Yojana May 2023 Magazine

TECHADE
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May2
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TECHADE Yojana (May 2023)
1. INNOVATION IN SPACE TECH

Introduction
The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has been at the forefront of space technology
and exploration since its inception. By using its critical resources, the organisation has produced
significant advances in space technologies throughout the years, positioning India as a major
player in the global space arena. ISRO's 53-year journey has seen amazing developments, from
its beginnings in Thumba to its current status as a worldwide participant. Space transportation,
infrastructure, science, applications, human exploration, robots, artificial intelligence, and
quantum technologies are all examples of this. ISRO has witnessed the advancement of space
technology and technological innovation in a range of domains.
Space Transportation System
● In 1970’s, the development of solid-propulsion-based Sounding Rockets capable
of putting 30 kg of payload at 120 km of altitude marked the beginning of the
space transportation system.
● It was followed by the creation of first generation launch vehicles, namely Satellite
Launch Vehicles (SLV) and Augmented SLV (ASLV) with liquid-propulsion
technology.
● The integration of solid and liquid propulsion, as well as the development of various
crucial technologies, resulted in the development of the Polar Satellite Launch
Vehicle (PSLV), with the capability of placing a 1700 kg payload into polar orbit.
● The indigenous development of a cryogenic propulsive engine was a key
technological leap in the construction of third generation rockets, namely, GSLV launch
vehicles capable of delivering a 2000 kg payload in Geo-Synchronous Transfer
Orbit (GTO).
● The development of a more advanced launch vehicle, namely Launch Vehicle MK3
(LVM3), was required for the launch of high-throughput communication satellites.
● LVM3 has a payload capacity of 4000 kg and is powered by the world's third largest
solid boosters, high-capacity liquid and cryogenic engines.
● The Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) was recently introduced by ISRO. It is a
three-stage launch vehicle designed for quick turnaround, capable of launching a 500
kg satellite into a 500 km planar orbit.
Space Infrastructure
• NEW DELHI • MUMBAI • KOLKATA • AHMEDABAD • ANAND • BHILAI • BHUBANESWAR • CHANDIGARH

