Transformer Health Monitoring System and Overheating

Protection System

Project Phase-2 report

submitted in
partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of degree of

Bachelor of Technology
in
Electrical Engineering

by
Ms. Priti Kothe Ms. Trupti
Gotaphode Mr. Ganesh Mokampalle Mr. Rutik
Kelkar

Guide
Prof. P. P. Jagtap
Assistant Professor

Department of Electrical Engineering

G H Raisoni College of Engineering, Nagpur
(An Autonomous Institute affiliated to Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur)

Accredited by NAAC with “A+” Grade

Ranked 163 by NIRF, in the Engineering Category for India Ranking 2022,
th

Dec 2022
 Transformer Health Monitoring System and Overheating
Protection System

Project Phase-2 report

submitted in
partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of degree of

Bachelor of Technology
in
Electrical Engineering
by
Ms. Priti Kothe Ms. Trupti Gotaphode
Mr. Ganesh Mokampalle Mr. Rutik Kelkar

Guide
Prof. P. P. Jagtap
Assistant Professor

Department of Electrical Engineering

G H Raisoni College of Engineering, Nagpur
(An Autonomous Institute affiliated to Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur)

Accredited by NAAC with “A+” Grade

Ranked 163 by NIRF, MHRD in the Engineering Category for India Ranking 2022,
th

Dec 2022
© G H Raisoni College of Engineering, Nagpur, Year 2022
 Declaration

We, hereby declare that the project report titled “Transformer Health
Monitoring System and Overheating Protection System” submitted herein has been
carried out by us towards partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of Degree of
Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical Engineering. The work is original and has not
been submitted earlier as a whole or in part for the award of any degree / diploma at this
or any other Institution / University.

We also hereby assign to G H Raisoni College of Engineering, Nagpur all rights

under copyright that may exist in and to the above work and any revised or expanded
derivatives works based on the work as mentioned. Other work copied from references,
manuals etc. are disclaimed.

Name of student Mobile No Mail ID Signature

(Other than Raisoni.net)
Priti Kothe 8329493678 [email protected]
Trupti Gotaphode 9322285619 [email protected]
Ganesh Mokampalle 7218886532 [email protected]
Rutik Kelkar 7620122706 [email protected]

Place : Nagpur
Date :
 Certificate

The project report entitled as “Transformer Health Monitoring System and

Overheating Protection System” submitted by Priti Kothe, Trupti Gotaphode, Ganesh

Mokampalle and Rutik Kelkar for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Engineering in

Electrical Engineering has been carried out under my supervision. The work is

comprehensive, complete and fit for evaluation.

Prof. P. P. Jagtap Prof. Suraj Dudhe

Guide Project Incharge
Assistant Professor Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical Department of
Engineering Electrical
G H R C E, Nagpur Engineering
G H R C E, Nagpur

Dr. Prema Daigavane Dr. Sachin Untawale

Head Director
Department of Electrical G H R C E, Nagpur
Engineering G H R C E, Nagpur
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Success is a sign of hard work, perseverance, inspiration, motivation and innovation.

Successful projects are the result of the efforts of many people, some of whom have been
directly involved, while others have quietly provided encouragement and support in the
background. , we would like to express our deepest gratitude and heartfelt thanks to all who
have directly or indirectly helped us with our project.

First of all, our project mentor, Prof.P.P.Jagtap I would like to express my gratitude and
greetings to Professor (Department of Electrical Engineering, GHRCE, Nagpur ) for his
valuable guidance and suggestions. He was always there to help us when we were in
trouble. I also appreciate the opportunity to receive industry education on the latest
technological trends. Dr. Sachin Untawale, Director, GHRCE, Nagpur and Dr. Prema
Daigavane, HOD of Electrical Department, Prof. Suraj Dudhe Project Incharge has
provided us with a positive work culture and environment that has always served as a
milestone in our careers.

We would also like to thank all GHRCE educational staff and non-members who directly or
indirectly assisted us by contributing their professional and practical knowledge in
completing the project. I would like to express my deep gratitude to the teaching staff and my
classmates.
 ABSTRACT

Distribution companies are in fierce competition to provide reliable power at low prices
costs. Maintenance and replacement of transformers is reportedly taken for granted an
expensive exercise for all companies. With this factor in mind, IoT-based distribution.In this
work, a transformer monitoring system is developed for health monitoring distribution
transformers at regular intervals. The health index is determined based on the change in
voltage, temperature changes and load capacity, which are measured using sensors.

