ENTREPRENEURSHIP

•Entrepreneurship is a concept that expresses the

individual's ability to act on the idea.
•This concept includes creativity, innovation and risk
taking, as well as the ability to plan and manage
projects to achieve goals.
•ln other words, entrepreneurship is an umbrella
concept that helps to better understand the
opportunities that may arise in the realization of
social and commercial activities of employees and
individuals in daily life, working life and in society
From the 77 definitions of various academic publications about
entrepreneurship, 15 keyword groups that appeared at least 5
times were identified. These groups are:
1. Start / find / create
2. New business
3.Innovation / new products / new market
4. Chasing opportunities
5. Risk taking / risk management / uncertainty
6. Desire for profit / personal benefit
7. Production resources and resources
8. Management
9. Value creation
10. The desire to grow
11. Initiative
12. Create change
13. Ownership
14. Responsibility/Authority
15. Strategy formulation
• From a commercial point of view, entrepreneurs are people
who bring together the factors of production to produce
and market economic goods or services, who aim for profit
and bear all the risks that may arise as a result of their
ventures.
• From the point of view of economists, an entrepreneur is
defined as a person who plans the business by making
predictions about resources in order to increase their
values, ensures the processing of inputs by organizing
human resources and demonstrates the ability to present
the obtained output to the use of consumers in a way that
creates profitability, and brings innovations and a new
order.
 Who can be a good entrepreneur?
•There is no descriptive Profile.
•Successful entrepreneurs can be of any age, income
level, race or gender, education and experience
may vary.
•However, some research says that to be a
successful entrepreneur, certain basic personal
characteristics such as creativity, dedication,
determination, flexibility, leadership, passion and
self-confidence must exist.
• Creativity is the spark that enables the development of new products,
services or ways to do business. It is the driving force of innovation and
development. Thinking from outside stereotypes, constantly learning
and questioning.
• Commitment is the motivation that motivates an entrepreneur to work
as hard as it can be more than 12 hours a day, 7 days a week, to be
successful, especially in the beginning phase. In order to be successful,
it is necessary to include a lot of work, planning and idea generation.
Dedication is what makes this happen.
• Stability is an above-normal strong desire for success. It also includes
stability and the ability to recover from difficult times. For a true
entrepreneur, money is not a source of motivation. Success is the main
motivating factor, money is its reward.
• Flexibility is the ability to quickly respond to changing market needs. It is to
be aware of the reality of the market while remaining true to a dream. This
reality can even cause the entrepreneur to change his vision if necessary.
• Leadership is creating rules and setting goals. It is the capacity to act by
seeing that rules will be followed and success will be achieved.
• Passion is what gets an entrepreneur started and keeps it that way. It gives
the entrepreneur the power to persuade others to believe in his vision. It
cannot replace planning, but allows the entrepreneur to stay focused and
the entrepreneur's plan to be seen and implemented by other people.
• Self-confidence thrives through plans that reduce uncertainty and risk.
Expertise also contributes to the formation of self-confidence. Self-
confidence gives the entrepreneur the ability to easily listen to others
without being distracted or intimidated.
Entrepreneurs are agents of change that see possibilities and make them real.
Four basic elements of the entrepreneur’s characteristics are are briefly described :
• The process of creation; lt is necessary to express a value for the audience, in
which the subject of creation is developed for both the entrepreneur and the
benefit. (go out of routine, to think differently from others, breaking cliche)
• Effort: A certain amount of time and effort is spent to introduce a new
product/service.
• Risk: The entrepreneur has to assume certain risks in his/her field of activity.
• Return: These are the awards to be an entrepreneur.
-The most important reward here is to create value.
-Then profit will come.
-The profit is an indicator of the level of success.
-Value creation and profit are followed by feelings of independence and personal satisfaction.
 FUNDAMENTALS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP
• Behaviorally, the concept of entrepreneurship can be defined as;
-the set of activities that are necessary to evaluate an opportunity,
-define a business idea,
-find the necessary resources,
-then put an enterprise into operation and get results.
--luck finds those who are ready

• Entrepreneurial thinking has four main components.

-Being Innovative and Creative
-Risk Taking
-Pioneering
-Competitive Thinking
 ENTREPRENEURSHIP PROCESS
• As a forwarder, individuals/businesses have the ability to anticipate
opportunities.
• They like to encounter surprises in their activities and expect not only to adapt to
change, but to benefit from change.
• At the other extreme, individuals/businesses seeking trust are those who do not
want to change, fear the unknown and cannot take advantage of the
opportunities that change will bring.
• Undoubtedly, both individuals and businesses are between these two extremes.
• In this direction, entrepreneurship begins as the forward-moving end is
approached, and the further away from it, the management and management
process begins. Differences between manager and entrepreneur occur in this
process.
• Entrepreneur; While displaying a structure that imagines the future, is a change
agent, has a vision and pursues an opportunity,
• The manager is a structure that plans, focuses on problems and deals more with
organizational affairs.
The entrepreneurship process generally answers 5 basic questions:

Where are the opportunities?