• DEHRADUN • GANDHINAGAR • JAIUR • KANPUR • PATNA • RAIPUR • RAJKOT • RANCHI • SURAT • VADODARA
Whatsapp No. 93132-18734, 82877-76460 ([email protected])
● ISRO laid the groundwork for designing, manufacturing, and operating spacecraft in
the early 1970s. This resulted in the launch of India's first satellite, 'Aryabhata,' on
April 19, 1975, as well as subsequent experimental missions such as Bhaskara and
APPLE.
● ISRO's independence in spacecraft technology was enhanced by indigenous
development of advanced propulsion, power systems, thermal systems, deployable
structures, space bus systems, communication systems, and other systems.
● India's remote sensing capabilities have advanced from a coarse 1 km resolution to a
fine 28 cm resolution, with day and night and all-weather functionality. Transponders
for communication have also grown from a single unit to 317 numbers.
● India's space infrastructure now consists of 25 Earth observation satellites, 22
communication satellites, 7 navigation satellites, 2 space science spacecraft, and a
variety of experimental, tiny, and student satellites.
Space Science and Inter-Planetary Mission
● ISRO's successful missions to the Moon and Mars marked a new era in planetary
exploration. The discovery of water on the Moon by India's first lunar orbiter mission,
Chandrayaan-1, was a scientific achievement.
● Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) aka Mangalyaan, India's first interplanetary mission,
made India the first Asian nation to achieve Martian orbit and the first nation in the
world to do so on its first attempt. Mangalyaan used five onboard scientific instruments
to investigate Mars' surface, mineralogy, and atmosphere.
● During MOM, ISRO developed critical technologies for interplanetary mission design,
planning, management, and operations, including as orbit raising manoeuvres, trans-
Mars injection, trajectory correction manoeuvres, and Mars orbit insertion.
● AstroSat, a multi-wavelength space astronomy mission, served approximately 50
countries and achieved ground-breaking discoveries such as identifying UV emissions
from star formation in a galaxy 9.4 billion years away.
Space Applications
● The primary flagship programmes of India have benefited from the Earth Observation
(EO) applications of ISRO, which have become institutionalised across a variety of
sectors, including national security, agriculture, disaster management, and resource
mapping.
● Significant advancements in ground technologies, such as multi object tracking radar,
polarimetric Doppler weather radar, and improved ground stations, have enabled
satellite services to be used indefinitely.
● 47 missions with varying spatial, temporal, and spectral resolutions have been
successfully completed by ISRO thanks to imaging advancements such push-broom
imaging, stereo imaging, and synthetic aperture radar (SAR).
Human Space Exploration
● The ISRO Gaganyaan mission is a complex project that intends to launch astronauts
into space and bring them safely back to Earth.
● It involves the development of several technological components which include crew
management procedures for onboard safety, habitable orbital modules, crew escape
mechanisms, human-rated launch vehicles etc.
● For the Gaganyaan mission, which is currently in an advanced stage of development,
ISRO has successfully carried out experiments like the Crew Module Atmospheric
Re-entry Experiment (CARE), Pad abort test, and Integrated Main Parachute
Airdrop Test (IMAT).
Latest Space Tech Innovations
● Reusable Launch Vehicles (RLV) and Air Breathing Propulsion
 ISRO is developing reusable launch vehicles, air-breathing two-stage to-orbit
vehicles, and scramjet engines for future space transportation systems that are
cost-effective.
 ISRO recently made a big advancement in RLV technologies by demonstrating
the autonomous landing of a winged vehicle on a runway with an RLV landing
experiment (RLV-LEX).
 Its current focus is on the development of crucial technologies towards the
realisation of the Hypersonic Air Breathing Vehicle with Airframe Integrated
System (HAVA), a vehicle-integrated scramjet engine.
● Space Robotics and 3D Printing
 In addition to the humanoid robot Vyommitra, ISRO has worked on landers and
rovers for the Chandrayaan-3 mission as well as on-orbit satellite refuelling.
They are also investigating 3D printing in space.
● PSLV Orbital Experimental Module (POEM)
 The fourth stage of the PSLV has been used by ISRO in an inventive way to
conduct research experiments under the name POEM. It offers a microgravity
platform for carrying out many kinds of scientific investigations in space.
Academic institutions and businesses have the option to use this distinctive and
affordable platform to carry out their space-based investigations.
● Quantum Communication
 With the development of crucial technologies like entangled-photon sources and
polarisation correction methods, ISRO has successfully demonstrated free-space
quantum communication over a 300 m distance.
● Space Data Economy and Smart Cities
 Supply chain management, smart manufacturing, and smart cities all benefit
from the use of space data in conjunction with Artificial Intelligence and Machine
Learning.
● Societal Applications and Spin-offs
 Technological developments in the space industry have influenced everyday life
in the form of medical ventilators, microprocessor-controlled limbs, and
ventricular assist systems.
● Growing Private Sector Participation
 Nongovernmental organisations are encouraged to participate in space sector
reforms, which promote a vibrant space ecosystem and advance science and
technology.
Thus, the field of space technology has seen extraordinary levels of innovation in recent
decades, and ISRO has served as a major organisation in unravelling the mysteries of the
cosmos and furthering human understanding. Looking ahead, developments in space
technology will definitely pave the way for new discoveries and advancements, opening up
new horizons for exploration and improving our grasp of the universe.
2. Startups-Revolutionising India’s growth story