Arduino was chosen as the processor for the sensed data, while ThingSpeak was chosen as
the IoT platform. This inexpensive system can be installed in the transformer at any location
monitored remotely, which not only determines the state of health, but also helps in
prediction and its lifespan.

i
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Overall operation of Internet of Things............................................................................1

Figure 2 Application of IoT in Energy Market................................................................................2
Figure 3 IoT based Transmission Line............................................................................................3
Figure 4 Different transformer condition monitoring system.........................................................6
Figure 5 Different offline Parameters............................................................................................10
Figure 6. Different online parameters............................................................................................12
Figure 7 GSM based transformer monitoring system...................................................................15
Figure 8. Distribution System........................................................................................................16
Figure 9 An overview of proposed system....................................................................................16
Figure 10 Proposed System...........................................................................................................22
Figure 11 ThingSpeak cloud server...............................................................................................23
Figure 12 workflow of system.......................................................................................................23
Figure 13 Displays 1-phase data....................................................................................................24
Figure 14 CT Circuit......................................................................................................................26
Figure 15 Voltage Sensor..............................................................................................................27
Figure 16 Overall Circuit Diagram................................................................................................28
Figure 17 All-in one server algorithm...........................................................................................30
Figure 18 Overall process is shown in flow diagram....................................................................31
Figure 19 Traditional Process........................................................................................................32
Figure 20 IoT System....................................................................................................................32
Figure 21 Hardware Setup.............................................................................................................34
Figure 22 1-phase Transformer's online Parameters.....................................................................35
Figure 23 Health index calculated.................................................................................................35

ii
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AEMO : Australian Energy Market Operator.................................................................................2

DGA: Dissolved Gas Analysis........................................................................................................7
DTs: Distribution Transformers.......................................................................................................4
Iot : Internet Of Things....................................................................................................................1
NFC: Near Field Communication..................................................................................................18
UHF: Ultra High Frequency............................................................................................................6

iii
 Index

Abstract........................................................................................................................................................i
List of Figures...........................................................................................................................................ii
List of Abbreviations................................................................................................................................iii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................1
1.1 Internet of Things (IoT)..................................................................................................................1
1.1.1 Benefits of IoT [2]......................................................................................................................2
1.2 Applications of Internet of Things (Iot).........................................................................................2
1.2.1 Application of IoT in Energy Systems.....................................................................................2
1.2.2 IoT Based Monitoring of Transmission Systems....................................................................3
1.3 Transformer Protection System......................................................................................................4
1.3.1 Transformer Condition Monitoring........................................................................................6
1.4 Wireless monitoring of distribution transformer..........................................................................7
CHAPTER 2 PROBLEM FORMULATION AND LITERATURE SURVEY....................................13
2.1 Problem Formulation....................................................................................................................14
2.2 Literature Survey..........................................................................................................................14
CHAPTER 3 DEVELOPING AN IOT BASED TRANSFORMER’S HEALTH MONITORING
SYSTEM
...................................................................................................................................................................
16
3.1 Methodology...................................................................................................................................17
3.1.1 Cloud Server...............................................................................................................................17
3.2 Workflow of the proposed system....................................................................................................21
3.3 Hardware design and implementation.........................................................................................26
3.3 Software coding..............................................................................................................................24
3.4 All-in one server algorithm...........................................................................................................24
3.5 System flow diagram.....................................................................................................................25
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS....................................................................................26
4.1 Hardware Setup.............................................................................................................................27
4.2 Testing and Results........................................................................................................................27
4.3 Discussion.............................................................................................................................28
CHAPTER 5 APPLICATION AND FUTURE SCOPE.......................................................................29
5.1 Application.....................................................................................................................................30
 5.2 Future Scope..................................................................................................................................30
REFERENCES........................................................................................................................................31
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Internet of Things (IoT)

An environment based on iot includes diverse sensors, communique media, devices, etc.
Which manage records with one another. Iot-based
totally devices exchange sensor statistics through the cloud and manner it therefore. This
can be utilised and evaluated to make exact choices [1]. As proven in figure 1 [2], all iot-
based totally completely devices perform with out human involvement or even human
beings can talk with the device.
An illustration of an internet of factors environment is shown beneath numerous IoT-
primarily based technologies ship info to a hub where facts collecting takes location. it's
miles viable to process the gathered statistics for evaluation or despatched to various interface
s for utilization which include smartphones or man-machines to perform preferred actions.

