VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Belagavi, Karnataka-590018

A Mini-Project Report on
“LIFI TECHNOLOGY”

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING MECHANICAL

ENGINEERING

MAHESHA G 3BR21ME462

Under the Guidance of

Mr. A.TARANATH
(ASST.PROF.)
BALLARI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT
NAAC A+ Accredited Institution
(Recognized by Govt. of Karnataka, approved by AICTE, New Delhi &
Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University,
Belgavi)
"Jnana Gangotri" Campus, No.873/2, Bellary-Hospet Road,
Allipur, Ballari-583 104 (Karnataka) (India)
Ph: 08392 – 237100 / 237190, Fax: 08392 – 23719
2022-2023
 VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Belagavi, Karnataka
2022-2023 BASAVARAJESHWARI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
BALLARI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT
NAAC Accredited Institution*
(Recognized by Govt. of Karnataka, approved by AICTE, New Delhi &
Affiliated To Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi) "Jnana
Gangotri" Campus, No.873/2,Ballari-Hospet Road, Allipur, Ballari-583
104 (Karnataka)
(India) Ph: 08392 – 237100 / 237190, Fax: 08392 – 23719
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
Certified that the Mini-Project work entitled “ LIFI TECHNOLOGY”, is a Bonafide work carried out by Mahesha G (3BR21ME462), the Bonafide student of Ballari
Inistute of Technology and Management in partial fulfillment for the award of degree of Bachelor of Engineering in MECHANICAL ENGINEERING of the Visvesvaraya
Technological University, Belagavi during the academic year 2022-2023. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for internal assessment have been incorporated in
the report deposited in the departmental library. The report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of Mini-Project work prescribed for the said
Degree.

Mr. A.TARANATH Dr.LAKSHMI KUMARI

Project guide project co-ordinator

DR.VENKATARAMANA Dr. YADAVALLI BASAVARAJ

HOD, Dept. Of Me Principal

Signature of External Examiners:

Name of the Examiner Signature with

date 1
2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The completion of our Project work successfully was possible because of the help of the
people who guided us and encouraged, whom we would like to acknowledge.

First and foremost, we deeply express our sincere gratitude and thanks to our beloved
Principal Dr. YADAVALLI BASAVARAJ for providing all facilities to complete our Project
successfully.

We would like to thank Dr. VENKATARAMANA, Head of Department of Mechanical

Engineering for his constant support, Guidance, Advice and Valuable suggestions for the
completion of our project work.

1. We express sincere gratitude to our Project Guide Mr.A.THARANATH Associate

Professor, and Department of Mechanical Engineering for his guidance, regular
source of encouragement and moral support rendered, and facilities provided
towards completion of the project work in a systematic manner.

We wish to express our sincere thanks to Dr. LAKSHMI KUMARI Project

Coordinator for his moral support towards completing our Project Work.

Place: Ballari

Date:

Mini Project Associates

Mahanmed usman 3BR21ME461

Mahesha G 3BR21ME462
Mallikarjuna P.T 3BR21ME463
Manikanta 3BR21ME464
 ABSTRACT

Nowadays, Li-Fi is becoming very popular and catching the interest of a

number of users with its. Advanced technology-based features. It brings a
new resolution in the wireless communication and people are showing so
much curiosity to know about it. Li-Fi is an optical wireless
communication- based technology which transmits data over the network
through a light source like LED’s instead of radio frequency signals (RF)
with very high data rate. The aim of this paper is to give full- fledged
knowledge about Li-Fi & its applications. This paper also attempts to clarify
the basic difference between wireless technologies and their evolution &
how this new technology is leading all over the world with its features like
less power consumption, less requirement of maintenance, & bi-directional
in nature. Li-Fi eliminates the effect of harmful radiations that occur due
radio signals as in Wi-Fi and has less latency rate. This paper gives an
overview and the general idea about working on Li-Fi technology and how it
will help in the development of bright future as it is beyond the expectations
of end users.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

SL.NO TITLE PAGE

NO
1 INTRODUCTION 1-2
2 LI-FI WORKING 2-3
3 COMPONENTS USED 3-8
4 COMPARISON WITH OTHER 9-10
TECHNOLOGIES
5 RESEARCHES ON LI-FI 10-11
TECHNOLOGY
6 MARKET ANALYSIS 11-12
7 COMMERCIALIZATION PROSPECTS 12-13
8 ADVANTAGES OF LI-FI 13-14
9 DISADVANTAGES OF LI-FI 14-15
10 APPLICATIONS OF LI-FI 15
11 FUTURE SCOPE 16
12 CONCLUSION 17
13 REFERENCES 18
14 LIFI TECHNOLOGY MODEL 19
LIFI TECHNOLOGY