Introduction
● Startups have become a significant force in India's economic growth in recent years.
Alongside the world's rapid change, the Indian startup ecosystem is continually
growing, inventing, and evolving.
● The nodal department for the startup ecosystem is the Department for Promotion of
Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT).
● Until the fiscal year 2016–17, about one unicorn was added each year. This figure has
grown significantly over the previous four years (from FY 2017–18), with an annual
surge of 66% in the number of unicorns.
● India is now the second-largest unicorn nation in the world, with over 108 of them
living there.
● The rising use of digitisation and the simple accessibility of finance at the early
phases of growth for startups were the main drivers of the surge in investment.
● Startup India has implemented a number of initiatives to streamline and facilitate the
process of acquiring capital at both the early and mature phases.
● The Startup India Seed Fund Scheme (SIFSS), which provides financial assistance
to early-stage startups for proof of concept, prototype development, product trials,
market entry, and commercialization and has an outlay of Rs 945 crore, is supporting
early-stage funding from angel investors and venture capital firms.
● Support is provided to Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) registered
Alternative Investment Funds (AIFs), which in turn invest in startups, under the Fund
of Funds scheme (started in 2016). FFS, which has a capital of Rs. 10,000 crores,
was announced with the goal of promoting and assisting mature companies.
● Credit Guarantee Scheme for Startups provides credit guarantees for loans made to
DPIIT-recognized startups by Scheduled Commercial Banks, Non-Banking Financial
Companies (NBFCs), and Venture Debt Funds (VDFs) operating as SEBI-registered
Alternative Investment Funds.
3. Potential of India’s EdTech Sector

Introduction
● The term "EdTech" or "Education Technology" refers to the application of hardware,
software, or both to improve teaching and learning.
● Nowadays, smartphones with EdTech apps installed are synonymous with education.
The ability of EdTech to reach poor kids in remote locations has played a significant
part in the sector's growth and will likely continue to do so in the years to come.
● Each kid has various demands, as well as a different learning style and speed.
Whatever their age or level of understanding, EdTech makes it possible for everyone to
receive consistent quality of education.
India’s ICT Revolution
● The Indian ICT industry has been growing rapidly over the last quarter century. In FY
2022, the industry crossed US$200 billion in total revenue and 5 million in total
workforce.
● By the end of 2023, it is predicted to spend US$144 billion on ICT. The services
segment is expected to make up about 52% of this spending.
● Between 2010 and 2022, the number of internet users in India has increased by 10X,
from 92.5 million to 932.2 million.
● There has also been a 27X increase in the number of smartphone users in India, from
34 million in 2010 to 931 million in 2022. This is expected to rise to 1.53 billion by
2040.

How does EdTech help students?
With the use of technology, education is now accessible to people from all socioeconomic
backgrounds. As a result of the digital revolution in India, EdTech has expanded accessibility
to the country's most rural regions.
Three major benefits of EdTech for students include:
1. Learning while playing: The use of gamified techniques in EdTech, particularly for
kids in grades K–6, helps pupils understand ideas and makes learning enjoyable.
2. Classes anywhere and anytime: By reaching the most rural areas of India, EdTech
makes education accessible to everybody from students to Professionals.
3. Access to quality teachers: EdTech facilitates access to quality teachers in every
town and village in India.
How does EdTech help teachers?
● By offering interesting pedagogical techniques to support their instruction, educational
technology (EdTech) not only benefits students but also teachers.
● This can include an interactive whiteboard, instructional films, virtual reality (VR) or
augmented reality (AR) simulations, and other online tools that can engage students
and improve their learning.
● Through automated grading, classroom management tools, paperless classrooms, and
the removal of guesswork, EdTech can also aid in the administration of academics.
Key Growth Drivers
1. Demographic Dividend: India has enormous potential for EdTech growth. There are
over 300 million students in grades K-12, with 85-90 million having internet access.
Currently, just 5% of children who have internet access use instructional technology.
Furthermore, statistics at the secondary and postsecondary levels of education point to
EdTech having a substantial impact.
2. Technology Infrastructure: The National Broadband Mission, Digital India, and
BharatNet government programmes to build out digital infrastructure, combined with
the telco-led digital revolution, have made it simpler for EdTech to reach out to remote
areas.
3. Government Initiatives: To support digital education, the government has developed
a number of programmes and initiatives, including SWAYAM, DIKSHA, and ePathshala.
4. Pandemic-led Behavioral Changes: The pandemic has increased the uptake of
online education in India and around the world.
5. Increased Funding: Significant investments from venture capitalists and private
equity firms have enabled EdTech companies to extend their offerings and reach a
bigger user base.
Financial Potential
● At a CAGR of 43%, the Indian EdTech market increased from a 2020 valuation of
US$750 million to US$5.8 billion by early 2023.
● Over the next five years, the market size is predicted to increase by 3.7X, reaching
$10.4 billion.
● The industry is anticipated to increase to US$10.1 billion by 2027.
● This development is caused by the need for customisation in the EdTech sector and the
increase in demand for non-academic courses from Tier II and III cities.
Challenges:
EdTech also presents several challenges that need to be considered as we embrace EdTech
products, platforms, and services. Three major challenges include:
1. Psychological and Social Effects of Online Digital Education: A lack of face-to-
face connection and socialisation opportunities can have a negative impact on a
student's mental health and social skills.
2. Perception of Parents: Parents could be sceptical about the value of EdTech and
favour providing their children with a traditional education in a classroom.
3. Pupil-teacher Ratio: To guarantee that students receive individualised attention,
assistance, and mentorship from teachers, it is crucial to maintain a low pupil-teacher
ratio in online education programmes.
Critical Success Factors

