MODULE NO.

1: Function of a Variable

1. Evaluate the values of functions

2. Identify the difference between Odd function and Even function
3. Define and apply the definition of continuity of a function at a point or
on an interval
4. Determine where and how a function is continuous or discontinuous
5. Evaluate limits using a numerical, graphical, or algebraic approach

Functions describe situations where one quantity determines another.

Functions are important tools within the development of mathematical
Models. In mathematics, functions usually have two members of the equation:
 The inputs and outputs often defined by an algebraic expression. The set of
inputs to a function is termed its domain. A function is often described in various
ways, Like by a graph; by a verbal rule, by an algebraic expression. The graph of a
Function is typically a useful way of visualizing the connection of the function
models, and manipulating a mathematical expression for a function can throw light
on the function’s properties.
Study Guide

All students will be required to complete all activities/exercise to practice,

assessment and comprehensive exam that assesses the learning of all course
objectives. This must be weighted in a manner so that all of these requirements
worth a minimum of Quizzes 30%
Class activities/exercise 15%
Assignment 10%
Attendance/ Deportment 5%
Major Examination 40%
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 100%
PORTFOLIO for additional points ( )
This just to view some examples
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1QXfXqtfKA1ZUmk2bDN5Xfdbe2tBHAzCB?usp=s
haring
General Course Requirements:
Even we are on online classes, you have to prepare the following materials
for our activities and assignment:
1. Pencil, Eraser, Ruler, Scissor, Elmer’s Glue, Graphing paper, Mathematics
notebook
2. Please keep all of your work (assignments, warm-ups, quizzes, etc) for
Portfolio requirements at the of the semester
3. Make sure you include your first name, last name, subject, Day/time and
date on all activities and assignments.
4. Make sure if we have face to face during online classes your camera is
ON.
5. 𝐾𝑒𝑒𝑝 𝑜𝑛 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑜𝑜𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑑
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑠
Learning Outcomes
1. Definition of terms
a. What is a derivative?
b. Differential Calculus
c. Basic Differential Calculus
d. Functions
e. Mathematical functions
➢ Algebraic function
➢ Rational function
➢ Trigonometric function
➢ Inverse trigonometric function
 ➢ Exponential function
➢ Logarithmic function
2. Evaluate the values of a functions

3. Identify the difference between Odd function and Even function

4. Define and apply the definition of continuity of a function at a point or on an
interval
5. Determine where and how a function is continuous or discontinuous

6. Evaluate limits using a numerical, graphical, or algebraic approach.

Differential calculus
deals with the speed of change of 1 quantity
with relevance another. Otherwise you can consider it as a study of rates of
change of quantities
 For example,
velocity is that the rate of change of distance with regard
to time in an exceedingly particular direction.
𝑑𝑦
If 𝑓 𝑥 is a function, then 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = is the differential
𝑑𝑥
equation, where 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 is the derivative of the function
𝑦 is dependent variable and 𝑥 is an independent variable.
It’s one among the main calculus except for integrals.
It’s one among the main calculus except for integrals.
Calculus Definition
In mathematics, calculus may be a branch that deals with finding the
various properties of integrals and derivatives of functions. It’s supported the
summation of the infinitesimal differences.
 Calculus is that the study of continuous change of a
function or a rate of change of a function.
It has two major branches and those two fields are related to each by
the fundamental theorem of calculus.

The two different branches are:

✓ Differential calculus
✓ Integral Calculus

What are derivatives?

The derivative is solely called a slope. It measures the steepness of the
graph of a function. It defines the ratio of the change within the value of a
function to the change within the variable.
𝑑𝑦
The derivative is expressed by .
𝑑𝑥
Why do we use differential calculus?
✓ To check the instantaneous rate of change like velocity.
✓ To evaluate the approximate value of hard currency in an
exceedingly quantity.
✓ To know if a function is increasing or decreasing functions in an
exceedingly graph.
Basics of Differential Calculus
In calculus basics, we find out about differential equations, derivatives,
and applications of derivatives. For any given value, the derivative of
the function is defined because the rate of change of functions
with reference to the given values.
Differentiation could be a process where we discover the derivative of a
function. Allow us to discuss the important terms involved within the differential
calculus basics.
Functions
A function is defined as a relation from a group of inputs to the
set of outputs within which each input is strictly related to one
output. The function is represented by “f(x)”.
Dependent Variable
The variable (dependent variable) could be a variable whose value always
depends and determined by using the opposite variable called a variable
quantity (independent variable).
The variable is additionally called the end result variable. The result's being
evaluated from the mathematical expression using a variable quantity is
termed a variable (dependent variable)
Independent variables are the inputs to the functions that outline the
number which is being manipulated in an experiment. Allow us to consider an
example 𝑦 = 5𝑥.
Here, 𝑥 is understood as independent variables and 𝑦 is
understood the dependent variable because the value of 𝑦 is
totally obsessed with the worth of 𝑥.
Domain and Range
The domain of a function is solely defined because the input values of a function
and range is defined because the output value of a function.
Take an example, if 𝑓 𝑥 = 5𝑥 be a function, the domain values or the input values
are