1. Introduction

Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) is a new era and future of wireless communication with
high-speed and bi-directional access. It is an advanced and optical network
based technology that relates to Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity). Instead of using radio
frequency signals, Li-Fi sends data and provides network communication using
visible light signals. Its speed is 100 times more than Wi-Fi with wider bandwidth
i.e. approximate 224 gigabits per second speed. It is based on optical wireless
communication protocol (OWC) in which Light emitting Diodes (LED’s) are used
to obtain light signals as a medium to transmit data over network wirelessly.
Wireless communication by light was firstly demonstrated by Dr. Herald Haas
(Germen Physicist) at the University of Edinburgh (UK) in TED Google Talk on
VLC to overcome the problem of the limited availability of radio signals based on
electromagnetic spectrum and to promote the idea of optical wireless based
communication systems. Li- Fi supports to the same IEEE standard as Wi-Fi do
i.e. IEEE 802.11 standards. It is also known as visible light communication
system (VLC) as it uses the visible light and ultraviolet rays for transmission
whose frequency lies in between 400THz to 800Hz in electromagnetic spectrum.

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Its main advantage is to access the internet at very high speed through visible
light signals like LED lights equipment. Now instead of accessing your internet
through Wi-Fi signals, we will be able to access your internet through light
source such as your room LED bulbs, Torchlight & flashlight of your phones, car
lights etc. with very high data rates and speed and mostly useful for those regions
where optical fiber cables are not easy to install like hill station areas.

LiFi is a wireless optical networking technology that uses LED light for data
transmission. LiFi is designed to use LED light bulbs similar to those currently
in use in many energy-conscious homes and offices. However, LiFi bulbs are
outfitted with a chip that modulates the light imperceptibly for optical data
transmission. LiFi data is transmitted by the LED light bulbs and received by
photoreceptors.

2. Li-Fi Working

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By the reference of the light fidelity technology we have transmitted audio

data for the phone to the speaker by the project shown The phone acts as
a sender and the data is converted into audio signal by the auxiliary
port(aux cable) and the audio signal is send to lase light The
photovoltaic(solar panel)acts as a receiver and the audio signal is given to
the audio amplifier with aux cable and the output is obtained in speaker
Hence the data of audio which is played (music) is transmitted by the laser
to the speaker.
The working of Li-Fi technology is very simple as Wi-Fi. There are two basic
components are used: LED Light Source & Light sensor (Photodetector).
The light source is work at one end and detector on another end. When
LED bulb is on it starts glowing and the light sensor senses the light from
light source and receives signals in the form of binary signals i.e. 1 or 0.
When some data is transmitted over the network from the internet to the
user device, it transmits over the network and flashing of LED bulb is an
indication of the message and then photodetector sense light and receive
the message and forward to its destination end as shown in Fig 3. The
main components of Li-Fi are.

3. COMPONENTS USED

 220 ohm resistor

 Solar panel 80 x 40
 9 watts battery
 2 ring aux cable
 Led light

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 220 ohm RESISTOR

A 220-ohm resistor is a commonly used electronic component in various

circuits. Its primary function is to limit the flow of electric current in a
circuit. The resistance value of 220 ohms means that it will allow a certain
amount of current to pass through while impeding the flow to a certain
extent. When connected in a circuit, a 220-ohm resistor can serve several
purposes, such as Current Limiting: It can be used to limit the current
flowing through an LED or any other device. For example, if you connect
an LED to a voltage source without a resistor, the LED may draw excessive
current and get damaged. By placing a 220-ohm resistor in series with the
LED, you can control the current flowing through it, ensuring its safe
operation. Voltage Dropping: In some cases, you might want to reduce the
voltage across a component or a portion of a circuit. By placing a 220-ohm
resistor in series with the load, you can create a voltage divider circuit that
will drop the voltage proportionally across the resistor. Pull-Up or Pull-
Down Resistors: A 220-ohm resistor can be used as a pull-up or pull-down
resistor in digital circuits. These resistors ensure that an input signal to a
microcontroller or other digital device is in a defined state when no other
active devices are driving the signal. Current Sensing: In certain
applications, you might need to measure or monitor the current flowing
through a circuit. A 220-ohm resistor can be part of a current sensing

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circuit, where the voltage drop across the resistor is measured and used
to determine the current passing through it. These are just a few examples
of how a 220-ohm resistor can be used in various electronic circuits. The
specific application and circuit requirements will dictate the exact role of
the resistor.

