Heat Balance Equatıon Effect of mıcrolımıte on human body --·Air Temperature:

Occupatıonal mıcrolımıte The core temperature of the body is maintained around a fairly An increase in air temperature will decrease the benefit of conduction,
constant temperature by balancing heat loss to the environment convection, radiation, and therefore increase reliance on evaporation. An
The microclimate represents the component of the physical and heat production of the body. The heat balance equation increase in evaporation will obviously increase the need for adequate
environment including temperatures, humidity, speed of air flow and describes the amount of heat that is gained or lost by the body hydration and energy replenishment. The high temperature in the work
intensity of caloric radiations. Intensity of caloric radiations (storage) and is described as follows: areas causes body overheating and hyperthermia. This leads to a
characterizes the air condition within a work place and depends on Storage = (Heat production) – (Q Conduction ± Q Radiation ± Q reduction of attention and may be the cause of the accident.A low air
surface temperature and caloric radiations emitted in the work zone. Convection ± Q Evaporation ± Q Respiration) temperature increases heat loss by convection and radiation. In this case
Microclimate influence workers’ safety, health and work capacity ▪ Conduction – heat transfer when in contact with an hypothermia can occur by increasing the heat transfer and diseases
whenever the parameters are outside the comfort limits of regulation object associated with hypothermia - respiratory and kidney diseases, diseases
in use. ▪Q Radiation – heat transfer from the body to an object of muscular-articular apparatus.
The normalized microclimate parameters in the workplace are the ▪Q Convection – heat transfer from movement of liquid or gas ·Air Humidity:
following: (airflow around skin) Normally moisture concentration will be higher at skin than the
▪ Temperature ▪Q Evaporation – heat transfer through sweating environment, therefore causing rate of evaporation to be positive (i.e.
▪ Humidity ▪Q Respiration – heat transfer during normal respiration skin to environment). In regions of high moisture concentration, not
▪ Speed of air necessarily high relative humidity, this is reversed (environment to skin,
People are in constant heat interaction with the environment. For the -ve rate of evaporation). When 100% humidity is present, moisture
body’s physiological processes to flow normally, the heat must be concentration will be higher in higher temperatures as apposed to lower
released into the environment. A balance between the amount of the temperatures.
released heat and cooling capacity of the environment determines the An increase in the relative humidity decrease evaporation of moisture
degree of environmental comfort, and creates conditions for normal from the skin and the lungs, which can dramatically worsen the
temperature control of the body. In normal temperature conditions, a condition and reduce the capacity/ efficiency of man. A decrease in the
person doesn’t suffer from such disturbances as overheating or relative humidity up to 20 % results in an unpleasant feeling of dryness
overcooling. of mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract of a person.
·Wind speed:
Increase wind speed across skin will cause an increase in convective and
evaporative heat losses, which can lead to hypothermia. If wind speed is
minimal or non-existent - on the contrary.
Regulatıon system Heat Control Cold control
1.The time of year involves two periods: cold (an average daily Engineering Controls Engineering Controls
• Reduce the level of physical activity required. • Use controls such as enclosures and heating systems where practical and possible.
outdoor temperature is 10 °C and below) and warm (temperature • Where possible, change the location of the work to a cooler work area • Protect the hands, face, and feet from frostbite with an on-site source of heat.
above 10 °C). • Establish a cooling station where workers can rest in a ventilated and air- • Provide a heated shelter for workers to do their work in, where possible,
2.Work rate category. conditioned space • Shield work areas from drafts or winds as much as possible.
3.According to the amount of excess heat all production facilities are • Adjust the clothing requirements, when possible • Use thermal insulating material on equipment
divided into rooms with a slight excess of explicit heat (QEH ≤ 23,2 • Use fans to increase air movement and help encourage sweat evaporation. Administrative Controls
Administrative Controls • Use a work/warm-up schedule..
J/m³s) or rooms with significant excess sensible heat (QEH> 23.2 • Reduce the physical effort needed for the task by: • Allow a period of adjustment to the cold before assigning a full work schedule.
J/m³s). An explicit heat is the heat from equipment, heaters, and other • Allow time for acclimatization. As discussed in Section 1, acclimatization is an • Allow individuals to set their own pace and take extra work breaks when needed.
sources of human exposure to the air temperature in the room. important control step. • Educate new or newly transferred workers on the hazards of working in a cold
• Use a work-rest schedule. environment.
• If practical, workers in hot environments should be encouraged to set their own • Avoid activities, whenever possible, that lead to heavy sweating.
work and rest schedules.. • Do as many tasks as possible indoors and minimize the length of time people must
• Schedule physically demanding jobs for cooler periods of the day work outdoors.