Figure 1 Overall operation of Internet of Things

That is a large technological step forward. a place in which people interact with machines and

do matters more as it should be and quicker. according to research, There could be a thousand
million devices connected collectively the by means of 2025, the net.
Connecting devices creates smart networks and gadgets are produced. as soon
as connected, facts (information) can be analyzed in a myriad of methods.
1
Create better, quicker merchandise at decrease prices. via combining IoT and
automation devices, all operations may be executed robotically and greater exactly.
IoT offers opportunities to maximize resource consumption whilst saving money and time.

1.1.1 Benefits of IoT [2]

The advent of IoT and automation is accelerating the tracking of
holistic structures and tactics. additionally, through presenting extra cost and dependability,
the internet of factors will beautify the consumer revel in whilst using items and offerings.
IoT additionally helps companies save time and money while putting in surveillance systems.
Such tracking structures may be utilized in distribution networks to shorten the time after a
failure. imposing his IoT-primarily based devices in places of work and houses will boost
up all elements of your each day lifestyles as self sufficient systems like thermostats, air
conditioners and lighting will permit extra time spent by using people with each
other obligations. I realize you'll. IoT-primarily based systems may
be remotely managed and without problems monitored even
in destructive weather and working occasions. IoT-primarily
based technology are consequently more dependable, faster, extra accurate, fee-effective,
and cozy to function.

1.2 Applications of Internet of Things (IoT)

1.2.1 Application of IoT in Energy Systems

As proven in discern 2. AEMO (Australian power market Operator), the energy market here is

regulated and controlled by way of a single operator, similar to the gasoline operator, making
IOT a fulfillment. The net of factors affords information at any time
and enables marketplace individuals music numerous statistics points.

2
 Figure 2 Application of IoT in Energy Market

The IoT gadget allows one of a kind distribution organizations to synchronize

and become one management employer. Troubleshooting can
be avoided or reduced by putting numerous sensors positioned in the course of the
distribution community. clever electricity meters, on the other hand, boost up the
billing procedure. Even intercommunicating those sensors are able to control modern-
day glide based at the maximum load that a positive user is allowed to apply, in contrast to IoT
sensors that could regulate fuel stress in accordance with policies. because the two groups are
centrally managed, conversation methods can be standardized
for both gas and electricity distribution.

1.2.2 IoT Based Monitoring of Transmission Systems

Electricity traces are a key requirement and characteristic of IoT-based
totally surveillance systems. high-voltage energy lines are situation to many herbal dangers that

Figure 3 IoT based Transmission Line

3
 may affect gadget balance and reliability [3]. currently, many wireless network structures are
in sensible use, but they have the issue of high running and protection costs.
1.3 Transformer Protection System

This project aims at monitoring the oil temperature of a transformer continuously and
protects from overheating. Since transformers are vital elements of the electric power
transmission and distribution infrastructure, they need to be monitored to prevent any
potential faults. Failures in a transformer can easily costs several million dollars to either
repair or replace, and will also cause a loss of service to customers and revenue until the
symptom is found and repaired.
In transformers the need for monitoring the oil temperature is very much necessary. Turning
the transformers OFF whenever the temperature is greater than its maximum operating
temperature protects the transformer from damage and also the life time of the transformers
can also be increased. Since the oil is present inside the transformer there is a necessity to
develop a system which can sense the temperature of the oil inside the transformer and
automatically switches ON the Circuit breaker if temperature exceeds the limit and also
informs the electricity department through Buzzer alarm system and alerts through LCD
display.
The temperature can be continuously monitored on LCD display provided in the system.We
developed this project, which is relatively inexpensive to sense the temperature. The
temperature is read by the ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) module of the Arduino UNO.
This ADC data is processed and converted into the actual temperature reading by the
Arduino UNO.
The Arduino UNO is provided with the instructions such as maximum Threshold
temperature after which the transformer need be turned OFF. The Arduino UNO will
dynamical decide the status to which the transformer should be driven depending on the
temperature input received from the temperature sensor. The controller also displays the oil
temperature over an LCD display for the reference of us.

