Science is a search for knowledge and truth.

It is a systematized body of knowledge based on facts and pieces of evidence

through experimentation and observation. The application of scientific knowledge is called Technology.

 PURE SCIENCE – a theoretical study of natural or physical phenomena without regard to physical application
 APPLIED SCIENCE - develop practical uses of scientific knowledge.

PURE SCIENCE

1. Physical Science – refers to the study of nonliving matter.

 Chemistry – deals with the properties, composition, and structure of elements and compounds, how they can
change, and the energy that is released or absorbed when they change
 Physics – deals with the study of matter and energy, including light, sound, electricity, magnetism, radiation,
and motion.
2. Earth Science – deals with the scientific study of Earth
 Geology – a branch of science that involves the study of the origin, history, evolution, and structure of the
earth’s crust.
 Paleontology – It is the scientific study of prehistoric life based mainly on fossils of animals and plants
 Meteorology – Study of the atmosphere that focuses on weather processes and forecasting
 Seismology – Study of earthquakes and movement of waves through Earth
 Astronomy – Study of celestial bodies such as stars, comets, planets, galaxies, and phenomena that originate
outside Earth’s atmosphere such as cosmic background radiation
 Oceanography – the study of the physical, chemical, and biological features of the ocean, including the ocean's
ancient history, its current condition, and its future
3. Life Science – deals with the study of living organisms.
 Biology – the study of living organisms and their vital processes
 Botany – the study of plants including the properties and life phenomena
 Zoology – the study of all aspects of animal life
 Ecology – the study of organisms and how they interact with the environment around them
 Genetics – the scientific study of genes and heredity—of how certain qualities or traits are passed from parents
to offspring as a result of changes in DNA sequence
 Anthropology - the study of the origin and development of human societies and cultures
 Microbiology - the study of the biology of microscopic organisms - viruses, bacteria, algae, fungi, slime molds,
and protozoa
 Physiology - deals with the working of the body's parts and their specific roles.
 Anatomy - deals with the body's structure, different parts like cells, tissues, organs, and organ system
 Paleontology - the study of ancient life, from dinosaurs to prehistoric plants, mammals, fish, insects, fungi, and
even microbes

A Scientist is someone who systematically gathers and uses research and evidence, to make hypotheses and test them, to gain
and share understanding and knowledge.

A scientist has a certain attitude that guides him/her in solving problems.

 Careful Judgement – not easily jumping to conclusions. The judgment is based on facts and reliable information.
 Creativity – can generate original ideas. Find new and alternative answers to problems.
 Humility – humble and do not boast about their achievements. Do not belittle others whom you think do not meet their
standards.
 Critical Mindedness – willing to evaluate the evidence presented to support a conclusion. Prefer accuracy of facts and
reliability of sources of information.
 Patience – the ability to spend more time or days of work to finish a task and get the accurate results
 Resourcefulness – think of possible alternative solutions to problems they are working on.
 Objectivity – record actual observation and data accurately. They interpret data based on actual observations and
experiments.

Gavino C. Trono is a Filipino marine biologist dubbed as the "Father of Kappaphycus farming". He
has been conferred the rank of National Scientist of the Philippines for contributions
to the study of tropical marine phycology, focusing on seaweed biodiversity
Angel Chua Alcala is known for his fieldwork to build sanctuaries and promote biodiversity in the
aquatic ecosystems of the Philippines
Ramon Barba Filipino inventor and horticulturist best known for inventing a way to induce more
flowers in mango trees using potassium nitrate.
 Edgardo D Gomez  Filipino biologist who was recognized for his contributions to marine ecosystems,
coral reef ecology, and conservation, reestablishment of giant clam stocks and
restoration as well as coral reefs assessment and conservation