 SOLAR PANEL 80 X 40

The description "solar panel 80 x 40" typically refers to the physical

dimensions of the solar panel, which are 80 centimeters by 40 centimeters.
However, to understand how the solar panel works, we need additional
information such as the type of solar panel (monocrystalline,
polycrystalline, or thin-film) and its power rating. Assuming we have a
standard solar panel with a power rating of, for example, 200 watts, the
solar panel works in the following way: Photovoltaic Effect: Solar panels
convert sunlight into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. When
photons from sunlight strike the surface of the solar panel, they can
dislodge electrons from the atoms, creating a flow of electric current. Solar
Cells: A solar panel consists of multiple solar cells connected together.
These solar cells are typically made of silicon, which is a semiconductor
material. Each solar cell consists of a positively charged layer and a
negatively charged layer. When sunlight hits the solar cells, it creates an

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electric field between these layers. Current Generation: The solar cells
absorb the photons from sunlight, and the energy from these photons is
used to create an electric current. The electric current flows through the
solar cells and is collected by metal contacts on the top and bottom of the
solar panel. Power Output: The generated current and voltage are
combined to determine the power output of the solar panel. In our
example, if the solar panel has a power rating of 200 watts, it means that
it can produce up to 200 watts of electrical power under optimal sunlight
conditions.

 9 VOLTAGE BATTERY

When you mention a "9-watt battery," it is not a standard term used in

the context of batteries. Batteries are typically measured in terms of their
capacity, which is given in units of ampere-hours (Ah) or milliampere-
hours (mAh). The capacity represents the amount of charge a battery can
store and deliver over time. However, assuming you are referring to a
battery with a power rating of 9 watts, it indicates the maximum power
output of the battery. The power rating represents the rate at which the

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battery can deliver electrical energy. In this case, the battery can provide
a continuous power output of 9 watts under optimal conditions. To
understand how a battery with a power rating of 9 watts works, we need
more information about its type, voltage, and capacity. Please provide
additional details or clarify your question, so I can provide a more accurate
explanation.

 2 RING AUX CABLE

A "2-ring aux cable" typically refers to a standard 3.5mm auxiliary (aux)

cable used for audio connections. This type of cable is commonly used to
connect audio devices such as smartphones, tablets, laptops, or MP3
players to speakers, headphones, car stereos, or other audio equipment.
The term "2-ring" likely refers to the number of black rings or bands found
on the connector plug of the cable. A standard aux cable has a 3.5mm
connector with three sections separated by two black rings, commonly
known as a TRS (Tip-Ring-Sleeve) connector. Each section of the connector
carries specific signals:
 Tip: The tip of the connector carries the left audio channel or the
audio signal.
 First Ring: The first ring carries the right audio channel or another
audio signal, such as a microphone input.

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 Sleeve: The sleeve is the ground or common connection for both

audio channels.

 LED LIGHT

LED lights, or Light Emitting Diodes, are widely used for various lighting
applications due to their energy efficiency, long lifespan, and versatility. When
an LED light is working, the following processes occur: Electrical Current: LED
lights require an electrical current to operate. When a voltage is applied across
the LED, current starts flowing through it. Semiconductor Material: LEDs are
made from semiconductor materials, such as gallium nitride (GaN) or indium
gallium nitride (InGaN). These materials have specific properties that enable
the generation of light when current passes through them.
Electroluminescence: As the current flows through the semiconductor material,
it encounters the p-n junction within the LED. This junction is formed by
combining two different types of semiconductor material: p-type and n-type.
Energy Conversion: When electrons from the n-type material combine with
electron holes (vacant positions) in the p-type material, energy is released in the
form of photons. This process is known as electroluminescence. The color of
the light emitted depends on the specific materials used in the LED. Light
Output: The generated photons exit the LED chip and produce visible light. The
design of the LED chip and any additional optics or diffusers determine the
directionality and spread of the light. Efficiency: LED lights are highly
efficient because they convert a significant
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portion of the electrical energy into light than heat. This is in contrast to
traditional incandescent bulbs that produce more heat than light. Control: LED
lights can be controlled by regulating the current flowing through them. By
adjusting the current, the brightness or intensity of the light can be controlled.
Additionally, LED lights can be dimmed or switched on and off rapidly, making
them suitable for applications such as display screens and pulse-width
modulation (PWM) control.