4
Objectives of Project:

1. Continuous oil temperature reading.

2. A buzzer for alerts.
3. LCD displays-based visual alerts and continuous monitoring.
4. Reliable for industrial needs.

The project provides us exposure on:

1. Initialization of ADC module of Arduino UNO .

2. Temperature sensor characteristics.
3. Embedded C programming.
4. PCB designing.
5. LCD interfacing to arduino uno .

Major Building Blocks:

1. Regulated power supply.

2. Arduino UNO .
3. Temperature sensor.
4. Relay with driver.
5. Buzzer.
6. LCD display with driver.
7. LED indicators.

Software used:

1. Proteus for hardware simulation.

2. Arduino IDE Software.

5
Regulated Power Supply

6
1.3.1 Components Used
Arduino

Arduino is a single-board microcontroller meant to make the application more accessible

which are interactive objects and its surroundings. The hardware features with an open-source
hardware board designed around an 8-bit Atmel AVR microcontroller or a 32-bit Atmel ARM.
Current models consists a USB interface, 6 analog input pins and 14 digital I/O pins that
allows the user to attach various extension boards.

The Arduino Uno board is a microcontroller based on the ATmega328. It has 14 digital
input/output pins in which 6 can be used as PWM outputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, an
ICSP header, a USB connection, 6 analog inputs, a power jack and a reset button. This
contains all the required support needed for microcontroller. In order to get started, they are
simply connected to a computer with a USB cable or with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery.
Arduino Uno Board varies from all other boards and they will not use the FTDI USB-to-serial
driver chip in them. It is featured by the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2)
programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.

7
 Arduino with Digital Input/Output

There are various types of Arduino boards in which many of them were third-party compatible
versions. The most official versions available are the Arduino Uno R3 and the Arduino Nano
V3. Both of these run a 16MHz Atmel ATmega328P 8-bit microcontroller with 32KB of flash
RAM 14 digital I/O and six analogue I/O and the 32KB will not sound like as if running
Windows. Arduino projects can be stand-alone or they can communicate with software on
running on a computer. For e.g. Flash, Processing, Max/MSP). The board is clocked by a 16
MHz ceramic resonator and has a USB connection for power and communication. You can
easily add micro SD/SD card storage for bigger tasks.

Features of the Arduino Uno Board:

 It is an easy USB interface. This allows interface with USB as this is like a serial device.

 The chip on the board plugs straight into your USB port and supports on your computer
as a virtual serial port. The benefit of this setup is that serial communication is an
extremely easy protocol which is time-tested and USB makes connection with modern
computers and makes it comfortable.

 It is easy-to-find the microcontroller brain which is the ATmega328 chip. It has more
number of hardware features like timers, external and internal interrupts, PWM pins and
multiple sleep modes.

 It is an open source design and there is an advantage of being open source is that it has a
large community of people using and troubleshooting it. This makes it easy to help in
debugging projects.

8
 It is a 16 MHz clock which is fast enough for most applications and does not speeds up
the microcontroller.

 It is very convenient to manage power inside it and it had a feature of built-in voltage
regulation. This can also be powered directly off a USB port without any external power.
You can connect an external power source of upto 12v and this regulates it to both 5v
and 3.3v

 This has an ICSP connector for bypassing the USB port and interfacing the Arduino
directly as a serial device. This port is necessary to re-bootload your chip if it corrupts
and can no longer used to your computer.

 It has a 32 KB of flash memory for storing your code.

 An on-board LED is attached to digital pin 13 to make fast the debugging of code and to
make the debug process easy. Finally, it has a button to reset the program on the chip.

 Arduino was created in the year 2005 by two Italian engineers David Cuartillas and
Massimo Banzi with the goal of keeping in mind about students to make them learn how
to program the Arduino uno microcontroller and improve their skills about electronics
and use it in the real world.

