CC-112L

Programming Fundamentals

Laboratory 02

Introduction to C & Structured Program Development

Version: 1.0.0

Release Date: 24-07-2022

Department of Information Technology

University of the Punjab
Lahore, Pakistan
CC-112L Programming Fundamentals SPRING 2022

Contents:
• Learning Objectives
 • Required Resources
• General Instructions
• Background and Overview
o C Language
o Program Sequence
o Arithmetic Operators
o Relational Operators
o if Statement
o if…else Statement
o Increment & Decrement Operators
o Microsoft ® Visual Studio
• Activities
o Pre-Lab Activity
▪ MinGW installation
▪ A simple C Program
▪ Comments
▪ Preprocessor Directive
▪ Escape sequences
▪ Execution Sequence of a Program
▪ Arithmetic Operators
▪ Task 01: Adding Two Numbers
▪ Task 02: Arithmetic Expressions
o In-Lab Activity
▪ Execute C program with Command Prompt ▪
Relational Operators
▪ if Statement
▪ Multiple if Statement
▪ if…else Statement
▪ if…else if Statement
▪ Increment and Decrement Operators
▪ Task 01: Find Largest Number
▪ Task 02: Fill in the blank area
▪ Task 03: Dry Run Program
▪ Task 04: Find and Resolve Errors
▪ Bonus Task: Add Digits
o Post-Lab Activity
▪ Task 01: Simple Calculator
• Submissions
• Evaluations Metric
• References and Additional Material
• Lab Time and Activity Simulation Log

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Learning Objectives:
• Writing First C program
• Understanding Comments
• Using Escape Sequences
• Execution Sequence of Program
• Using Arithmetic Operators
• Execution of a C Program through Command Prompt
• Using Relational Operators
• Using if Statement
• Using if…else Statement
• Using if…else if Statement
• Using Increment and Decrement Operators

Resources Required:
• Desktop Computer or Laptop
• Microsoft ® Visual Studio 2022

General Instructions:
• In this Lab, you are NOT allowed to discuss your solution with your colleagues, even not
allowed to ask how is s/he doing, this may result in negative marking. You can ONLY
discuss with your Teaching Assistants (TAs) or Lab Instructor.
• Your TAs will be available in the Lab for your help. Alternatively, you can send your queries
via email to one of the followings.
Course Instructors:

Teacher Prof. Dr. Syed Waqar ul [email protected]

Qounain

Teacher Assistants Usman Ali [email protected]

Saad Rahman [email protected]

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Background and Overview:

C Language: C language is a general-purpose computer programming language. It was created in the
1970s by Dennis Ritchie, and remains very widely used and influential.
© https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)

Program Sequence: Statements are executed one after another in programming. The order in which
these statements are executed is program sequence.
Arithmetic Operators: Operators which perform mathematical operations such as addition,
subtraction, etc.

Relational Operators: Operators which create a relationship and compares values of the two

operands. if Statement: if statement executes a block of a code, if a specific condition is true.

if…else Statement: if…else statement executes two different blocks of code depending if a specific
condition is true or false.

Increment & Decrement Operators: The increment operator (++) and the decrement operator (--)
add one to and subtract one from an integer variable.

Microsoft ® Visual Studio: It is an integrated development environment (IDE) from Microsoft. It is

used to develop computer programs, as well as websites, web apps, web services and mobile apps.

Microsoft ® Visual Studio supports 36 different programming languages and allows the code editor
and debugger to support nearly any programming language, provided a language-specific service
exists. Built-in languages include C, C++, C++/CLI, Visual Basic, .NET, C#, F#, JavaScript,
TypeScript, XML, XSLT, HTML, and CSS. Support for other languages such as Python, Ruby,
Node.js, and M among others is available via plug-ins. Java (and J#) were supported in the past.

