Ttmik Level 6

TalkToMeInKorean.
com - Free Korean Lesson Notes

LEVEL 6 LESSON 1
Welcome to Level 6 of TalkToMeInKorean. You have already come a long way in learning the
Korean language and we are really looking forward to helping you take your Korean to the next
level.
From Level 6, we will be introducing more “sentence patterns” than in the previous lessons, as
well as still introducing some new grammar points. In “grammar point” lessons, we start from a
Korean grammar point and introduce how it is used, but in “sentence pattern” lessons, we will
start from an English sentence pattern and explain how to say that in Korean.
In this lesson, let us take a look at how to say “How about …?” in Korean. There can be many
ways to say this, but the most basic and common translation is “어때요?”.
How about …?
= Noun + 어때요?
= Verb stem + -는 거 어때요?
어때요? comes from the verb 어떻다 [eo-tteo-ta], which literally means “to be how”. Therefore
when you want to say phrases such as “How about this one?”, “How about that one?”, “How
about eating here?”, etc, you can use this verb, 어떻다.
Examples (with nouns)

1. 이거 어때요?
[i-geo eo-ttae-yo?]
= How about this?
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LEVEL 6 LESSON 1
2. 생일 선물로 카메라 어때요?
[saeng-il seon-mul-lo ka-me-ra eo-ttae-yo?]
= How about a camera as your/his/their birthday present?
3. 내일 어때요?
[nae-il eo-ttae-yo?]
= How about tomorrow?
Examples (with verbs)

1. 다시 하는 거 어때요?
[da-si ha-neun geo eo-ttae-yo?]
= How about doing it again?
2. 다른 사람한테 물어보는 거 어때요?
[da-reun sa-ra-man-te mu-reo-bo-neun geo eo-ttae-yo?]
= How about asking other people?
3. 안으로 들어가는 거 어때요?
[a-neu-reo geu-reo-ga-neun geo eo-ttae-yo?]
= How about going inside?
Sample Sentences
1. 이거 싫어요? 이거(는) 어때요?
[i-geo si-reo-yo? i-geo(-neun) eo-ttae-yo?]
= You don’t like this? How about this one?
LEVEL 6 LESSON 1
2. 내일 만나서 이야기하는 거 어때요?
[nae-il man-na-seo- i-ya-gi-ha-neun geo eo-ttae-yo?]
= How about meeting and talking about it tomorrow?
3. 이렇게 하는 거 어때요?
[i-reo-ke ha-neun geo eo-ttae-yo?]
= How about doing it this way?
Word contractions
-는 거 + subject marker (이/가) → -는 것 + 이 → -는 것이 → -는 게
-는 거 + topic marker (은/는) → -는 거 + 는 → - 는 건
이렇게 하는 거 어때요? [ Neutral ]
이렇게 하는 게 어때요? [ + Subject Marker ]
* The meaning is almost the same as the neutral sentence.
이렇게 하는 건 어때요? [ + Topic Marker ]
= (Since you aren’t too sure about the other ideas,) how about doing it THIS way (then)?
LEVEL 6 LESSON 12
In this lesson, let us take a look at how to say “What do you think about …?” in Korean. In our
previous lesson, we introduced the expression 어때요? [eo-ttae-yo?], which means “How about
…?”. Sometimes this expression, 어때요?, can also be used to mean “What do you think?”.
어때요?
[eo-ttae-yo?]
= How is it?
= How about …?
= What do you think?
But when you want to add more details to the sentence and say “What do you think
about + NOUN?” or “What do you think about + VERB-ing?”, you need to use dif-
ferent expressions.
There are various ways to say “What do you think?” in Korean, but here let us take a look at the
two most commonly used expressions.
1. 어떻게 생각해요?
[eo-tteo-ke saeng-ga-kae-yo?]
2. 어떤 것 같아요?
[eo-tteon geot ga-ta-yo?]
The word “what” is used in English because you ask “what” is on someone’s mind or “what” are
LEVEL 6 LESSON 12
their thoughts about a certain topic, but in Korean, you use the word for “how” because you
are asking about “how” someone looks at the matter or “how” they think something is.
The basic verb for “to be how” is 어떻다 [eo-tteo-ta] and when you change it to the adverb
form, it becomes 어떻게 [eo-tteo-ke].
어떻게 생각해요? is literally translated as “HOW think?”
어떤 것 같아요? is literally translated as “HOW it seems?” or “What kind of thing it seems like?”
(**To review on the -(으/느)ㄴ 것 같다, go back to Level 3 Lesson 9.)
What do you think ABOUT + NOUN?

The expression for “about” in Korean is -에 대해서 [-e dae-hae-seo].
About school = 학교에 대해서
About me = 저에 대해서 (formal language), 나에 대해서 (casual language)
About what = 뭐에 대해서
What do you think about _______?
= _______에 대해서 어떻게 생각해요?
= _______ 어떤 것 같아요?
What do you think ABOUT + VERB-ing?

In order to use “about / -에 대해서” after it, the verb needs to be changed to the noun form of
-는 것 [-neun geot].
LEVEL 6 LESSON 12
이렇게 하다 = to do it like this
→ “이렇게 하는 것”에 대해서 = about doing it this way
물어보다 = to ask
→ “물어보는 것”에 대해서 = about asking
Sample Sentences
1. 이 책에 대해서 어떻게 생각하세요?
[i chae-ge dae-hae-seo eo-tteo-ke saeng-ga-ka-se-yo?]
= What do you think about this book?
이 책 어떤 것 같아요?
[i chaek eo-tteon geot ga-ta-yo?]
= What do you think about this book?
2. 어릴 때 유학을 가는 것에 대해서 어떻게 생각하세요?
[eo-ril ttae yu-ha-geul ga-neun geo-se dae-hae-seo eo-tteo-ke saeng-ga-ka-se-yo?]
= What do you think about studying abroad at a young age?
어릴 때 유학 가는 거, 어떤 것 같아요?
[eo-ril ttae yu-hak ga-neun geo, eo-tteon geot ga-ta-yo?]
= What do you think about studying abroad at a young age?
3. 제 아이디어에 대해서 어떻게 생각하세요?
[ je a-i-di-eo-e dae-hae-seo eo-tteo-ke saeng-ga-ka-se-yo?]
= What do you think about my idea?
LEVEL 6 LESSON 12
제 아이디어 어떤 것 같아요?
[ je a-i-di-eo eo-tteon geot ga-ta-yo?]
= What do you think about my idea?
LEVEL 6 LESSON 3
In this lesson, we are taking a look at how to say “one of the most …” in Korean. After studying
with this lesson, you will be able to say things such as “He’s one of my closest friends.”, “It’s one
of the most popular places in Seoul.”, etc.
Now before we talk about how to say this in Korean, we’d like to point out that this expres-
sion actually started being used as a result of many Korean people being exposed to the Eng-
lish language. At first there were some people who tried not to use this expression because it
sounded too much like a “translated” sentence, but now it is so commonly used that not many
people actually care.
One of the most … = 가장 ~ 중의 하나
First of all, let’s break down the phrase word by word.
1. one = 하나 [ha-na]
2. of = ~의 [-ui]
3. “The” is not translated into Korean in this case.
4. most + adjective + noun = 가장 + adjective + noun
** If you’d like to review on 가장 (= most), go back to Level 4 Lesson 18.
Word order difference between Korean and English around “-의 / of”
In Korean, -의 [-ui] is the particle that makes possession, belonging, origin or characteristics,
and it basically means “of”. The word order, however, is very different around -의 or “of” in
these two languages. If you say “A of B”, in Korean you need to switch it to “B의 A”. To make it
LEVEL 6 LESSON 3
simpler, you can just think of “-의” as <’s>, as in “my friend’s house”, “my teacher’s name”, etc.
So in English, the word “one” comes at the beginning of this expression, but 하나 (= one)
comes at the end of it.
하나 can be replaced by other words
하나 is the most basic form of saying “one” but depending what you are counting, you can use
different counting units. Let’s take a look at some of the most commonly used ones.
Person = 한 사람 [han sa-ram], 한 명 [han myeong], or 한 분 (honorific) [han bun]
Place = 한 곳 [han got], 한 군데 [han gun-de]
Thing, Kind, Type = 한 가지 [han ga-ji]
* Go back to Level 2 Lesson 9 to review a lesson on counters.
Using 가장 with adjectives or verbs
To understand how to use this, there are three lessons that you need to have studied.
- Level 4 Lesson 18 (on how to say “best” or “most” using the superlatives “가장” and “제일”)
- Level 3 Lesson 13 + 14 (on how to make adjectives out of descriptive and action verbs in
Korean)
Examples
가장 + 예쁘다 → 가장 예쁜
가장 + 좋다 → 가장 좋은
LEVEL 6 LESSON 3
가장 + 괜찮다 → 가장 괜찮은
1. 가장 예쁜 친구
[ga-jang ye-ppeun chin-gu]
= the prettiest friend
2. 가장 좋은 책
[ga-jang jo-eun chaek]
= the best book
3. 가장 괜찮은 카페
[ga-jang gwaen-cha-neun ka-pe]
= the best cafe
How to use 중 as “among” or “of”
중 [ jung] literally means “middle” or “center” but used after a noun and followed by -의 [-ui], it
means “among” or “(one) of (the …)”.
→ Noun (plural or singular) + 중
Examples
1. 가장 예쁜 친구들 중(의)
= 가장 예쁜 친구 중(의)
2. 가장 좋은 방법들 중(의)
= 가장 좋은 방법 중(의)
LEVEL 6 LESSON 3
가장 ~ 중의 하나
Now let us look at some examples of the entire structure.
1. 가장 좋은 방법들 중의 하나
= 가장 좋은 방법 중의 하나
= 가장 좋은 방법 중 하나
= one of the best methods
2. 가장 빠른 길들 중의 하나
= 가장 빠른 길 중의 하나
= 가장 빠른 길 중 하나
= one of the fastest ways/paths
3. 가장 자주 만나는 친구들 중의 한 명
= 가장 자주 만나는 친구 중의 한 명
= 가장 자주 만나는 친구 중 한 명
= one of the friends that I meet most often
Sample Sentences
1. 여기가 제가 제일 자주 오는 카페 중(의) 하나예요.
[yeo-gi-ga je-ga je-il ja-ju o-eun ka-pe jung(ui) ha-na-ye-yo.]
= This is one of the cafes that I visit most often.
2. 제가 가장 좋아하는 가수들 중(의) 한 명이에요.
[ je-ga ga-jang jo-a-ha-neun ga-su-deul jung(ui) han myeong-i-e-yo.]
= He/she is one of my favorite singers.
LEVEL 6 LESSON 3
= He/she is one of the singers I like the most.
3. 한국에서 가장 인기 있는 영화 중(의) 하나예요.
[han-gu-geo-seo ga-jang in-gi in-neun yeong-hwa jung(ui) ha-na-ye-yo]
= It’s one of the most popular movies in Korea.
LEVEL 6 LESSON 4
In this lesson, we take a look at how to ask someone if they would mind if you did something,
or if it is okay to do something.
Basically, in order to say this in Korean, you use structures -아/어/여도 되다 and -아/여/
여도 괜찮다. (You can go back to Level 4 Lesson 8 to review on how to use -아/어/여도 되
다.) Therefore, you literally say “Is it okay if I …?” or “Is it okay for me to …?”.
Let’s look at the various ways of saying this in Korean.
1. Verb stem + -아/어/여도 돼요?
This is the simplest structure. The verb 되다 [doe-da] here means “to be okay”, “to be doable”,
or “to be possible” and -아/어/여도 means “even if …” or “even when”. So all together, -아/어/여
도 되다 [-a/eo/-yeo-do doe-da] means “to be okay (even) if …”.
Sample Sentences
(1) 여기 앉아도 돼요?
[yeo-gi an-ja-do dwae-yo?]
(Verb: 앉다 /an-da/ to sit)
= Do you mind if I sit here?
(2) 창문 닫아도 돼요?
[chang-mun da-da-do dwae-yo?]
(Verb: 닫다 /dat-da/ to close)
= Do you mind if I close the window?
LEVEL 6 LESSON 4
(3) 나중에 전화해도 돼요?
[na-jung-e jeon-hwa-hae-do dwae-yo?]
(Verb: 전화하다 /jeon-hwa-ha-da/ to telephone)
= Do you mind if I call you later?
2. Verb stem + -아/어/여도 괜찮아요?
This is almost the same structure as -아/어/여도 되다, except the verb here is 괜찮다 [gwaen-
chan-ta]. These two structures are interchangeable, but -아/어/여도 괜찮아요 has a slightly
softer nuance, whereas -아/어/여도 돼요 tends to be a little more direct. By using -아/어/여도
괜찮아요, you can give the other person an impression that you are being more careful.
Sample Sentences
(1) 저 먼저 가도 괜찮아요?
[ jeo meon-jeo ga-do gwaen-cha-na-yo?]
(Verb: 가다 /ga-da/ to go)
= Do you mind if I leave first (before other people)?
(2) 이거 열어 봐도 괜찮아요?
[i-geo yeo-reo bwa-do gwaen-cha-na-yo?]
(Verb: 열다 /yeol-da/ to open)
= Do you mind if I open this?
= Do you mind if I try opening this?
(3) 내일 말해 줘도 괜찮아요?
[nae-il ma-rae jwo-do gwaen-cha-na-yo?]
LEVEL 6 LESSON 4
(Verb: 말하다 /ma-ra-da/ to tell)
= Do you mind if I tell you tomorrow?
3. Verb stem + -아/어/여도 될까요?
This structure uses the verb 되다 [doe-da] again, but here, it is used in the -(으)ㄹ까요 form,
which we introduced in Level 3 Lesson 4. By using -(으)ㄹ까요, you can express your curiosity
or uncertainty about something, therefore naturally asking for the other person’s response or
feedback. Therefore asking 될까요? makes your sentence softer and more polite than saying 돼
요?
Sample Sentences
(1) 여기 앉아도 될까요?
[yeo-gi an-ja-do dwael-kka-yo?]
= Would you mind if I sit here?
= I wonder if I can sit here?
(2) 창문 닫아도 될까요?
[chang-mun da-da-do dwael-kka-yo?]
= Could I close the window?
(3) 나중에 전화해도 될까요?
LEVEL 6 LESSON 4
[na-jung-e jeon-hwa-hae-do dwael-kka-yo?]
= Can I call you later?
4. Verb stem + -아/어/여 주실래요?
With all the three structures above, you can express “Do you mind if I …?”, asking the other
person if it would be okay if YOU did something. But if you want to ask THE OTHER PERSON
whether he or she would mind doing something, you can use the structure -아/어/여 주실래
요? [-a/eo/yeo ju-sil-lae-yo?].
주다 [ ju-da] means “to give” but when you combine it with other verbs, -아/어/여 주다 means
“to do something for someone”, and the honorific suffix -시- [-si-] makes your sentence more
polite.
Sample Sentences
(1) 조금 기다려 주실래요?
[ jo-geum gi-da-ryeo ju-sil-lae-yo?]
(Verb: 기다리다 /gi-da-ri-da/ to wait)
= Do you mind waiting for a bit?
** In casual language, you can say 조금 기다려 줄래?
(2) 한 번 더 설명해 주실래요?
[han beon deo seol-myeong-hae ju-sil-lae-yo?]
LEVEL 6 LESSON 4
(Verb: 설명하다 /seol-myeong-ha-da/ to explain)
= Do you mind explaining one more time?
** In casual language, you can say 한 번 더 설명해 줄래?
Keeping the same kind of nuance, you can change the sentence ending to the following:
(1) -아/어/여 주실래요? → -아/어/여 줄래요?
(줄래요? is a little less formal than 주실래요? without the suffix -시-.)
(2) -아/어/여 주실래요? → -아/어/여 주시겠어요?
(주시겠어요? is interchangeable with 주실래요? but a little more polite and formal.)
LEVEL 6 LESSON 4
In this lesson, we take a look at how to ask someone if they would mind if you did something,
or if it is okay to do something.
Basically, in order to say this in Korean, you use structures -아/어/여도 되다 and -아/여/
여도 괜찮다. (You can go back to Level 4 Lesson 8 to review on how to use -아/어/여도 되
다.) Therefore, you literally say “Is it okay if I …?” or “Is it okay for me to …?”.
Let’s look at the various ways of saying this in Korean.
1. Verb stem + -아/어/여도 돼요?
This is the simplest structure. The verb 되다 [doe-da] here means “to be okay”, “to be doable”,
or “to be possible” and -아/어/여도 means “even if …” or “even when”. So all together, -아/어/여
도 되다 [-a/eo/-yeo-do doe-da] means “to be okay (even) if …”.
Sample Sentences
(1) 여기 앉아도 돼요?
[yeo-gi an-ja-do dwae-yo?]
(2) 창문 닫아도 돼요?
[chang-mun da-da-do dwae-yo?]
LEVEL 6 LESSON 4
(3) 나중에 전화해도 돼요?
[na-jung-e jeon-hwa-hae-do dwae-yo?]
2. Verb stem + -아/어/여도 괜찮아요?
This is almost the same structure as -아/어/여도 되다, except the verb here is 괜찮다 [gwaen-
chan-ta]. These two structures are interchangeable, but -아/어/여도 괜찮아요 has a slightly
softer nuance, whereas -아/어/여도 돼요 tends to be a little more direct. By using -아/어/여도
괜찮아요, you can give the other person an impression that you are being more careful.
Sample Sentences
(1) 저 먼저 가도 괜찮아요?
[ jeo meon-jeo ga-do gwaen-cha-na-yo?]
= Do you mind if I leave first (before other people)?
(2) 이거 열어 봐도 괜찮아요?
[i-geo yeo-reo bwa-do gwaen-cha-na-yo?]
(Verb: 열다 /yeol-da/ to open)
= Do you mind if I open this?
= Do you mind if I try opening this?
(3) 내일 말해 줘도 괜찮아요?
[nae-il ma-rae jwo-do gwaen-cha-na-yo?]
LEVEL 6 LESSON 4
(Verb: 말하다 /ma-ra-da/ to tell)
= Do you mind if I tell you tomorrow?
3. Verb stem + -아/어/여도 될까요?
This structure uses the verb 되다 [doe-da] again, but here, it is used in the -(으)ㄹ까요 form,
which we introduced in Level 3 Lesson 4. By using -(으)ㄹ까요, you can express your curiosity
or uncertainty about something, therefore naturally asking for the other person’s response or
feedback. Therefore asking 될까요? makes your sentence softer and more polite than saying 돼
요?
Sample Sentences
(1) 여기 앉아도 될까요?
[yeo-gi an-ja-do dwael-kka-yo?]
= Would you mind if I sit here?
= I wonder if I can sit here?
(2) 창문 닫아도 될까요?
[chang-mun da-da-do dwael-kka-yo?]
= Could I close the window?
(3) 나중에 전화해도 될까요?
LEVEL 6 LESSON 4
[na-jung-e jeon-hwa-hae-do dwael-kka-yo?]
= Can I call you later?
4. Verb stem + -아/어/여 주실래요?
With all the three structures above, you can express “Do you mind if I …?”, asking the other
person if it would be okay if YOU did something. But if you want to ask THE OTHER PERSON
whether he or she would mind doing something, you can use the structure -아/어/여 주실래
요? [-a/eo/yeo ju-sil-lae-yo?].
주다 [ ju-da] means “to give” but when you combine it with other verbs, -아/어/여 주다 means
“to do something for someone”, and the honorific suffix -시- [-si-] makes your sentence more
polite.
Sample Sentences
(1) 조금 기다려 주실래요?
[ jo-geum gi-da-ryeo ju-sil-lae-yo?]
(Verb: 기다리다 /gi-da-ri-da/ to wait)
= Do you mind waiting for a bit?
** In casual language, you can say 조금 기다려 줄래?
(2) 한 번 더 설명해 주실래요?
[han beon deo seol-myeong-hae ju-sil-lae-yo?]
LEVEL 6 LESSON 4
(Verb: 설명하다 /seol-myeong-ha-da/ to explain)
= Do you mind explaining one more time?
** In casual language, you can say 한 번 더 설명해 줄래?
Keeping the same kind of nuance, you can change the sentence ending to the following:
(1) -아/어/여 주실래요? → -아/어/여 줄래요?
(줄래요? is a little less formal than 주실래요? without the suffix -시-.)
(2) -아/어/여 주실래요? → -아/어/여 주시겠어요?
(주시겠어요? is interchangeable with 주실래요? but a little more polite and formal.)
LEVEL 6 LESSON 5
In this lesson, we are going to learn how to say that you are “in the middle of doing” some-
thing in Korean. In Level 2 Lesson 10, we introduced the structure -고 있다 [-go it-da] as the
plain present progressive and now in this lesson, let us take a look at some other ways of ex-
pressing the present progressive, using the word 중 [ jung].
중 [ jung] = middle, center, medium
The word 중 [ jung] can be used with many other words to form various meanings that are
related to middle, center or medium. When you want to say “I am in the middle of doing some-
thing”, you can use 중 in the form of “-고 있는 중이다”.
-고 있는 중이다 [-go it-neun jung-i-da] = to be in the middle of + Verb-ing
The basic form of the present progressive is -고 있다 [-go it-da]. To this, you can add the end-
ing -는 to change the verb into the adjective form to modify the noun “중”.
→ -고 있 (progressive) + -는 중 (in the middle of Verb-ing)
→ -고 있는 중 + -이다 (to be)
→ -고 있는 중이다 (to be in the middle of Verb-ing)
** You only conjugate the verb -이다 at the end to express the tense of the sentence.
Sample Sentences
1. 가고 있는 중이에요.
LEVEL 6 LESSON 5
[ga-go it-neun jung-i-e-yo.]
= I am on my way.
= I am in the middle of going.
** You can say 가고 있어요 to mean the same thing, but -는 중 emphasizes the fact that you
are in doing something right at this very moment.
2. 뭐 하고 있는 중이었어요?
[mwo ha-go it-neun jung-i-eo-sseo-yo?]
(Verb: 하다 /ha-da/ to do)
= What were you doing?
= What were you in the middle of doing?
3. 열쇠를 찾고 있는 중이었어요.
[yeol-soe-reul chat-go it-neun jung-i-eo-sseo-yo.]
= I was in the middle of looking for the key.
** For all the sentences above, you can change -고 있는 중 to -는 중 to mean the same
thing.
가고 있는 중이에요. → 가는 중이에요.
뭐 하고 있는 중이에요? → 뭐 하는 중이에요?
열쇠를 찾고 있는 중이었어요. → 열쇠를 찾는 중이었어요.
Sample Mini Dialogs
LEVEL 6 LESSON 5
1.
A: 공부해요! 언제 공부할 거예요?
B: 하는 중이에요!
A: Study! When are you going to study?