 Arduino uno microcontroller can sense the environment by receiving input from a variety
of sensors and can affect its surroundings by controlling lights, motors, and other
actuators. The microcontroller is programmed using the Arduino programming language
(based on Wiring) and the Arduino development environment (based on Processing).

ATmega168/328-Arduino Pin Mapping:

9
 LM35 Temperature Sensor

The most frequently measured environmental quantity is “Temperature” This might be

expected since most of the systems are affected by temperature like physical, chemical,
electronic, mechanical, and biological systems. Certain chemical effects, biological processes,
and even electronic circuits execute best in limited temperature ranges. Temperature is one of
the most frequently calculated variables and sensing can be made either through straight
contact with the heating basis or remotely, without straight contact with the basis using
radiated energy in its place. There is an ample variety of temperature sensor on the market
today, including Thermocouples, Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs), Thermistors,
Infrared, and Semiconductor Sensors.

What is a Temperature Sensor?

Usually, a temperature sensor is a thermocouple or a resistance temperature detector (RTD)

that gathers the temperature from a specific source and alters the collected information into
understandable type for an apparatus or an observer. Temperature sensors are used in several
applications namely HV system and AC system environmental controls, medical devices, food
processing units, chemical handling, controlling systems, automotive under the hood
monitoring and etc.

The most frequent type of temperature sensor is a thermometer, used to determine the
temperature of solids, liquids, and gases. It is also mostly used for non-scientific purposes as
it is not so accurate. The different kinds of sensors are categorized by the sensing capacity of
the sensor as well as the range of applications. The different types of temperature
sensors include the following.

● Thermocouples
● Thermistors
● Resistor temperature detectors
● Semiconductors
● Infrared sensors
● Thermometers

10
LM35 Temperature Sensor

The LM35 is one kind of commonly used temperature sensor that can be used to measure
temperature with an electrical o/p comparative to the temperature (in °C). It can measure
temperature more correctly compare with a thermistor. This sensor generates a high output
voltage than thermocouples and may not need that the output voltage is amplified. The LM35
has an output voltage that is proportional to the Celsius temperature. The scale factor is
.01V/°C.

The LM35 does not need any exterior calibration and maintains an exactness of +/-0.4°C at
room temperature and +/-0.8°C over a range of 0°C to +100°C.One more significant
characteristic of this sensor is that it draws just 60 microamps from its supply and acquires a
low self-heating capacity. The LM35 temperature sensor available in many different packages
like T0-46 metal can transistor-like package, TO-92 plastic transistor-like package, 8-lead
surface mount SO-8 small outline package.

11
 1.3.2

Working

Circuit is constructed using Arduino Uno and LM35 temperature sensor and
other components. We are using 16×2 LCD to display current temperature and set points.
LM35 gives analog output proportional to the temperature which is given to Arduino analog
input A0. Which is then compared with set points if it is more than set point, It means the
temperature is more so we turn off the heating element such as heater which is connected to
relay output. If temperature is less we turn on the relay (heater). We are displaying status of
heater on off on the LED and LCD also. Two tactile switches are used to set the temperature
set point.

12
Digital Temperature Controller using arduino, here we are using arduino as main controller,
this temperature controller controls the temperature of any heating device with given set
points, It also displays state of the device either on or off and current temperature.

As the name implies, a temperature controller is an instrument used to control temperature.

The temperature controller takes an input from a temperature sensor and has an output that is
connected to a control element such as a heater or fan.

To accurately control process temperature without extensive operator involvement, a

temperature control system relies upon a controller, which accepts a temperature sensor such
as a thermocouple or RTD and LM35 as input. It compares the actual temperature to the
desired control temperature, or set-point, and provides an output to a control element.

Conclusion:

We have used combination of LCD and Temperature sensor LM35 to make simple
temperature controller using Arduino. Apply temperature to LM35 sensor more than set point
it will turn on the relay (Heater). if it is less it will turn off the relay.

13
 CHAPTER 2
PROBLEM FORMULATION AND LITERATURE SURVEY

14
CHAPTER 2 PROBLEM FORMULATION AND LITERATURE
SURVEY

2.1 Problem Formulation

Distribution agencies must compete in the market to deliver constant and dependable power
supply to both business and home clients. These installed service transformers are located in
difficult to accessible locations. Because, there are so many of these service transformers, the
staff of distribution utility is unable to perform preventive and routine maintenance of all them.
As a result, post-facto maintenance or after incident maintenance is frequently performed when a
transformer fails. Using existing equipment on the higher end of capacity level is the modern
widespread in the electric powered supply area. This is being achieved to postpone the capital
investment, this is required for the maintenance of contemporary centers.