• Carefully monitor infrequent or irregular tasks such as emergency repairs • Work outside during the warmer hours of the day (mid-day/early afternoon).
• Provide appropriate training and education to increase workers’ awareness of • Minimize activities that reduce blood circulation, such as sitting or standing for long
the potential hazards periods of time.
• Pay attention to workers with special needs • Use a buddy system and avoid working alone in very cold weather
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) • Older workers, or those with certain medical problems, need to be extra alert about
• Self-contained air conditioner in a backpack the effects of cold stress.
• A compressed air source which feeds cool air into a jacket or coveralls • Avoid using alcohol or drugs that may impair judgment while working in a cold
• A jacket which has pockets that can be filled with ice packs environment.
• Specifically designed gel packs (that fit, for example, inside a hard hat) • Keep energy levels up and prevent dehydration by consuming warm, sweet, caffeine-
• Effective cooling units are available for use with supplied-air units. A vortex free, non-alcoholic drinks and soup.
tube separates the air into cool and warm components, releasing the warm air Personal Protective Equipment and Clothing
outside the suit. • Wear at least three layers.
• Protect your feet, hands, head, and face. o Wear mittens when possible rather than
• Wet clothing causes the body to lose heat quickly
• Have a change of clothes available in case your clothes get wet.
• Dirty or greasy clothing has poor insulating properties.

The Measures to create normal Thermoregulatıon of the body - Noıse Classıfıcatıon of noıse
Humans need to maintain and regulate their internal core Noise is a variety of sound. It means any unwanted sound. . CLASSIFICATION OF NOISE.
temperature as near to 36.6 ºC as possible. Any significant deviations Noise is one of the most common of all the occupational hazards.
Noise can be continuous, variable, intermittent or impulsive depending on how it
Noise is classified according to the source of occurrence:
away from the ‘normal’ temperature range can produce a decrement
in performance, cause illness and ultimately lead to death. changes over time. 1) Mechanical occurs when machines and mechanisms
Thermoregulation is the process of maintaining a constant body core
1. Continuous Noise operate.
Continuous noise is noise which remains constant and stable over a given time
temperature.’ (Stafford-Brown et al. 2003) period. It’s noise that is produced continuously by machinery that keeps running 2) Aerodynamic - at the expiration of gases with high
There are many factors in the work place which affect the ability of without interruption. This could come from factory equipment, heating or velocities.
the person to maintain his/her core temperature within ‘normal’ ventilation systems.
2. Intermittent Noise
3) Hydrodynamic during fluid flow through pipelines.
limits such as:
Noise is intermittent if there is a mix of relatively quiet and noisy periods This 4) Electromagnetic or magnetic striction, occurs in electrical
▪Extreme environmental temperatures
▪Level of physical activity
might be a freight train passing by, factory equipment that operates in cycles or apparatus
aircraft overhead.Intermittent noise is measured in a similar way to continuous
▪Clothing or personal protective equipment (PPE) worn noise. by frequency:
Measures to create Normal Thermoregulation of the Body are as 3. Impulsive Noise 1) Low-frequency LF - up to 300 Hz.
Impulse noise is a very short burst of loud noise which lasts for less than one
follows:
second. Gun fire or the noise produced by punch presses are examples of such
2) The mid-range MF is 300-800 Hz.
1.mechanization and automation of production; noise. Impulsive noise is most commonly associated with the construction and 3) High-frequency HF - f> 800 Hz.
2.protection against sources of thermal irradiation (thermal insulation demolition industry. This sudden burst of noise can startle you by its fast and The greatest influence on humans is exerted by high-frequency
and screening); surprising nature. Impulsive noises are commonly created by explosions or
3.ventilation of work areas (natural and mechanical); construction equipment such as pile drivers. noise with frequencies f = 1000-4000 Hz
4.measures against the body’s overcooling (heaters, etc.); To measure impulsive noise, you will need a sound level meter that can calculate on the spectrum:
Peak values.
5.preventive measures during work in high temperature shops 1) Broadband.
4. Low Frequency Noise
(rational water consumption, short pauses for rest, work clothes, etc.); Low frequency noise makes up part of the fabric of our daily soundscape. 2) Tone.
6.Clothing insulation: clothing acts as a barrier between the transfer Whether it’s the low background humming from power plants or the roaring of
of heat and moisture between skin and the environment. large diesel engines, we’re exposed to low frequency noise constantly.