1,2,3 then the range of a function is given as

𝑓 𝑥 =5 1 = 5
𝑓 𝑥 = 5 2 = 10
𝑓 𝑥 = 5 3 = 15

Therefore, the range of a function will be 5, 10, 15

 Mathematical functions
is classified supported properties of formulas, how the
functions may be used, features of their graphs, and in other ways. As
a results of these multiple classifications, many functions are in
additional than one in all the subsequent categories.
✓ Algebraic Functions are functions composed of terms added
together, within which each term may be a number times a
product of variables raised to nonnegative-integer powers.
Example: 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑
The number at the beginning of each term is called
a coefficient, known as literal coefficient and numerical
coefficient. The simple number is called constants.
 Rational Functions contain one polynomial divided by another
polynomial. The denominator polynomial can't be the zero
polynomial, because dividing by zero is undefined
𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟐 +𝟓
Example: ,, 𝟐 .
𝒙 𝒙−𝟒
𝒙 −𝟐𝟓
Every polynomial is considered to be a rational function because
1 could be a polynomial and dividing by 1 doesn’t change an
expression (so to think about the polynomial 𝑥 3 as a rational
𝑥3
function, consider it as .
1
It’s often instructive to review the asymptotes of rational functions, which
are places during which their graphs approach a line (or occasionally other
shape), usually getting infinitely near but not crossing it. That analysis may
require performing division on the numerator and denominator polynomials to
search out their greatest factor.
✓ Trigonometric Functions represent relations between angles
and sides of triangles. They’re often illustrated using points and
segments associated with a circle of radius 1 centered at the origin,
called the unit circle. Out and away the foremost commonly
discussed trigonometric functions are the sine, cosine, tangent,
cosecant, secant, and cotangent functions.

There are many interesting relationships between these: the graphs of

sine and cosine are translations of every other; the tangent function
equals the sine function divided by the cosine function; the cosecant,
secant, and cotangent functions are the reciprocals of the sine, cosine,
and tangent functions, respectively; and there are many other
relationships called trigonometric identities.
 They’re sometimes just called “inverse sine,” etc., and also are given
with the prefix “arc”: arcsine, arccosine, arctangent, arc cosecant, arc
secant, and arc cotangent. They’re sometimes notated within the form
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 for arcsine, but that notation may be confusing. Because the
trigonometric functions aren’t bijective, to own inverses it’s necessary to
limits the domains of the inverse trigonometric functions; as example, arc
sin (x) is barely defined for x between – 1 and 1, inclusive.
𝑥
Example: 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛
3
✓ Exponential functions are those of shape 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑏 𝑥 , where b (called the
base) could be a positive number apart from 1. Exponential functions
are accustomed model unrestricted growth (such as compound interest,
and animal populations with unlimited food and no predators) and decay
(such as radioactive decay).
 ✓ The phrase “the exponential function” refers to the function
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 , where e may be a specific real called Euler’s number,
about capable 2.718. Exponential functions have the interesting
property that their derivatives are proportional to themselves.
Example: 𝑦 = 32𝑥

✓ Logarithmic functions, or logarithms, are functions of the shape 𝑓 𝑥 =

𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥, where b Is again a positive number apart from 1 (and again called the
base). They’re the inverses of the exponential functions with the
identical bases. Logarithmic functions are wont to model sensory
perception and a few phenomena in probability and statistics. The phrase “the
logarithm” can visit a logarithmic function using the bottom 2 (base 2)
(especially in computer science; this can be also called the binary logarithm),
e (especially in higher math), or 10 (especially in lower levels of math and
physical sciences).
The phrase log (natural logarithm) refers to the logarithm
base e, and also the phrase logarithm (common logarithm)
usually refers to the logarithm base 10.
Example: 𝑦 = ln 4𝑥 − 3

✓ Graph of functions:
The graph of a function 𝑓 is that the set of all points within
the plane of the shape 𝑥, 𝑓 𝑥 . We could also define the graph
of 𝑓 to be the graph of the equation𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 . So, the graph of a
function if a special case of the graph of an equation.
Examples of graph of functions

