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Discrete Systems Z Transfrm

Discrete-time systems can be sampled data or digital control systems. Sampled data systems use pulse trains while digital systems use digital codes. These differ from continuous systems which have signals that vary continuously over time. Sampled data systems receive data intermittently at specific time instances, receiving no information between samples. Digital control systems use digital computers as controllers, interfacing with analog plant components. Z-transforms are used to analyze discrete-time systems in the frequency domain.

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19 views5 pages

Discrete Systems Z Transfrm

Discrete-time systems can be sampled data or digital control systems. Sampled data systems use pulse trains while digital systems use digital codes. These differ from continuous systems which have signals that vary continuously over time. Sampled data systems receive data intermittently at specific time instances, receiving no information between samples. Digital control systems use digital computers as controllers, interfacing with analog plant components. Z-transforms are used to analyze discrete-time systems in the frequency domain.

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Alie Favour
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Discrete-Time Systems

Discrete data control systems differ from continuous data systems in that the signals at one or
more points of the system are in either a pulse train or a digital code.
Usually, discrete data control systems are subdivided into sampled data and digital control
systems
Sampled data refer to a more general class of discrete data systems in which the signals are in
the form of pulse data.
A digital control system refers to use of digital computer or controller in the system in which the
signals are digitally coded, such as binary code.

In general, a sampled data system receives data or information only intermittently at specific instants
of time. For example, the error signal in a control system can be supplied only in the form of pulses,
in which case the control system receives no information about the error signal during the periods
between two consecutive pulses.

Block diagram of a sampled data control system.

A continuous data input signal r(t) is applied to the system. The error signal e(t) is sampled by a
sampling rate of the sampler which may or may not be uniform. One of the important advantage of
incorporating sampling in a control system is that the expensive equipment used in the system maybe
time shared among several control channels and that the pulse data are usually less susceptible to
noise.

Sampling:
It is the process of deriving a discrete time sequence from a continuous time function
X(t): CT signal
X[k]= x(kTs) : DT signal, where Ts denotes the sampling time and kTs with k= 0; 1; 2; . . . assigns the
sampling instants
Rapid advances in digital system technology have radically altered the control system design options. It has
become routinely practicable to design very complicated digital controllers and to carry out the extensive
calculations required for their design. These advances in implementation and design capability can be obtained at
low cost because of the widespread availability of inexpensive and powerful digital computers and their related
devices.
A digital control system uses digital hardware, usually in the form of a programmed digital computer, as the heart
of the controller. A typical digital controller has analog components at its periphery to interface with the plant.
It is the processing of the controller equations that distinguishes analog from digital control.
In general, digital control systems have many advantages over analog control systems. Some of the
advantages are
1. Low cost, low weight, and low power consumption
2. Zero drift of system parameters despite wide variations in temperature, humidity, and component
aging
3. High accuracy
4. High reliability and ease of making software and design changes

Figure 2 shows a block diagram of a typical digital control system for a continuous-time plant.

The system has two reference inputs and five outputs, two of which are measured direcdy by analog
sensors. The analog-to-digital converters (A/D) sample the analog sensor signals and produce
equivalent binary representations of these signals. The sampled sensor signals are then modified by
the digital controller algorithms, which are designed to produce the necessary digital control inputs
u1(k) and u2(k)- Consequently, the control inputs u1(k) and u2(k) are converted to analog signals u1(t)
and u2(t)- using digital-to-analog converters (D/A). The D/A transforms the digital codes to signal
samples and then produces step reconstruction from the signal samples by transforming the binary-
coded digital input to voltages. These voltages are held constant during the sampling period T until
the next sample arrives. This process of holding each of the samples is termed sample and hold. Then
the analog signals u1(t) and u2(t) are applied to control behaviour of the plant. Not shown on the
figure is a real time clock that synchronizes the actions of the A/D, D/A and shift registers.

FIGURE 2 A digital control system controlling a continuous-time plant.

Z-TRANSFORMATION
continuous systems

Important sequence and their z- transforms table


ASSIGNMENT DISCUSS BASIC PROPERTIES OF Z-
TRANSFORMATION

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