© https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Studio

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Activities:
Pre-Lab Activities:
MinGW installation:

• Download MinGW from https://sourceforge.net/projects/mingw/

 Fig. 01 (MinGW Installation)
• Double-click the downloaded file and follow the on-screen instructions for the installation • When
MinGW Installation Manager window opens, you'll see several packages in the upper-right panel.
Check the boxes next to "mingw32-base" and "mingw-gcc-g++"

Fig. 02 (MinGW Installation)

• Click the “Installation” menu and select “Apply Changes”

Fig. 03 (MinGW Installation)

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• Press the “Windows” key and type “environment”

• Click “Edit the system environment variables”
• System Properties dialog will open. Click the “Environment Variables…” button
 Fig. 04 (Environment Variable)

• Double Click "Path" option under "System variables"

• Click “New”
• Type “C:\MinGW\bin” and click OK

Fig. 05 (Environment Variable)

A simple C program:
A C program which prints a text.

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 Fig. 06 (C program)
The output of above program will be a text line “This is my first program.”.

Fig. 07 (C program output)

Comments:
In C, line beginning with “//” is considered as a comment. Comments are added to improve the
readability of the code. For commenting multiple lines “/* … */” is used where /* is used in start and
/* is used in the end. The green lines in the following code are comments.

Fig. 08 (Comments in C)
Preprocessor Directive:
“#include <stdio.h>” is a C preprocessor directive. The preprocessor handles lines beginning with #
before compilation. It tells the preprocessor to include the contents of the “standard input/output
header ()”. The contents of headers will be explained in more detail in the upcoming manuals.
The main Function:

“int main() { … }” is a part of every C program. The parentheses after main indicate that main is a
function (building block of a program). C programs must contain a main function. Execution of every
program begins at the main function. Functions can return information. The keyword “int” to the left
of main indicates that main returns an integer value.

Escape sequences:

The “backslash (\)” is an escape character in a string. It indicates that printf should do something
different. Backslash combined with the next character to form an escape sequence. Some common
escape sequences are:

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Escape sequence Description
 \n Moves the cursor to the beginning of the next line.

\t Moves the cursor to horizontal tab space.

\\ \\ is required to insert a backslash character in a string.

\” Strings are enclosed in double quotes, \" is required to insert a

double-quote character in a string.

Following example demonstrates the use of “\n” escape sequence. It is used in the printf statement to
display text on two lines.

Fig. 09 (Escape Sequence Example)

Execution Sequence of a Program:

A program is executed line by line in a top to bottom fashion. The execution of a program starts from
the main() function.

Fig. 10 (Execution Sequence)

The execution process of above program is as follows:

• The execution starts at line 4

• On line 6, an integer is defined
• Then line 7 is executed which prints “Enter integer:” on the console and on the execution of line 8
program stops for user input

Fig. 11 (Execution Sequence)

• User enters an integer and press enter
• Then line 9 will be executed which prints the integer entered by the user
• The program ends
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Fig. 12 (Execution Sequence)

Arithmetic Operators:
Operation Arithmetic Operator

Addition +

Subtraction -

Multiplication *

Division /

Modulus/Remainder %

The following program demonstrates the multiplication of two numbers and print the result on the
console.

Fig. 13 (Arithmetic in C)
The “Modulus (%) Operator” returns the remainder after division. For example, if we divide 9 by 2
the remainder will be 1. Example is shown in the figure below:
 Fig. 14 (Arithmetic in C)

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Task 01: Adding Two Numbers [Estimated 15 minutes / 10 marks] Create a C program which:

• Takes two integers as an input from user

• Add both integers
• Display the Sum of integers on the Console as shown in figure

Fig. 15 (Pre-Lab Task)

• Submit “.c” file named your “Roll No” on Google Classroom
Task 02: Arithmetic Expression [Estimated 15 minutes / 10 marks] Create a C program which:

• Takes take three integers as an input from user

• Solve the arithmetic expression “(a + b x c) / 5”
• Display the Result on the Console as shown in figure

Fig. 16 (Pre-Lab Task)