3 critical success factors that can enhance this impact of EdTech include:
1. Integrate Practical Work- This will assist students in developing important
workplace skills such as group dynamics, team building, and interpersonal
communication.
2. Create Multilingual Content: To ensure greater reach, usage, and relevance, EdTech
platforms must prioritise content creation in regional languages.
3. Focus on Holistic Education: The basic features of holistic education, such as
environmental responsibility, sustainable development, and the cultivation of human
values, must be included into the curriculum and general design of EdTech
programmes.
Way Ahead
In order to provide students with the information and future skills they need to succeed in the
twenty-first century, EdTech will thus play a complementary role through methodologies,
goods, platforms, and services that will support, enrich, and enhance the teaching-learning
experience for students.
4. Leveraging technology for transforming healthcare

Introduction

● Digital health is a broad multidisciplinary framework that includes software,
hardware, and services on a single platform.
● The use of technology interventions for providing healthcare solutions and empowering
healthcare seekers and providers (including individuals, community or professional
caregivers, doctors, the paramedical workforce, and the pharmaceutical and medical
device industries) with a focus on better quality, higher efficiency, and easy access to
healthcare services is referred to as digital health.
● Telemedicine is the provision of health services where a critical factor is distance by
all health care professionals using information and communication technologies for the
exchange of reliable information for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of illness
and injuries, research and evaluation, and for the continuing education of health care
professionals, all in the interest of improving the health of individuals and their
communities.
● MobileHealth or mHealth: In some nations, including India, field-level healthcare
workers employ mobile devices like tablets with pre-loaded customised software
programmes.
● The Internet of Medical Things (loMT) has combined medical devices and
applications that connect to health IT systems that use diverse networking technologies
to improve communication between doctors and patients, to reduce the risk of
exposure to contagious diseases, and to collect data at the user level.
Growth of digital health interventions:

● The size of the global market for digital health was predicted to be USD 332.53 billion
in 2022 by the Precedence Research research (May 2022). By 2032, it is projected to
reach its high of over USD 1,694.21 billion, with a CAGR of 19.4%.
● According to a recent impact analysis by an NGO, each tele-consultation at an
Ayushman Bharat Health & Wellness centre prevents patients from travelling up to
21.58 kilometres on average and spending more than Rs 941 on out-of-pocket medical
expenses.
● Telehealth platforms and solutions have expanded equity by expanding access to
underserved and difficult-to-reach groups and locations.
● By delivering personalised care plans, remotely monitoring patient health, and
promoting patient participation, digital health systems can assist manage the rising
prevalence of chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer.
● There would be more record keeping and documentation with telemedicine. This
decreases the possibility of losing out on doctor's and other health care worker
recommendations.
India leads the way- Digital health initiative driving change
Some of the key features of the digital interventions launched by the Government of India are
inclusiveness, multilingual platforms, scalability, and interoperability. Over a billion
individuals have benefited from these.
The following are some of the initiatives that have seen a vast acceptance among people,
accompanied by innumerable advantages.
1. Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM)
● Launched by the Prime Minister in September 2021.
● It aspires to create the foundation for the nation's integrated digital health
infrastructure and envisions an infrastructure for that purpose.
● These digital highways will bridge the gap that currently exists between the many
healthcare ecosystem stakeholders.