2.2 Literature Survey

IoT's number one goal is to carry real-international gadgets together and turn it into an wise
digital surroundings [16]. inside the literature, it has been covered how the internet of factors
works and some of its sensible applications [16]. numerous technologies were referred to,
including NFC, Zigbee, WiFi, Bluetooth, and so forth.; these technologies are broadly used in
the production of IoT environments. A vast virtual network is created by the peer-to-peer
connections of tens of millions of heterogenous devices.

In the literature and in real life, a number of ways have been suggested for evaluating the state of
a transformer [5]. To assess the internal state of transducers, better non-invasive diagnostic and
manipulative tools are becoming needed.
The reasons of transformer breakdowns have been outlined through the CIGRE operating
organization [18]. studies have been performed on troubles referring to power transformer
dependability in use. There have been several research on ample garage, gas-in-oil extraction,
analysis, and interpretation methods [5]. these are essential for the diagnostic cost of the findings
from the gas- in-oil investigation. of failures of the transformers [18]. Problems related with the
reliability of power transformer in service have been studied.
Many aspects of sample storage, gas-in-oil extraction and analysis and interpretation techniques
have been studied [5]. These are important for the diagnostic significance of the gas-in oil
analysis results.
15
Also researched [18] is utility experience with various power transformer and reactor faults and
non-fault scenarios. It is acknowledged that DGA is the most potent diagnostic instrument. can
be used to find issues with thermal, chemical, and dielectric ageing, methods such as the
examination of transformation circumstances, glide reaction reaction analysis, partial discharge
analysis, and dissolved fuel analysis [19]. but, due to the fact that they may be offline. they
require professional analysis. Very high priced and mistaken for distribution gadget monitoring.
software of UHF partial discharge measurement in transformer monitoring has been discussed
within the literature [20]. A method for condition monitoring this is effective at diagnosing data
has additionally been described.
research were carried out at the introduction and application of the transformer inter flip fault
detection device (TIFDS) for energy transformers [13]. The technique does away with the need
for secondary facet cutting-edge transformers, but it additionally necessitates the initial
identification of the weight profile that the transformer must address with a view to calculate the
turning mistakes.
There has also been research into a technique for identifying the presence of an inter flip fault at
the nascent level that uses transformer no-load and mild load current harmonic evaluation [17].
with the aid of illustraging its application below low load conditions, this work also demonstrates
offline to online transformation of the no-load contemporary harmonic evaluation approach. This
no-load harmonic analysis is vain at high masses considering that no-load cutting-edge is
unaffected by means of load [21].
current and voltage sensors which are already in use had been the idea thful set of rules (22)
regardless of the OLTC online faucet changer problem, this algorithm is employed in calculate
the various values for identifying the inaccuracy and twining of the road.
Before troubleshooting between speeds and the extreme brief circuit happened, a touchy,
truthful, and strong method based totally on symmetric additives has been mentioned [23].
In this studies, fuzzy set principle is used to calculate the (fitness Index) hello for oil-immersed
transformers [24]. This offline approach calls for the use of DGA and furan analysis. A method
for calendaring the hi based totally old and the consequences of numerous transformer tests has
been put forth (25).
The introduction and application of the transformer's hi determination has been counseled in this
literature, within the occasion of an anomaly, records is SMS-t to the asset owner or application
engineer [14]
16
 CHAPTER 3
DEVELOPING AN IOT BASED TRANSFORMER’S HEALTH MONITORING
SYSTEM

17
CHAPTER 3 DEVELOPING AN IOT BASED TRANSFORMER’S
HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM

3.1Methodology

Figure 10 Proposed System

The primary effectiveness of this method is to track and forecast a distribution transformer's
health state by predicting health index levels using the information in table 3.