4. COMPARISON WITH OTHER TECHNOLOGIES:

WIFI VS LIFI

Li-Fi can be thought of as a light-based Wi-Fi. That is, it uses light instead of
radio waves to transmit information. Instead of Wi-Fi modems, Li-Fi would use
transceiver-fitted LED lights that can light a room as well as transmit and receive
information. Wi Fi is great for general wireless coverage within building and Li Fi
is ideal for high density wireless date

Li-Fi and Wi-Fi both are wireless communication networks, but are different from each
other on the basis of the electromagnetic spectrum. Wi-Fi uses radio signals and
transmits data using Wi-Fi Router (Access Point) Review on Light Fidelity (Li-Fi) - An
Advancement of Wireless Network 29 and Li-Fi uses visual light signals for
communication and uses light drivers like LED bulbs for transmission of data. Wi-Fi is
mostly used for internet access like Wi-Fi hotspot etc. but Li-Fi is used in that areas
where implementation of fiber optics is not possible such as airlines, submarines,
undersea water & hospitals etc. for internet access and communication. In Wi-Fi, Radio
frequency signals (RF) can easily penetrate through walls of the building and can’t be
blocked so they have less security and to provide it security some security standards
like WEP (Wireless encryption protocol), WAP2 etc. are used to protect the data. In Li-
Fi, light signals are blocked by the building walls so provide high security than Wi-Fi
and no need to use extra security standards for protecting it from unauthorized users.
Wi-Fi has data speed up to 150 Mbps and Li-Fi has data speed about 1 Gaps with 1000
time wider bandwidth. Coverage in confined area and for relieving radio
interference issues. So the two technologies can be considered complimentary.

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It is 100 time faster than Wi-Fi: This is not true. The highest speed received with
the current Li-Fi Standards is 7Gbps, and that of Wi-Fi is 224Mbps. Heady files
videos etc. can be downloaded within a minute or two: This is not true. Speed of Li-
Fi also depends on the speed of internet and server. Currently there are no servers
or internet available which can support such a high speed.

5. RESEARCHES ON LI-FI TECHNOLOGY

Li-Fi is becoming very commercial technology and giving a bright future to

end users with its speed enhancement facility over the world.
 The group member of organization has implemented the concept of Haas
and are able to transfer data with high rate speed up to 150 Mbps using
white LED Bulbs and they conclude that in future, Li-Fi will be able to
transmit data rate i.e.
1 Gbps which will help to download any movie (HD) from internet just in
30 seconds.

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 University of Scotland: They are also adopting the Li-Fi technology to

achieve high-speed transmission of data on their campus for research
scholars.
 In Los Vegas (2012:USA), a group of members uses Casio smartphone
for transmitting the data using light and achieve its transmission range
up to 10 meters.
 On research, it also has been researched that an organization named as
Li-Fi Consortium is helping to promote Li-Fi in various organizations,
institutes etc.

Market Analysis and Commercialization of Li-Fi Technology

Li-Fi, short for Light Fidelity, is an emerging wireless communication technology

that uses visible light or infrared signals to transmit data. Unlike traditional Wi-
Fi, which uses radio waves, Li-Fi utilizes light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to transmit
data, offering several advantages such as higher data rates, increased security,
and reduced interference. Let's analyze the market potential and
commercialization prospects of Li-Fi technology.

6. MARKET ANALYSIS:

 Growing Demand for High-Speed Data Transmission: With the

proliferation of internet-connected devices and the increasing need for
faster data transmission, there is a significant demand for technologies
that can deliver higher data rates. Li-Fi has the potential to address this
demand by providing speeds up to several gigabits per second (Gbps),
which is significantly faster than traditional Wi-Fi.
 Wireless Communication in Dense Environments: Li-Fi technology can be
particularly useful in environments where radio frequency-based wireless
communication faces challenges. For example, in dense urban areas or

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crowded events where Wi-Fi networks may be congested, Li-Fi can provide
a viable alternative by utilizing the existing lighting infrastructure.
 Security and Interference Concerns: Li-Fi offers enhanced security
compared to Wi-Fi since light signals do not penetrate walls, making it
difficult for unauthorized users to intercept data. Additionally, Li-Fi is
immune to electromagnetic interference from other wireless devices,
making it a reliable option for secure data transmission.
 Potential Applications: Li-Fi has a wide range of potential applications
across various industries. Some key sectors that could benefit from Li-Fi
technology include healthcare, aviation, automotive, retail,
manufacturing, and smart cities. For example, Li-Fi can enable high-
speed connectivity in hospitals, aircraft cabins, vehicles, retail stores,
factories, and public spaces.

