ARI

NC629ANDBEYOND

ARINC629protocoli
srelat
ivel
ynewandnotwidel
yused,buti
tmustbeincl
udedforcompl
eteness.I
t
wasdevel
opedbyBoei ngCommer ci
alAi
rpl
aneGroup(BCAG)ast
heDi gi
tal
AutonomousTerminal
AccessCommuni cat
ion(DATAC)prot
ocolandr
ecogni
zedasanairtr
ansportst
andar
dbyARINCi n
speci
fi
cat
ion629.[2]

Iti
sabi dir
ectional,dist
ri
butedcont r
olbuscapabl eofsuppor ti
ngupt o120user satat r
ansmissionr ateof
2Mbps.Tout edast hefutur
eaer onauticalcommuni cat
ionsstandardintheear lyý90s, i
tfoundi t
sway
i
nt othehugeBoei ng777andAi rbus330/ 340ai r
planes,whichwer ebothbei ngdev elopedatt hatti
me.
Sincet hen,itappear stohav ebeenl imitedtot helargestcommer ci
alai
rcraftonlyandBoei nginpar t
icular
.
ItstartedasaBoei ngpropri
etarycommuni cationspr ot
ocoland,despit
eitsper formanceandARI NC
specificati
ons, seemst ohav efailedtogai nindust ry
-wideacceptance.Icanonl yof fermyown
specul ati
onf orwhyt hi
shappened, butprobabl ythemosti mpor t
antdri
veratt het i
meofi ntr
oduct i
onwas
thepr ohibi
tivecostoft hehar dwar e,whichov ershadowedev entheexpensi veMI L-
STD- 1553BRTset .The
otherr easoni sprobablytheunpr ecedent edgr owt hincommer cialcomput ertechnol ogyand,wi t
hit,the
dev el
opment sofcommer ci
alnetwor ks,nottoment ionthespiral
ingdatathroughputr equir
ement s.

ARI
NC429I
MPLEMENTATI
ON

Onehundredkil
obit
spersecondthroughputaside,t
hisslugofapr otocoli
ssti
ll
themostpopularon
tr
anspor
tair
craft
,soletýst
akeacloserlookatitsi
mpl ementation.I
tsspeci
fi
cati
oni
s520pagest hi
ck,
so
al
lIcandowiththisart
icl
eismer
elyexpl ai
nthefundament alaspectsofthei
nnerwor
kings.[
3]

(Cl
icktoenl
arge)
Fi
gur
e2ý Her
eýsthedefi
nit
ionofi
nputandout
putv
olt
age
l
evel
sforARINC429databus.

Thesi gnali
sinbipolar,
return-to-zero(RZ)f ormat(seeFigur
es2and3) .Itistr
i-
st at
e,wit
ht hedefined
l
ev el
s1, 0,andnull
.Thet r
ansmi tteroutputv ol
tageswingis±10Vnomi nall
y,at12.5or100kb/ s.Ri se
andf all
timesarespecifi
edt obe10ý5ý sf ortheslowand1.5±0. 5ýsforthef astfor
mat .Theri
seand
fal
l t
imesspecifi
cati
onmakest hepulsest r
apezoidinshape,andwi t
htheirret
ur ntozerocharacteri
stic,
resembl i
ngasinusoid.Thisr esultsinasi gnifi
cant
lylowerharmoniccontent(l
essr adi
atedinter
ference)
thany ouwouldgetfr om arect angularwav eshape, suchasRS-232.
 Fi
gure3ýThi
st i
mingdiagr
am ofARI
NC429dat
abusshows
abipol
arret
urn-
to-zer
o(RZ)f
ormat.