B: I am!
2.
A: 뭐 하는 중이었어요?
B: 아무것도 안 했어요.
A: What were you doing?

B: I didn’t do anything.
3.
A: 다 샀어요?
B: 아직 고르는 중이에요.
(Verb: 고르다 = to choose, to pick)
A: Did you buy everything?

B: I am still in the middle of choosing.
LEVEL 6 LESSON 6 - WORD BUILDER 9
Word Builder lessons are designed to help you understand how to expand your vocabu-
lary by learning/understanding some common and basic building blocks of Korean words. The
words and letters introduced through Word Builder lessons are not necessarily all Chinese char-
acters, or 한자 [han-ja]. Though many of them are based on Chinese characters, the meanings
can be different from modern-day Chinese. Your goal, through these lessons, is to understand
how words are formed and remember the keywords in Korean to expand your Korean vocabu-
lary from there. You certainly don’t have to memorize the Hanja characters, but if you want to,
feel free!
In this lesson, we are looking at a native Korean suffix, -님 [-nim].
The word -님 [-nim] basically has the same goal as -씨 [-ssi], which is to show respect to
the person being addressed or mentioned, but -님 is much more formal and polite than -씨,
and therefore it is used very commonly with formal social titles.
You can use -님 after a person’s name when addressing him or her in the most formal way. For
example, if your acquaintance’s name is 현우, and you are speaking casual language with him,
you can just say the name alone - 현우. But if you want to be more polite and formal, you add
-씨 after the name and say 현우 씨. But if you want to be even more formal, you can use -님
instead and say 현우 님.
And sometimes on the Internet, people who don’t know each other’s name but still want to be
formal with each other just use the word “님” alone to address each other. This is mostly only
common among young people.
The following are some of the most commonly used words in Korean in which you can find the
suffix -님. Many of these words are FIXED, which means they CAN’T be used WITHOUT the suf-
fix -님. And some of them CAN be used without -님, but the nuance can change.
1. 선생님 [seon-saeng-nim] = teacher

** Almost always used with -님 attached. If you only say 선생, you may sound disrespectful. 선
생님 is used both when you address a teacher directly and when you talk about a teacher when
he or she is not present.
2. 장님 [ jang-nim] = a blind person

** Some people think it’s more appropriate to use the term 시각장애인 (visually handicapped
person), but the word 장님 is still very commonly used and you can NOT use the word without
-님 attached.
3. 의사선생님 [ui-sa-seon-saeng-nim] = doctor

** The job itself is 의사 [ui-sa] but when you address and talk to a doctor, you can not call
him/her “의사”. You need to use the word 의사선생님.
4. 교수님 [gyo-su-num] = professor

** The job itself is 교수 [gyo-su] but when you talk to a professor, you need to put the suffix -
님 and call that person “NAME + 교수님” or just “교수님”.
5. 어머님 [eo-meo-nim] = mother

** You can call your own mother 엄마 [eom-ma] or 어머니 [eo-meo-ni] if you want to be more
polite, but when you refer to someone else’s mother in a polite way or even your own in the
most formal way, you use the word 어머님. It is not natural, however, to use the term 어머님,
to talk about your own mother to someone else. In that case, 저희 어머니 [ jeo-hui eo-meo-ni],
“my mother”, is better.
6. 아버님 [a-beo-nim] = father

** The same with 어머님. You can call your own father 아빠 [a-ppa] or 아버지 [a-beo-ji], and
the most formal term is 아버님 [a-beo-nim].
7. 형님 [hyeong-nim] and 누님 [nu-nim] = brother and sister

** When men address an older man, they use the term 형 [hyeong]. But when they want to
be very polite (not necessarily “formal” in this case), they attach the suffix -님 at the end. The
same goes for 누나 [nu-na], a term for men to use to address an older female, except 누나
changes to 누님 [nu-nim] instead of 누나님.
8. 손님 [son-nim] = guest
** In the past, the sino-Korean word 손 [son] could be used on its own to mean “a guest”, but
in modern-day Korean, the suffix -님 is ALWAYS attached at the end of the word. In a more
business-related context, you can call your customers “고객님 [go-gaek-nim]”. And in the case
of the word 고객님, it is OKAY to drop -님 when you are NOT addressing a person directly.
More examples of job titles
9. 사장님 = head of company + 님
10. 과장님 = section chief + 님
11. 부장님 = head of departement (or manager) + 님
12. 총장님 = dean or president of a college + 님
LEVEL 6 LESSON 7
In this lesson, we are taking a look at the Korean expression, 어차피 [eo-cha-pi]. 어차피 can be
translated to many things in English and sometimes doesn’t translate very well. In most cases it
is used as part of a sentence, but it is used on its own very often as well.
Various translations of 어차피 [eo-cha-pi]

- anyway
- one way or the other
- not even ____ to begin with
- in any case
- after all
The basic meaning of 어차피 is “whether you choose this or choose that”
or “no matter what choice you make” and you use 어차피 when you are talking
with an expected result in mind or to show your skepticism for someones worry or expectation.
The usages of 어차피 can be best explained through examples.
Examples
1. 다시 올 거예요.
[da-si ol geo-ye-yo.]
= I will come back.
= I will come again.
= They/he/she will come again.
→ 어차피 다시 올 거예요.
[eo-cha-pi da-si ol geo-ye-yo.]
LEVEL 6 LESSON 7
= I will come back anyway. (So don’t worry if I forget something. I can take it when I come
back.)
= They will come again one way or the other. (So don’t even bother asking them to come
back.)
2. 제가 할 수 있는 일이 아니에요.
[ je-ga hal su it-neun i-ri a-ni-e-yo.]
= It’s not something that I can do.
→ 어차피 제가 할 수 있는 일이 아니에요.
[eo-cha-pi je-ga hal su it-neun i-ri a-ni-e-yo.]
= Even if I try, it’s not something that I can do.
= Don’t bother asking me. It’s not something that I can do.
= It’s already obvious. I can’t do it.
3. 늦었으니까 빨리 와.
[neu-jeo-sseu-ni-kka ppal-li wa.]
= You’re late, so hurry up!
→ 어차피 늦었으니까 천천히 와.
[eo-cha-pi neu-jeo-sseu-ni-kka cheon-cheo-ni wa.]
= You’re late already, so take your time.
= Even if you hurry up now, you are already very late, so just take your time.
More Examples
4. 어차피 해야 되는 거니까, 재미있게 해요.
LEVEL 6 LESSON 7
[eo-cha-pi hae-ya doe-neun geo-ni-kka, jae-mi-it-ge hae-yo.]
= One way or the other, you have to do it anyway, so (you’d better) try to have fun while doing
it.
5. 어차피 저도 지금 거기 가는 중이에요.
[eo-cha-pi jeo-do ji-geum geo-gi ga-neun jung-i-e-yo.]
= I am on my way there anyway.
= Even if you hadn’t asked me, I’m already in the middle of going there anyway, so don’t worry.
LEVEL 6 LESSON 8
In this lesson, let us take a look at how to say “I’m not sure if …” in Korean. First of all, you
need to remember that this is not going to be translated word for word.
“To be sure” and “to not be sure” in Korean

The word for “to be sure” or “to be certain” in Korean is 확실하다 [hwak-si-ra-da]. Therefore,
the literal translation of “to not be sure” is 확실하지 않다 [hwak-si-ra-ji an-ta], but this form is
not commonly used in everyday spoken Korean.
“Are you sure?”

