Tutorial Part I

A uniform wooden cylinder has a relative density of 0.6. Determine the minimum ratio of

diameter to length so that it will float upright in water.

Let D be diameter, L length, density of water ρ, relative density. Let x be the draught.
𝜋
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 0.6𝜌𝑤 𝑉𝑔 = 600 ∗ ( ∗ 𝐷2 𝐿)
4
𝜋
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 = 𝜌𝑉𝐷 𝑔 = 1000 ∗ ( ∗ 𝐷2 𝑥) , 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = 0.6𝐿
4
Calculate BM, by division of second moment of area about an axis through the

centre of circular waterline cross-section and the displaced volume

𝜋𝐷4 𝜋𝐷2 𝐷2
𝐼𝐺 = , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉 = ∗ 0.6𝐿, 𝐵𝑀 =
64 4 9.6𝐿
We can see that BG = OG-OB= L/2 – 0.3L = 0.2L, now we can use the stability

equation for GM for this expression:

𝐷2 𝐷
𝐺𝑀 = 𝐵𝑀 − 𝐵𝐺 = − 0.2𝐿 = 0, 𝑛𝑜𝑤 = 1.386
9.6𝐿 𝐿

Define the following terms with sketches were necessary as applied in fluid mechanics
(i) Knudsen Number

 It is a dimensionless number that tells whether the continuum hypothesis holds

true or otherwise
 by looking at the ratio between the characteristic dimension of the problem and

the mean free path distance;

𝜆
𝐾𝑛𝑢𝑑𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 = < 0.01 ( 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑢𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑑), 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
𝐿

ƛ – defined as the mean free path distance

L – characteristic dimension of the problem and vary from problem to problem

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(ii) Visco-elastic fluid.

 Fluid exhibits both viscous and elastic properties

 It shows time dependant behaviour

 Examples includes quartz etc.

A square wooden beam of relative density σ has dimensions L×d×d, and floats in water

such that

the waterline cross section is a rectangle of dimensions L × d:

(i) Show that the draught (depth to which the beam sinks) is σd.

(ii) Show that the vertical distance from the centre of buoyancy to the metacenter is
d/12

(iii) Sketch a cross-section and show that the vertical distance from the centre of
buoyancy to the centre of gravity is d/2 × (1 − σ).

A rectangular pontoon 10m by 4m in plan, weighs 280 kN and floats in sea water of

density 1025 kgm−3. A steel tube weighing 34 kN is placed longitudinally on the deck.
When the tube is in a central position, the centre of gravity for the combined mass is on
the vertical axis of symmetry 0.25m above the water surface. Find:

(i) the metacentric height, and

(ii) the maximum distance the tube may be rolled laterally across the deck if the angle
of heel is not to exceed 5◦.
𝐺𝑀 = 𝐵𝑀 − 𝐺𝑀
 Weight of pontoon + load = 280 +34 = 314kN
 Weight of sea water displaced” 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝜌𝑆𝑊 ∗ 𝑉𝑑 ∗
𝑔" =1025*9.81*10*4*draught

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 314
 The draught = 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 1.025∗9.81∗10∗4 = 0.781 𝑚,
1
𝐼𝐺 𝑏𝑑3
 the metacentric radius, 𝐵𝑀 = 𝑉 = 12
= 1.707 𝑚
𝑑 4∗10∗0.781

 the centre of gravity, Cg = 0.25 m above surface of water, hence 𝐵𝐺 = 0.25 𝑚 +

0.781
= 0.64 𝑚
2

𝐺𝑀 = 𝐵𝑀 − 𝐺𝑀 = 1.707 − 0.64 = 1.067 𝑚

Starting with a 3-D frame of reference, use the first principle and basic laws of fluid
mechanics to show the following equations of fluid statics;

(i) State of force in a fluid at rest

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(ii) Basic equation of fluid mechanics for incompressible flow.

A contractor during their work on a 5-m wide new complex swimming pool ran out of

gunite mixture and had to finish the deep corner with a quarter circle piece of PVC

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pipe labelled AB in fig 1below. For this arrangement, compute the vertical and

horizontal water forces experienced on curved panel XY.

The forces experienced on the curved plane are due to the weight of the fluid and

the pressure of the fluid;

𝐹𝐻 = 𝜌 𝑔 𝐴 ℎ𝑐

If we assume the density is of water as 1000kg/m3, and take g as 9.81m2/s, the area

seen at

the plane is a rectangle of 2 m deep and 5 m wide.