Thehar dwareinterf
acei ssi
mpl et oimpl ementwi t
hdiscretecomponent s,asshowni nFigure4,andt he
protocolti
mi ngfuncti
onspr ovi
dedbyami croprocessor.Tocr eatet hetransmitt
er,youneedonl yacoupl e
ofbuf f
erstodr i
vethelinesinbipolarf ashion.Forslowspeed, manysmal lmonolit
hicaudioampl if
ierswi l
l
do.Fort hefastmode, curr
entbuf ferssuchasLH0002canbeused.Ther ecei
verismor ecompl i
cat ed,
i
nv ol
v i
ngadi ff
erenti
alamplifi
erfeedingsev eralwindowcompar atorstodecodeones( Li
neAHI ),zeros
(Li
neBHI ),
andnul l
s.Thet r
ansmi tterout putresist
anceRoshoul dbe75ohm.Resi stanceRsspl i
tbet ween
twor esi
storsinserieswiththebuf ferspr ovi
dest henecessar yadj ustmentoft heusuall
yv erylow-
i
mpedancebuf f
eroutputs.Therecei verdi f
ferenti
alinputresi
st anceshoul dbegr eatert
han12ki lohm,
with>12ki l
ohm betweenei therinputandgr ound.Thel inesýandi nput sýparasit
iccapacitancesshoul dbe
keptbelow50pF.Upt o20r ecei
v erscanbehungont oonet r
ansmi ssi
onl i
ne.

(
Cli
ckt
oenl
arge)

Fi
gure4ýCheckoutt
hehar
dwar
eimpl
ement
ati
onofARI
NC
429databusli
nk.

Figure5isanexampleofadi f
fer
entimplementat
ionofthereceiv
er.Itissimpleandrobust,builtwi
thtwo
optocoupler
sandacoupl eofLEDs.Theinputr
esist
anceislessthant herecommended12ki lohm,but
theprotocoli
srobustandcapabl
eofhandlingthi
stypeofinter
face.Theadv antageofthecircuiti
sthati
t
i
ssi mpleandprovi
desexcell
entli
neisol
ati
on.TheLEDsar eneededinst eadofregul
ardiodest oprovi
de
thenecessarynul
lvolt
agewindow.
 (Cl
i
cktoenlar
ge)
Fi
gure5ý
Thereceiv
ercanbealsobuil
twithopt
ocoupl
ers
andLEDstopr
ovidether
equi
rednullt
hreshol
d.

Ify
ourbudgeti snýtsev erelyr estr
icted, Ihi
ghlyrecommendt haty ouoptf orani nterfacechi p,
suchas
Holtý
sHI 8282, i
nsteadofbui ldingy ourownhar dwar e.Thei nterfacechi pcost sar ound$40andcont ains
onecompl etetransmi tterandt wor eceiverswithal lt
henecessar yf unctions,vol t
agel evel shi
fter
s,l
ine
dri
vers,andser i
al-
to-par all
el conv erter
s.Thebl ockdi agr amsoft her eceiversandt het ransmi tt
erare
showni nFigures6and7.ARI NC429t ransmitt
erassembl esdat ain32- bitwor dsandt hemessage
packetsaretransmi t
tedatar epetiti
on( orupdat e)rateof ,usually,3t o5Hz.Ev er yrecei verneedst oli
sten
tothechatteranddet ermi newhet hert hemessagei si ntendedf oritorsomeot heruser .Consequent l
y,
thi
sisresource-int
ensi vepr ocessi ng.Supportingy ourownhar dwar ebygener atingt hepr operl
ytimed
pul
set r
ainforonet ransmi tteranddecodi ngthei ncomi ngchat terfrom oner eceiv er
, bot hattheslowdat a
rat
e,canusemostoft he68HC11mi crocontroll
er ý
spr ocessi ngpower .

TheARI NC429messageconsi st
sof32-bitwords.Thei
ndivi
dual bitassignmentsareshowninTable1.
Inthetransmissi
on,t
hewordissentLSBt oMSB.Toexplainthebi tassignment,I
ýl
l st
artwi
ththemost
signi
fi
cantbit
, bi
t32,
whichi
sapar i
tybi
tusedf orerr
ordet
ection.Bits31and30ar eSignSt
atusMatri
x
withfourpossibl
econdi
ti
ons:Fai
lur
eWar ning,
NoComput edDat a,Funct i
onalTest
,andNormal Oper
ati
on.

Bit
s29t hr
ough11aredatabit
s,wi t
hbit11LSBandbi t29MSB.Bit29alsocanbeusedf
orsi
gn.The
databi
tsmustbepaddedwi t
hzer os.Thedatabitscancar
rydi
ffer
entt
ypesofdata:
BNR,BCD,di
scr
ete
databi
ts,maint
enance,
acknowledge,ISOalphabet,
andevengraphi
cal
.