In general, there are intervals where a function is increasing and

intervals where it is decreasing
✓ Values of functions
When we know an input value 𝑥 and need to see the
corresponding output value for a function, we evaluate the
function. Evaluating will always produce one result because each
input value of a function corresponds to precisely one output value.
When we know an output value 𝑓 𝑥 and need to see the input
values that may produce that output value, we set the
output adequate to the function’s formula and solve for the input.
Solving can produce over one solution because different input values
can produce the identical output value
How to: Given the Formula for a function, Evaluate
➢ Replace the input variable 𝑥 within the formula with the worth
provided.
➢ Calculate the result
1. Example: Determine the value of a given function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 +
2𝑥 − 1, evaluate 𝑓 2
Solution: 𝑓 2 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1
= 𝑥 2 +2 𝑥 −1
= 2 2 +2 2 −1
= 4 + 4 −1
𝒇 𝒙 =𝟕
2. Evaluate functions at specific values: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3
at
a. 3
b. a
c. 𝑎 + ℎ
𝑓 𝑎+ℎ −𝑓 𝑎
d.
ℎ
Solution:
𝒂. 𝒇 𝟑 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑 𝒂𝒕 𝒙 = 𝟑 𝒃. 𝑓 𝑎 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑 𝒂𝒕 𝒙 = 𝒂
2 = 𝑎 2 +2 𝑎 −3
= 3 +2 3 −3
=𝟗+𝟔−𝟑 𝑓 𝑎 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂 − 𝟑
𝒇 𝟑 = 𝟏𝟐

𝒄. 𝒇 𝒂 + 𝒉 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑 𝒂𝒕 𝒙 = 𝒂 + 𝐡

= 𝒂+𝒉 𝟐 +𝟐 𝒂+𝒉 −𝟑
= 𝒂𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂𝒉 + 𝒉𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂 + 𝟐𝒉 − 𝟑
Removing symbols of grouping

𝒇 𝒂 + 𝒉 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒉𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂 + 𝟐𝒉 + 𝟐𝒂𝒉 − 𝟑
 𝑓 𝑎+ℎ −𝑓 𝑎
𝑑. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 at
ℎ
𝒇 𝒂 + 𝒉 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒉𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂 + 𝟐𝒉 + 𝟐𝒂𝒉 − 𝟑
𝒇 𝒂 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂 − 𝟑
𝑓 𝑎+ℎ −𝑓 𝑎 𝒂𝟐 +𝒉𝟐 +𝟐𝒂+𝟐𝒉+𝟐𝒂𝒉−𝟑 − 𝒂𝟐 +𝟐𝒂−𝟑
ℎ
= ℎ
𝑓 𝑎+ℎ −𝑓 𝑎 𝒂𝟐 +𝒉𝟐 +𝟐𝒂+𝟐𝒉+𝟐𝒂𝒉−𝟑−𝒂𝟐 −𝟐𝒂+𝟑
ℎ
= ℎ
𝑓 𝑎+ℎ −𝑓 𝑎 𝟐
𝒉 +𝟐𝒉+𝟐𝒂𝒉
ℎ
= ℎ
𝑓 𝑎+ℎ −𝑓 𝑎 𝒉 𝒉+𝟐+𝟐𝒂
=
ℎ ℎ
𝑓 𝑎+ℎ −𝑓 𝑎
= 𝒉 + 𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂
ℎ
3. The difference quotient for the function 𝒇 𝒙 is defined to be,
𝒇 𝒙+𝒉 −𝒇 𝒙
𝒉
Compute the difference quotient for the function 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟒 − 𝟗𝒙

Solution:
First compute Next compute 𝒇 𝒙 + 𝒉 − 𝒇 𝒙
𝒇 𝒙 + 𝒉 = 4 − 9𝑥 = 4 − 9𝑥 − 9ℎ − 𝟒 − 𝟗𝒙
= 4−9 𝑥+ℎ = 4 − 9𝑥 − 9ℎ − 4 + 9𝑥
= 𝟒 − 𝟗𝒙 − 𝟗𝒉 = −𝟗𝒉
𝑓 𝑥+ℎ −𝑓 𝑥 −9ℎ
Compute now the difference quotient =
ℎ ℎ
= −𝟗 → answer
4. Given ℎ 𝑤 = 3𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑤 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑤 at
5
a. ℎ 45° 𝑏. ℎ 𝜋
6
Solution:
𝒂. ℎ 𝑤 = 3𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑤 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑤 at ℎ 45° sec 45° =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
=
2
= 2
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 1
= 3𝑠𝑒𝑐 45° + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 45° 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 1 2
sin 45° = = =
2 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 2 2
=3 2 +2 5 180° 900° 𝜋
2 𝜋 = = 150°
6 𝜋 6𝜋
=3 2+ 2
=𝟒 𝟐 5
b. ℎ 𝑤 = 3𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑤 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑤 at ℎ 6 𝜋
= 3𝑠𝑒𝑐 150° + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 150°
2 3 1 30° − 60° − 90°
=3 − 3 + 2
= −𝟐 𝟑 + 12
✓ Odd and Even function:
Even functions satisfy the rule 𝑓 −𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 for each x within the domain
of the function. The graph of a good function has reflection symmetry over
the y-axis. Even functions are so named because if a polynomial’s
exponents (on the variable) are all even, then the polynomial is a
good function; for example, 𝑥 2 , 4𝑥 6 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 𝑥 8 + 7𝑥 4 are all even. There are
other even functions, though, like the cosine and definite
quantity functions