The effects of noıse on human – Vıbratıon Types of vıbratıon
Loud noise is potentially hazardous to workers’ hearing and can Vibration is a hazard associated with moving machinery parts. 1.Whole-body vibration is caused by vibration from machinery
Vibration can be described as mechanical motion or oscillation about a reference
produce other adverse effects as well. point of equilibrium.
passing into the body either through the feet of standing workers or
1. Auditory effects interfering with hearing (Hearing loss may be Vibration is generated by driving moving vehicles such as construction equipment, the buttocks of sitting workers.
temporary or permanent); auditory fatigue and deafness. farm equipment and trucks over uneven ground or gravel. ill-health effects: back pain, increased heart rate and blood pressure,
2. Non-auditory effects interfering with social behaviour; problems Terms of vıbratıon –Frequency f = 1/Т, Hz. hearing loss and circulatory and digestive problems
with communications, sleep, recreation, mental equilibrium Amplitude А is defined as the maximum displacement of either mass from its 2.Occupational desease – vibration white finger
equilibrium position, mm.
(peace), and the ability to concentrate at work Velocity is the time rate of change of displacement, which is the first derivative of
The early symptoms are tingling and numbness felt in the fingers,
displacement with respect to time: V = 2πfA, m/s. usually sometime after the end of the working shift. As exposure
Exposure to high levels of noise can cause permanent hearing loss. Acceleration is the second derivative of displacement with respect to time: а = continues, the tips of the fingers go white and then the whole hand
Short term exposure to loud noise can also cause a temporary 4π2f2A, m/s2. may become affected.
change in hearing (your ears may feel stuffed up) or a ringing in Vıbratıon ısolatıon – 3. Hand-arm vibration
Vibrations can be isolated from equipment using active or passive technology.
your ears (tinnitus). These short-term problems may go away With active methods, equal but opposite forces are created electronically using Vascular spasm, neuromuscular and osteoarticular changes
within a few minutes or hours after leaving the noisy area. sensors and actuators to cancel out the unwanted vibrations.
However, repeated exposures to loud noise can lead to permanent With passive methods, isolation is achieved by limiting the ability of vibrations to be
tinnitus and/or hearing loss. coupled to the item to be isolated. This is done using a mechanical connection which
Loud noise can also create physical and psychological stress, reduce dissipates or redirects the energy of vibration before it gets to the item to be
isolated. 
productivity, interfere with communication and concentration, and PPE-
contribute to workplace accidents and injuries. Noise-induced Nylon/cotton knitted material ensures stretch and breathability. Palm coated with
hearing loss limits your ability to hear high frequency sounds, “pods” of lightweight cellular Chloroprene. This 
understand speech, and seriously impairs your ability to design combination ensures extreme comfort. Open finger design for jobs where
communicate. tactile feedback is necessary.  

Ventılatıon – Mechanıcal Hazard 2.non-mecHanIcal Hazards

Under the ventilation is a system of measures and devices that provide the Machines have moving parts. The action of moving parts may have Non-mechanical hazards associated with machinery and equipment
necessary air exchange in the room. By the method of moving air ventilation is sufficient force in motion to cause injury to people. can include harmful emissions, contained fluids or gas under pressure,
divided:
- natural
When reviewing machinery and equipment for possible mechanical chemicals and chemical by-products, electricity and noise, all of which
- mechanical hazards, can cause serious injury if not adequately controlled. In some cases,
- mixed consider: people exposed to these hazards may
NATURAL VENTILATION. •machinery and equipment with moving parts that can be reached by not show signs of injury or illness for years. Where people are at risk
In the case of natural ventilation, air exchange is carried out due to the people of injury
temperature difference and the gravitational pressure of the air in the room and
outside, and also as a result of the action of the wind. There are two types of
•machinery and equipment that can eject objects (parts, components, due to harmful emissions from machinery and equipment, the
natural ventilation: products emissions should be controlled at their source.
1) Unorganized. (ventilation) or waste items) that may strike a person with sufficient force to cause When reviewing machinery and equipment for possible non-
2) Organized controlled (aeration, diffractor). harm mechanical hazards, consider how machines and equipment can affect
Advantages - aeration: there is no need for additional energy sources, the Common mechanical hazards and associated risks for machinery and the area (environment) around them.
possibility of obtaining a large multiplicity of air exchange.
Disadvantages - unprocessed air in the warm season, the efficiency of aeration
equipment Common non-mechanical hazards are shown below.
decreases. are shown below.
Differs - nozzles on the roofs of buildings.