● By offering a variety of data, information, and infrastructure services and properly
utilising open, interoperable, standards-based digital systems, ABDM proposes to
develop a seamless online platform while ensuring the security, confidentiality, and
privacy of personal health information.
● An important part of ABDM is ABHA (Ayushman Bharat Health Account). The ABHA
is a 14-digit number that will uniquely identify a beneficiary as a participant in India’s
digital healthcare ecosystem.
2. (CoWIN) system
● On January 16, 2021, the Covid Vaccine Intelligence Network (CoWIN) system was
launched.
● It has served as the technological backbone for India's Covid-19 vaccination initiative,
which has so far administered over 220 crore doses.
● The primary elements of the CoWIN platform are as follows: (i) blended registration-
Beneficiaries can register online or in person at the Vaccination Centre. (ii)
Beneficiaries can schedule appointments online at their convenience. (iii) Vaccination
Schedule Tracking (iv) Instant Digital Vaccination Certificate with Certificate Correction
Utility (v) Multilingual Portal in 12 Languages (vi) A mobile application for vaccinators'
convenience (vii) Vaccine stock management (viii) Advance publication of vaccine
schedules (ix) Real-Time Dashboards (x) Adverse Event Following Immunisation (AEFI)
tracking (xi) Tracking of digital Covid-19 vaccination certificates; and (xii) Facility-
specific coverage.
3. Tele-MANAS: Tele Mental Health Assistance and Networking Across States
● It was launched on October 10, 2022.
● It aims to provide free telemental health services, such as counselling, integrated
medical and psychosocial interventions via video consultations with mental health
specialists, e-prescriptions, follow-up services, and links to in-person services, to
remote areas and vulnerable populations in particular.
● The programme aims to provide specialised care by connecting Tele-MANAS with other
services such as the national teleconsultation service, e-Sanjeevani, Ayushman Bharat
Digital Mission, mental health professionals, Ayushman Bharat Health and Wellness
Centres, and emergency psychiatric facilities.
4. Ni-kshay 2.0 Portal
● In September 2022, the President of India announced the Pradhan Mantri TB Mukt
Bharat Abhiyan- Ni-kshay 2.0, a digital platform for community assistance for
tuberculosis patients.
● As of 3 March 2023, over 13.25 lakh TB patients were on TB therapy at the Ni-kshay
portal, with 9.69 lakh TB patients consenting for adoption.
5. Health Technology Assessment (HTA)
● It is an institutional framework established by the Department of Health Research
(DHR) to enhance the process of transparency and evidence-informed health decision-
making.
● It assesses the appropriateness and cost effectiveness of existing and emerging health
technology in the country.
● Since its inception in 2017, it has provided evidence-based decision making to the
Union Health Ministry, Ayushman Bharat-PMJAY, and various states.
Conclusion
Thus, technology-assisted health interventions and digital solutions in healthcare have
transformed the global health landscape, bringing about unprecedented transformation. It is
widely recognised that digital health has the ability to cause rapid, dramatic, and huge
changes in not only healthcare services but also research and development in pharma,
medical devices, pharmaceuticals, and immunisation cold chain management, supply chain,
and logistics, among other things.
5. QUANTUM COMPUTING TRANSFORMING TECHNOLOGY

Quantum computing
It is a multidisciplinary area that combines components of computer science, physics, and
mathematics to solve complicated problems quicker than traditional computers.
● Traditional computing represents information with 'bits'—binary digits of 0s and 1s.
However, quantum computing employs quantum bits, or 'qubits,' which can exist in
several states at the same time, rather than just two (i.e., 0 and 1).
● The' Superposition' feature of qubits enables quantum computers to do many
computational calculations orders of magnitude faster than classical computers.
Impact of Quantum Computing