7. COMMERCIALIZATION PROSPECTS:

 Standardization Efforts: The commercialization of Li-Fi technology can be

accelerated through standardization efforts. Organizations such as the
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) and the Li-Fi
Consortium are actively working on developing standards to ensure
interoperability and drive adoption.
 Partnerships and Collaborations: Li-Fi technology providers can establish
partnerships with lighting manufacturers, telecommunications
companies, and other relevant stakeholders to integrate Li-Fi capabilities
into existing products and infrastructure. Collaborations can help expedite
the commercialization process and expand the market reach.
 Increased LED Adoption: The widespread adoption of LED lighting systems
presents an opportunity for Li-Fi integration. As LED lighting becomes
more prevalent in homes, offices, and public spaces, the infrastructure

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required for Li-Fi implementation is already in place, reducing deployment

costs and barriers.
 Demonstrating Benefits and ROI: Companies developing Li-Fi technology
need to showcase the benefits and return on investment (ROI) to
potential customers. Conducting pilot projects and providing real-world
demonstrations can help build confidence in the technology and its
commercial viability.
 Overcoming Challenges: While Li-Fi offers several advantages, it also
faces challenges such as limited range, line-of-sight requirements, and
the need for direct illumination. Continued research and development
efforts to address these challenges will be crucial for successful
commercialization.

Overall, the market potential for Li-Fi technology is promising, driven by the need
for high-speed data transmission, security concerns, and the proliferation of LED
lighting. However, commercialization efforts should focus on standardization,
partnerships, and demonstrating the technology's value proposition to ensure
widespread adoption across various industries.

8. ADVANTAGES OF LI-FI

Li-Fi has bright future than Wi-Fi with its advanced technology policies. People
are showing so much concern to know about Li-Fi. It has various advantages
over Wi-Fi as follow:

 Super high Speed: The data speed of Li-Fi is 100 times faster than Wi-Fi
and the internet browsing like uploading and downloading happens in few
seconds.
 Wider Bandwidth: The Li-Fi has a wider bandwidth than Wi-Fi that is
1000 times more frequency.
 High Security: It has high security than Wi-Fi as due to light, its signals
can’t penetrate through building walls like radio wave signals so it is
very suitable to implement in high-security buildings like nuclear plants

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to prevent the hacking attacks on their private systems.

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 Cost Effective: It is less expensive than Wi-Fi because its components

like LED lamp and photodetector are available very easily at less rate
than Wi- Fi router.
 Prevent Interference: It prevents interferences which occur due to
overlapping of more than two access points of Wi-Fi.
 More efficient and reliable: It is more efficient and reliable network which
can be easily recovered in case of failure of the system.
 Li-Fi can solve problems related to the insufficiency of radio frequency
bandwidth because this technology uses Visible light spectrum that has
still not been greatly utilized.
 High data transmission rates of up to 10Gbps can be achieved.
 Since light cannot penetrate walls, it provides privacy and security that
Wi-Fi cannot.
 Li-Fi has low implementation and maintenance costs.

9. DISADVANTAGES OF LI-FI

Although, Li-Fi replacing the Wi-Fi systems due to more list of advantages. But,
it has some disadvantages also which are explained as follow.

 Its coverage area is very limited i.e. 10 meters only. But Wi-Fi coverage
area is around 32 meters.
 Due to the interference of external sources like sunlight, its reliability may
reduce.
 Light can't pass through objects.
 A major challenge facing Li-Fi is how the receiving device will
transmit back to transmitter.
 High installation cost of the VLC systems.
 Interferences from external light sources like sun, light, normal bulbs,
opaque materials.

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 It works on Line-of –Sight mechanism and any disturbance in light can

harm communication system and may lose the data.
 The communication medium of Li-Fi is light and any cut off in the light
signal may interrupt the communication.