When asking someone if they are sure or certain of something, you can still use the word 확실
하다 and say “확실해요?” [hwak-si-rae-yo?]. Or, sometimes you can say “정말이에요?” [ jeong-
ma-ri-e-yo?] if you want to say “Are you serious?” or “Is that real?”.
How to say “I’m not sure”

The most natural Korean expression for “I’m not sure” is “잘 모르겠어요” [ jal mo-reu-ge-sseo-
yo]. The word 모르다 means “to not know” and if you say “잘 몰라요” it means “I don’t know
well.” or “I don’t know much (about it).”
The suffix -겠- adds the nuance of assumption or intention (-겠- will be covered in more detail
in a future lesson in Level 6.), so when you say 모르겠어요, you mean “I don’t seem to know” or
“I would like to know, but I really don’t.”
잘 모르겠어요 means the same thing as 모르겠어요 because you don’t actually need the
word “잘” there, but “잘 모르겠어요” is a common and fixed expression used by many Korean
people to mean “I’m not sure” or “I don’t know for sure.”
LEVEL 6 LESSON 8
How to say “I’m not sure if …”
“If or not” or “whether or not” in Korean is expressed through the structure -(으/느)ㄴ지 [-(eu/
neu)n-ji] (Go back to Level 5 Lesson 18 to review).
-(으/느)ㄴ지 잘 모르겠어요 = I’m not sure if …

You can use interrogative words (when/what/where/how/who/why/which) with this structure,
too.
Present Tense
= -(으/느)ㄴ지 잘 모르겠어요.
Ex)
이거 누구 책인지 잘 모르겠어요.
[i-geo nu-gu chae-gin-ji jal mo-reu-ge-sseo-yo.]
= I’m not sure whose book this is.
Past Tense
= -았/었/였는지 잘 모르겠어요.
Ex)
다 끝났는지 잘 모르겠어요.
[da kkeut-nat-neun-ji jal mo-reu-ge-sseo-yo.]
= I’m not sure if it all ended.
LEVEL 6 LESSON 8
Future Tense
= -(으)ㄹ지 잘 모르겠어요.
= -(으)ㄹ 건지 잘 모르겠어요.
Ex)
서점이 내일 문을 열지 잘 모르겠어요.
[seo-jeo-mi nae-il mu-neul yeol-ji jal mo-reu-ge-sseo-yo.]
= I’m not sure if the bookstore will open tomorrow.
And if you want to add “or not” at the end, you can use the structure Verb stem + -(으/느)ㄴ지 +
Verb stem + 안 -(으/는)ㄴ지.
Sample Sentences
1. 어디로 갈지 잘 모르겠어요.
[eo-di-ro gal-ji jal mo-reu-ge-sseo-yo.]
= I’m not sure where we will go.
2. 내일 만날지 안 만날지 잘 모르겠어요.
[nae-il man-nal-ji an man-nal-ji jal mo-reu-ge-sseo-yo.]
= I’m not sure if we will meet tomorrow or not.
3. 여기가 맞는지 잘 모르겠어요.
[yeo-gi-ga mat-neun-ji jal mo-reu-ge-sseo-yo.]
= I’m not sure if this is the right place.
4. 뭘 해야 될지 잘 모르겠어요.
LEVEL 6 LESSON 8
[mwol hae-ya doel-ji jal mo-reu-ge-sseo-yo.]
= I am not sure what to do.
= I am not sure what I (will) have to do.
5. 이게 무슨 뜻인지 잘 모르겠어요.
[i-ge mu-seun tteu-sin-ji jal mo-reu-ge-sseo-yo.]
= I’m not sure what this means.
LEVEL 6 LESSON 9
In this lesson, let us take a look at the expression -(으)ㄴ/는 김에 [-eun/neun gi-me] and
how to use it to say things like “while you are there”, “while I’m at it”, or “since you are going to
do it”.
The word 김 [gim] here is a noun that literally means “an opportunity” or “a reason to do
something”. It is NOT, however, commonly used on its own to mean “opportunity” or “reason”. It
is almost always used in the structure, -(으)ㄴ/는 김에.
-(으)ㄴ/는 김에 [-eun/neun gi-me]

= While you are there
= While you are at it
= While I am there
= Since you are already going to do it
Usages
1. You can use -(으)ㄴ/는 김에 when talking about something (usually not originally planned)
that you do while you are doing something else, because it’s convenient, effective, or easy that
way.
ex) While I was visiting the library, I also stopped by the post office inside it.
2. You can use -(으)ㄴ/는 김에 when you want to ask someone to do something for you while
they are going somewhere or while they are already planning to do something.
ex) While you are at it, can you please make one for me, too?
3. You can use -(으)ㄴ/는 김에 when you want to suggest doing something based on the fact
that you are already going to do something similar or near to the place where you already are.
LEVEL 6 LESSON 9
Conjugation
You use -(으)ㄴ 김에 in past tense sentences and -는 김에 in present and future tense sentenc-
es.
Examples
1. 백화점에 가는 김에 [baek-hwa-jeo-me ga-neun gi-me]
= While I am/you are going to the department store,
(** The act of going (= 가다) hasn’t happened yet, so it’s in the present tense “가는”.)
+ 영화도 볼 거예요. [yeong-hwa-do bol geo-ye-yo.]
= I’m also going to see a movie.
+ 서점에도 갈까요? [seo-jeo-me-do gal-kka-yo?]
= shall we go to the bookstore, too?
2. 서울에 온 김에 [seo-u-re on gi-me]
= While you are/I am visiting Seoul, Since you/I came to Seoul,
(** The act of coming (= 오다) has already happened, so it’s in the past tense, “온”.)
+ 친구들을 만났어요. [chin-gu-deu-reul man-na-sseo-yo.]
= I met some friends.
+ 며칠 더 있을 거예요. [myeo-chil deo i-sseul geo-ye-yo.]
= I’m going to stay for a few more days.
LEVEL 6 LESSON 9
Sample sentences
1. 도서관에 가는 김에, 제 책도 반납해 주세요.
[do-seo-gwa-ne ga-neun gi-me, je chaek-do ban-na-pae ju-se-yo.]
= While you are at the library (Since you are going to the library anyway), please return my
book, too.
2. 여기 온 김에 커피 마실까요?
[yeo-gi on gi-me keo-pi ma-sil-kka-yo?]
= While we are here, shall we have some coffee?
3. 시작한 김에 제가 끝까지 할게요.
[si-ja-kan gi-me je-ga kkeut-kka-ji hal-ge-yo.]
= While I’m doing it (Since I’ve started it anyway), I’ll finish it (I will do it until it’s finished).
4. 밖에 나간 김에 제 부탁 하나만 들어 주세요.
[ba-kke na-gan gi-me je bu-tak ha-na-man deu-reo ju-se-yo.]
= While you are outside, please do me a favor.
5. 말이 나온 김에, 우리 피자 먹을까요?
[ma-ri na-on gi-me, u-ri pi-ja meo-geul-kka-yo?]
= Speaking of which, shall we have some pizza?
LEVEL 6 LESSON 10
In this series, we focus on how you can use the grammatical rules and expressions that you
have learned so far to train yourself to make more Korean sentences more comfortably and
more flexibly.
We will start off with THREE key sentences, and practice changing parts of these sentences so
that you don’t end up just memorizing the same three sentences. We want you to be able to
be as flexible as possible with the Korean sentences you can make.
Key Sentence #1
우리 어차피 늦을 것 같은데, 다음에 갈까요?
[u-ri eo-cha-pi neu-jeul geot ga-teun-de, da-eu-me gal-kka-yo?]
= It looks like we are going to be late anyway. Shall we go next time?
Key Sentence #2
일하는 중이어서 전화 못 받으니까 나중에 전화할게요.
[i-ra-neun jung-i-eo-seo jeon-hwa mot ba-deu-ni-kka na-jung-e jeon-hwa-hal-ge-yo.]
= I’m in the middle of working so I can’t take the call, so I’ll call you later.
Key Sentence #3
여기가 제가 제일 자주 가는 카페들 중 한 곳인데, 같이 가 볼래요?
[yeo-gi-ga je-ga je-il ja-ju ga-neun ka-pe-deul jung han go-sin-de, ga-chi ga bol-lae-yo?]
= This is one of the cafes that I visit most often. Do you want to go there together?
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Expansion & variation practice with key sentence #1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LEVEL 6 LESSON 10
0. Original Sentence:
우리 어차피 늦을 것 같은데, 다음에 갈까요?
= It looks like we are going to be late anyway. Shall we go next time?
1.
우리 어차피 늦을 거예요.
어차피 늦었어요.
어차피 이거 지금 못 해요.
2.
다음에 갈까요?
내일 할까요?
같이 할까요?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
일하는 중이어서 전화 못 받으니까 나중에 전화할게요.
= I’m in the middle of working so I can’t take the call, so I’ll call you later.
1.
일하는 중이에요. = I’m (in the middle of) working.
공부하는 중이에요. = I’m (in the middle of) studying.
책 읽는 중이었어요. = I was (in the middle of) reading a book.
LEVEL 6 LESSON 10
뭐 하는 중이었어요? = What were you doing?
2.
지금 전화 못 받으니까 나중에 전화할게요. = I can’t answer the phone now so I’ll call you later.
오늘 바쁘니까 내일 만나요. = I’m busy today so let’s meet tomorrow.
밖에 비 오니까 우산 가져가세요. = It’s raining outside so take your umbrella with you.
이거 무거우니까 같이 들어요. = It’s heavy so let’s lift it together.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
여기가 제가 제일 자주 가는 카페들 중 한 곳인데, 같이 가 볼래요?
= This is one of the cafes that I visit most often. Do you want to go there together?
1.
제가 제일 자주 가는 카페들 중 한 곳이에요. = It’s one of the cafes that I visit most often.
제가 제일 자주 만나는 친구들 중 한 명이에요. = It’s one of the friends that I meet most often.
제가 제일 좋아하는 영화들 중 하나예요. = It’s one of the movies that I like the most.
2.
같이 가 볼래요? = Do you want to go (check out the place) together?
내일 만날래요? = Do you want to meet tomorrow?
친구들 만날 건데, 같이 갈래요? = I’m going to meet my friends. Do you want to go there to-
gether?
이거 마셔 볼래요? = Do you want to try drinking this?
LEVEL 6 LESSON 11
In this lesson, let us take a look at how to say “I mean ...” in Korean. There are many ways of
saying this in Korean as the expression “I mean” has various usages in English, too. Here, we
would like to introduce four main ways to express this in Korean.
How to say “to mean” in Korean

Most English-Korean dictionaries will introduce the word “의미하다” as the first translation of
the verb “to mean”, but in Korean “의미하다” sounds very formal, and therefore it isn’t used in
everyday conversation. When you want to say “ABC means XYZ”, you can say “ABC + -은/는
+ XYZ + -라는 뜻이에요”.
Ex) ABC + -은/는 + XYZ + -라는 뜻이에요.
The word “뜻” [tteut] is a noun defined as “meaning”, and when used with the verb -이다, it
becomes 뜻이다 [tteu-si-da], expressing “it is the meaning”. When used with -라는 [-ra-neun],
which works as a quoting marker, -라는 뜻이다 means “it is the meaning of …” or “it has the
meaning of …”.
How to say “I mean/you mean” in Korean

1) 그러니까 [geu-reo-ni-kka]
When you want to reassure someone of what you are saying or make your point one more
time, you can use 그러니까. In this context, 그러니까 can be translated as “so...” in English. After
you say 그러니까, you summarize what you said before or make a more detailed explanation.
Depending on the context, however, in Korean, this can be used to mean “you mean...” when
you are checking with the other person on what he or she has said.
LEVEL 6 LESSON 11
2) 제 말 뜻은 [ je mal tteu-seun] or 제 말은 [ je ma-reun]

When you want to make sure that the other person is understanding what you are saying, and
you want to rephrase something you’ve already said, you can say “제 말 뜻은” (meaning “what I
mean is...”) or “제 말은” (meaning “what I’m saying is...”).
3) -(이)라고요 [-(i)-ra-go-yo] or -(ㄴ/은/는)다고요 [-(n/eun/neun)-da-go-yo]

When you start a sentence with 그러니까 or 제 말 뜻은, you normally end the sentence with -
라고요 or -다고요. -라고 and -다고 are both verb endings that are used to quote or cite what
someone has said. Since you are delivering your point one more time with “I mean...”, you need
to use the endings -라고 or -다고. The word -요 at the end is, as you know, used to make your
sentence polite. -(이)라고요 is used after nouns and -다고요 is used after verb stems. If your
sentence after “I mean...” is an imperative sentence, you use -(으)라고요.
4) (-(이)라는/-다는) 말이에요 [ma-ri-e-yo]