How can I take advantage or take advantage of these opportunities?

What resources are needed?

What is my control over resources?

Which structure is best suited?

 FUNCTIONS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Entrepreneurs fulfill many functions in economic and social terms. With the constantly
developing global economy, a new element is added to the functions of entrepreneurs
every day. Therefore, especially the functions of the modern entrepreneur arise in many
ways. The most important of these functions are explained:

• Organizing and Ensuring Production

• Product Range

• Employment Creation

• Creating New Markets and New Sales Methods

• Accumulation of Capital
Organizing and Ensuring Production: The existence of many
products that make our lives easier is the result of efforts among
entrepreneurs to organize and maintain production. Therefore,
the competitive environment encourages entrepreneurs to
produce quality goods and services at low prices, to reduce their
costs, and to produce according to the needs of the society
while increasing their product range.
Providing Product Diversity: Due to the increasing competition
conditions, entrepreneurs need product diversification and
specialization. Entrepreneurs have to adapt themselves to
constantly changing conditions. Keeping up with changing
conditions is also a requirement of the continuity assumption,
which is one of the main goals of businesses.
Employment Creation: In an economic environment where competition
is intense, many countries face economic problems. One of the most
important of these is the employment problem. With the increasing
competition, new businesses have now had to be businesses that use
technological innovations and create innovations in both production
methods and sales methods.
Creating New Markets and New Sales Methods: Entrepreneurs who
create innovation with the developing technology create new markets
with the new products they create.
Achieving Capital Accumulation: The increasing amount of output in the
economy through the creation of new enterprises leads to the growth of
the industry and the increase of profits. By using these profits for re-
investments, new employment areas and capital accumulation are
provided.
 CREATIVITY IN ENTREPRENEURSHIP
•The awareness that creativity can be used more in
entrepreneurship as well as in science, art and
many areas of life has started to settle.
•In fact, there are those who claim that business
administration is one of the most used areas of
creativity.
•Creativity has begun to be perceived as the most
remarkable and sought-after talent in terms of the
healthy birth of businesses and their healthy lives.
Imagination is the driving force for creativity.
According to Taylor, creativity is "a process that results in the creation of
new and valid ideas".
According to Clemen, creativity; "It is to search for new options that will
provide the elements that will lead to achieving the main goals, with
methods that have not been seen before".
According to Stoor, creativity is "the ability to create something new".
According to Vance, creativity is "the creation of the new and the
overhaul of the old".
According to Bentley, creativity is "the process of taking information and
shaping and rearranging it until it happens in a new way or creates a
new thought".
According to Plamer, creativity is "the ability to connect things that
seem disconnected".
 STAGES OF CREATIVITY
Preparation
• This stage includes the work done in the form of defining the subject, the
problem, drawing the boundaries, and determining the dimensions and features.
lncubation
• The second stage is seen as the waiting time for creative thoughts about the issue
or problem to breed.
Emergence of creativity
• For this stage, concepts such as enlightenment and lightning are also used.
Creative results on the subject and problem have begun to emerge.
Acceptance of creative Results
• It is the stage of evaluating the creative ideas produced, testing them, measuring
their applicability and then selecting them.
 What is the difference between Inovation and Creativity
• The concepts of innovation and creativity are often used together. Innovation and
creativity are not the same. However, there is an organic relationship between
the two concepts.

• Creativity generates new ideas.

• Innovation is the application of new ideas generated by creativity.

• So innovation is a process and creativity is a talent.

• Before innovation, innovation needs a raw material that can work and draw
conclusions. That raw material is also the idea generated by creativity.
 What is principles of innovation?
•Analysis of opportunities Generated by lnnovation
Resources
•Perceiving, Asking and Listening
•Specific, Simple and Focused
•Small beginnings
•lt is the product of work, not the product of
intelligence
•Comprehensive and Open Communication
•Awards and Appreciation
INNOVATION PROCESSES

Innovation is not just an idea. It is the idea to come true. It is a business. As in every business, there
are processes in innovation. Innovation happens through a series of processes. Like other processes,
it needs to be managed. The innovation process starts with a creative idea.