1. Faster data analysis in industrial data science applications: Quantum computers
are capable of performing some types of calculations far faster than traditional
computing logic. This could allow for speedier data analysis for business problems in
the age of big data, especially for enormous datasets collected at a high rate.
2. Improved machine learning outcomes: Quantum computers have the potential to
improve machine learning by enabling more effective algorithm optimisation, allowing
computer vision skills to become more efficient, accurate, and rapid.
3. Improved optimization for complex problems: Finding the best solution to a
complex problem is a common task in analytics. Quantum computers have the ability
to handle these problems far faster than traditional computers, allowing for more
effective optimisation of complex systems.
4. Improved industrialization: Distributed computing networks, federated learning, the
"Internet of Everything," blockchain, and other related technologies should be expected
to become more efficient in terms of delivering their desired computational and quality
outcomes.
5. Improved process efficiencies in digital transformation: Quantum computing
may result in speedier process automation by analysing real-time data generated in
organisational operations.
Implications for practice and policy
From a public policy standpoint, important deliberations are required, some of which are
described below:
● Quantum computing is an advanced field in which research and development are still in
their early stages. This provides India with an opportunity to develop well-funded
Research Centres of Excellence.
● Long-term schemes of the Department of Science and Technology may be
introduced, with critical infrastructure and personnel training initiatives supported in
the established.
● Because it works with new levels of data and computation, quantum computing
necessitates clear and sustained policy and governance.
● Data management, data sharing, data privacy, information assurance, algorithmic
governance, and transparency require evolving legal frameworks.
● Similarly, frameworks governing the security, transparency, accountability, fairness,
and ethical application of quantum computing systems must evolve.
● Policymaking at the national level on data science, decision science, and machine
learning skills must coordinate efforts to develop the future potential and skills of
India's vast young population in order to prepare them for the future.
● The implementation of digital healthcare and biomedical research would be greatly
aided by quantum computing.
● Startups focusing on quantum computing can be supported with government
assistance through organisations such as the Technology Development Board,
which awards funds to startup businesses in non-metropolitan cities working on
quantum computing product development.
Conclusion
The government must focus on the quantum computing domain since it will be largely reliant
on leveraging information assets within and outside of organisations in the long run.
6. AI Chatbots-Future and Challenges

● A bot is a software, piece of code, or application that can do predefined tasks using a
database of pre-existing responses or a restricted knowledge base.
● Chatbots are computer programmes that replicate human-like conversations with users
via text or voice using artificial intelligence (AI). They have a wide range of
applications, including customer service, sales, and personal assistants.
● They are unable to provide suitable responses to difficult questions that the creators
were unaware would be raised.
● Chatbots of the future use artificial intelligence (AI) and natural language processing
(NLP) to imitate human-like interactions and automate responses to consumer
requests, making it easier for customers to discover information without the need for
human participation.
● Healthcare, finance and banking, education, customer service, e-commerce, human
resources, marketing, and social media are just a few of the industries where they are
having a significant influence.
● Chatbots have the potential to alter the healthcare industry by providing a wide range
of services to both healthcare providers and patients.
● They can act as virtual aids, assisting patients with their healthcare inquiries. Their
availability 24 hours a day, seven days a week makes basic healthcare available to
people at all times and in all places, reducing the pressure on the healthcare system.
● AI chatbots are increasingly being used to handle customer concerns and requests
across sectors and industries. To assist individuals with their enquiries and provide
support, customer service chatbots can be implemented into various digital channels
including as websites, mobile apps, social media platforms, and messaging apps.
● E-commerce organisations use Al chatbots to assist their consumers in finding products
that meet their needs by asking questions about preferences and displaying relevant
products.
● Education is a crucial area where Al chatbots are becoming more useful. Generative Al
can contribute to the digital revolution of our education system, making it more
efficient and accessible.
● It can assist with content production, translation of educational materials into several
languages, and even serve as a tutor or teacher in situations where teaching resources
are limited.
● The banking industry employs Al chatbots to cut expenses while improving customer
satisfaction. The key reason for their appeal is that they can reduce the costs of
providing first assistance.
● The most serious issue concerning Al chatbots is that their increased use will result in a
significant number of people losing their employment.
● Other issues with Al chatbots include incorrect responses owing to misunderstandings,
a lack of emotional intelligence, which may result in prejudices and a lack of empathy,
and privacy breaches.
● There are also ethical concerns, and over-reliance on technology can have an influence
on our emotional, intellectual, and physical health.
7. 5G Cybersecurity Challenges
Introduction
● The most recent international standard for wireless communications is called "5G," or
5th Generation of the mobile network.
● A new generation of mobile communications emerges every few years and is referred
to as 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G networks, etc.
● Each of these increases data transmission speeds and decreases latency, or the
amount of time it takes for data to download or move. The anticipated average data
rate for 5G is 100 megabits per second, with a potential maximum of 20 gigabits per
second.
● The advantages of Internet of Things (loT) technology and connected devices will be
made accessible by 5G. The connected devices will be able to communicate in real-time
thanks to high speed and low latency, providing better and more dependable
performance.
● In October 2022, telecom firms in a few cities in India began offering 5G services. By
the end of 2024, the country is expected to have around 150 million 5G users, which
represents a very small portion of the 1.2 billion mobile phone users worldwide today.
Geopolitics of 5G
● It is not unexpected that top tech companies have worked to gain the "first mover"
advantage in 5G technology given its potential to impact our digital future and bring
about economic transformation.
● There are worries that China could use 5G technology as a weapon by pressuring
Chinese telecom companies to hand over customer information to the government or
even compel them to shut down 5G networks during tumultuous geopolitical periods.
● The United States has led an initiative in recent years to challenge Chinese telecom
companies' hegemony in the 5G industry.