Example: 1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 2. 𝑓 𝑥 = 4𝑥 6
Using 𝑥 = −𝑥→𝑓 −𝑥 = 4 −𝑥 6
Using 𝑥 = −𝑥 →𝑓 −𝑥 = −𝑥 2
= 4 𝑥6
= 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒𝒙𝟔
𝑓 −𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 −𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥
 3. 𝑓 𝑥 = −𝑥 8 + 7𝑥 4
Using 𝑥 = −𝑥 → 𝑓 −𝑥 = − −𝑥 8
+ 7 −𝑥 4

= − 𝑥8 + 7 𝑥4
= −𝒙𝟖 + 𝟕𝒙𝟒
𝑓 −𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥

1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2
2. 𝑓 𝑥 = 4𝑥 6 All functions are even function
3. 𝑓 𝑥 = −𝑥 8 + 7𝑥 4
Odd functions satisfy the rule 𝑓 −𝑥 = −𝑓 𝑥 ) for each x within
the domain of the function. The graph of an odd function
remains the identical when its rotated 180° round the origin. Odd
functions are so named because if a polynomial’s exponents (on the
variable) are all odd, then the polynomial is an odd function; as an
example, 𝑥 3 , 4𝑥 7 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 𝑥 5 + 2𝑥 3 are all odd. There are other odd
functions, like the sine and root functions.
Example:
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥3 2. 𝑓 𝑥 = 4𝑥 7 3. 𝑓 −𝑥 = −𝑥 5 + 2𝑥 3
Using 𝑥 = −𝑥 Using 𝑥 = −𝑥 Using 𝑥 = −𝑥
𝒇 −𝒙 = −𝒙 𝟑 𝑓 −𝑥 = 4 −𝑥 7 𝑓 −𝑥 = − −𝑥 5 + 2 −𝑥 3
= −𝒙𝟑 = 4 −𝑥 7 = − −𝑥 5 + 2 −𝑥 3
= − 𝟒𝒙𝟕 = 𝑥 5 − 2𝑥 3
= − 𝑥3
𝑓 −𝑥 = − 𝑓 𝑥 = − −𝒙𝟓 + 𝟐𝒙𝟑
𝑓 −𝑥 = − 𝑓 𝑥 𝒇 −𝒙 = −𝒇 𝒙
𝒇 −𝒙 = −𝒇 𝒙
𝒇 −𝒙 = −𝒇 𝒙
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3
2. 𝑓 𝑥 = 4𝑥 7 All of these functions are Odd function

3. 𝑓 𝑥 = −𝑥 5 + 2𝑥 3
To represent the graph of these functions
 Some might be neither, nor
1. ℎ −𝑥 = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 1 2. 𝑓 −𝑥 = 2𝑥 3
− 3𝑥 2
− 4𝑥 + 4
3 2
= −𝑥 + 2 −𝑥 + 1 3 2
3 2 = 2 −𝑥 − 3 −𝑥 − 4 −𝑥 + 4
= −𝑥 + 2 𝑥 + 1
3 2
3
= −𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 12 = 2 −𝑥 − 3 𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 4
= − 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 = −2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4
𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 1 ≠ − 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 = − 𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟒
2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 ≠ − 𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟒

The function is neither even nor odd

 Assignment
A. Evaluate each of the following:
1. Given 𝐴 𝑡 = 7𝑡 + 2
a. 𝐴 −9 , 𝑏. 𝐴 0 , 𝑐. 𝐴 6𝑥 , 𝑑. 𝐴 𝑡 2 + 1
3
2. Given 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥
1 6
a. 𝑓 −4 b. 𝑓 , c. 𝑓 , d. 𝑓 4𝑡 + 2
3 𝑥
3. Given: ℎ 𝑤 = 2𝑤 + 10
a. ℎ −1 , b. ℎ 3 , c. ℎ −2𝑡 d. ℎ 𝑤 + 4
B. Compute the difference quotient C. Determine if the function is odd, even,
for the given function defined by
𝑓 𝑥+ℎ −𝑓 𝑥 or neither, nor
ℎ 𝑥 𝑥
4. 𝑓 𝑥 = 8𝑥 − 1 7.𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 −
1−2 2
2
5. 𝑓 𝑥 = 7 − 𝑥 2 8. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 18
6. 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 9. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 6 + 4𝑥 2 − 1
10. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