Mechanical ventilation. Hazard rIsK non-mecHanIcal Hazards
This is ventilation, in which air is supplied and removed from the room through Rotating shafts, pullies, sprockets and gears Entanglement Dust Mist (vapours or fumes)
the ventilation duct system with the help of fans.
Depending on the direction of the air flow, mechanical ventilation can be:
Hard surfaces moving together Crushing Explosive or flammable atmospheres Noise
- supply Scissor or shear action Severing Heat (radiated or conducted ) Ignition sources (flame or
- exhaust Sharp edge – moving or stationary Cutting or puncturing
- supply and exhaust. Cable or hose connections Slips, trips and falls (e.g. oil spark)
A variety of supply and exhaust ventilation is recirculation. High intensity light (laser, ultra-violet) Molten materials
In the area of operation, mechanical ventilation is divided:
- general exchange Heavy metals (lead, cadmium, mercury) Chemicals
- local leaks) Steam Pressurised fluids and gases
- combined Ionising radiation (x-rays, microwaves) Electrical

3.access Hazards The method of electrıcal hazard Classıfıcatıon of fıre

People must be provided with safe access that is suitable for the Once hazards have been identified and the risks assessed, appropriate control The third element to the fire tetrahedron is fuel. Most fires involve a
measures must be put in place.
work they perform in, on and around machinery and equipment. A The ways of controlling risks are ranked from the highest level of protection and
fuel that contains carbon and hydrogen, such as wood, paper, and
stable work platform suited to the nature of the work that allows reliability to the lowest. This ranking is known as the hierarchy of risk control. . flammable and combustible liquids and gases (Klinoff 2003, 87).
for good posture relative to the work performed, sure footing, safe This may involve a single control measure or a combination of two or more different Another potential fuel is a combustible metal, such as aluminum or
environment and fall prevention (if a fall may occur) is a basic controls. magnesium.
requirement. ELIMINATION The most effective control measure is to remove the hazard or For fire-extinguishment purposes, the fuels are classified as follows
hazardous work practice. By designing-in or designing-out certain features, hazards
As an example, cooling towers on building roofs may have poor may be eliminated.
(Klinoff 2003, 102):
access, yet must be attended by a service person at predictable SUBSTITUTION Replacing a hazardous process or material with one that is less Class A: carbon-based products such as wood and paper
times for water treatment, chemical dosing or monitoring of hazardous will reduce the hazard, and hence the risk. For example, it may be Class B: flammable gases and liquids
automated dosing equipment. People performing these tasks must reasonably practicable to use extralow voltage electrical equipment such as a Class C: combustible materials where electricity may be present
be provided with the means to get themselves and any equipment battery-operated tool rather than a tool that is plugged into mains electricity. Class D: combustible metals, such as aluminum, magnesium, titanium,
ISOLATION Preventing workers from coming into contact with the source of an
they require onto the roof with no risk or minimal risk of fall or electrical hazard will reduce the relevant risks.
and zirconium
injury. ENGINEERING CONTROLS Use engineering control measures to minimise the Class K: liquid cooking media
Access needs can be predicted and access planning must occur in risk, for example installing residual current devices to reduce the risk of receiving a Each fuel classification also has a unique symbol.
advance. fatal electric shock.
People need access to machinery and equipment in the workplace ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS Administrative controls involve the use of safe
work practices to control the risk, for example establishing exclusion zones, use of
(either continually or occasionally) for tasks such as operation, permits and warning signs.
maintenance, repair, installation, service or cleaning. These tasks PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE) PPE includes protective eyewear,
are examples of access that can be predicted. insulated gloves, hard hats, aprons and breathing protection. Most forms of PPE are
Access may vary during each stage of machinery and equipment not relevant to minimising electrical risks in workplaces, except in relation to
life cycle. energised electrical work. Administrative controls and PPE do nothing to change the
hazard itself. They rely on people behaving as expected and require a high level of
supervision.
Fıre extınguıshment Maın causes of fıre Hazard Electrıcal hazard
Fire is the state of combustion resulting from a chemical reaction Electricity is a familiar and necessary part of everyday life, but electricity can
kill or severely injure people and cause damage to property.