10. APPLICATIONS OF LI-FI

Li-Fi can be used in various fields to provide high-speed internet access and
communication over the internet. Some future applications where Li-Fi can be
used are explained as follow:

 It can be used in institutes, organizations to access high-speed internet

browsing.
 It can be used in a high-security building like power plants, hospitals and
in nuclear plants to protect their systems from any misuse by hackers. 
It can be used at traffic signals and implemented with traffic lights to
know information about traffic and connected with the car’s GPS system
or any Smartphone device and reduce the chances of collision and
accidents.
 It can be used in hill station areas where Wi-Fi implementation is very
difficult to implement.
 It can be used in aircraft, underwater to provide communication links
where communication is not possible without radar systems.

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11. FUTURE SCOPE

Still, Li-Fi technology not a widely spread technology and also not much known
to the people unlike Wi-Fi. It is still in an implementation phase. It will be
definitely helpful in solving the current network issues and help in overcoming
the limitations of current wireless network. Radio frequencies are harmful and
cannot be used at many places like hospitals etc. Radio waves are not only
dangerous to the patients but can also affect readings of machines like MRI
machines etc. Li-Fi can help solving this problem. Also, in the military operations
which calls for the higher level of security and secrecy, RF communication
cannot be used, in such cases Li-Fi could be used to transmit data. Li-Fi also
provide total privacy of data, hence it is used extensively where the data secrecy
is of paramount importance. RF communication underwater is not possible as
water absorbs such signals and they also affect the marine life. Li-Fi can be used
here effectively, though only for the transmission range will be shorter. Use of
Li-Fi in traffic systems looks difficult immediately, due to the challenge of
interference of the other light sources, however if it could be used through the
street lamps and it would serve as Li-Fi hotspot too.(7) Thus, Li-Fi could be used
to provide a better communication in various ways. Data transmission could be
more efficient and faster. It would be a great solution for the transmission data.

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12. CONCLUSION

The advancement in research on Li-Fi technology promises its accessibility to

the common man in near future. It will be highly beneficial for the research work
in life threatening areas, medical field and in military operations where secured
communication is a primary need. Though Li-Fi technology will open new
avenues of communication if it successfully replaces Wi-Fi and other broad band
networks, the interfering atmospheric and other sources of lights can lead to the
data loss over different access points. Li-Fi is an optical wireless communication
which is becoming a commercial need of end users as light is present everywhere
and we can limit its wastage by integrating it with new technologies like Li-Fi to
make over nation’s future bright and brighter because of new and
Nanotechnology based enhancements. Li-Fi is the new and interesting era for
wireless communication using visual light signals. To make electronic
communication fast and easy, Li-Fi is playing an important role and help to avoid
cyber criminals to hack the internet access over the Li-Fi connection as happens
in Wi-Fi connections. Network users are so much in love with internet surfing
that they started hacking the private Wi-Fi connections for their own benefits.
So, to provide high data security to wireless communication as well as to secure
internet connections, Li-Fi is invented and also affordable by the internet users
and very reliable. In coming years, it can be adopted by millions of organizations
and to make daily life problems very easy as it can be accessed by any
Smartphone device and will frequent the internet access to its users with high-
speed data rate & security as Li-Fi doesn’t work outdoors so it is not for public
due to sunlight interference effect and only used indoor and also has health and
safety concerns as compared to Wi-Fi. Numerous of techniques and methods are
launched and adopted to promote this novel wireless technology all over the
world in future.

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13. REFERENCES

Here are some references related to Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) technology:

 Harald Haas. "Li-Fi: VLC (Visible Light Communication) technology." IEEE

2015 International Conference on Light-based Technologies in Information
and Communication (Photonics), 1-2. IEEE, 2015. Link
 Mostafa, Shaimaa K., and Ayman A. Aly. "Li-Fi: Future Technology for
Wireless Communication using LED." 2017 10th International
Conference on Developments in eSystems Engineering (DeSE), 92-96.
IEEE, 2017. Link
 Haas, Harald. "Wireless data from every light bulb." TEDGlobal, July
2011. Link to TED Talk
 Shi, Qi, et al. "Visible light communication using mobile phone camera
with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing." Optics express 21.19
(2013): 22023-22028. Link
 Elgala, Hany, et al. "Indoor optical wireless communication: Potential and
state-of-the-art." IEEE Communications Magazine 49.9 (2011): 56-62.
Link

Chi, Yu, et al. "Real-time 16-QAM video transmission based on visible light
communication." IEEE/OSA Journal of Optical Communications and
Networking 4.9 (2012): 699-703. Link

Please note that some of these references may require access to academic
databases or subscription services. However, the abstracts or summaries
provided in the links should give you a good overview of the research papers.

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