In addition to -라고요 and -다고요, another commonly used sentence ending for saying “I
mean...” in Korean is (-(이)라는/-다는) 말이에요. Here, the word 말 means “words” or “phrases”,
and -라는 or -다는 is used to quote or cite what someone has said. -라는 is used after nouns,
and -다는 is used after verb stems.
Sample Sentences
1. 정지훈, 그러니까, “비” 좋아해요?
[ jeong-ji-hun, geu-reo-ni-kka, “Bi” jo-a-hae-yo?]
= Do you like Jihoon Jeong, I mean, Rain?
2. 그러니까 이거 저 준다고요?
LEVEL 6 LESSON 11
[geu-reo-ni-kka i-geo jeo jun-da-go-yo?]
= You mean you are giving this to me?
= I mean, you are giving this to me?
= So (I mean/you mean) you are giving this to me?
3. 그러니까, 벌써 다 했다고요.
[geu-reo-ni-kka, beol-sseo da haet-da-go-yo.]
= I mean, I already finished it.
4. 그러니까 제 말은, 이 일에는 이 사람이 최고라고요.
[geu-reo-ni-kka je ma-reun, i i-re-neun i sa-ra-mi choe-go-ra-go-yo.]
= I mean, for this work, this person is the best.
5. 그러니까 혼자 간다는 말이에요?
[geu-reo-ni-kka hon-ja gan-da-neun ma-ri-e-yo?]
= You mean you are going there alone?
= I mean, you are going there alone?
Using “I mean” to correct what you’ve said

When you want to say “I mean” in the middle of a sentence to correct yourself, you can say “
아니” in Korean.
Ex)
I went there last Saturday, I mean, Sunday.
= 지난 주 토요일에, 아니, 일요일에 갔어요.
LEVEL 6 LESSON 11
Give me this one, I mean, this one.
= 이거, 아니, 이거 주세요.
How to say “I mean it” in Korean

When “I mean it” is used as a fixed expression, the most commonly used equivalent in Korean
is “진짜예요.” or “진심이에요.”
LEVEL 6 LESSON 12
In the previous lesson, we introduced how the phrase “I mean...” can be translated into various
Korean expressions. In this lesson, let’s take a look at how to ask someone in Korean, “what do
you mean?”, “what does that mean?”, or “what’s that suppose to mean?” when you can’t believe
what you’ve just heard or when you don’t understand someone’s remark or point very well.
무슨 말이에요?
[mu-seun ma-ri-e-yo?]
= What do you mean?
= What’s that supposed to mean?
= What does that mean?
= What are you talking about?
무슨 [mu-seun] means “what kind of” or “which” and 말 [mal] means “word” or “language”.
Therefore, 무슨 말 [mu-seun mal] means “what word” “which word” or “what kind of things (to
be said or written)”
무슨 말이에요? literally means “what word/language is it?”, but it is more correctly translated
as “What do you mean?” You can use 무슨 말이에요? when you are in disbelief after you hear
someone say something or when you have not clearly understood what they mean.
Ex)
A: 카메라 팔 거예요. ( I’m going to sell my camera.)
B: 무슨 말이에요? 카메라도 없잖아요. (What do you mean? You don’t even have a camera!)
무슨 소리예요?
[mu-seun so-ri-ye-yo?]
LEVEL 6 LESSON 12
무슨 소리예요? is the same as 무슨 말이에요? but it is less formal and less polite. Therefore, it
is not advised to use it to someone older than you or someone you’re supposed to be polite
to. This is because 말 means “words”, but 소리 means “sounds”. You don’t want to refer to the
words of the other person as mere “sounds”. You can use 무슨 소리예요? more safely, however,
when you are literally saying “What’s that sound?”
무슨 말씀이세요?
[mu-seun mal-sseu-mi-se-yo?]
In Korean, there are many ways of making a phrase “honorific” and one of the ways is to use
“honorific” nouns. 말씀 is the honorific version of 말.
How to literally ask “What does this mean?”

As we’ve introduced in the previous lesson, when you want to LITERALLY ask what a certain
expression means, you can use the expression “무슨 뜻이에요? [mu-seun tte-si-e-yo?]”
Sample Sentences
1. 네? 그게 무슨 말이에요?
[ne? geu-ge mu-seun ma-ri-e-yo?]
= What? What do you mean?
= Huh? What does THAT mean?
2. 그만둘 거라고요? 갑자기 무슨 말이에요?
[geu-man-dul geo-ra-go-yo? gap-ja-gi mu-seun ma-ri-e-yo?]
= You are going to quit? What do you mean all of a sudden?
3. 무슨 말이에요? 제가 왜요?
LEVEL 6 LESSON 12
[mu-seun ma-ri-e-yo? je-ga wae-yo?]
= What do you mean? Why (do) I (have to …)?
= What do you mean? Why me?
4. 무슨 말인지 잘 모르겠어요.
[mu-seun ma-rin-ji jal mo-reu-ge-sseo-yo.]
= I’m not sure what you mean.
= I don’t know what you are talking about.
5. 무슨 말인지 알겠어요.
[mu-seun ma-rin-ji al-ge-sseo-yo.]
= I know what you mean.
= I understand what you are saying.
Word Builder lessons are designed to help you understand how to expand your vocabu-
lary by learning/understanding some common and basic building blocks of Korean words. The
words and letters introduced through Word Builder lessons are not necessarily all Chinese char-
acters, or 한자 [han-ja]. Though many of them are based on Chinese characters, the meanings
can be different from modern-day Chinese. Your goal, through these lessons, is to understand
how words are formed and remember the keywords in Korean to expand your Korean vocabu-
lary from there. You certainly don’t have to memorize the Hanja characters, but if you want to,
feel free!
In this lesson, we are looking at the word 과 [gwa]. When 과 is written in Hanja as “ 過”, it
means “to surpass”, “to go over”, “to pass” or “too much”.
과 (to surpass, too much) + 식 (eat) = 과식 過食 [gwa-sik] = eating too much,
overeating
과 (to surpass, too much) + 음 (drink) = 과음 過飮 [gwa-eum] = drinking too
much, excessive drinking
과속 過速
과 (to surpass, too much) + 속 (to be fast) = [gwa-sok] = speeding
통 (to go through) + 과 (to pass) = 통과 通過 [tong-gwa] = pass, passing
through, passing (a test)
간 (to see) + 과 (to pass) = 간과 看過 [gan-gwa] = failure to notice, passing
over
과 (too much) + 민 (agile, quick) = 과민 過敏 [gwa-min] = being hypersensitive
과 (too much) + 로 (labor) = 과로 過勞 [gwa-ro] = working too much, too
much labor
과 (to pass) + 거 (to go) = 과거 過去 the past [gwa-geo] =
과대 過大
과 (to surpass, too much) + 대 (to be big) = [gwa-dae] = too big, over-
sized
과 (to pass) + 정 (way, limit) = 과정 過程 [gwa-jeong] = process
과 (to surpass, too much) + 소비 (consumption) = 과소비 過消費 [gwa-so-bi] =
overspending, excessive consumption
과 (too much) + 신 (to believe) = 과신 過信 [gwa-sin] = overconfidence
LEVEL 6 LESSON 14
In this lesson, we take a look at the expression -(으)ㄹ 겸 [-(eu)l gyeom] and how it is used.
-(으)ㄹ 겸 is used to express something or an action that has dual purposes or positions. It can
be translated as “/ (slash)” or “and” when used with nouns, and as “(while doing something
else) to do XYZ as well” when used with verbs.
겸
When you want to say “breakfast/lunch” or “singer/actor”, you use the word 겸 [gyeom].
Examples
1. 아침 겸 점심
[a-chim gyeom jeom-sim]
= breakfast/lunch, brunch
2. 가수 겸 배우
[ga-su gyeom bae-u]
= singer and actor, singer/actor
3. 화가 겸 작곡가
[hwa-ga gyeom jak-gok-ga]
= painter/composer, painter and composer
-(으)ㄹ 겸
When you want to talk about an action that has two or more purposes, you can list them using
-(으)ㄹ 겸 [-(eu)l gyeom]. When you just mention one purpose using -(으)ㄹ 겸 in a sentence,
the other purpose has to be understood from the context. And since -(으)ㄹ 겸 usually has the
nuance of “both at the same time”, you often use the particle -도 (meaning “also”) after the
LEVEL 6 LESSON 14
noun that comes before “Verb + -(으)ㄹ 겸”.
Examples
1. 바람 좀 쐴 겸 밖에 나왔어요.
[ba-ram jom ssoel gyeom ba-kke na-wa-sseo-yo.]
= (There’s another reason/purpose, too, but) I came outside to get some fresh air.
2. 영어 공부도 할 겸, 영어로 된 소설을 읽고 있어요.
[yeong-eo gong-bu-do hal gyeom, yeong-eo-ro doen so-seo-reul il-go i-sseo-yo.]
= (I’m doing it because it’s fun, too, but) I’m reading a novel written in English to study English
as well.
3. 친구 생일 선물도 살 겸, 제 옷도 볼 겸, 백화점에 갈 거예요.
[chin-gu saeng-il seon-mul-do sal gyeom, je ot-do bol gyeom, bae-kwa-jeo-me gal geo-ye-yo.]
= I’m going to go to the department store to buy a present for my friend’s birthday and, at the
same time, look at some clothes for myself.
4. 산책도 할 겸, 사진도 찍을 겸, 남산에 갔어요.
[san-cheok-do hal gyeom, sa-jin-do jji-geul gyeom, nam-sa-ne ga-sseo-yo.]
= I went to Namsan to take a walk and also to take some photos.
-(으)ㄹ 겸 해서
Sometimes, when people feel that just saying -(으)ㄹ 겸 is a little too short, they add the word
해서 after that and say -(으)ㄹ 겸 해서. It has the same meaning as -(으)ㄹ 겸, but -(으)ㄹ 겸 해
서 is usually used with the second verb when there are two verbs used as “purposes” for doing
something.
LEVEL 6 LESSON 14
Ex)
산책도 할 겸, 사진도 찍을 겸 = 산책도 할 겸 해서, 사진도 찍을 겸 해서
LEVEL 6 LESSON 15
In Korean, when you are talking about the definition of something or when you want to express
what you think is the definition or the nature of something, you can use the expression -(이)
라는 것은. It can be followed by various types of sentence endings, including -라고 생각해요 (I
think that...), -인 것 같아요 (It seems that...), etc.
-(이)라는 것은
-(이)라는 것은 is a shortened form of -(이)라고 하는 것은. The structure -(이)라고 하다 means
“to say …”, and 것 [geot] means “thing” or “fact”, so together, -(이)라고 하는 것 means “the
thing that is called” or “what they call …”.
Examples
부자라는 것은
[bu-ja-ra-neun geo-seun]
= What they call “부자” is ...
= A rich man is …
= (I think that) A rich man is ...
자유라는 것은
[ ja-yu-ra-neun geo-seun]
= What they call “자유” is...
= Freedom is …
= (I think that) Freedom is …
우정이라는 것은
[u-jeong-i-ra-neun geo-seon]
= What they call “friendship” is...
LEVEL 6 LESSON 15
= Friendship is...
사람의 마음이라는 것은
[sa-ra-mui ma-eu-mi-ra-neun geo-seun]
= I think a person’s mind/heart is...
More Examples
사랑이라는 것은
[sa-rang-i-ra-neun geo-seun]
= Love is...
삶이라는 것은
[sal-mi-ra-neun geo-seun]
= Life is...
꿈이라는 것은
[kku-mi-ra-neun geo-seun]
= Dream is...
Shortening -(이)라는 것은 to -(이)란

To make it even more convenient to say, people often shorten -(이)라는 것은 to -(이)란.
Ex)
사랑이라는 것은 → 사랑이란
삶이라는 것은 → 삶이란
LEVEL 6 LESSON 15
Sample Sentences
1. 사랑이란 무엇일까요?
[sa-rang-i-ran mu-eo-sil-kka-yo?]
= What is love?
2. 사랑이란 쉽지 않아요.
[sa-rang-i-ran swip-ji a-na-yo.]
= Love is not easy.
3. 자유라는 것은 (자유란), 아무거나 마음대로 하는 것이 아니에요.
[ ja-yu-ra-neun geo-seun, a-mu-geo-na ma-eum-dae-ro ha-neun geo-si a-ni-e-yo.]
= Freedom doesn’t mean doing whatever (you want to do) in any way you like.
4. 진정한 친구란, 어려울 때 도와 주는 친구예요.
[ jin-jeong-han chin-gu-ran, eo-ryeo-ul ttae do-wa ju-neun chin-gu-ye-yo.]
= A true friend is a friend who helps (you) when things are difficult.
LEVEL 6 LESSON 16
In this lesson, let us take a look at the suffix -겠-. It is very commonly used in everyday Korean,
but often not understood very well by learners, mainly because it has so many different mean-
ings and usages.
Various Usages of -겠-

You can use -겠- to ask someone’s intention, to express what you are going to do, to talk about
something that will happen, to show your assumption about something, or to talk about possi-
bilities or capabilities. It is also often used in fixed expressions such as 처음 뵙겠습니다 (= Nice
to meet you.) and 잘 먹겠습니다 (= Thank you for the food.).
1. -시겠어요? / -시겠습니까? = “Would you …?” “Would you like to …?”