As such factors as heat, fuel, oxygen, and chain reaction are that requires the presence of three elements in proper combination An electrical hazard can be defined as a dangerous condition where a worker
necessary for fire, it follows that the withdrawal of any of them – a fuel source (anything that burns), oxygen (a component of air), could make electrical contact with energized equipment or a conductor, and
will cause the fire to go out. So the theory of fire extinguishment and an ignition source such as heat or a spark – in order to begin from which the person may sustain an injury from shock.
is based on removing any one or more of the four elements in the and develop. Extinguishing a fire usually involves removing at least Knowledge of electrical safety is important for electrical design engineers as well
fire tetrahedron to suppress the fire. Before attempting to one of these elements. as for other personnel within the field of production or maintenance of electrical
systems.
extinguish a fire, the fireman must decide which of the factors he Causes of electrical accidents
will try to remove. Efforts directed at removing the fuel are 1. Violation of shutdown procedure, lack of skill. Only trained and authorized
sometimes called starvation; depriving the fire of oxygen is electrician should work in the live installations.
known as smothering or blanketing and reducing the In more recent years, we have expanded the fire triangle into what 2.Poor Insulation. Insulation is the barrier between the current flow and the
temperature is known as cooling. is now referred to as the fire tetrahedron operator. It is important to have a strong insulated wiring to electrical
equipment
It is often possible to use more than one method at the same (Klinoff 2003, 85). This concept contains the three elements dis 3.Improper earthing. Earthing of machines as per electricity act / rules.
time, in fact most means of extinguishment do so, although they cussed above; however, it adds a fourth element, which is often 4.Inadequate guarding, defective tools, wrong assumption: All the tools and
are classified under the method on which they principally rely. referred to as the chemical chain reaction. tackles to be maintained. Periodic checking of insulation is essential.
Electrical hazards
A classic approach used to simplify the selection of protective strategies is the
division of the electrical power hazard into three components.
Typıcal sources of fıre Gas leaks The main hazards of working with electricity are:
Electrıcal sources ·electric shock and burns from contact with live parts;
Exterıor sources ·injury from exposure to arcing, fire from faulty electrical equipment or
Open flames installations;
Smokıng materıal ·explosion caused by unsuitable electrical apparatus or static electricity igniting
flammable vapors or dusts.

Electric shock Step Potential When a fault occurs at a tower or substation, the current will pass
Electric shock is the physical stimulation that occurs when electric current When a fault occurs at a tower or substation, the current will enter through any metallic object and enter the earth. Those personnel
flows through the human body. The distribution of current flow through the
body is a function of the resistance of the various paths through which the
the earth. Based on the distribution of varying resistivity in the soil “touching” an object in the vicinity of the GPR will be subjected to
current flows. The final trauma associated with the electric shock is usually (typically, a horizontally layered soil is assumed) a corresponding these touch voltages which may be hazardous.
determined by the most critical path called the shock circuit. The symptoms voltage distribution will occur. The voltage drop in the soil For example if a person happens to be touching a high-voltage
may include a mild tingling sensation, violent muscle contractions, heart surrounding the grounding system can present hazards for tower leg when a fault occurs, the electricity would travel down the
arrhythmia, or tissue damage. personnel standing in the vicinity of the grounding system. tower leg into the person’s hand and through vital organs of the
The term “electrocution” refers to an electrical event with electrical current
exposure resulting in death.
Personnel “stepping” in the direction of the voltage gradient could body. It would then continue on its path and exit out through the
Some of the effects are as follows. be subjected to hazardous voltages. feet and into the earth. Careful analysis is required to determine
1. Tingling (Покалывание). In the case of Step Potentials or step voltage, electricity will flow if the acceptable Fibrillation Currents that can be withstood by the
2. Pain. a difference in potential exists between the two legs of a person. body if a fault were to occur.
3. Muscle immobility. If the electric current is strong enough to immobilize Step potential is the step voltage between the feet of a person Touch potential is the touch voltage between the energized object
ones muscles, it becomes difficult to move away from the source of the shock.
This is very dangerous because the victim cannot protect him or herself. The
standing near an energized grounded object. It is equal to the and the feet of a person in contact with the object. It is equal to the
level of current that immobilizes the muscles can be called “cannot let go” difference in voltage, given by the voltage distribution curve, difference in voltage between the object and a point some distance
current. between two points at different distances from the electrode. A away. The touch potential or touch voltage could be nearly the full
4. Burns. A high current flow can cause electrical burns. As the current person could be at risk of injury during a fault simply by standing voltage across the grounded object if that object is grounded at a
travels inside the body, it burns tissues along the path. Electric-current burns near the grounding point point remote from the place where the person is in contact with it.
can be especially severe when they involve vital internal organs.
5. Ventricular fibrillation. It is the organized passage of electrical signals that
make the atria and ventricles contract effectively to provide a cardiac output.
Electrical shock can disrupt this orderly passage of the hearts own current.
This may result in ventricular fibrillation, which if not treated, will be fatal.