● To collectively address the technological threat faced by authoritarian regimes like
China and Russia, efforts have been made to unite like-minded and leading democratic
states.
5G and Cyber Threat Landscape
● Undoubtedly, 5G may be viewed as an essential infrastructure given the potential
contribution it could make to economic progress and societal advancement. In light of
this, 5G communication networks will be a prime target for assaults like sabotage.
● 5G demands additional access points and network edges, which are the places where
local networks or devices connect to the internet, due to its faster speeds and
increased capacity.
● Due to the fact that many essential network services are moved to the edges, where
they are closer to the end user, it is more difficult to enforce the necessary security
compliance and ensure reliable third-party providers.
● Privacy issues are a key consideration in the context of 5G. The coverage area of 5G
networks is substantially smaller than that of 4G networks. They need numerous
smaller antennas and base stations as a result. This could make it possible to precisely
pinpoint the whereabouts of internet or mobile phone users both inside and outside,
thus jeopardising their privacy.
Conclusion
As a result, 5G presents fresh possibilities for digitization and development, but the network
and technologies were not intended to be secure. Therefore, nations adopting 5G technology,
like India, must have a plan in place for cyber-resilience.
8. Digital Publishing- Expanding the horizon

Introduction
The foundation of Indian culture, ideals, and transcendence is the publishing sector. The
publishing sector in India supports learning and education, generates millions of jobs, and
aids in the country's economic development.
In 2022, it crossed the US $ 33.2 billion threshold. Research claims that the market would
grow at a 3.4% annual compound growth rate from 2023 to 2028, reaching a value of $41.6
billion.
The National Education Policy 2020's rise in overall educational spending has also contributed
to the expansion of the Indian publishing sector.
Growth of Digital Publishing
● The publishing sector has seen a considerable transition as a result of technology.
● Digital publishing has replaced traditional print media, enabling publishers to reach a
larger audience. In India, digital publishing is still in its infancy.
● It makes up between 8 and 10% of the nation's publishing market, however digital
publishing in India has grown significantly in recent years. A report claims that regional
and digital content would propel Indian media's expansion.
● Between FY 2019 and FY 2024, the digital industry is projected to expand at a 29.1%
annual rate.
● By 2024, it would reach INR 621 billion, driven by the strength of regional content.
Digital publication will undoubtedly be impacted by this trend.
● Access to information is now easier than ever because of the rapid proliferation of
smartphones, tablets, and e-readers.