Aristotle (384-322 BC) Student of Plato and a tutor to Alexander the Great, Aristotle was a genius Greek
philosopher and scientist of the ancient age. Aristotle also elaborated and estimated
the size of the earth which Plato assumed to be a globe. Aristotle explained the chain
of life through his study of flora and fauna where it turned from simple to more
complex
Archimedes (287-212 BC) He developed profound and influential knowledge of mathematical physics and
engineering that are widely used in machines as well as in construction. He
introduced infinitesimals and laid the foundation for calculus. He gave descriptions
of the first finite geometric progression, computed areas, and volumes of a sphere and
parabolic segments. He also discovered the laws of a lever, density, fluid equilibrium,
and buoyancy in different fields of statics and hydrostatics
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642 AD) Galileo is called the “father of modern science” because of his discoveries in
astronomy and physics. He made the first telescope to observe stars and planets. He
also discovered the law of the pendulum as he watched a chandelier swing in the
cathedral of Pisa. He also discovered that the surface of the moon was not smooth but
contained burrows and holes to what he called a crater. He discovered 4 revolving
moons around Jupiter which are named after him.
Michael Faraday (1791-1867 AD) Known for his discoveries of electromagnetic inductions and rotations, field theory,
dia-magnetization, and the magneto-optical effect. This humble genius invented the
electric motor and Faraday’s ring.
Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931 He made an incandescent bulb that burned long enough to be practical, long enough
AD) to light a home for many hours. His invention also includes phonographs, Automatic
Telegraph, Carbon Telephone Transmitter, and Alkaline Storage Battery
Marie Curie Sklodowska (1867- She invented the first mobile X-ray machine which helped to check the injured
1934 AD) soldiers on the battlefield. Radium is another great invention from her. Curie
experimented with different elements to check their radioactivity and found thorium.
She also invented the pitch-blend which was the source of radiation in a mixture
more powerful than uranium or thorium. She is also called” the mother of atom
bomb” with her invention of the radio active materials.
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895 AD) Pasteur was the first ever scientist to study fermentation in food elements that were
caused by microbes. He also explained about biogenesis and proposed a theory
named the “Germ Theory”. He also created a process of toning and treating milk free
from the damage-causing microbes to what he called ”Pasteurization”. Pasteur is also
regarded as the first man on earth to ever discover cure for puerperal fever and make
vaccines for rabies and anthrax. He also explained the asymmetry in various crystals
on a molecular basis
Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727 AD) Newton explained the theory of gravity and gravitation by inventing calculus as no
other principles could explain it. He also explained the theory on tides which
occurred due to the gravitation pull from the sun, moon, and earth. He also invented
the reflecting telescope.
Albert Einstein (1879-1955 AD) The “Man of Century” has some spectacular works in physics which even makes him
the “father of modern physics” for his contribution in developing the general theory
of relativity
Nikola Tesla (1856-1943 AD) Tesla invented, predicted or contributed to the development of hundreds of
technologies that play big parts in our daily lives -- like the remote control, neon and
fluorescent lights, wireless transmission, computers, smartphones, laser beams, x-
rays, robotics and, of course, alternating current, the basis of our present. Probably
Tesla's most famous invention and certainly one of his most spectacular, the Tesla
coil was a product of his ambition to create a system that could transmit electricity
wirelessly. Tesla developed the alternating-current power system that provides
electricity for homes and buildings
Gregor Johann Mendel By experimenting with pea plant breeding, Mendel developed three principles of
inheritance that described the transmission of genetic traits, before anyone knew
genes existed. Mendel's insight greatly expanded the understanding of genetic
inheritance and led to the development of new experimental method
Alessandro Volta an Italian physicist and chemist who was a pioneer of electricity and power who is
credited as the inventor of the electric battery and the discoverer of methane
Common Laboratory Instruments
An instrument used for heating
 Alcohol lamp Bunsen Burner tripod Wire gauze Iron stand

An instrument used in measuring and holding liquids

Beakers Erlenmeyer Graduated Test tubes dropper Glass jars

flasks cylinder

An instrument used for holding hot solids A microscope is an instrument that is used to
magnify small objects. Some microscopes
Forceps tongs Test tube holder
can even be used to observe an object at the
cellular level, allowing scientists to see the
shape of a cell, its nucleus, mitochondria, and
other organelles.

An instrument used in measuring solids

Platform balance Triple beam Spring balance

balance

 An instrument used for transferring liquid

funnel pipette dropper

Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass.

Atoms (building blocks of matter) is a particle of matter that uniquely defines a chemical element. Each atom has a nucleus
(center) made up of protons (positive particles) and neutrons (particles with no charge)

Molecules are made up of one or more atoms. If they contain more than one atom, the atoms can be the same (an oxygen
molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological
molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms.