Electric shocks can also lead to other types of injury, for example by causing
a fall from ladders or scaffolds etc.
Electric shock occurs when the body becomes part of an electrical circuit.
Shocks can happen in three ways.
• A person may come in contact with both conductors in a circuit.
• A person may provide a path between an ungrounded conductor and the
ground.
• A person may provide a path between the ground and a conducting material
that is in contact with an ungrounded conductor.
Flammable and combustible liquids are present in nearly every workplace. 13. Requirements for Handling Asphalt and Tar Products 14.Requirements for Handling Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG)
Gasoline, diesel fuel, and many common products like solvents, thinners, Employees who handle or work with these materials must complete a JHA, Store, handle, install, and use LPG and systems in accordance with NFPA 58, 29
cleaners, adhesives, paints, and polishes may be flammable or combustible. including exposure determinations. Make available and ensure employees follow CFR 1910.110(f), and 29 CFR 1926.153. Cylinders must meet DOT specifications
Flammable and combustible liquids play a part in our lifestyle. However, if the MSDS for storing, handling, and applying these materials. published in 49 CFR, Part 178, “Shipping Container Specifications.”
used or stored improperly, serious fires and death may occur. 13.1. Protective Clothing and Equipment. Give full consideration to 14.1.Hazardous Locations. Do not use LPG containers and equipment in
The following work practices must be followed when handling flammable and protective clothing, respiratory protection, and skin protection, as specified in unventilated spaces, below grade in pits or trenches, below deck, or in confined
combustible liquids:       the “Personal Protective Equipment” section, to protect employees handling or areas.
applying these materials. 14.2.Tubing. Use only tubing or piping approved for use in LPG systems. Do not
• Flammable liquids with a flashpoint below 100° F must be kept in covered 13.2. Confined Spaces. In enclosed or confined areas where hot tar, use aluminum or polyvinyl piping or tubing.
containers when not in use. asphalt, enamel, or similar materials are heated or applied, the operation must 14.3.Hose. Use only hoses labeled “LP-gas or LPG.” Hose must have a minimum
conform fully with the “Confined Spaces” section. working pressure of 250 pounds per square inch.
• Flammable liquids must be stored only in acceptable containers. 13.3. Heating Kettles. Do not leave asphalt or tar kettles unattended, 14.4.Valves and Accessories. Valves, fittings, and accessories connected directly
when in use. Place them on a firm, level base and protect them from overturning. to the container, including primary shutoff valves, must have a minimum
• Grounding and bonding must be utilized when transferring flammable Kettles must have an effective lid or hood. They must have an operable working gauge pressure of 250 pounds per square inch and be designed for LPG
liquids with a flashpoint below 100° F. temperature indicator and limiting device ensuring the asphalt or tar service.
14.5.Shutoff Valves. Connections to containers, except safety relief connections,
• Locations where flammable vapor-air mixtures may exist must have remains at no less than 50 EF below the flashpoint. Do not use kettles in confined liquid level gauging devices, and plugged openings, must have a shutoff valve
electrical wiring installed according to the requirements of 29 CFR 1910 or unventilated spaces, underground, in conduits, or in or on enclosed buildings located as close to the container as possible. Shutoff valves must not be located
Subpart S (Electrical): or structures. between the safety relief device and the container, except when the location of the
13.4. Fire Protection. Provide a fire extinguisher, rated not less than shutoff valve allows the fully required capacity flow through the safety relief
—Flammable vapor-air mixtures may exist under normal conditions: Class I 2-A:40-B:C, where heating devices or heating kettles are in use. device.
Division I 13.5. Handling. Provide adequate unobstructed runways or access 14.6.Safety Relief Valves. Equip each container with one or more approved
—Flammable vapor-air mixtures may exist under abnormal conditions: Class ways for employees handling hot materials. Employees must not carry hot safety relief valves. These valves must allow free venting to the outer air. The
I Division II materials up or down ladders. Instead, provide adequate hoisting devices. discharge must be 5 feet away from any building opening. Place container safety
13.6. Thinners. Do not use gasoline or similar volatile liquids as relief devices and regulator relief vents at least 5 feet from air openings into
• Where flammable or combustible liquids are used or handled, except in thinners. sealed combustion system appliances or mechanical ventilation air intakes.
closed containers, means shall be provided to dispose of leaked or spilled 13.7. Hand Spraying. The nozzle person applying hot tar asphalt
liquid promptly and safely. must not work under the hoses supplying the material to the spray nozzle. Use
flexible metallic hoses fitted with insulated handles in hand spraying operations.