This usage is only used in very formal Korean. In more casual Korean, you would use -(으)ㄹ래
(요)? (Review Level 4 Lesson 2 for this grammar point). The honorific suffix -시- is always used
with -겠- in this usage.
Ex)
어디로 가시겠어요?
[eo-di-ro ga-si-ge-sseo-yo?]
= Where would you like to go?
Similar: 어디로 갈래(요)?
2. -겠- (used to express one’s intention) = I’m going to …, I’d like to ...
Mostly used in formal Korean, -겠- can also express one’s intention to do something. In more
casual Korean, the same meaning can be expressed through -(으)ㄹ게(요) (Review Level 3 Les-
son 6 for this grammar point).
LEVEL 6 LESSON 16
Ex)
제가 하겠습니다.
[ je-ga ha-ge-sseum-ni-da]
= I’ll do it.
말하지 않겠습니다.
[ma-ra-ji an-ke-sseum-ni-da]
= I won’t tell you.
3. -겠- (used to express one’s opinion/idea/assumption) = I think, I guess, I

assume
This is the most common usage of -겠- in casual and everyday conversation in Korean. You can
use -겠- to show your opinion or assumption about something or what will happen, but you
also give a nuance that you are somewhat careful with your opinion.
Ex)
아프겠어요.
[a-peu-ge-sseo-yo.]
= That must hurt.
Ex)
이게 좋겠어요.
[i-ge jo-ke-sseo-yo.]
= I think this will be good.
Ex)
LEVEL 6 LESSON 16
늦겠어요.
[neut-ge-sseo-yo.]
= (I think) You’ll be late.
** When you want to express your assumption or ask someone else’s opinion
about a possibility or a capability, you can use -겠-.
Ex)
혼자서도 되겠어요?
[hon-ja-seo-do doe-ge-sseo-yo?]
= Do you think you could handle it on your own?
저도 들어가겠네요.
[ jeo-do deu-reo-ga-get-ne-yo.]
= Even I would (be able to) fit in.
4. -겠- used in fixed expressions

In addition to the usages above, -겠- is also commonly used in some fixed expressions.
Ex)
알겠습니다.
[al-ge-sseum-ni-da.]
= I got it. I understand.
Ex)
모르겠어요.
LEVEL 6 LESSON 16
[mo-reu-ge-sseo-yo.]
= I don’t get it. I don’t know. I am not sure.
Ex)
힘들어 죽겠어요.
[him-deu-reo juk-ge-sseo-yo.]
= I’m so tired. This is so tough.
LEVEL 6 LESSON 17
In this lesson, we are going to take a look at the commonly used verb ending, -거든(요). It
has a very subtle meaning, and when used correctly and appropriately, it can make your Korean
sound much more natural and fluent.
Usages of -거든(요)
1. -거든(요) can be used to express a reason or some background explanation for something,
except, -거든(요) forms a separate sentence from the sentence expressing a result. Other ex-
pressions that can express reasons for something are -아/어/여서, -(으)니까, and -기 때문에, but
these are used in the same sentence with the result. However, -거든(요) is mostly added sepa-
rately to your statement about what happened or will happen.
Ex)
저도 모르겠어요. 저 방금 왔거든요.
[ jo-do mo-reu-ge-sseo-yo. jeo bang-geum wat-geo-deun-yo.]
= I don’t know either. I just got here.
내일은 안 바빠요. 오늘 일을 다 끝냈거든요.
[nae-i-reun an ba-ppa-yo. o-neul i-reul da kkeut-naet-geo-deun-yo.]
= I’m not busy tomorrow. (Because) I finished all the work today.
2. -거든(요) can also be used when you are implying that your story is continued. When you
mention one thing in a sentence that ends with -거든(요), the other person will expect you to
mention another thing that’s related to what you just said in the next sentence.
Ex)
제가 지금 돈이 없거든요. 만원만 빌려 주세요.
LEVEL 6 LESSON 17
[ je-ga ji-geum do-ni eop-geo-deun-yo. ma-nwon-man bil-lyeo ju-se-yo.]
= I don’t have any money now. (So...) Please lend me just 10,000 won.
지난 주에 제주도에 갔거든요. 그런데 계속 비가 왔어요.
[ ji-nan ju-e je-ju-do-e gat-geo-deun-yo. geu-reon-de gye-sok bi-ga wa-sseo-yo.]
= I went to Jeju Island last week. But it kept raining.
Sample Sentences
1. 제가 지금 좀 바쁘거든요.
[ je-ga ji-geum jom ba-ppeu-geo-deun-yo.]
= I’m a little busy now, so...
2. 아까 효진 씨 만났거든요. 그런데 이상한 말을 했어요.
[a-kka hyo-jin ssi man-nat-geo-deun-yo. geu-reon-de i-sang-han ma-reul hae-sseo-yo.]
= I met Hyojin earlier. But she said something strange.
3. 아직 말할 수 없어요. 비밀이거든요.
[a-jik mal-hal su eop-seo-yo. bi-mi-ri-geo-deun-yo.]
= I can’t tell you yet. (Because) it’s a secret.
** Generally, -거든요 is used when you want to soften your speech or express
a reason for something indirectly, but sometimes when you are upset, you
can use -거든요 as the sentence ending to express the reason that supports
or explains your anger.
LEVEL 6 LESSON 17
Ex)
필요 없거든요!
[pi-ryo eop-geo-deun-yo!]
= I don’t need it!
이미 늦었거든요!
[i-mi neu-jeot-geo-deun-yo!]
= It’s already too late!
LEVEL 6 LESSON 18
Welcome back to another TalkToMeInKorean lesson. Sometimes very simple words in English
can become something more complicated in Korean and vice versa. Today’s key expression is an
example of that. In this lesson, let us learn how to say “or” in Korean.
The word “or” can be used to link nouns, adverbs, adjectives, verbs, or even sentences. You
don’t need to use a different expression for all of these different usages in English, but in Ko-
rean, depending on what kind of word you are linking, the translations for “or” can be different.
Noun + OR + noun
In order to link two nouns, you need to use -(이)나.
Ex)
공원이나 영화관
[gong-won-i-na yeong-hwa-gwan]
= a park or a movie theater
학생이나 선생님
[hak-saeng-i-na seon-saeng-nim]
= a student or a teacher
여기나 저기
[yeo-gi-na jeo-gi]
= here or there
You can also use the word 아니면, which originally literally means “if not”.
LEVEL 6 LESSON 18
Ex)
- 공원 아니면 영화관
- 학생 아니면 선생님
- 여기 아니면 저기
Verb + OR + verb
Since adjectives are essentially “descriptive verbs” in Korean, adjectives and verbs are linked in
the same manner. After verb stems, you need to use -거나.
Ex)
먹거나
[meok-geo-na]
= eat or ...
전화하거나
[ jeon-hwa-ha-geo-na]
= make a phone call or ...
집에 가거나
[ ji-be ga-geo-na]
= go home or ...
The tense (present, past or future) is expressed through the last verb, so the last verb has to be
conjugated accordingly to show the tense of the entire sentence.
LEVEL 6 LESSON 18
Ex)
집에 가거나 친구를 만날 거예요.
[ ji-be ga-geo-na chin-gu-reul man-nal geo-ye-yo.]
= I will (either) go home or meet a friend.
Sometimes people add -거나 to all of the sentences (Ex: 집에 가거나, 친구를 만나거나) and in
that case, they use the verb 하다 (= to do) to finish the sentence.
Ex)
집에 가거나 친구를 만나거나 할 거예요.
In addition to using -거나 at the end of the sentence, you can add 아니면 as well between the
two actions.
Ex)
집에 가거나 아니면 친구를 만날 거예요.
** There are other ways of saying “or” with verbs, such as “-든지” and “-든가” but more on
those in future lessons!
Sentence + OR + Sentence
In the previous usages, we’ve seen that -(이)나 is used with nouns and -거나 is used with
verbs. When you want to say “or” between two sentences, you simply use 아니면. 아니면 is
broken down to “아니다 (= to be not) + -(으)면 (= if)”. 아니면 literally means “if not” or “if
that’s not the case”.
LEVEL 6 LESSON 18
Ex)
집에 갈 거예요? 아니면 친구를 만날 거예요?
[ ji-be gal geo-ye-yo? a-ni-myeon chin-gu-reul man-nal geo-ye-yo?]
= Are you going to go home? Or are you going to meet a friend?
이거 살 거예요? 아니면 다른 거 살 거예요?
[i-geo sal geo-ye-yo? a-ni-myeon da-reun geo sal geo-ye-yo?]
= Are you going to buy this? Or are you gong to buy something else?
LEVEL 6 LESSON 19
In Level 4 Lesson 28, we introduced the verb ending -아/어/여지다 and how it is used to
express “to become + adjective”.
Examples:
예쁘다 = to be pretty
예뻐지다 = to become pretty
조용하다 = to be silent
조용해지다 = to become silent
But some adjective words (or descriptive verb) are so commonly used in this -아/어/여지다 form
that they are almost considered as independent verbs and have a single-word translation in
English as well.
#1
달라지다 [dal-la-ji-da]
다르다 [da-reu-da] = to be different
다르 → 달라 + -아지다 = 달라지다 = to change, to become different
Sample Sentences
여기 많이 달라졌어요.
[yeo-gi ma-ni dal-la-jyeo-sseo-yo.]
= This place has changed a lot.
뭔가 달라진 것 같아요.
LEVEL 6 LESSON 19
[mwon-ga dal-la-jin geot ga-ta-yo.]
= I feel like something has changed.
#2
좋아지다 [ jo-a-ji-da]
좋다 [ jo-ta] = to be good, to be likeable
좋 → 좋 + -아지다 = 좋아지다 = to get better, to improve, to be enhanced, to start to like
Sample Sentences
이 가수가 좋아졌어요.
[i ga-su-ga jo-a-jyeo-sseo-yo.]
= I started to like this singer.
= I like this singer now.
노래 실력이 좋아졌어요.
[no-rae sil-lyeo-gi jo-a-jyeo-sseo-yo.]
= My singing skills have improved.
#3
많아지다 [ma-na-ji-da]
많다 [man-ta] = to be a lot, to be abundant
많 → 많 + -아지다 = 많아지다 = to increase
Sample Sentences
LEVEL 6 LESSON 19
한국으로 여행 오는 사람들이 많아졌어요.
[han-gu-geu-ro yeo-haeng o-neun sa-ram-deu-ri ma-na-jyeo-sseo-yo.]
= The (number of) people who come to Korea for traveling have increased.
학생이 많아졌어요.
[hak-saeng-i ma-na-jyeo-sseo-yo.]
= The students have increase.
#4
없어지다 [eop-seo-ji-da]
없다 [eop-da] = to be not there, to not exist, to not have
없 → 없 + -어지다 = 없어지다 = to disappear
Sample Sentences
제 핸드폰이 없어졌어요.
[ je haen-deu-po-ni eop-seo-jyeo-sseo-yo.]
= My cellphone has disappeared.
아까 여기 있었는데 없어졌어요.
[a-kka yeo-gi i-sseot-neun-de eop-seo-jyeo-sseo-yo.]
= It was here earlier but it disappeared.
LEVEL 6 LESSON 20
more flexibly.
We will start off with THREE key sentences, and practice changing parts of these sentences so
that you don’t end up just memorizing the same three sentences. We want you to be able to
Key Sentence #1
쇼핑도 할 겸, 친구도 만날 겸, 홍대에 갈 수도 있어요.
[syo-ping-do hal gyeom, chin-gu-do man-nal gyeom, hong-dae-e gal su-do i-sseo-yo.]
= I might go to Hongdae, so I could do some shopping as well as meet a friend while I’m here.
Key Sentence #2
내일 다시 오거나, 아니면 다른 사람에게 부탁할게요.
[nae-il da-si o-geo-na, a-ni-myeon da-reun sa-ra-me-ge bu-ta-kal-ge-yo.]
= I will either come again tomorrow or ask someone else.
Key Sentence #3
그러니까, 누구하고 같이 갈 거라고요?
[geu-reo-ni-kka, nu-gu-ha-go ga-chi gal geo-ra-go-yo?]
= So I mean, who did you say you were going to go with?
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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LEVEL 6 LESSON 20
쇼핑도 할 겸, 친구도 만날 겸, 홍대에 갈 수도 있어요.
= I might go to Hongdae, so I could do some shopping as well as meet a friend while I’m here.
1.
친구도 만날 겸 = so I could meet a friend as well
공부도 할 겸 = to do some studying (as well as do something else)
인사도 할 겸 = to say hi (to someone while I’m here)
가격도 알아볼 겸 = to check the prices as well (while I’m here doing something else)
2.
홍대에 갈 수도 있어요. = I might go to Hongdae.
친구를 만날 수도 있어요. = I might meet a friend.
제 친구가 알 수도 있어요. = My friend might know.
다시 올 수도 있어요. = I might come back again.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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내일 다시 오거나, 아니면 다른 사람에게 부탁할게요.
= I will either come again tomorrow or ask someone else.
1.
LEVEL 6 LESSON 20
내일 다시 오거나 = come again tomorrow or
친구를 만나거나 = meet a friend or
친구한테 물어보거나 = ask a friend or
여기에서 기다리거나 = wait here or
2.
아니면 다른 사람에게 부탁할게요. = or I will ask someone else.
아니면 나중에 다시 할게요. = or I will do it again later.
아니면 그냥 제가 할게요. = or I will just do it myself.
아니면 여기에 있을 수도 있어요. = or it might be here.
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그러니까, 누구하고 같이 갈 거라고요?
= So I mean, who did you say you were going to go with?
1.
그러니까, 누구하고 갈 거예요? = So, who are you going to go with?
그러니까 이거 뭐예요? = I mean, what is this?
그러니까 혼자 왔다고요? = You mean you came here alone?
그러니까 제가 안 했어요. = What I’m saying is, I didn’t do it.
2.
누구하고 같이 갈 거라고요? = You said you were going to go with whom? / Again, who are
LEVEL 6 LESSON 20
you going with?
언제 할 거라고요? = You said you were going to do it when? / Again, when are you going to
do it?
이게 뭐라고요? = What did you say this was? / Again, what is this?
LEVEL 6 LESSON 21
In this lesson, we take a look at how to make sentences in the passive voice.
What is Passive Voice?