Products are composed of different materials

Materials are composed of matter
Properties refer to the characteristics of a product or materials. Knowing these properties can help you determine the
uses, as well as the proper way of disposing different products.
General properties of matter are characteristics present in all types of matter whether it be solid, liquid, or gas.
Special properties of matter pertain to those characteristics unique only in a certain form or phase of matter.

Mass – is the amount of matter present in an object. expressed in Kilograms(kg) or grams (g)
Weight – is the mass of an object relative to a place’s gravitational force or gravity.
Volume – is the amount of space occupied by matter. Expressed in cubic centimeters (cm³), milliliter (mL), or
liters (L) units. The volume of a regular solid can be measured by multiplying the values of its length, width, and height.
(Volume=LxWxH)
Density – is the amount of matter(mass) present in a given volume of a substance.
 It is expressed in grams per cubic centimeter or g/cm³. (Density = Mass/Volume)

Special Properties of Solid

Porosity = Ability to hold liquid to a certain extent. (example is sponge)
Ductility = Ability to be deformed into wires without breaking. (example is copper wire)
Brittleness = Ability to be broken into pieces. (example is broken glass)
Elasticity = Ability to be stretched. (example is rubber band)
Malleability = Ability to be hammered into sheets without breaking. (example is the forging of metal like a sword or
knife)
Flexibility = Ability to be bent without breaking (example is rubber tubing)
Luster = the Ability of a material to reflect light. (example rock sample, gold, aluminium, platinum, silver, diamond)
Magnetism = Ability to attract or repel materials due to differences of charges (example is magnets)
Electrical Conduction = Ability to allow(conduct) electricity to flow (example is electric wire)
Thermal Conduction – Ability to transfer (conduct) heat. (example is metal conductor)
Hardness = Resistant to cutting, indentation and abrasion
Special Properties of Liquid
Fluidity = Ability of liquid to flow
Viscosity = Ability to resist flowing
Capillarity = Is a phenomenon in which liquid spontaneously rises or falls in a narrow space such as a thin tube or in the
voids of a porous material. Surface tension is an important factor in the phenomenon of capillarity
Special Properties of Gas
Diffusibility = ability to spread out faster. When two gases are mixed, particles of one gas can effortlessly pass through
the intermolecular space of the other gas.
Compressibility = can expand to fill its container. A measure of how much the volume of matter decreases under
pressure. Gases are easily compressed because of the space between the particles
Pressure = ability of gas to move things
Low Density – due to distance between particles. Can easily rise like Helium that cause an inflated ballon to rise in the
air.
Useful and Harmful Properties in Materials
Metals – are one of the strongest materials in the universe, yet weak in their pure form. Examples of pure metals are iron, copper,
magnesium, and aluminum
 Alloys –strong metal is a mixture of metals and other materials
Polymers – are very big molecules made of smaller molecules linked together into long and repeating chains.
 Plastics – made from chemicals known as phenols, hydrocarbons, and formaldehyde
 Rubber – is made of resin(sap) obtained from rubber trees
Ceramics – are nonmetallic materials that include clay and glass
 Clay – is a finer grain soil that combines one or more clay minerals with traces of metal oxides and organic
matter
 Glass – is derived from quartz(silica), when quartz is melted under extreme heat and then cooled, it will form a
crystalline material known as glass
Wood - derived from strong and rigid stems and roots of woody plants like abaca and narra
Fiber - made of tiny, strong and elongated strands
 Naturally occurring fiber – derived from plants and animals, Fiber like cotton harvested from pad of cotton
plants and wool from animal’s fleece like in sheep and goats
 Synthetic fiber or artificial fiber - is man-made that derived from plastic and other chemicals like polyester.
Nutrients – are materials/substances found in food

Changes in Matter
Physical changes – when there are changes in the material’s size, shape, and phase without changes in its composition or
identity.
Heat – is energy in transit, that affects the movement of molecules or the kinetic energy of the molecules. As the
molecules receive heat, they move faster and further apart, breaking the molecular bond that holds them leading to a phase change
– a physical change
 Melting - it involves the changing of matter from a solid state into a liquid one, without any change in the chemical
makeup of the substance.
 Evaporation - When a liquid evaporates, the chemical makeup of the substance has not been altered. The only change is a
change of phase caused by temperature and pressure, the phase change from liquid to gas
 Condensation - water vapors (gas) are converted to water (liquid).
 Solidification or Freezing - a phase change of matter that results in the production of a solid. Generally, this occurs when
the temperature of a liquid is lowered below its freezing point
 Deposition - when a substance in gas form changes states to become a solid. The gaseous substance gets deposited
(usually as crystals) bypassing the intermediate liquid state. An example of deposition is when water vapor in the
atmosphere changes directly into ice, such as the formation of frost.
 Sublimation - is a type of phase change that takes place when a solid turn directly into a gas, skipping the liquid phase,
naphthalene balls or mothballs is one of the examples of sublimation
 Breaking, crushing, cutting, and bending are all physical changes