• Flammable or combustible liquids shall be drawn from or transferred into 13.8. Housekeeping. Keep distributors, retorts, hoses, and related
vessels, containers, or portable tanks within a building by one of the following equipment reasonably free of asphalt and tar accumulations.
methods:
INFRA AND ULTRA SOUND. Psychological aspects play a critical role in life safety, as they can Occupatıonal health and safety.
Noise is a combination of sounds of different frequency and intensity. These are influence our behaviors, decision-making, and response to emergency The health status of the workforce in every country has an immediate
mechanical vibrations of an elastic medium. The region of space in which sound
waves propagate is called the sound field. situations. Here are some important psychological aspects to consider and direct impact on national and world economies.
Basic parameters characterizing noise: 1.Perception of risk Total economic losses due to occupational illnesses and injuries are
- Sound pressure P N / m2 [Pa] 2.Stress and anxiety enormous. Work-related diseases and injuries were approximately 4-5
- Intensity I (Watt / m2 ) - the energy flux at any point, per unit time, per unit 3.Communication % of the world’s GDP.
area of the surface, perpendicular to the direction of propagation. 4.Training and education Workforce is a backbone of a country development. A healthy, well
The intensity and sound pressure of the medium is related by the relation
I = P2 / (a), 5. Social influence trained and motivated workforce, increases productivity and generates
where 6. Resilience
P is the pressure, Perception of risk refers to the way in which individuals evaluate the wealth. The difficulty of obtaining accurate estimates of the frequency
 is the density of the medium,
a is the speed of sound of work-related diseases is due to several factors.
likelihood and potential severity of a given risk or hazard. Perception However, globally millions of men and women work in poor and
a is the wave impedance of the medium
Under normal conditions, the speed of sound is a = 343 m / s. f, Hz frequency. of risk can also be influenced by media coverage and social influence. hazardous conditions. According to ILO(1997):
A person perceives sound vibrations in the form of audible sound in the For instance, if a particular type of crime is highly publicized in the 1.2 million working peoples die of work related accident &diseases
frequency range 20 - 20000 Hz. media, people may perceive it as more common and dangerous than it every year.
 = s / f, (m) wave length
The noise source is characterized by sound or acoustic power actually is. More than160 million workers fall ill each year due to workplace
W = I * 4R2, Watt Stress and anxiety are two related but distinct psychological hazards.
The perception of sound depends not only on frequency, but also on intensity and experiences that can have a significant impact on an individual's mental In Ethiopia in 2010E.C about 71 people died.
sound pressure. The lowest values of intensity and sound pressure that a person and physical health.
perceives are called the threshold of audibility. Io, Po. Communication is a critical aspect of the psychology of life safety. In Reasons for occupational injury and disease are—
For f = 1000 Hz, the threshold of audibility: Io = 10-12 Watt / m2 Po = 2 * 10-5
Pa the psychology of life safety, communication can take many forms, Workplace
The greatest values that a person perceives without damage to the hearing are including verbal and nonverbal communication, written communication, -Unsafe building, Old machines, Poor ventilation, Noise,
called the pain threshold: and visual communication. Inaccessible to inspection etc…
At the frequency f = 1000 Hz, the pain threshold P = 200Pa and I = 102 Watt / Training and education in this field can help individuals develop the Workers
m2. skills and knowledge necessary to effectively manage and respond to -Limited education, Limited skill and training
The person's ear reacts to a value 10 times less than Bell, so apply
L = 10lg (I / Io) and LP = 20lgP / P0. (DB) - decibel these types of situations. Employers
As, the ear reacts to the change in sound pressure, then the notion of the sound Resilience is a concept in psychology that refers to the ability to adapt -Limited financial resources, Low attention and knowledge.
pressure level is used to evaluate the effect of noise on a person, and the notion of and cope with adversity and stressful situations.
the level of intensity when examining the noise characteristics of sources and the
sound-insulating properties of materials.
Under normal conditions, the numerical values of the intensity levels and the
sound pressure levels are LI = LP
Alcoholism.Stages of intoxication Meteorological Conditions in the Workplace The effects of radiation on human health –
Alcoholism is, broadly, any drinking of alcohol that results in 1.Meteorological conditions have a significant impact on workplace Radiation refers to the energy that travels through space and matter in
significant mental or physical healty problems. Heavy alcohol use can safety and productivity. the form of electromagnetic waves or particles. It can come from
damage all organ systems, but it particularly affects the brain, heart, Employers must take measures to ensure that their employees are safe natural sources such as the sun, rocks, and cosmic rays, or from
liver, pancreas and immune system. Alcohol results: and comfortable while at work. human-made sources such as X-ray machines, nuclear power plants,
2.Understanding the various meteorological conditions that can affect
Mental illness the workplace is essential for employers to make informed decisions and nuclear weapons. There are two main types of radiation: ionizing
Delirium tremens about safety and productivity. radiation and non-ionizing radiation.