3.1.1 Cloud Server

The ThingSpeak platform is utilized in this machine for information processing and

analytics. Through the HTTP protocol and the internet, ThingSpeak is capable
of retrieve data from items inside the form of quick messages. ThingSpeak offers real-time
visualization of uploaded data, location tracking, and a social media integration. In addition,
ThingSpeak offers a MATLAB tool for data processing on our all-in-one data server or over the
cloud. 3000 bytes are sent to ThingSpeak every 15 seconds by the proposed system.

18
 Figure 11 ThingSpeak cloud server

3.2Workflow of the proposed system

The following phases complete the system's workflow:

a) acquire sensor-based totally statistics
b) add records to the cloud and visualize it
c) Create an set of rules for the health index

Figure 12 workflow of system

19
a) Acquire sensor-based totally statistics

Data about transformers are first gathered by the system utilising various sensors. The client
system employs the free ThingSpeak communication libraries for embedded devices and is
implemented in C-sharp.

b) Deploy data to cloud

Sensor-based data is uploaded to the cloud and displayed appropriately. The data uploaded to the
ThingSpeak server is shown in Figure 13.

Figure 13 Displays 1-phase data

c) Create an set of rules for the health index

The health index calculating algorithm was created using MATLAB code. The timer
function in the MATLAB code below has a set rate and a period of 60 seconds.

a=timer
set(a,'ExecutionMode')
set(a,'ExecutionMode',fixedRate) %% use get(a) to diplay
defined properties in execution mode
set(a,'Period',60); %repeat after an interval of 60 sec
set(a,'TimerFcn','thingspeak_dataRead')
start(a);
save

The code for calculating the health index based on data from the ThingSpeak server is presented
below. The thingSpeakRead function from the MATLAB programming language is utilized in
this instance to read data from ThingSpeak.

20
clear all b=thingSpeakRead(753320,'Fields',
[1,2,3],'NumMinute',100,'OutputFormat','table'); last 5 minutes value from field 1 rea
into the table; d

tic;% starts a stopwatch for code

i=1; j=1; k=1;

load index1.mat V_abase= 15;

bAvg1=table2array(b(:,3)); bAvg=mean(bAvg1,1); bVphaseA=
V_abase-bAvg; V_a=(bVphaseA)/V_abase;

I_abase=2; bAvg3=table2array(b(:,4)); bAvg2=mean(bAvg3,1);

I_a= sqrt((I_abase-bAvg2).^2);

S_max=5;
if V_a <0.88 || V_a >1.12 S1=1;
W1=4;
elseif (V_a >=0.88 && V_a <=0.9) || (V_a >=1.1 && V_a <=1.12)
S1=2;
W1=4;
elseif (V_a >=0.9 && V_a <=0.92) || (V_a >=1.08 && V_a <=1.1)

21
System architecture overall

The design of the entire machine is divided into components:

1) Hardware implementation and design
2) Programming software program

3.3Hardware implementation and design

The following are Hardware components used in implementation:

a) Current Transformer
b) Rectifier based voltage sensor
c) Temperature sensor
d) ADC
e) Ethernet shield
f) Internet connection

a. Current Transformer

To degree versions in load modern, a secondary modern transformer with a ct ratio of 50A/10mA

is utilised. Transformer overloads are anticipated when their load exceeds 90% of
their capability. Calculating harmonic load present day, which generates excessive warmness and
winding losses all through overloading, requires the transformer's secondary current.

A parallel resistor located across the secondary terminals of the CT converts the modern-

day generated in its secondary to voltage. in step with the discern below:

Figure 14 CT Circuit
22
 a) Rectifier based voltage sensor

Voltage version of ±6 % is allowed for distribution transformer. As change in flux result

in proportional voltage so over voltage cause increase iron losses. figure proven below is the
circuit diagram of rectifier based voltage sensor.

Figure 15 Voltage Sensor

Above circuit uses a clear out circuit of 700uF. right right here, collection resistor of five𝐾 𝑜ℎ𝑚

20W is attached to zener diode that is further related to LEDs to discharge capacitors in
the course of voltage fall.

b) Temperature sensor

Winding temperature refers to most updated part of a transformer winding. The Winding

temperature determines the burden potential of the transformer. A Winding temperature sensor
is steady at the transformer and permits are expecting the lifestyles of transformer. The LM35
temperature sensor is used because it’s temperature range be −fifty five℃ 𝑡𝑜 a hundred and fifty
℃ and in accordance literature [4], winding temperature can upward thrust exceed 60℃.

c) Analog to digital converter (ADC)

That allows you to convert sensor based analog facts to virtual layout, ADC used is ATMEGA

2560 primarily based arduino mega with 16MHZ clock pace, 128KB flash reminiscence and
8KB RAM.