New idea Society and Market's Needs

Generating Prototype Marketing

Development Manufacturing Marketing
Ideas Manufacturing Sales

NewTechnology Society and Market's Needs

What are the types of innovation?
• Technological Product lnnovations
• Technological Process lnnovations
• Organizational lnnovation
What are the types of Entrepreneurship?
• lntrapreneurship
• Commercial Entrepreneurship
• Women entrepreneursip
• Social Entrepreneurship
• Public Entrepreneurship
• Virtual Entrepreneurship
 INTRAPRENEURSHIP
•lnternal entrepreneurship can be defined as
"existing entrepreneurship within the
business structure".
•ln other words, internal entrepreneurs are
those who can develop new investments,
inventions, ideas and behavior and use these
innovations in products, services,
management programs and new plans and
programs.
Differences between entrepreneurs and internal enterpreneurs
• While the entrepreneur is developer, the internal entrepreneur is
empowerer.
• While the entrepreneur's war is against the market, the internal
entrepreneur's war is against the corporate culture.
• While the entrepreneur tries to overcome the barriers in the
market, the internal entrepreneur tries to overcome the in-house
obstacles for the better.
• Entrepreneurs often have limited resources, they have to raise
funds. Internal entrepreneur uses existing funds.
• While the risk incurred by the entrepreneur concerns the business,
the risk endured by the internal entrepreneur is related to his
career.
Characteristics of Internal Entrepreneur Leadership
•The internal entrepreneur can work in all parts of the
business to the extent permitted by the business.
•He/She can take part in any department, from
management to marketing, from finance to public
relations, or from staff to communication systems.
•While doing these, they will be able to encounter the
existing control system, budget, rules, customary or
stereotyped customs and traditions of the enterprise.
•There are certain characteristics that are necessary to
be a successful internal entrepreneur.
Characteristics of Internal Entrepreneur Leadership
 Understands the environment, is forward-looking and flexible,
 Creates management options,
 Encourages teamwork,
 Supports open discussions,
 Forms supportive coalitions,
 Trying to convince others that what they are doing is correct,
 It is stubborn and persistent,
 It can take risks,
 Has a desire to be a leader and special, and at the same time has a high desire to
succeed,
 It has control ability and is problem solver,
 Makes research and inquiries,
 It is innovative.
 Institutions to support entrepreneurs
• KOSGEB: Küçük ve Orta Ölçekli İşletmeleri Geliştirme ve Destekleme İdaresi
Başkanlığı.
• YTÜ, İTÜ Teknopark, Çekirdek Kuluçka Merkezi: teknolojik ve yenilikçi ürünlere
veya iş fikirlerine sahip, ürününün inovatif ve ticari başarı yakalamaya uygun
olduğuna inanan tüm girişimciler ve startuplar destekler
• TOBB Genç Girişimciler Kurulu ve Bilim, Sanayi ve Teknoloji Bakanlığı
• TÜBİTAK AR-GE (R&D) destekleri
• EUREKA Türkiye: International cooperation in R&D and innovation
• EUROSTARS Türkiye: the largest international funding programme for SMEs (Small
and medium-sized enterprises) wishing to collaborate on R&D projects that
create innovative products, processes or services for commercialisation.
• TTGV: Türkiye Teknoloji Geliştirme Vakfı
• Türkiye Halk Bankası
• Kredi Garanti fonu: KGF kapsamında Garanti verilen krediler, Halk Yatırım Menkul
Değerler A.Ş
 Entrepreneurial and innovative university index results for 2020

• SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL

RESEARCH COMPETENCE

• COOPERATION AND INTERACTION

• ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION AND

COMMERCIALIZATION

• PUBLICATION, REFERENCES, PROJECT

NUMBERS

• NUMBER OF LICENSED PATENT / USEFUL

MODEL / INDUSTRIAL DESIGN.

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International Entrepreneurship
• International entrepreneurship should be addressed as an
interdisciplinary subject, especially at the intersection of
entrepreneurship, international business, economics, finance,
marketing, sociology and anthropology.
• However, international entrepreneurship often comes across at a point
where two fundamental disciplines intersect: international business
and entrepreneurship.
• The concept of international entrepreneurship covers two main issues.
I. The comparison of entrepreneurial activities across various countries
and cultures.
II. The expansion of institutional behavior across national borders.
Factors Affecting International Entrepreneurship
•Political situation and government structures of
countries
•Macroeconomic conditions of countries
•Country policies
•Import regulations of countries
•Tax structures of countries
•Social and cultural structures of countries and their
effects on the market
•Countries' infrastructure conditions
METHODS OF ACCESS TO INTERNATIONAL MARKETS
• Export
• Joint venture
• Foreign direct investments
• License agreements
INTERNATIONAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP ACTIVITIES
The basic stages of international entrepreneurship can be listed as
follows:
• Determination of business structure
• Determination of the market and consumer structure
• Planning the production and distribution stages
• Cooperation with other initiatives
 Recommendations for Entrepreneur Candidates
TÜSİAD gathers the rules that young managers must obey in order to
achieve success in six points:
• Regardless of your profession, consider yourself a seller.
• Discover and do what you do better than others.
• Look for the seeds of victory in every disaster and the seeds of disaster
in every victory.
• Make a reputation as invincible around you with a smile when you win
or lose.
• Everyone's purpose is different, learn the purpose of the people you do
business with.
• Know what your goals are.
Other recommendations
• Set a goal
• Work hard, your time is your most precious asset
• Simplicity is everything, make it simple
• Be different "Enter a job where you can be a change pioneer and make a
difference"
• See every detail about your business
• Do it with love
• Don't give up "Failure is not to fall to the ground, but to refuse to stand up"
"Winners come from those who never give up, not from those who make mistakes"
• Take risks «The biggest risk is not taking any risks»
• Fail "Do not be afraid of failure, be afraid not to try at all«
• Watch the world
• Get started "If you wait for the best time to start, you may not be able to start at
all".