix for 1-d element with linear interpolation functions [3M]
c. Differentiate iso-parametric, sub-parametric, and super parametric elements? [2M]
d. What is the difference between plane truss and space truss? [3M]
e. What are the uses of natural coordinates in 2d- Quadrilateral elements [2M]
f. What are the suitable applications of axi-symmetric elements in FEM? [3M]
g. Write the governing equation for FEA formulation for a fin [2M]
h Express the stiffness matrix for a 1-D conduction problem [3M]
i. What do you understand by mode shapes? [2M]
j. How principle of minimum potential energy is useful in dynamic analysis of systems [3M]
PART – B 10 * 5 = 50 Marks
SECTION-I

2. Derive the equations equilibriums for 3-D body [10M]

OR
3. An axial load P=300X103N is applied at 200 C to the rod as shown in Figure below. [10M]
The temperature is the raised to 600 C .
a) Assemble the K and F matrices.
b) Determine the nodal displacements and stresses.
 SECTION-II

4. a) Write the difference between CST and LST elements [3M]

b) For point P located inside the triangle shown in the figure below the shape
functions N1 and N2 are 0.15 and 0.25, respectively. Determine the x and y [7M]
coordinates of point P.

OR
5 For the configuration shown in Fig. determine the deflection at the point of load application [10M]
using a one-element model. If a mesh of several triangular elements is used, comment on the
stress values in the elements close to the tip

6. Derive the strain displacement matrix for axisymmetric triangular element Discuss [10M]
advantages of axisymmetric modelling in FEM
OR
7. Figure shows a five – member steel frame subjected to loads at the free end. The cross section [10M]
of each member is a tube of wall thickness t=1 cm and mean radius=6cm. Determine the
following:
a) The displacement of node 3 and
b) The maximum axial compressive stress in a member

8. Find the temperature distribution in the one-dimensional fin shown in Figure below [10M]
using two finite elements.
 OR
9. (a) A 20-cm thick wall of an industrial furnace is constructed using fireclay bricks that [5M]
have a thermal conductivity of k = 2 W/m-°C. During steady state operation, the
furnace wall has a temperature of 800°C on the inside and 300°C on the outside. If one
of the walls of the furnace has a surface area of 2 m 2 (with 20-cm thickness), find the
rate of heat transfer and rate of heat loss through the wall. [5M]
(b) A metal pipe of 10-cm outer diameter carrying steam passes through a room. The
walls and the air in the room are at a temperature of 20°C while the outer surface of
the pipe is at a temperature of 250°C. If the heat transfer coefficient for free
convection from the pipe to the air is h = 20 W/m2-°C find the rate of heat loss from
the pipe.
10. For the two-bar truss shown in Figure below, determine the nodal displacements, [10M]
element stresses and support reactions. A force of P=1000kN is applied at node-1.
Assume E=210GPa and A=600mm2 for each element.

OR
11. A bar of length 1 m; cross sectional area 100 mm2; density of 7 gm/cc and Young’s [10M]
modulus 200Gpa is fixed at both the ends. Consider the bar as three bar elements and
determine the first two natural frequencies and the corresponding mode shapes.
Discuss on the accuracy of the obtained solution

*****