2m

A = 2m * 5m= 10 m2
1'-2 3/16"

5m

The height from the free water surface, hc = 4 + 2/2 = 5 m. Therefore, the horizontal

force,
2'-0"
4m

2Rm6"

𝐹𝐻 = 9800 ∗ 10 ∗ 5 = 490.5𝑘𝑁

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 Similarly, the vertical component we can get it from the weight of the fluid above the

gate as given by the insert

𝐹𝑣 = 𝜌𝑉𝑔

Volume of fluid, area of the quadrant + area of rectangle all by

the width
= (¼ *3.14*d^2/4 +4*2)*5
= 55.71 m3

𝐹𝑣 = 1000 ∗ 55.71 ∗ 9.81 = 545.938𝑘𝑁

A rectangular pontoon has a width of 6m, length of 10m and a draught of 2m in fresh

water. Calculate (a) weight of pontoon, (b) its draught in seawater of density 1025 kg/m3
and (c) the load that can be supported by the pontoon in fresh water if the maximum

draught permissible is 2.3m

Weight of pontoon = Weight of water displaced

P = FB – W

Determine the specific weight and volume of an object that weighs 10N in water and
12N in oil of specific gravity 0.8

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With the aid of sketches and equations draw on a Shear Stress Velocity gradient the

following fluids.
(i) Newtonian fluid with viscosity, u2 > u1

(ii) Newtonian fluid with viscosity u1

(iii) Thinning fluids

All the three sketches shown below

𝒅𝒖
𝝉= 𝝁
Newtonian Fluids, 𝜇 𝒅𝒚
τ 𝜇2 > 𝜇1
(𝐻2 𝑂 , 𝐻𝑔 , 𝑜𝑖𝑙, 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑒𝑡𝑐) 𝒅𝒖 𝒏
𝝉 = 𝒎൬ ൰
𝒅𝒚
𝜇1
𝜎𝑦 , 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠

𝒅𝒖 𝒏−𝟏 𝒅𝒖
Ideal solids

𝝉 = 𝒎ฬ ฬ .
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚

𝑑𝑢
Ideal fluids, μ = 0
𝑑𝑦

A uniform wooden cylinder has a specific gravity of 0.8. Find the ratio of cylinder diameter,
D, to length of cylinder, L, so that it will just float upright in a state of neutral equilibrium

in water.

The body will remain in state of equilibrium when the weight of the body is equal to

the weight of the fluid displaced.

Weight of the body = Weight of the fluid

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 𝜋𝐷 2 𝜋𝐷 2
0.8𝜌 × 𝑔 × 𝐿 × =𝜌× × 𝑦,
4 4

𝑦 = 0.8𝐿
OB = y/2 = 0.8L/2 = 0.4L , and OG = L/2 =0.5L and BG = OG-OB= 0.1L
𝜋𝐷4
𝐼 𝜋𝐷 4 𝐷2
𝐵𝑀 = 𝑉, For a rectangular , 𝐼 = , 𝐵𝑀 = 64
𝜋𝐷2 𝐿
= 16𝐿
64
4

For neutral equilibrium, GM = 0

𝐷2
𝐺𝑀 = 𝐵𝑀 − 𝐵𝐺 = − 0.1𝐿 = 0
16𝐿

𝐷2 = 0.1 ∗ 16𝐿2 ,

𝐷
= 1.24
𝐿

Show that the hydrostatic force on an inclined plane for surface S is equal to the

hydrostatic force of the same surface placed horizontal at the centroid.

With reference to fig above, the hydrostatic force on an inclined plane is derived by

considering the sum of elementary forces acting on a small area, dA,(shaded green),
at the depth ℎ = 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, where theta is the angle of inclination.

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 This force is 𝑑𝐹𝑝 = 𝜌𝑔𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜗𝑑𝐴 , if we take the sum of all the forces this will be equal
𝑛 𝑛
to ∬𝐴 𝑑𝐹𝑝 = 𝜌𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜗 ∬𝐴 𝑦𝑑𝐴, but the term in the integral is the first moment of area

about the axis O. which can be related to the total area A, by performing balance of
,
moments of area as 𝑦𝑐 × 𝐴 = ∬𝐴 𝑦𝑑𝐴

Therefore the force is expressed as 𝐹 = 𝜌𝑔𝐴𝑦𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜗 resolving the y component with

respect to vertical, we get ℎ𝑐 = 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃. Therefore, the force can be expressed as

𝐹 = 𝜌𝑔𝐴ℎ𝑐
If we place the surface at the centroid, in a horizontal, the force is determined from

the area and the depth from the free surface as 𝐹 = 𝜌𝑔𝐴ℎ𝑐 similar to the result
obtained above.

With reference to Fig below, Determine the velocity, v, at the centre given that the ratio

of viscosity for bottom layer to top layer is 1:2 and assuming a steady flow.