• Submit “.c” file named your “Roll No” on Google Classroom

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In-Lab Activities:
Execute C program with Command Prompt:

• Create a text file

• Name the text file to “Program” with extension “.c”
• Add the following code to the file

Fig. 17 (Execution in CMD)

• Open “CMD”
• Change directory to the path where you created “Program.c” file
• Type “gcc Program.c -o Program.exe”, where “Program.c” is your file name and
“Program.exe” is the name, you want to give to the compiled program with “.exe” extension •
Press “Enter”

Fig. 18 (Execution in CMD)

• Type “Program.exe”. Press “Enter”. Your program will be executed

Fig. 19 (Execution in CMD)

Relational Operators:
Operation Relational Operator

Greater than >

Smaller than <

Greater than equal to >=

Smaller than equal to <=

 Equal to ==

Not equal to !=

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if Statement:
The if Statement runs a block of code if a condition is true. Its syntax is “if (condition) {…}”
In the figure below if Statement is used to compare (using “==” relational operator) two integers if
they are equal or not.

Fig. 20 (if Statement)

The console will display “Numbers are equal.” as the condition is true. If the condition is false then
nothing will be displayed on the console.

Fig. 21 (if Statement)

Multiple if statement:
Figure below shows an example code for multiple if Statement.

Fig. 22 (if Statement)

The execution of above program is as follows:
• At line 5, integer “a” is assigned value 10
• At line 7, it checks if condition, as it is true i.e., a is bigger than 0, so “Number is greater than
0” is displayed on the console

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• At line 11, it checks if condition, as it is false, as a is not greater than 10, so program shifts to line
15
• At line 16, it checks if condition, as it is true i.e., a is equal to 0, so “Number is less than or
equal to 10” is displayed on the console

Fig. 23 (if Statement)

if…else Statement:

The if…else Statement runs a specific block of code depending if a condition is true or false. Its
syntax is “if (condition) {…} else {…}”. Figure below shows an example code for if…else
Statement.

Fig. 24 (if…else Statement)

The execution of above program is as follows:

• At line 6, integer “a” is assigned value 10

• At line 8, it checks if condition, as it is false, as a is not greater than 10, so program shifts to line
12
• At line 12, it enters the else condition and “Number is less than or equal to 10” is displayed on
the console

Fig. 25 (if…else Statement)

if…else if Statement:
The if…else if Statement runs a specific block of code depending if a any condition is true out of
multiple condition or all conditions are false. Its syntax is “if (condition) {…} else
if(condition){…} else {…}”. Figure below shows an example code for if…else if Statement.
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Fig. 26 (if…else if Statement)

The execution of above program is as follows:

• At line 4, integer “a” is assigned value 2

• At line 5, it checks if condition, as it is false, as a is not equal to 1, so program shifts to line 9 •
At line 9, it checks if condition, as it is true, i.e., a is equal to 2 then “Two” is displayed on the
console

If the value of a was “5”, then else portion will be executed as all conditions becomes false.

Fig. 27 (if…else if Statement)

Increment and Decrement Operators:
Increment Operator increase the value of integer by 1 while decrement operator decreases the value of
integer by 1.

A coding example is shown below in figure:

 Fig. 28 (Increment and Decrement Operators)
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The execution of above program is as follows:

• At line 4, integer “x” is assigned value 5

• At line 5, integer “y” is assigned value 5
• At line 7, value of x is displayed on Console
• At line 8, value of y is displayed on Console
• At line 10, value of x increased by 1 i.e., value of x becomes “6”
• At line 11, value of y decreased by 1 i.e., value of y becomes “4”
• At line 13, value of x is displayed on Console
• At line 14, value of y is displayed on Console

Fig. 29 (Increment and Decrement Operators)

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Task 01: Find Largest Number [40 minutes / 25 marks] Write a C program which: [Hint: Use
Multiple if Statements]

• Reads three numbers as an input from user

• Find the largest number
• Displays “Largest Number” on the Console
Input Output