● Digital publication, as opposed to traditional publishing, doesn't involve any costs for
printing, shipping, or storage. Publishers can reduce manufacturing and distribution
expenses, passing those savings on to customers in the form of lower prices.
● E-books have been crucial to the expansion of digital publishing in India. A Nielsen
study revealed that 20% of books sold in India in 2018 were electronic books. E-books
provide a number of benefits over printed books, including affordability and ease.
Challenges
● Digital publication offers both benefits and difficulties. Piracy is one of the key
difficulties.
● Digital content is widely available, making it simpler for users to obtain and share
copyrighted materials without permission. As a result, the publishers must take further
precautions to prevent the unlawful circulation of their content.
● The ongoing updating and upkeep of digital publications is another difficulty. To keep
digital content current and relevant, it should be updated frequently. It involves a
considerable time and resource commitment.
● Publishers must make sure their material is interesting and appealing given the
abundance of content available online. This entails producing unique, high-quality
content that is educational.
Conclusion
The way that content is produced, shared, and consumed in India has been transformed by
digital publishing. It has created new possibilities for readers, authors, and publishers alike.
Before it becomes a popular publishing method in India, though, a few issues still need to be
resolved. Digital publishing has the potential to revolutionise the Indian publishing sector with
the correct infrastructure and awareness efforts.
9. Use of Technology in Urban Planning

Introduction
● The process of developing and designing open spaces, cities, and the built environment
is known as urban planning.
● Since towns and cities have existed, urban planning has a long history. Early city
planning was centred on several important and fundamental components, such as
fortified buildings and bastions, although it has changed significantly over time.
● Urban planning is a multifaceted process that involves both physical and social
infrastructure, utility systems, communication networks, supply chains, and more. City
planners, usually referred to as urban planners, design cities and develop plans for
expansion and improvement in the future.
● In the present day, the explosive growth of information technology and artificial
intelligence has greater potential to integrate many city planning difficulties into a
universal platform and pave the way for a better solution to handle complexity
challenges.
● Urban planners have benefited greatly from the use of information technology,
particularly through the usage of GIS (Geographic Information System)-based
software.
Contemporary technologies to aid urban planning
● Urban planners can employ a variety of urban planning apps that create complete and
vibrant environments for residents and commercial enterprises using both modern
technologies and open data.
● There are several planning tools that aid in the process of urban design and help to
create the spaces that a city's population needs.
● Urban planning has benefited progressively more from GIS over time. Many other GIS
softwares have emerged as free and open-source cross-platform solutions using open-
source data.
● This was not achievable with the older mapping and drawing tools, but with the aid of
GIS, enhanced mapping, coupled with locational data.
● All government offices use GIS for record-keeping purposes, including property
mapping, utility services like water supply and sewerage networks to see the coverage
of the water supply and sanitation system, and municipal solid waste management to
identify the zones in order to manage the MSW Management system.
● Transport planners also utilise GIS for network analysis in order to study the road
network, find conflict points at different intersections, identify different road hierarchy,
etc.
● Using cloud technologies, urban planners can set up a database to obtain data on
particular metropolitan areas.
● Larger infrastructure projects can benefit from the planning capabilities of cloud
computing platforms.
● The internet can be used by urban planners to design towns that are friendly to remote
workers. Better transport options and less traffic congestion are as a result of urban
design.
Internet of Things and Urban Planning
● In India, several key IoT devices are already in use, including smart street lights that
automatically turn off to save energy.
● By utilising technology to generate self-management strategies, urban planners can
create ideas that strengthen city infrastructure while putting a greater emphasis on
developing neighbourhoods and communities.
● This allows cities to provide greater green space, financial independence, and financial
stability. These examples show how technology may be used to create smarter city
plans and encourage greater community involvement.
● Urban planners will be able to focus more on building communities thanks to
technology, which will increase municipal independence.
● This may encourage citizens to take a more active role in building sustainable and
environmentally friendly cities.


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