U
𝜇2 = 2𝜇1

V=?
b
𝜇1 cb

Assume fluid as moving continuously, and performing a horizontal force balance on the

middle plate. The are two stresses acting on the middle plate in opposite directions as 1
and 2

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 ∑ 𝐹𝐻 = 𝜏2 . 𝐴 − 𝜏1 . 𝐴 = 0

𝜇1 𝑉 𝑈−𝑉
𝜏1 = and 𝜏2 = 𝜇2 𝑏(1−𝑐) now equating the two expression as in above and solving for
𝑐𝑏

V the velocity at the middle plate;

𝜇1 𝑉 𝑈−𝑉
= 2𝜇1
𝑐𝑏 𝑏(1 − 𝑐)

Simplifying the expression above for velocity at the centreline we get;

2𝑐
𝑉= .𝑈
1+𝑐

Define the following terms with sketches were necessary as applied in fluid mechanics

(i) No slip condition and

 Occurs when fluid reaches a solid surface with continuum hypothesis holding

true
 Such a case, the velocity is diminished to zero at the surface

Continuum Concept.

 It assumes that fluid particles move as an assemblage if molecules

 Takes matter as a continuous function of space and time,

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Derive the expression for change in pressure for each of the following cases given that
𝟏 𝟏
the general equation for a curved surface is ∆𝑷 = 𝝈 (𝒓 + 𝒓 ) where each term has usual
𝟏 𝟐

meaning
(i) Liquid Jet and
1 1
∆𝑝 = 𝜎 (𝑟 + 𝑟 ), for a jet of liquid, 𝑟1 = 𝑟, 𝑟2 = ∞ therefore we have;
1 2
𝜎
∆𝑝 =
𝑟

(ii) Spherical liquid bubble

1 1
𝑟1 = 𝑟2 = 𝑟, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 from the main equation of ∆𝑝 = 2𝜎 (𝑟 + 𝑟 ) substituting for r we can
1 2

1 1 4𝜎
get the expression reducing to; ∆𝑝 = 2𝜎 (𝑟 + 𝑟 ) = 𝑟

A spherical liquid drop of diameter, d1, coalesces with another drop of diameter, d2, to
form a single drop of diameter, d3, of the same amount of liquid. Assuming that the drop

behaves as a gas in an isothermal process, derive an expression for d3 as a function of p0,

surface tension of the mixture in air.

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 𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑚1 𝑅𝑇; 𝑃2 𝑉2 = 𝑚2 𝑅𝑇; 𝑃3 𝑉3 = 𝑚3 𝑅𝑇,

Combining the three into the equation of state for ;

𝑃1 𝑉1 + 𝑃2 𝑉2 = (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )𝑅𝑇 = 𝑃3 𝑉3,

For a spherical bubble, from surface tension;

8𝜎 8𝜎 8𝜎
𝑝1 = 𝑝𝑜 + ; 𝑝2 = 𝑝𝑜 + ; 𝑝3 = 𝑝𝑜 +
𝑑1 𝑑2 𝑑3

If we manipulate the volume ratio, we can see that

Now we see that m1 +m2 =m3, recalling

the equation of state and manipulate it 𝑽∞ 𝒅𝟑 , therefore, the expression becomes;

8𝜎 3 8𝜎 8𝜎
with regards to question we get; ൬𝑃𝑜 + ൰ 𝑑1 + ൬𝑃𝑜 + ൰ 𝑑23 = ൬𝑃𝑜 + ൰ 𝑑33
𝑑1 𝑑2 𝑑3

Now we see that m1 +m2 =m3, recalling the equation of state and manipulate it with

regards to question we get;

𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑚1 𝑅𝑇; 𝑃2 𝑉2 = 𝑚2 𝑅𝑇; 𝑃3 𝑉3 = 𝑚3 𝑅𝑇

Combining the three into the equation of state for;

𝑃1 𝑉1 + 𝑃2 𝑉2 = (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )𝑅𝑇 = 𝑃3 𝑉3

8𝜎 8𝜎 8𝜎
For a spherical bubble, from surface tension; 𝑝1 = 𝑝𝑜 + 𝑑 ; 𝑝2 = 𝑝𝑜 + 𝑑 ; 𝑝3 = 𝑝𝑜 + 𝑑
1 2 3

If we manipulate the volume ratio, we can see that 𝑉∞ 𝑑 3 , therefore the expression
becomes;

8𝜎 3 8𝜎 8𝜎
൬𝑃𝑜 + ൰ 𝑑1 + ൬𝑃𝑜 + ൰ 𝑑23 = ൬𝑃𝑜 + ൰ 𝑑33
𝑑1 𝑑2 𝑑3

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An inclined manometer as shown in Fig below reads zero when A and B are at same
pressure. The reservoir diameter is 70 mm and that of the inclined tube 5mm, for ϑ =30

and gauge fluid with specific gravity of 0.93. Find:

(i) PA - PB as function of the reading,

(ii) The error when the liquid level is neglected.

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Show by means of a sketch diagram how the stability of a floating body depends upon

the position of the meta-centre and the centre of gravity.

Derive the expression for capillary rise or fall in a tube between two vertical parallel plates

containing a fluid clearly showing the frame of reference. The sketches should indicate
where there is either cohesion and or adhesion.

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