Bi
ts10and9ar esource/
desti
nati
onidenti
fi
ers.Anymembercanbei
denti
fi
edasasource(
transmitt
er)
,
si
nk(recei
ver
),orsour
ce/si
nk(t
ransmitt
er/r
eceiver
),ev
ent
houghi
twouldbetr
ansmi
tt
ingandr ecei
vi
ng
onseparat
eli
nes.

Finally ,theei ghtleastsignifi

cantbi
ts,1through8, holdapointert
oal ook-upt ablewher eacor r
esponding
six-char act erlabelcanbef ound.Thi
slook-upt ableisapar toftheARINC429speci f
ication[3]
,andt he
l
abel sl istedt herear estandard(seeTable2) .Thet hreelowestcharactersareanoct al code,foll
owedby
at hree- char acterhexequi pmentID.Forexampl e,inthelabel,t
heoctalcode137i sdedi catedtoflap
angl e, l
abel 270todi scr
etedat abit
s.Thehexequi pmentI D04Ai sforlandinggearposi ti
onunit,04Eis
forf uel quant ityi
ndicator,andsoon.I naddition,theassignmentofsomebi t
s, suchasSSM, canchange
witht het ypeofdat abeingt r
ansmitt
ed.Bit11, forexampl e,usual
l
ythedat aLSB, canbeusedt osignif
y
preci sion.

Whati
sCAN?
Control
lerAreaNet work(CAN)i saseri
alnetworkt hatwasor i
ginall
ydesignedf ortheaut omoti
vei
ndustr
y,
buthasal sobecomeapopul arbusinindustr
ialautomat i
onaswel l
asot herapplicat
ions.TheCANbusi s
pri
mar i
lyusedinembeddedsy stems,andasi tsnamei mpl i
es,i
st henetworkest abli
shedamong
microcontrol
ler
s.Itisatwo-wire,hal
fduplex,
high-speednet worksy st
em andi swel l
suitedforhi
ghspeed
appli
cationsusingshortmessages.Itsrobustness, r
eli
abil
it
yandt helargefoll
owi ngfrom the
semiconductorindustr
yar esomeoft hebenef i
tswi t
hCAN.

CANcant heoreti
callyl
inkupt o2032devices(assumingonenodewi thoneidenti
fi
er)onasinglenetwor
k.
However,duet othepracti
cal l
i
mi t
ati
onofthehardwar e(tr
anscei
ver
s),i
tcanonlyli
nkupt o110nodes
(wit
h82C250, Phili
ps)onasi nglenet
work.Itoff
ershigh-speedcommunicati
onrateupto1Mbi ts/sec
thusal
lowsr eal
-t
imecont rol
.Inaddit
ion,
theerrorconfinementandtheerr
ordetecti
onfeaturemakeit
morereli
ableinnoisecr i
ti
calenvir
onment.

 StandardCAN(
Ver
sion2.
0A)
.Uses11bi
tident
if
iers.
 ExtendedCAN(
Ver
sion2.
0B)
.Uses29bi
tident
ifi
ers.

Thet
wopar
tsdef
inedi
ff
erentf
ormat
soft
hemessagef
rame,
wit
hthemai
ndi
ff
erencebei
ngt
hei
dent
if
ier
l
engt
h.

Ther
earetwoISOstandar
dsforCAN.Thediff
erencei
sint
hephy
sical
lay
er,
whereISO11898handl
es
hi
ghspeedappli
cat
ionsupto1Mbit
/second.I
SO11519hasanupperl
imi
tof125kbi
t/
second.

CANdat
atr
ansmi
ssi
onusesal
ossl
essbi
twi
sear
bit
rat
ionmet
hodofcont
ent
ionr
esol
uti
on.

HowdoCANbusmodul
escommuni
cat
e?