Passive voice is a form of sentence in which the focus is on the recipient of an action, rather
than the subject. For example, when you *make* something, that something is *made* by you.
When you recommend a book to someone, the book *is recommended* by you. That is passive
voice, and the opposite of passive voice is active voice.
How to make passive voice sentences in Korean

In English, you change the verb into its “past participle” form and add it after the BE verb, but
in Korean you need to conjugate the verb in the “passive voice” form by adding a suffix or a
verb ending.
Suffixes for passive voice in Korean
Verb stem + -이/히/리/기

Verb stem + -아/어/여지다
Passive voice in English and passive voice in Korean are a little different, since, just by adding
one of these suffixes to the verb stem, the “passive voice” verb itself can actually work like a
stand-alone active verb in Korean.
Meanings
In English, passive voice sentences are just ‘passive voice’ sentences. But in Korean, the verbs
take the meaning of “can/to be possible/to be doable/would” as well. Therefore it’s almost even
incorrect to call it the ‘passive voice’ in this case. But in this Part 1, let’s look at the ‘passive
voice’ meaning of these verb endings.
LEVEL 6 LESSON 21
Difference between -아/어/여지다 and -이/히/리/기
There is no clear rule about which verb stem should be followed by -아/어/여지다 and which
should be followed by -이/히/리/기. Native speakers usually determine which ending to use,
based on their previous experience of hearing the words being used.
Conjugation rule #1: Verb stem + -아/어/여지다

In Level 4 Lesson 28, we introduced -아/어/여지다 as the conjugation for changing an adjective
into the “to become + adjective” form, but when you use -아/어/여지다 with ACTION verbs, the
verbs take the passive voice meaning.
1. Change the verb into the present tense.
2. Drop -(아/어/여)요.
3. Add -(아/어/여)지다.
Example 1
자르다 [ ja-reu-da] = to cut
자르다 is a “르 irregular” verb so it’s conjugated to 잘라요 in the present tense. You drop -요
and add -지다, and you have 잘라지다.
자르다 → 잘라지다
Example 2
풀다 [pul-da] = to let loose
풀다 → 풀(어요) → 풀어지다
LEVEL 6 LESSON 21
Example 3
주다 [ ju-eo-ji-da] = to give
주다 → 주(어요) → 주어지다
Conjugation rule #2 Verb stem + -이/히/리/기

There is no ‘single’ rule that determines which verb stem or letter is followed by which among
이, 히, 리 and 기, but the general rule is as follows:
(1) 이
When the dictionary form of the verb ends in
-ㅎ다,
이 is added to the verb ending and it is changed to
-ㅎ이다
Ex)
놓다 (to put down) → 놓이다 (to be put down)
쌓다 (to pile up) → 쌓이다 (to be piled up)
(2) 히
-ㄱ다, -ㄷ다 or ㅂ다,
히 is added to the verb ending and it is changed to
-ㄱ히다, ㄷ히다 or ㅂ히다.
LEVEL 6 LESSON 21
Ex)
먹다 (to eat) → 먹히다 (to be eaten)
닫다 (to close) → 닫히다 (to get closed)
잡다 (to catch) → 잡히다 (to get caught)
(3) 리
-ㄹ다,
-리 is added to the verb ending and it is changed to
-ㄹ리다.
Ex)
밀다 (to push) → 밀리다 (to be pushed)
(4) 기
-ㄴ다, ㅁ다, ㅅ다 or ㅊ다
-기 is added to the verb ending and it is changed to
-ㄴ기다, -ㅁ기다, -ㅅ기다 or -ㅊ기다
Ex)
안다 (to hug) → 안기다 (to be hugged)
담다 (to put something in a basket/bag) → 담기다 (to be put into a basket/bag)
씻다 (to wash) → 씻기다 (to be washed)
LEVEL 6 LESSON 21
쫓다 (to chase) → 쫓기다 (to be chased)
-이/히/리/기 + -아/어/여지다 (Double Passive Voice)
Sometimes, these two types of verb endings are used TOGETHER in one verb.
Ex)
놓다 → 놓이다 → 놓여지다
안다 → 안기다 → 안겨지다
There is no ‘standard’ explanation for this, but this is most likely because people want to clarify
and emphasize the passive voice of the verb. Some grammarians argue that this ‘double passive
voice’ is incorrect, but it is already being widely used.
Passive Voice of 하다 Verbs

하다 verbs are combinations of other nouns and 하다, such as 이용하다 (to use), 연구하다 (to
research), etc. In order to change these 하다 verbs into the passive voice, you need to change 하
다 to 되다.
이용하다 → 이용되다 (to be used)
연구하다 → 연구되다 (to be researched)
Even for 하다/되다, double passive voice is often used.
이용되다 = 이용되어지다
LEVEL 6 LESSON 21
연구되다 = 연구되어지다
This is Part 1 of the Passive Voice lesson. In Part 2, let us look at how passive voice in Korean
takes the meaning of “possibility” or “capability”.
Word Builder lessons are designed to help you understand how to expand your vocabulary by
learning/understanding some common and basic building blocks of Korean words. The words
and letters introduced through Word Builder lessons are not necessarily all Chinese characters,
or 한자 [han-ja]. Though many of them are based on Chinese characters, the meanings can be
different from modern-day Chinese. Your goal, through these lessons, is to understand how
words are formed and remember the keywords in Korean to expand your Korean vocabulary
from there. You certainly don’t have to memorize the Hanja characters, but if you want to, feel
free!
Today’s keyword is 무 .
These Chinese character for this is 無.

The word 무 is related to “none”, “nothing”, and “non-existence”.
무 (none) + 공해 (pollution) = 무공해 無公害 [mu-gong-hae] = pollution-free,
clean
무 (none) + 료 (fee) = 무료 無料 [mu-ryo] = free of charge
무 (none) + 시 (to see) = 무시 無視 [mu-si] = to overlook, to neglect, to disre-
gard
무 (none) + 책임 (responsibility) = 무책임 無責任 [mu-chae-gim] = irresponsi-
bility
무 (none) + 조건 (condition) = 무조건 無條件 unconditionally [mu-jo-geon] =
무 (none) + 죄 (sin, guilt) = 무죄 無罪 innocent, not guilty

[mu-joe] =
무 (none) + 능력 (ability) = 무능력 無能力 incapability, [mu-neung-ryeok] =
incompetence
무 (none) + 한 (limit) = 무한 無限 infinite, limitless

[mu-han] =
무 (none) + 적 (enemy) = 무적 無敵 unbeatable, invincible

[mu-jeok] =
무 (none) + 사고 (accident) =무사고 無事故 no accident [mu-sa-go] =
무 (none) + 관심 (interest) =무관심 無關心 indifference, [mu-gwan-sim] =
showing no interest
무 (none) + 명 (name) = 무명 無名 [mu-myeong] = not popular, unknown
무 (none) + 인 (person) = 무인 無人 [mu-in] = unmanned, uninhabited
LEVEL 6 LESSON 23
Welcome to Part 2 of the Passive Voice lesson! In Part 1, we learned how sentences
in the Passive Voice are made in general. In this part, let us take a look at how the passive voice
in English and in Korean are different, as well as some more example sentences.
Let’s review a little bit first.
Suffixes for passive voice in Korean
Verb stem + -이/히/리/기
Verb stem + -아/어/여지다
Again, there is no fixed rule for which verb stem should be followed by one of the -이/히/리/기
suffixes and which should be followed by -아/어/여지다. And some verbs have the identical
meaning when followed by either of these two.
So for example, “to make” in Korean is 만들다 [man-deul-da]. And when you conjugate this us-
ing -아/어/여지다, you have 만들어지다 [man-deu-reo-ji-da] and that’s how you say that some-
thing “gets made” or “gets created”.
만들다 = to make
→ 만들어지다 = to be made, to get made
주다 = to give
→ 주어지다 = to be given
자르다 = to cut
→ 잘리다 = to be cut
LEVEL 6 LESSON 23
→ 잘라지다 = to be cut
Another meaning for passive voice sentences in Korean

In Korean, in addition to the meaning of an action “being done”, the meaning of “possibility” or
“capability” is also very commonly used with the passive voice sentences. (The basic idea is that,
when you do something, if something gets done, it is doable. If something doesn’t get done
when you do or try to do it, it’s not doable or not possible to do.)
This meaning of “possibility” or “capability” does not signify YOUR ability or capability so much
as it does the general “possibility” of that certain action being done.
Examples
만들다 is “to make”, and when you say 만들어지다, in the original passive voice sense, it would
mean “to be made.” But 만들어지다 can not only mean “to be made”, but it can also mean “can
be made”.
Ex)
이 핸드폰은 중국에서 만들어져요.
[i haen-deu-po-neun jung-gu-ge-seo man-deu-reo-jyeo-yo.]
= This cellphone is made in China.
케익을 예쁘게 만들고 싶은데, 예쁘게 안 만들어져요.
[ke-i-geul ye-ppeu-ge man-deul-go si-peun-de, ye-ppeu-ge an man-deu-reo-jyeo-yo.]
= I want to make this cake in a pretty shape, but I can’t make it pretty.
(In the 2nd example sentence, you can see that the person is NOT directly saying that he or
LEVEL 6 LESSON 23
she CAN’T make a pretty cake, but that the cake DOESN’T get made in a pretty shape.)
More Examples
1. 이거 안 잘라져요.
[i-geo an jal-la-jyeo-yo.]
= This doesn’t get cut.
= I can’t cut it. (more accurate)
2. 안 들려요.
[an deul-lyeo-yo.]
= It is not heard.
= I can’t hear you. (more accurate)
3. 안 보여요.
[an bo-yeo-yo.]
= It is not seen.
= I can’t see it.
하다 vs 되다
Since the passive voice form represents “possibility” or “capability”, the passive voice form of 하
다, which is 되다, takes the meaning of “can”.
하다 = to do (active voice)
되다 = to be done, to get done (passive voice)
되다 = can be done, can do (possibility/capability)
LEVEL 6 LESSON 23
Ex)
이거 안 돼요.
[i-geo an dwae-yo.]
= This doesn’t get done.
= I can’t do this. (more accurate)
= I can’t seem to do it. (more accurate)
이해가 안 돼요.
[i-hae-ga an dwae-yo.]
= Understanding is not done.
= It is not understood.
= I can’t understand. (more accurate)
= I don’t understand. (more accurate)
More examples with 되다

And from there, more usages of 되다 are formed.
Originally, 되다 means “to be done” but it can also mean things like:
- can be served
- to be available
- can be spoken
- can be done
- can be made
- can be finished
etc
LEVEL 6 LESSON 23
Ex)
여기 김밥 돼요?
[yeo-gi gim-bap dwae-yo?]
= Do you have/serve kimbap here?
영어가 안 돼서 걱정이에요.
[yeong-eo-ga an dwae-seo geok-jeong-i-e-yo.]
= I’m worried because I can’t speak English.
오늘 안에 돼요?
[o-neul a-ne dwae-yo?]
= Can you finish it today?
So how often does the passive voice take the meaning of “possibility”?
Through Part 1 and 2 of this lesson, we have looked at how the passive voice sentences are
formed and used. First, you need to figure out (by being exposed to a lot of Korean sentences)
which of the endings is used in the passive voice form. And also, you need to tell from the con-
text of the sentence whether the verb is used in the original “passive” voice or in the sense of
“possibility/capability”.
Often times, though, sentences that would be certainly be in the passive voice are written in the
active voice in Korean. This is because, in English, in order to NOT show the subject of a certain
action in a sentence, you used the passive voice, but in Korean, you can easily drop the subject,
so you don’t have to worry about it as much.
For example, when you say “this was made in Korea”, who are you referring to? Who made it? Do
LEVEL 6 LESSON 23
you know? Probably not. Therefore, in English, you just say that “it was made in Korea”. But in
Korean, you don’t have to worry about the subject of the verb, so you can just use the ac-
tive voice form and say 한국에서 만든 거예요. or 한국에서 만들었어요. In these two sentences,
the verbs are in the active voice, but no one asks “so who made it?” and understands it as the
same meaning as “it was made (by somebody) in Korea”.
LEVEL 6 LESSON 24
When you want to emphasize an action or state in English, you either do it by adding more
stress to the verb in the intonation, or by adding the word “do” in front of the verb.
Example #1
A: It’s not easy.
B: No, it IS easy!
Example #2
A: Why did you not go there?
B: I DID go, but I came back early.
Example #3
A: Do you think you can do it?
B: Well, I COULD do it, but I don’t want to do it.
Now in this lesson, let us take a look at how to express these in Korean.
The simplest way to do this is by changing the intonation.
A: 왜 안 했어요? [wae an hae-sseo-yo?] = Why didn’t you do it?

B: 했어요! [hae-sseo-yo!] = I DID do it!
The above is when you are simply disagreeing with the other person and presenting a different
fact.
But if you want to add some conditions or premises to your sentence and say “I did do it, but...”
or “I do like it, but...” you need to use a different verb ending.
Example #1
A: So you didn’t even do it?
B: I did!! I DID do it, but I had some help.
LEVEL 6 LESSON 24
Example #2
A: Can you do it?
B: I COULD do it, but I don’t want to do it.
Now let’s look at how to express these in Korean.
The key is “-기는”. This is the noun form -기 plus the topic marker -는. The topic marker is
used to show contrast.
Example #1
갔어요. [ga-sseo-yo.] = I went (there).
→ 가기는 갔어요. [ga-gi-neun ga-sseo-yo.] = I DID go (there) but...
→ 가기는 했어요. [ga-gi-neun hae-sseo-yo.] = I DID go (there) but...
→ 가기는 갔는데, 일찍 왔어요. [ga-gi-neun gat-neun-de, il-jjik wa-sseo-yo.] = I DID go there,
but I came back early.
→ 가기는 갈 거예요. [ga-gi-neun gal geo-ye-yo.] = I WILL go, but … ( + other premises )
Example #2
봤어요. [bwa-sseo-yo.] = I saw (it).
→ 보기는 봤어요. [bo-gi-neun bwa-sseo-yo.] = I DID see (it) but ...
→ 보기는 했어요. [bo-gi-neun hae-sseo-yo.] = I DID see (it) but …
→ 보기는 봤는데 기억이 안 나요. [bo-gi-neun bwat-neun-de gi-eo-gi an-na-yo.] = I DID see it,
but I don’t remember.
How to say “I COULD do it but ...”

To say that you can do something, you use the structure, -(으)ㄹ 수 있다. And since here,
-(으)ㄹ 수 is a NOUN GROUP that literally means “a method for doing something” or “possibil-
ity/ability”, you can JUST use the topic marker without having to change it again into the noun
form. It’s already a noun.
Example
LEVEL 6 LESSON 24
할 수 있어요. [hal su i-sseo-yo.] = I can do (it).