234 Largest number is 4

89 33 56 Largest number is 89

10 33 33 Largest number is
33.
Task 02: Fill the blank area [25 minutes / 25 marks] The following program:

• Take a “obtained marks” as an input from the user

• Displays grade corresponding to marks using following table:
Greater than equal to 80 A

Greater than equal to 70 B

Greater than equal to 60 C

And “F” otherwise.
Cri

Fig. 30 (In-Lab Task)

Input Output

88 A

67 B

Task 03: Dry Run Program. [30 minutes / 30 marks] Dry Run the following program and fill
up the trace table:

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 Fig. 31 (In-Lab Task)
Input num at line 7 num at line 14 Output

1 2 0 5

23

72

-12

99

Task 04: Find and resolve the errors. [25 minutes / 20 marks] (a):

Fig. 32 (In-Lab Task)

(b):

Fig. 33 (In-Lab Task)

Bonus Task: Add Digits of a Number [10 marks] Read a 3-digit number from user. Add each digit
and display the sum of digits at output screen.

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Post-Lab Activities:
Task 01: Simple Calculator [Estimated 45 minutes / 30 marks] Create a Console based calculator
which:

• Displays the menu on Console and takes an input from user as follows:

Fig. 34 (Post-Lab Task)

• If user enters “1” as an input then the program takes two numbers as input and display their
addition on Console
• If user enters “2” as an input then the program takes two numbers as input and display their
subtraction on Console
• If user enters “3” as an input then the program takes two numbers as input and display their
multiplication on Console
• If user enters “4” as an input then the program takes two numbers as input and display their
division on Console
If user enters “5” as an input then the program takes a number as input and display its square on
Console [Hint: Use Multiplication]
• If user enter any other number, then display “Incorrect Option”
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Submissions:
• For Pre-Lab Activity:
▪ Submit the .c file on Google Classroom and name it with your roll no. •
For In-Lab Activity:
▪ Save the files on your PC.
▪ TA’s will evaluate the tasks offline.
• For Post-Lab Activity:
▪ Submit the .c file on Google Classroom and name it with your roll no.

Evaluations Metric:
• All the lab tasks will be evaluated offline by TA’s
• Division of Pre-Lab marks: [20 marks] ▪ Add Two Numbers [10 marks] ▪ Arithmetic
Expression [10 marks]
• Division of In-Lab marks: [100 marks] ▪ Task 01: Find Largest Number [25 marks] ▪
Task 02: Fill in the blank area [25 marks] ▪ Task 03: Dry Run Program [30 marks] ▪ Task
04: Find and Resolve Errors [20 marks]
• Division of Post-Lab marks: [30 marks] ▪ Task 01: Simple Calculator [30 marks]

References and Additional Material:

• MinGW Installation
https://sourceforge.net/projects/mingw/
 • if…else Statement in C
https://www.programiz.com/c-programming/c-if-else-statement

• Operators in C
https://www.programiz.com/c-programming/c-operators

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Lab Time Activity Simulation Log:

• Slot – 01 – 00:00 – 00:15: Class Settlement
• Slot – 02 – 00:15 – 00:30: Execute C on Command Prompt • Slot –
03 – 00:30 – 00:45: Execute C on Command Prompt • Slot – 04 –
00:45 – 01:00: In-Lab Task
• Slot – 05 – 01:00 – 01:15: In-Lab Task
• Slot – 06 – 01:15 – 01:30: In-Lab Task
• Slot – 07 – 01:30 – 01:45: In-Lab Task
• Slot – 08 – 01:45 – 02:00: In-Lab Task
• Slot – 09 – 02:00 – 02:15: In-Lab Task
• Slot – 10 – 02:15 – 02:30: In-Lab Task
• Slot – 11 – 02:30 – 02:45: In-Lab Task
• Slot – 12 – 02:45 – 03:00: Discussion on Post-Lab Task
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