CANbususest wodedi catedwi resf orcommuni cati

on.Thewi r
esar ecal l
edCANhi ghandCAN
l
ow.Whent heCANbusi sini dlemode, bothli
nescar r
y2. 5V.Whendat abi t
sarebei ng
transmi tted, theCANhi ghlinegoest o3. 75Vandt heCANl owdropst o1. 25V,thereby
gener atinga2. 5Vdiff
erentialbetweent heli
nes.Sincecommuni cationr el
iesonav oltage
differentialbet weent hetwobusl ines,theCANbusi sNOTsensi tiv
et oi nducti
vespi kes,
electricalf i
eldsorot hernoi se.Thi smakesCANbusar el
i
ablechoicef ornet worked
communi cat i
onsonmobi l
eequi pment .CANpowercanbesuppl iedt hroughCANbus.Ora
powersuppl yf ortheCANbusmodul escanbear r
angedsepar ately.Thepowersuppl ywiring
canbeei thert otal
l
ysepar atef rom theCANbusl ines( usi
ngsuitablegaugewi ri
ngf oreach
modul e)resul tingintwo2- wirecabl esbei nguti
li
zedf orthenetwork, oritcanbei ntegr at
edinto
thesamecabl eastheCANbusl inesresulti
nginasi ngle4-wir
ecabl e.CANbuscabl ingis
av ail
ablef rom mul tipl
ev endor s.

PARI
TY

Apar
itybiti
sabitthati
saddedtoensur
ethatt
henumberofbit
swiththevalueoneinasetof
bi
tsi
sev enorodd.Pari
tybi
tsar
eusedasthesi
mplestf
orm ofer
rordetect
ingcode

Tr
ansmi
ssi
onsentusi
ngev
enpar
it
y:

Awantstot r
ansmit: 1001
Acomput espari
tybi
tvalue:1^0^
0^1=0
Aaddspar i
tybi
tandsends:10010
Brecei
ves: 10010
Bcomputespari
ty: 1^0^0^
1^0=0
Brepor
tscor
recttr
ansmi
ssi
onafterobser
vingexpect
edev
enr
esul
t.

Tr
ansmi
ssi
onsentusi
ngoddpar
it
y:

Awantstot r
ansmi t: 1001
Acomput esparit
ybi tvalue:~( 1^0^0^
1)=1
Aaddspar i
tybitandsends:10011
Brecei
ves: 10011
Bcomputesov erallparit
y: 1^ 0^0^1^1=1
Brepor
tscor r
ecttransmi ssionafterobser
vingexpect
edoddr
esul
t.

Thismechani sm enabl esthedetectionofsinglebiterr

ors,becauseifonebitget
s
fl
ippedduet ol i
nenoi se,t
herewillbeani ncorr
ectnumberofonesi ntherecei
veddat
a.
I
nt hetwoexampl esabove,B'scalculat
edpar i
tyvaluematchest hepari
tybiti
nit
s
recei
vedv al
ue, i
ndi cat
ingtherearenosi nglebi
terrors.Considerthefol
l
owingexample
withatransmi ssioner r
orinthesecondbi t:

Tr
ansmi
ssi
onsentusi
ngev
enpar
it
y:

Awantstot r
ansmi t
: 1001
Acomput esparit
ybitvalue:1^ 0^0^1=0
Aaddspar i
tybitandsends:10010
*
**TRANSMI SSIONERROR* *
*
Brecei
ves: 11010
Bcomputesov erall
parit
y: 1^ 1^0^1^0=1
Brepor
tsincorrecttr
ansmi ssi
onaf terobser
vingunexpect
edoddr
esul
t.

B'
scalculat
edpari
tyval
ue(1)doesnotmatcht
heparit
ybi
t(0)i
nitsr
eceivedval
ue,
i
ndi
catingthebi
terror
.Her
e'sthesameexamplebutnowthepar
it
ybiti
tselfget
s
cor
rupted:

Awantstot r
ansmi t
: 1001
Acomput esevenpar it
yvalue:1^
0^0^1=0
Asends: 10010
*
**TRANSMI SSIONERROR* *
*
Brecei
ves: 10011
Bcomputesov erall
par i
ty: 1^0^
0^1^1=1
Brepor
tsincorrecttr
ansmi ssi
onafterobser
vingunexpect
edoddr
esul
t.

Onceagai
n,B'
scomput
esanoddov
eral
lpar
it
y,i
ndi
cat
ingt
hebi
ter
ror
.