→ 할 수는 있어요. [hal su-neun i-sseo-yo.] = I COULD do it, but …
→ 할 수는 있는데, 안 하고 싶어요. [hal su-neun it-neun-de, an ha-go si-peo-yo.] = I COULD do
it, but I don’t want to.
→ 할 수는 있는데, 조건이 있어요. [hal su-neun it-neun-de, jo-geo-ni i-sseo-yo.] = I COULD do
it, but there’s a condition.
More Sample Sentences

1. 어제 친구를 만나기는 했는데, 금방 헤어졌어요.
[eo-je chin-gu-reul man-na-gi-neun haet-neun-de, geum-bang he-eo-jyeo-sseo-yo.]
= I DID meet a friend yesterday, but we parted soon.
2. 시간 맞춰서 도착하기는 했는데, 준비를 못 했어요.

[si-gan mat-chwo-seo do-cha-ka-gi-neun haet-neun-de, jun-bi-reul mot hae-sseo-yo.]
= I DID manage to get there on time, but I couldn’t prepare.
3. 읽기는 읽었는데 이해가 안 돼요.

[il-gi-neun il-geot-neun-de i-hae-ga an dwae-yo.]
= I DID read it, but I don’t understand it.
4. 좋기는 좋은데, 너무 비싸요.

[ jo-ki-neun jo-eun-de, neo-mu bi-ssa-yo.]
= It IS good, but it’s too expensive.
5. 맛있기는 맛있는데, 좀 짜요.

[ma-sit-gi-neun ma-sit-neun-de, jom jja-yo.]
= It IS delicious, but it’s a bit salty.
LEVEL 6 LESSON 25
In this lesson, let us take a look at how to say that something is easy or difficult to do. To say
this, you need to use the noun form of verbs, ending with -기.
To be easy to + V = -기 쉽다
To be difficult to + V = -기 어렵다
“Verb stem + -기” is a noun form, therefore in principle, there has to be a marker after it, but in
the forms above, the marker is dropped.
Which markers were dropped?

It depends on the context, but -기 쉽다/어렵다 can be either originally -기에 쉽다/어렵다 or
originally -기가 쉽다/어렵다.
-기에 쉽다/어렵다
When you use the marker -에, it means that something is easy/difficult FOR + V-ing.
-기가 쉽다/어렵다
When you use the marker -가, it means that “DOING something” is easy/difficult.
Let’s look at some examples.
Example #1
제 이름은 발음하기(가) 어려워요.
[ je i-reu-meun ba-reum-ha-gi-ga eo-ryeo-wo-yo.]
= My name is difficult to pronounce.
= As for my name, pronouncing it is difficult.
Example #2
이건 만들기(가) 어려워요.
[i-geon man-deul-gi-ga eo-ryeo-wo-yo.]
= This is difficult to make.
LEVEL 6 LESSON 25
= As for this, making it is difficult.
Example #3
이건 어린이가 사용하기(에) 어려워요.
[i-geon eo-ri-ni-ga sa-yong-ha-gi-e eo-ryeo-wo-yo.]
= This is difficult for a child to use.
= Using this is difficult for a child.
** In this example, since the subject of the verb 사용하다 is 어린이 and 어린이 is followed by -
가, the subject marker, it sounds rather repetitive to use -가 again, so in this kind of sentence,
people tend to use -에 instead of -가 before 쉬워요/어려워요.
Example #4
사용하기가 쉬워요.
[sa-yong-ha-gi-ga swi-wo-yo.]
= It’s easy to use.
사용하기에 쉬워요.
[sa-yong-ha-gi-e swi-wo-yo.]
= Using it is easy.
** In this case, -가 쉬워요 and -에 쉬워요 both work because the sentences are short.
In all of the above sentences, you can drop -가 or -에 from -기가 or -기에.
1. 제 이름은 발음하기가 어려워요. --> 제 이름은 발음하기 어려워요.

2. 이건 만들기가 어려워요. --> 이건 만들기 어려워요.
3. 이건 어린이가 사용하기에 어려워요. --> 이건 어린이가 사용하기 어려워요.
4. 사용하기가 쉬워요. --> 사용하기 쉬워요.
5. 사용하기에 쉬워요. --> 사용하기 쉬워요.
LEVEL 6 LESSON 25
Other words can also be used with “Verb stem + -기(가/에)”.
Examples
-기(가) 편리하다 / -기(에) 편리하다
= to be convenient to + V / to be convenient for + V-ing
-기(가) 좋다 / -기(에) 좋다
= to be good to + V / to be good for + V-ing
-기(가) 불편하다 / -기(에) 불편하다

= to be inconvenient to + V / to be inconvenient for + V-ing
LEVEL 6 LESSON 26
In this lesson, let us take a look at how to say things like “I thought you would do it”, “I
didn’t think you would do it”, “I thought I was ...”, etc.
The key structure used for this is -(으)ㄴ/ㄹ 줄 알다.
-(으)ㄴ 줄 알다 = to know/think that someone has done something

-(으)ㄹ 줄 알다 = to know/think that someone will do something
(Note that -(으)ㄴ is usually associated with the past tense and -(ㅇ)ㄹ is usually used with the
future tense.)
Even though -(으)ㄴ/ㄹ 줄 알다 can be used in present tense or future tense sentences, it is
mostly used in the past tense. That means the verb 알다 is mostly used in the form, 알았어요.
Let us look at some examples first.
비가 올 줄 알았어요.
= I knew it was going to rain.
= I thought it was going to rain.
사람이 많을 줄 알았어요.
= I knew there would be a lot of people.
= I thought there would be a lot of people.
How to tell whether it means “I knew” or “I thought”?

The meanings can be very different between “I knew you would like it” and “I thought you
would like it”. The written form for both of these in Korean is the same, but the intonation in
spoken Korean is different. When you have more stress on the verb “알다”, it means “I knew”
and when the stress is on the -(으)ㄴ/ㄹ 줄 part, it means “I thought”.
Ex)
LEVEL 6 LESSON 26
제가 말할 줄 알았어요?
(with emphasis on 알았어요?) = Did you know that I would tell you?
(with emphasis on 말할 줄) = Did you think that I would tell you?
Ex)
어디로 갈 줄 알았어요?
(with emphasis on 알았어요?) = Did you know where he(she/they) would go?
(with emphasis on 어디로) = Where did you think he(she/they) would go?
Difference between -(으)ㄴ 줄 알다 and -(으)ㄹ 줄 알다

Basically -(으)ㄴ 줄 알다 expresses your knowledge or assumption about a PAST ACTION or a
PRESENT STATE, whereas -(으)ㄹ 줄 알다 expresses your knowledge or assumption about a FU-
TURE action or state.
To express your knowledge or assumption about a PRESENT ACTION, you need to use -는 줄
알다.
예쁜 줄 알다
= (with emphasis on 알다) to know that something/someone is pretty
= (with emphasis on 예쁜 줄) to think that something/someone is pretty
Ex)
제 친구는 자기가 세상에서 제일 예쁜 줄 알아요.
[ je chin-gu-neun ja-gi-ga se-sang-e-seo je-il ye-ppeun jul a-ra-yo.]
= My friend thinks that she is the prettiest in the world.
간 줄 알다
= (with emphasis on 알다) = to know that someone has gone somewhere
= (with emphasis on 간 줄) = to think that someone has gone somewhere
Ex)
LEVEL 6 LESSON 26
제가 학교에 간 줄 알았어요?
[ je-ga hak-gyo-e gan jul a-ra-sseo-yo?]
= (with emphasis on 알았어요?) = Did you know that I had gone to school?
= (with emphasis on 간 줄) = Did you think that I had gone to school?
How to say “I didn’t know I would ...” and “I didn’t think I would ...”
For making the -(으)ㄹ 줄 알았어요 a negative sentence, there are two ways.
One is to change 알았어요 to 몰랐어요. The other is to add “안” to the original sentence.
Ex)
오늘 눈이 올 줄 알았어요.
[o-neul nu-ni ol jul a-ra-sseo-yo.]
= I knew it would snow today.
= I thought it would snow today.
→
오늘 눈이 올 줄 몰랐어요.
[o-neul nu-ni ol jul mol-la-sseo-yo.]
= I didn’t know it would snow today.
오늘 눈이 안 올 줄 알았어요.
[o-neul nu-ni an ol jul a-ra-sseo-yo.]
= I thought it would not snow today.
Sample Sentences
1. 이게 여기 있을 줄 몰랐어요.
[i-ge yeo-gi i-sseul jul mol-la-sseo-yo.]
= I didn’t know it would be here.
2. 저는 효진 씨도 올 줄 알았어요.
LEVEL 6 LESSON 26
[ jeo-neun hyo-jin ssi-do ol jul a-ra-sseo-yo.]

= I thought Hyojin would come too.
3. 이렇게 비싼 줄 몰랐어요.
[i-reo-ke bi-ssan jul mol-la-sseo-yo.]
= I didn’t know it was this expensive.
4. 저는 안 어려울 줄 알았어요.
[ jeo-neun an eo-ryeo-ul jul a-ra-sseo-yo.]
= I thought it would not be difficult.
5. 제가 뭐라고 말할 줄 알았어요?
[ je-ga mwo-ra-go mal-hal jul a-ra-sseo-yo?]
= What did you think I would say?
LEVEL 6 LESSON 27
In the previous lesson, we learned how to use -(으)ㄹ 줄 알다 to say “to think/know that some-
thing will happen”. This sentence ending, however, can be also used to express “can”, “to be
able to”, or “to know how to”. The same meanings can also be expressed through -(으)ㄹ 수 있
다, so through this lesson, let’s find out how these two verb endings are used similarly or differ-
ently to express “can” or “to be able to”.
-(으)ㄹ 수 있다
This ending was introduced in Level 2 Lesson 17. This is the basic way to say “can” or “to be
able to”. When the particle -도 [-do] is used after the noun 수 [su], it becomes -(으)ㄹ 수도 있다
and it means that something “could” happen or something “might be” in a certain state.
수 [su] basically means “possibility” or “method”.
Ex)
이거 할 수 있어요?
[i-geo hal su i-sseo-yo?]
= Can you do this?
언제 올 수 있어요?
[eon-je ol su i-sseo-yo?]
= When can you come?
여기에서 뭐 살 수 있어요?
[yeo-gi-e-seo mwo sal su i-sseo-yo?]
= What can I buy here?
How to say “can NOT”

You need to change 있다 [it-da] to 없다 [eop-da].
-(으)ㄹ 줄 알다
This structure was introduced in the previous lesson as a sentence ending that means “to think/
LEVEL 6 LESSON 27
know that something will happen/be in a certain state”. But when you are talking about “know-
ing how to do something” or “being able to do something”, 줄 [ jul] here means “method” or
“how”.
-(으)ㄹ 줄 = how/method
알다 = to know
-(으)ㄹ 줄 알다 = to know how to + V, to be able to + V
Ex)
운전 할 줄 알아요?
[un-jeon hal jul a-ra-yo?]
= Do you know how to drive?
= Can you drive?
김치 만들 줄 알아요?
[gim-chi man-deul jul a-ra-yo?]
= Do you know how to make kimchi?
= Can you make kimchi?
영어 할 줄 알아요?
[yeong-eo hal jul a-ra-yo?]
= Do you (know how to) speak English?
= Can you speak English?
How to say “can NOT”

You need to change 알다 [al-da] to 모르다 [mo-reu-da]. 모르다 means “to not know”.
Difference between -(으)ㄹ 수 있다 and -(으)ㄹ 줄 알다

-(으)ㄹ 수 있다 is the basic way to say “can” or “to be able to”, so it usually refers to one’s
actual “capability” of doing something. And on the other hand, -(으)ㄹ 줄 알다 means that you
LEVEL 6 LESSON 27
know how to do something, and you can do it, but in most cases, you have LEARNED how to
do it. Therefore there can some things that you CAN (-을 수 있다) do (potentially), but CAN’T
do it yet because you still don’t know how to do it.
Ex)
아직 할 줄 몰라요. 그런데 할 수 있어요.
[a-jik hal jul mol-la-yo. geu-reon-de hal su i-sseo-yo.]
= I don’t know how to do it yet. (I can’t do it yet.) But I can do it.
More Sample Sentences

1. 이거 할 줄 알아요?
[i-geo hal jul a-ra-yo?]
= Do you know how to do this?
2. 저는 영어 할 줄 몰라요.
[ jeo-neun yeong-eo hal jul mol-la-yo.]
= I don’t speak English.
= I don’t know how to speak English.
= I can’t speak English.
3. 그거 한국어로 말할 수 있어요?
[geu-geo han-gu-geo-ro mal-hal su i-sseo-yo?]
= Can you say that in Korean?
그거 한국어로 말할 줄 알아요?
= Do you know how to say that in Korean?
4. 자전거 탈 줄 알아요?
[ ja-jeon-geo tal jul a-ra-yo?]
= Do you know how to ride a bike?
= Can you ride a bike?
자전거 탈 수 있어요?
LEVEL 6 LESSON 27
[ ja-jeon-geo tal su i-sseo-yo?]