23
 d) Ethernet Shield and Internet Data card

Here, Arduino based totally Ethernet protect is used that's linked to a wifi router plugged

in with a 3G primarily based facts card.

Ordinary Circuit Diagram

determine shown beneath is fashionable circuit diagram for 3𝜑 device of distribution

transformer.

Figure 16 Overall Circuit

Diagram Hardware configuration and testing

Atmega 2560 primarily based Arduino mega is configured to accumulate readings from all

sensors and add them to web server the use of Ethernet based totally net connection.
Microcontroller take readings and add them at a everyday interval of 15 seconds. proper right
here, resistive load is used as a load to transformer.

24
3.4Software coding
Software coding is divided into two parts:

a) Arduino Mega

Microcontroller’s coding is accomplished on arduino IDE. IDE cause pressure is

a software jogging on the laptop that allows to draw a comic strip in microcontroller. Arduino
is based on C-language of programming.

b) MATLAB software

MATLAB software program used at server aspect, and as consistent with set

of policies designed, it procedures information every 15 mins taken from web server which
calculates health index of transformer.

3.5All-in one server algorithm

Algorithm flow chart of all-in one server is given below in figure 15.

Figure 17 All-in one server algorithm

25
3.1System flow diagram

Figure 18 Overall process is shown in flow diagram

26
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

27
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1Hardware Setup
A hardware setup for an Internet of Things (IoT)-based machine is depicted in figure 21 below.
It includes the full circuitry, a web modem with a 3G modem, and a microcontroller.

Figure 21 Hardware Setup

4.2Testing and Result

online parameters of one∅- transformer are given as shown in figure 22, area chart
1 presentations temperature variations, discipline 2 show voltage versions even
as area three displays present day variations.

Figure 22 1-phase Transformer's online Parameters

28
parent 23, proven beneath represents all measured parameters uploaded through patron into
cloud server, while discern 24 displays fitness index calculated by way of all-in one server that
is 20%.

Figure 24 Health index calculated

Figure 23 Parameters Measured

Health Index Categorization

The fitness index calculated above is classed based at the limits proven in discern 6.

As shown in figure 24, the fitness index calculated above is 20% so in step with class,
our machine is in state of failure any time.

Table 6. Health index categorization

HI% Health State Requirement

85-100 Good Normal maintenance
65-80 Fair Increase periodic maintenance
50-65 Poor Replacement required
0-50 very poor Risk of any time failure
4.3Discussion
The above IoT system is an advanced and superior model of machine based on GSM generation,
and no 0.33 celebration cloud or well known-reason server is added. Consequently it has little or
no capability to update set of rules and it's also an costly generation. on the same time,
the device we've got added gets rid of these types of boundaries and introduce a brand
new opportunity to update the algorithm sometimes without additional fee.
29
CHAPTER 5 APPLICATION AND FUTURE SCOPE

30
CHAPTER 5 APPLICATION AND FUTURE SCOPE
5.1Application
Substations beneath distribution groups are large in range and so do the distribution transformers,
even they're at extraordinary geographical areas, thus device introduced can be utilized
in monitoring all distribution transformers of an area under a substation autonomously.
Distribution agencies generally have large number of substations. these substations
are situated at far flung regions from city headquarters of utilities. moreover, these substations
are positioned in geographically dispersed places.

5.2Future Scope
1) This machine finds a massive scope in transmission strains by means of the usage
of different conversation protocols like Laura, rf 434 MHz etc.

2)  The usage of genetic algorithm in determining fine sensor readings

or defective sensor readings can be helpful in calculating correct health index at some
point of faulty sensor situations.

3) This system can be expanded to big campuses or societies with many acute substations

which may be operated and monitored remotely.

4) This gadget can help in lowering submit-fault clearing time in distribution network.

5) The system may be upgraded to a 3-segment transformer that presents extra accurate

fitness indic.

31
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