Therei
salimitat
iontopari
tyschemes.Apar i
tybitisonlyguar ant
eedtodetectanodd
numberofbiterr
ors.I
fanev ennumberofbitshav eerrors,thepari
tybi
trecordsthe
corr
ectnumberofones, ev
ent houghthedatai
scor rupt.(Seealsoerr
ordetecti
onand
corr
ecti
on.
)Considerthesameex ampleasbefor
ewi thanev ennumberofcor r
upted
bi
ts:

Awant
stotr
ansmit
: 1001
Acomput
esevenpari
tyv
alue:
1^0^
0^1=0
Asends: 10010
*
**TRANSMI SSI
ONERROR* *
*
Brecei
ves: 11011
Bcomputesoveral
lpari
ty: 1^1^0^
1^1=0
Brepor
tscorr
ecttr
ansmissionthoughact
ual
l
yincor
rect
.

Bobser
vesev
enpar
it
y,asexpect
ed,
ther
ebyf
ail
i
ngt
ocat
cht
het
wobi
ter
ror
s.

ARINC664i sdef inedast henext -generationai r

craftdatanet work( ADN) .I
tisbaseduponI EEE
802.3Ether netandut il
i
zescommer ci
al off-
the-shelfhardwar ether ebyr educingcost sand
developmentt ime.AFDXbui ldsont hisstandar d,asi sfor
mal lydef inedi nPart7oft heARI NC
664speci fi
cation.AFDXwasdev elopedbyAi rbusI ndustr
iesfort heA380.I thassi ncebeen
acceptedbyBoei ngandi susedont heBoei ng787Dr eamliner.AFDXbr i
dgest hegapon
rel
iabil
it
yofguar anteedbandwi dthf rom theor iginalARINC664st andar d.Ituti
li
zesacascaded
startopologynet wor k,wher eeachswi t
chcanbebr i
dgedtoget hert ootherswi tchesont he
network.Byut il
izingt hisform ofnet wor kstructur e,AFDXi sablet osi gnifi
cantlyreducewire
runsthusr educingov eral
l ai
rcraftwei ght.Addi t
ionally,
AFDXpr ov i
desdual li
nkr edundancyand
Qualit
yofSer v
ice( QoS) .Thesi xpr imaryaspect sofAFDXi ncludef ullduplex, r
edundancy ,
deterministi
c,highspeedper formance, switchedandpr ofi
lednet wor k

MIL-STD-1553Bi sabi dir

ecti
onal,cent
rall
ycontrol
leddatabuspr edomi nantinmili
taryai rcraft
.Itwas
ori
ginall
ydev el
opedint heearlyý70sandsi ncethenhascont inuouslyimproved.It
sof ficialname, Digital
TimeDi vi
sionCommand/ ResponseMul ti
plexDataBus,immedi atel
ybet r
aysitsmilit
ar yor i
gins.Because
thebushasbeenusedext ensivel
yincr i
ti
calsyst
emsf orsuchal ongt ime,i
tscharacter i
st i
csand
perfor
manceunderv ar i
ousadv er
secondi t
ionsarewell
-known.Thus, t
hereisnohesi tationt ousei tfor
datacommuni cati
onsi nfl
y-by-
wireair
craft,i
nwhichdatacor rupti
onwoul dbemor et hanl i
kely
catastr
ophic.(Thefly-
by -
wiredescript
ionisusedwhenf lightsurf
acemov ementaffect i
ngpi t
ch, r
oll,
and
yaw, t
radi
ti
onal l
yperformedbymechani calli
nks,i
sdonebyser vosy st
ems.Al l
highlymaneuv erable,thus
unstablemi l
i
taryair
crafttodayandmanynewcommer cialair
craftfall
int
ot hi
scategor y.)

The1553busset sonet erminalasaBCandcansuppor tupt o31user s,

calledremot etermi nals(
RT),
wit
habi trat
eof1Mbps.Andbecausei twouldbesi l
lytorisklosingamul t
imi l
l
ion-dol
larairplane
becauseofast r
aybulletcut
tingawire,thi
sdat abusisfull
ydual -r
edundant .Italsoexist
sinf i
beropt
ic
i
mpl ementat
ion,whichisdefinedi
nspeci f
icat
ionMIL-STD- 1773.[1]Fiberopt i
cinterf
acehasbeenusedi n
appli
cati
onsinwhichexposur etoHIRF(high-i
ntensi
tyradiatedfield)
,li
ghtning,andot herwiseunpleasant
el
ectromagneti
cinterf
erencecanaffectdat ai
ntegri
ty.