3 Aggregate

CE2155 Structural Mechanics and Materials
How long does concrete last?

Materials – 3. Aggregate
Instructor: GENG Guoqing, Dr., Assistant Professor
Email: [email protected]
(please identify yourself as a CE2155 student)
Office: E1A #02-17E

Previously in Cement
Cement clinker (C3S, C2S, C3A, C4AF) + gypsum (CSH2)  Portland cement
C-S-H, CH, Ettringite, Monosulfate
ASTM Type I – V : compound compositions, fineness
SCM: pozzolanic reaction

SiO2 + Ca(OH)2 + H2O  C-S-H
Portland Type C Type F SiO2

cement Slag Fly Ash Fly Ash (silica fume, RHA)
Cementitious Pozzolanic
2
Coarse ≥ 4.75 mm (gravel or crushed)
3. Aggregate
• Inert, granular, inorganic materials

• Significance
- Occupies ~65-75% of concrete volume
- Affect properties of fresh and hardened
concrete, e.g.
- modules of elasticity & volume stability
such as shrinkage
Fine < 4.75 mm (sand)
- abrasion resistance
- Economic filler (cheaper than cement)
3
Classification
4
Aggregate – classification by origin From Industry
By-product
From nature
Igneous Rock: tough, strong, excellent aggregate
Sedimentary Rocks: excellent to poor.

cost effective - near the surface, about 80% of aggregates Steel-slag
Metamorphic Rocks: Excellent to poor

Recycled concrete
crush
5
A measure of packing ‘density’;
Aggregate – classification by density different from the ‘density of solid’.
<500
500-800
650-1100
1100-1800
>2100
6
Size and grading
7
Grading
• The particle size distribution (grading) determines the requirement of

cement paste for a workable concrete
(Mindess et al 2003)
Uniform size: volume Continuous Replacement of large

of voids is greatest grading: volume of aggregate sizes by
voids reduced small ones:  void
space 8
Sieve analysis
Grading of aggregate is determined by sieve analysis

• Coarse aggregate: retained on 4.75 mm sieve
Size of
• Fine aggregate: passing 4.75 mm sieve opening

Maximum aggregate size
• Smallest sieve opening through which the entire
sample passes
• Nominal max. aggregate size (5-10%)
• Influence paste requirement
• Affected by the size of element and
arrangement of steel reinforcing bars
9
Sieve analysis
(Mindess et al 2003) 10
Sieve analysis
• Weight of aggregate retained on each sieve is expressed as a % of the total weight of the sample.
• Cumulative % retained or cumulative % passing each sieve.
11
Fineness modulus
FM of fine aggregate: needed for mix design, 2.3 – 3.1
-Small number indicates a fine sand

-Large number indicates a coarse sand
FM of coarse aggregate: not used for mix design
Two aggregate with the same FM can have different grading curves
12
FM
13
Moisture condition
14
Moisture state
• Oven-dry (OD): all moisture is removed from aggregate by heating at 105°C. All pores are empty.
• Air-dry (AD): all moisture is removed from the surface, but internal pores are partially full.
• Saturated-surface-dry (SSD): all pores are filled with water, but no water film on the surface.
• Wet: pores are completely filled with water with excess water on the surface. 15
Moisture state
• Absorption capacity (A)

• Maximum amount of water the aggregate can absorb
• For normal weight aggregate (fine & coarse), 1-2%
• Effective absorption (EA)

• The amount of water required to bring an aggregate from AD state to SSD state
16
Moisture state
• Surface moisture (SM), or free moisture

• Water in excess of the SSD state
• Total moisture content (MC)

• Total moisture associated with the aggregate
Wstock – WOD
MC = × 100%
WOD
17
Specific gravity
• A dimensionless ratio relating the density of the aggregate to that of water
• Specific gravity (2.5-2.8 for most rock) ‘density of solid’

Unit weight
• Defined as the weight of a given volume of graded

aggregate.
• Oven-dry aggregate is used.
• Unit weight of coarse aggregate is required for
volume method of mix proportioning.
• Typical values: 1450 – 1750 kg/m3
• Fine aggregate content = 35-45%, maximum unit
weight, minimum void space.
19
Properties needed for mix design
• Shape and surface texture

• Maximum aggregate size and size gradation
• Specific gravity
• Unit weight
The above properties influence the paste requirements for workable fresh concrete.
• Moisture content and absorption
• Properties inherent from parent rock: strength, specific gravity, absorption

• Properties result from processing: particle shape, surface texture, size, grading
20
Reading material
Zongjin Li, 2011. Advanced concrete technology. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Section 2.1
21

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CE2155 Structural Mechanics and Materials

How long does concrete last?

Instructor: GENG Guoqing, Dr., Assistant Professor

Office: E1A #02-17E

C-S-H, CH, Ettringite, Monosulfate

ASTM Type I – V : compound compositions, fineness

SCM: pozzolanic reaction

Portland Type C Type F SiO2

• Inert, granular, inorganic materials

Igneous Rock: tough, strong, excellent aggregate

Sedimentary Rocks: excellent to poor.

Metamorphic Rocks: Excellent to poor

• The particle size distribution (grading) determines the requirement of

Uniform size: volume Continuous Replacement of large

Grading of aggregate is determined by sieve analysis

FM of fine aggregate: needed for mix design, 2.3 – 3.1

-Small number indicates a fine sand

FM of coarse aggregate: not used for mix design

• Absorption capacity (A)

• Effective absorption (EA)

• Surface moisture (SM), or free moisture

• Total moisture content (MC)

• A dimensionless ratio relating the density of the aggregate to that of water

• Specific gravity (2.5-2.8 for most rock) ‘density of solid’

• Defined as the weight of a given volume of graded

• Shape and surface texture

• Properties inherent from parent rock: strength, specific gravity, absorption

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