Chemical changes – occur when a substance or a material’s composition changed as it reacts to other substances forming a
completely new substance. The composition of new substances is different from those of the reacting substances. While the
reaction is ongoing, atoms of the reacting substance are rearranged. This rearrangement will cause the formation of a new
substance.
Presence of Oxygen
 Metals are highly reactive to oxygen. Metallic objects made up of iron-like roofs, gates of houses, and
metal railings, when exposed to air that carries oxygen will turn to rust.
  Prolonged exposure to oxygen makes some chemicals present in fruits react to it, thereby changing the
color, taste, and texture of fruits.
 Digestion is a process in which food gets oxidized in the presence of oxygen into glucose and energy.
Therese we can see new substances are getting formed.
Absence of Oxygen
Fermentation is the process of using microorganisms like yeast or bacteria in making alcoholic
beverages such as wine and beer, and bacteria in making dairy products like cheese and yogurt.
Without oxygen, the yeast will convert sugar found in grape extract to alcohol and carbon dioxide.
Addition of Heat
The addition of heat to a material will cause its atoms to rearrange to form new materials.
Evidence of Chemical Change
o Release or evolution of gas
o Production of Heat
o Production of Light
o Production of Electricity
o Change in Color
o Formation of Precipitates

Pure Substance – is a kind of matter that is made up of one or two kinds of atoms with uniform composition and constant
properties all throughout.

Elements – a substance composed of only one kind of atom. It cannot be broken down into simple chemical
components.
Classification of Elements
Metal – solid in form, except for mercury which is liquid at room temperature. They possess luster and
they shine when lights fall on them. They are good conductors of heat and electricity. Metals are
malleable. They can be hammered into sheets. They are also ductile as they can be drawn into fine
wires
Nonmetals – Usually light in weight. They are used as insulators because they are poor conductors of
heat and electricity. They are not ductile, malleable, and strong to withstand stress and strain
Metalloids – are elements that have properties of both metals and nonmetals. They are solid but lack
luster, they are typically semiconductors which means they both
insulate and conduct heat and electricity.

Compound – are combinations of two or more elements that are chemically combined. It has definite proportion.
Kinds of Compound
Acids – are compounds that produce hydrogen ions when dissolved in water.
Weak acids are sour. Strong acids can eat away flesh and can corrode metals.
 An indicator is a substance that changes color at a certain range of pH values
Bases – are compounds that produce hydroxide ions when dissolved in water. It usually slippery and
have bitter taste

Mixtures –a form of matter composed of two or more different substances that are physically combined. A combination of two
or more substances in which each pure substance retains its individual chemical properties.
Classification of Mixtures
Heterogeneous Mixture
 is a mixture that does not have uniform composition. The composition does not blend throughout.
 The individual substance is recognizable or remains distinct.
 The Phases or substances are all visible

Homogeneous Mixture
 is a mixture that has a uniform composition throughout.
 Only one phase is seen or visible after mixing the different components.

Kinds of Mixtures
 Solution
 are homogeneous mixtures having two or more components that are uniformly distributed
 Is formed when one substance is dissolved in another substance.
 A solution contains solute and solvents.
Solute – is the substance that is dissolved in a solution
Solvent – is the substance in which solute is dissolve

Miscible solution – is formed when two soluble liquids dissolve each other. (example is
alcohol and water, oil and gasoline)
Immiscible solution – is formed when two liquids are insoluble to each other. (example is Oil
and water, gasoline and water)

Concentrated solution – contains a large amount of dissolved solute.

Dilute solution – contains small amount of dissolved solute

 Suspension
 Is a heterogeneous mixture containing larger particles that settle out when left undisturbed.