= Can you ride a bike?
= Can you ride a bike (now/like that)?
How to tell which meaning -(으)ㄹ 줄 알다 takes

-(으)ㄹ 줄 알다 can mean either “to know how to” and “to know/think that something will hap-
pen”. There is no certain rule for this, but you can usually figure out by context.
Examples
제가 올 줄 알았어요?
[ je-ga ol jul a-ra-sseo-yo?]
In the example above, if you interpret it as “Did I know how to come here?”, it is a bit weird.
So you know it SHOULD mean “Did you know I would come here?” or “Did you think I would
come here?”
이거 만들 줄 알아요?
[i-geo man-deul jul a-ra-yo?]
In the example above, if you interpret it as “Do you think …” or “Do you know …”, you don’t
have enough information to figure out who’s going to make “this” and this meaning is usually
not commonly used in the present tense, so you know it’s easier to understand it as a ques-
tion, asking “Do you know how to make this?”
LEVEL 6 LESSON 28
In this lesson, let us look at how to say “It depends on …” or just “It depends” in Korean.
The verb “to depend” is literally translated to 의지하다 [ui-ji-ha-da] or 의존하다 [ui-jon-ha-
da], but this is only when you are talking about actually being “dependent” on someone about
a certain matter.
So, for example, if you want to say something like, “Don’t depend on your parents”, you can use
the verb 의지하다 or 의존하다 and say “부모님한테 의지하지 마세요.”
But when you want to say, “it depends on the situation”, “it depends on the person”, or “it
depends on how soon you finish this”, you need to use the structure -에 따라 다르다 [-e
tta-ra da-reu-da] or -마다 다르다 [-ma-da da-reu-da].
-에 따라 다르다 [-e tta-ra da-reu-da]

-에 따라 [-e tta-ra] means “according to”, “in compliance with”, or “in accordance with”. 다르다
[da-reu-da] means “to be different”. Literally, this structure means “it changes/becomes different
in accordance with” something.
Examples
1. 때에 따라 달라요.
[ttae-e tta-ra dal-la-yo.]
= It depends on the time.
= It depends on when it is.
2. 상황에 따라 달라요.
[sang-hwang-e ttar-ra dal-la-yo.]
= It depends on the situation.
3. 사람에 따라 달라요.
[sa-ra-me tta-ra dal-la-yo.]
= It depends on the person.
LEVEL 6 LESSON 28
You can also say -에 따라”서” 다르다 and it means the same.
Ex)
때에 따라 달라요.
= 때에 따라서 달라요.
상황에 따라 달라요.
= 상황에 따라서 달라요.
-마다 다르다 [-ma-da da-reu-da]

-마다 [-ma-da] means “every”. So 아침마다 [a-chim-ma-da] is “every morning” and 밤마다
[bam-ma-da] is “every night”, and when you use -마다 with 다르다, it means “it is different for
every …”.
Examples
1. 사람마다 달라요.
[sa-ram-ma-da dal-la-yo.]
= For every person, it’s different.
= It depends on the person.
2. 나라마다 달라요.
[na-ra-ma-da dal-la-yo.]
= It depends on the country.
3. 해마다 달라요.
[hae-ma-da dal-la-yo.]
= It depends on the year.
= It’s different every year.
Difference between -에 따라 and -마다

These two are usually interchangeable, but -마다 can only be used with nouns, whereas -에 따
LEVEL 6 LESSON 28
라 can also be used with a clause. In order for -에 따라 to be used with a clause, however, you
need to conjugate the verb into the -는지 form.
Also, while -에 따라 has a stronger meaning of “it depends on the certain item/circumstance”,
-에 마다 can also have the meaning that something constantly changes, even not really “in ac-
cordance with” the item or circumstance.
For example, 해마다 달라요 can mean “it depends on that year” or “it changes every year”.
Verb stem + -는지에 따라(서) 다르다
Examples
1. 언제 가는지에 따라 달라요.
[eon-je ga-neun-ji-e tta-ra dal-la-yo.]
= It depends on when you go there.
2. 어디서 사는지에 따라 달라요.

[eo-di-seo sa-neun-ji-e tta-ra dal-la-yo.]
= It depends on where you buy it.
3. 누구한테 이야기하는지에 따라서 달라요.

[nu-gu-han-te i-ya-gi-ha-neun-ji-e tta-ra-seo dal-la-yo.]
= It depends on whom you talk to.
-는지에 따라 = -느냐에 따라
Sometimes you will also hear people saying -느냐에 따라 instead of -는지에 따라. They are
interchangeable, but -느냐에 따라 is slightly more commonly used in spoken Korean.
달라요 vs 달라져요
You will also often hear people saying “달라져요” instead of “달라요”. This is when they want
to put stress on the nuance that it “becomes” different, but usually just saying “달라요” is clear
enough.
LEVEL 6 LESSON 29
In this lesson, we are going to look at how to say “sometimes I do this, sometimes I do
that” or “sometimes it’s like this, other times it’s like that” in Korean.
In order to say this, there are a few things you need to know. First of all, you need to know how
to use the -(으)ㄹ 때 ending, which means “when + S + V”. And you also need to know
how the topic marker -는 is used to show contrast.
How to say “sometimes” in Korean

When the word “sometimes” is used just to show the frequency of an action, you can say 가
끔 [ga-kkeum], 가끔씩 [ga-kkeum-ssik], or 때때로 [ttae-ttae-ro]. (가끔 and 가끔씩 are more
common in spoken Korean than 때때로.)
But when you want to literally say “some times” and “other times”, you use the expression, 어
떨 때 [eo-tteol ttae].
어떨 때 comes from 어떻다 + -(으)ㄹ + 때.
어떻다 [eo-tteo-ta] means “to be how” or “to be in what kind of state” and -(으)ㄹ marks a
future action or state, and 때 [ttae] means “time” or “when”. So literally, 어떨 때 means “when
what state will happen” or “when things are how”. Therefore when more naturally translated, 어
떨 때 means “in what kind of situation”, “in what kind of times” or even just “when”.
Ex)
어떨 때 영화 보고 싶어요?
[eo-tteol ttae yeong-hwa bo-go si-peo-yo?]
= When do you (usually) feel like watching a movie?
어떨 때 제일 힘들어요?
[eo-tteol ttae je-il him-deu-reo-yo?]
= When do you (usually) have the hardest time?
LEVEL 6 LESSON 29
As you can notice from the examples above, 어떨 때 is commonly used when you are asking
about a general pattern or habit, whereas 언제 [eon-je] would just have the plain meaning of
“when”.
어떨 때 can also be used, however, to mean “sometimes”. But this is when you want to show
contrast between “some times” and “other times”. Therefore, you usually use 어떨 때 with the
topic marker, -는.
어떨 때는 [eo-tteol ttae-neun] = sometimes + certain state/action

+
어떨 때는 [eo-tteol ttae-neun] = other times + another state/action
Like shown above, you can repeat 어떨 때는. Let’s take a look at some examples.
커피요? 어떨 때는 마시는데, 어떨 때는 안 마셔요.

[keo-pi-yo? eo-tteol ttae-neun ma-si-neun-de, eo-tteol ttae-neun an ma-syeo-yo.]
= Coffee? Sometimes I drink it, but other times, I don’t drink it.
어떨 때는 혼자 있는 것이 좋은데, 어떨 때는 싫어요.
[eo-tteol ttae-neun hon-ja it-neun geo-si jo-eun-de, eo-tteol ttae-neun si-reo-yo.]
= Sometimes, I like being alone, but other times, I don’t like it.
If you want to be more specific and say “other times” in Korean, too, you can use the expres-
sion “다른 때는”, using the verb “다르다”.
Although 어떨 때는 is more commonly used, some people also use 어떤 때는, since it is in the
present tense.
Sample Sentences
1. 그 사람은 어떨 때는 친절한데, 어떨 때는 정말 불친절해요.
[geu sa-ra-meun eo-tteol ttae-neun chin-jeo-ran-de, eo-tteol ttae-neun jeong-mal bul-chin-
LEVEL 6 LESSON 29
jeo-rae-yo.]
= Sometimes, he is kind, but other times, he is very unkind.
2. 어떨 때는 일을 그만두고 싶은데, 어떨 때는 일 하는 게 좋아요.

[eo-tteol ttae-neun i-reul geu-man-du-go si-peun-de, eo-tteol ttae-neun il ha-neun ge jo-a-
yo.]
= Sometimes I feel like quitting my job, but other times, I like working.
You can also use the ending -(으)ㄹ 때도 있어요 after the second 어떨 때는 clause.
For example, the above sentence can be changed to 어떨 때는 일을 그만두고 싶은데, 어떨 때

는 일 하는 게 좋을 때도 있어요.
-(으)ㄹ 때 means “a time when …” and -도 있어요 means “there are also …”, therefore this is to
express the meaning “there are also times when...”.
3. 어떨 때는 운동하는 게 재미있는데, 어떨 때는 운동하고 싶지 않을 때도 있어요.

[eo-tteol ttae-neun un-dong-ha-neun ge jae-mi-it-neun-de, eo-tteol ttae-neun un-dong-ha-go
sip-ji a-neul ttae-do i-sseo-yo.]
= Sometimes, working out is fun, but other times, there are also times when I don’t feel like
doing exercise.
LEVEL 6 LESSON 30
more flexibly.
We will start off with THREE key sentences, and practice changing parts of these sentences
so that you don’t end up just memorizing the same three sentences. We want you to be able to
Key Sentence #1
별로 안 어려울 줄 알았는데 생각보다 어려웠어요.
[byeol-lo an eo-ryeo-ul jul a-rat-neun-de saeng-gak-bo-da eo-ryeo-wo-sseo-yo.]
= I thought it wouldn’t be so difficult, but it was more difficult than I had thought.
Key Sentence #2
그 사람 알기는 아는데, 자주 안 만나는 편이에요.
[geu sa-ram al-gi-neun a-neun-de, ja-ju an man-na-neun pyeo-ni-e-yo.]
= I DO know him, but I don’t really meet him often.
Key Sentence #3
제 이름은 발음하기가 어려워서, 잊어버리기 쉬워요.
[ je i-reu-meun ba-reum-ha-gi-ga eo-ryeo-wo-seo, i-jeo-beo-ri-gi swi-wo-yo.]
= My name is difficult to pronounce, so it’s easy to forget.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LEVEL 6 LESSON 30
별로 안 어려울 줄 알았는데 생각보다 어려웠어요.
= I thought it wouldn’t be so difficult, but it was more difficult than I had thought.
1.
별로 안 어려울 줄 알았는데 = I thought it wouldn’t be so difficult but
아무도 없을 줄 알았는데 = I thought nobody would be here but
여기에 있을 줄 알았는데 = I thought it would be here but
괜찮을 줄 알았는데 = I thought it would be okay but
2.
생각보다 어려웠어요. = It was more difficult than I thought.
생각보다 빨리 끝났어요. = It finished earlier than I thought.
생각보다 간단했어요. = It was simpler than I thought.
생각보다 비쌀 수도 있어요. = It might be more expensive than you think.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
그 사람 알기는 아는데, 자주 안 만나는 편이에요.
= I DO know him, but I don’t really meet him often.
1.
그 사람 알기는 아는데 = I DO know him, but
LEVEL 6 LESSON 30
이거 좋기는 좋은데 = This IS good, but
비싸기는 비싼데 = It IS expensive, but
하기는 할 건데 = I AM going to do it, but
2.
자주 안 만나는 편이에요. = I don’t really meet him often.
별로 안 좋아하는 편이에요. = I don’t really like it.
다른 사람들보다는 잘하는 편이에요. = I am rather good at it, compared to other people.
가끔씩 가는 편이에요. = I go there sometimes.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
제 이름은 발음하기가 어려워서, 잊어버리기 쉬워요.
= My name is difficult to pronounce, so it’s easy to forget.
1.
제 이름은 발음하기가 어려워요. = My name is difficult to pronounce.
이건 혼자서 만들기가 어려워요. = This is difficult to make by yourself.
지도가 복잡해서 찾아가기 어려워요. = The map is complicated so it’s difficult to find the place.
한국어는 배우기 어렵지 않아요. = Korean is not difficult to learn.
2.
잊어버리기 쉬워요. = It is easy to forget.
실수하기 쉬워요. = It is easy to make a mistake.
LEVEL 6 LESSON 30
포기하기 쉬워요. = It is easy to give up.
찾기 쉬워요. = It is easy to find.

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TalkToMeInKorean.

com - Free Korean Lesson Notes

Examples (with nouns)

= How about this?

2. 생일 선물로 카메라 어때요?

[saeng-il seon-mul-lo ka-me-ra eo-ttae-yo?]

= How about a camera as your/his/their birthday present?

= How about tomorrow?

Examples (with verbs)

[da-si ha-neun geo eo-ttae-yo?]

= How about doing it again?

2. 다른 사람한테 물어보는 거 어때요?

[da-reun sa-ra-man-te mu-reo-bo-neun geo eo-ttae-yo?]

= How about asking other people?

3. 안으로 들어가는 거 어때요?

[a-neu-reo geu-reo-ga-neun geo eo-ttae-yo?]

= How about going inside?

[i-geo si-reo-yo? i-geo(-neun) eo-ttae-yo?]

= You don’t like this? How about this one?

2. 내일 만나서 이야기하는 거 어때요?

[nae-il man-na-seo- i-ya-gi-ha-neun geo eo-ttae-yo?]

= How about meeting and talking about it tomorrow?

[i-reo-ke ha-neun geo eo-ttae-yo?]

= How about doing it this way?

-는 거 + topic marker (은/는) → -는 거 + 는 → - 는 건

이렇게 하는 거 어때요? [ Neutral ]

= How about doing it this way?

이렇게 하는 게 어때요? [ + Subject Marker ]

= How about doing it this way?

* The meaning is almost the same as the neutral sentence.

이렇게 하는 건 어때요? [ + Topic Marker ]

= What do you think?

two most commonly used expressions.

= What do you think?

= What do you think?

form, it becomes 어떻게 [eo-tteo-ke].

어떻게 생각해요? is literally translated as “HOW think?”

(**To review on the -(으/느)ㄴ 것 같다, go back to Level 3 Lesson 9.)

What do you think ABOUT + NOUN?

About school = 학교에 대해서

About me = 저에 대해서 (formal language), 나에 대해서 (casual language)

About what = 뭐에 대해서

What do you think about _______?

= _______에 대해서 어떻게 생각해요?

What do you think ABOUT + VERB-ing?

이렇게 하다 = to do it like this

→ “이렇게 하는 것”에 대해서 = about doing it this way

→ “물어보는 것”에 대해서 = about asking

[i chae-ge dae-hae-seo eo-tteo-ke saeng-ga-ka-se-yo?]

= What do you think about this book?

[i chaek eo-tteon geot ga-ta-yo?]

= What do you think about this book?

2. 어릴 때 유학을 가는 것에 대해서 어떻게 생각하세요?

[eo-ril ttae yu-ha-geul ga-neun geo-se dae-hae-seo eo-tteo-ke saeng-ga-ka-se-yo?]

= What do you think about studying abroad at a young age?

[eo-ril ttae yu-hak ga-neun geo, eo-tteon geot ga-ta-yo?]

= What do you think about studying abroad at a young age?

3. 제 아이디어에 대해서 어떻게 생각하세요?

[ je a-i-di-eo-e dae-hae-seo eo-tteo-ke saeng-ga-ka-se-yo?]