Irregular heartbeat Heatwaves Ionizing radiation is a type of radiation that has enough energy to
Impaired immune response Thunderstorm remove electrons from atoms, causing ionization. This can damage
Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome Wındstorm biological tissue and increase the risk of cancer. Examples of ionizing
Cancer risk. Cold Wheather radiation include X-rays, gamma rays, and some forms of ultraviolet
Acute Alcohol İntoxication is a condition associated with drinking too Heatwaves can be dangerous for workers, especially those who work (UV) radiation.
much alcohol in a short amount of time. It’s also called alcohol Non-ionizing radiation, on the other hand, does not have enough
poisoning.Alcohol intoxication is serious. It affects your body outdoors or in hot environments. Heat exhaustion and heat stroke are energy to ionize atoms. This type of radiation can still have biological
temperature, breathing, heart rate and gag reflex. It can also sometimes common risks associated with working in high temperatures. effects, but they are generally less severe than those caused by ionizing
lead to coma or death.Both young people and adults can experience Cold weather can also pose risks to workers, particularly those who radiation. Examples of non-ionizing radiation include visible light,
alcohol poisoning.Alcohol intoxication is considered a medical work outside or in unheated environments. infrared radiation, radio waves, microwaves, and some forms of UV
emergency. If you think someone is experiencing alcohol poisoning, Employers should provide warm clothing, heating devices, and regular
seek Emergency Medical Attention ! immediately. breaks to allow workers to warm up and avoid cold-related illnesses. radiation. Radiation is typically measured in terms of both dosage and
Drinking too much can harm your health. Excessive alcohol use led to Thunderstorms can be hazardous for workers, especially those who
more than 140,000 deaths and 3.6 million years of potential life lost exposure. Dosage refers to the amount of radiation energy absorbed by
work in areas with metal structures. a particular material, while exposure refers to the amount of radiation
(YPLL) each year in the United States from 2015 – 2019, shortening Lightning strikes and falling waste are common risks associated with
the lives of those who died by an average of 26 years. Further, that is present in a given area or environment.
thunderstorms. Dosage can be measured using a unit called the gray (Gy). For
excessive drinking was responsible for 1 in 5 deaths among adults aged Windstorms are problem for workers, who work in areas with tall
20-49 years. The economic costs of excessive alcohol consumption in example, a typical radiation therapy dose for cancer treatment may
structures. Falling objects and flying debris are common risks associated range from 20-80 Gy
2010 were estimated at $249 billion, or $2.05 a drink. with windstorms. Cosmic Radiation .Radon Gas . Medical Imaging. Nuclear Power.
Plant Consumer Products
Fire Safety Different types of drugs can affect your body in different ways, and the Gambling problems can happen to anyone from any walk of life. Your
Fire losses can be one of the greatest threats to an industrial effects associated with drugs can vary from person to person. gambling goes from a fun, harmless diversion to an unhealthy
organization in terms of financial losses, loss of life, loss of property, How a drug affects an individual is dependent on: obsession with serious consequences. Whether you bet on sports,
and property damage. body size scratch cards, roulette, poker, or slots—in a casino, at the track, or
Fire is a hazard that can potentially strike any workplace. Therefore, general health online—a gambling problem can strain your relationships, interfere
industrial fire protection and prevention are crucial components of any the amount and strength of the drug with work, and lead to financial disaster. You may even do things you
safety job. whether any other drugs have been taken around the same time. never thought you would, like running up huge debts or even stealing
Industrial fire protection and prevention involves recognizing those a person’s mood or the environment they are in.
situations that may result in an unwanted fire, evaluating the potential As illegal drugs are not controlled substances the quality and strength money to gamble. Gambling addiction—also known as pathological
for an unwanted event, and developing control measures that can be may differ from one batch to another. gambling, compulsive gambling or gambling disorder—is an impulse-
used to eliminate or reduce those fire risks to an acceptable level. Drugs have short-term and long-term effects. These effects can be control disorder. If you're a compulsive gambler, you can't control the
Fire prevention is the process to plan and design to mitigate damages physical and psychological. Drugs can impact the way you think, feel impulse to gamble, even when it has negative consequences for you or
when fire occurs. and act. Making sure you know the risks can help reduce the potential your loved ones. You'll gamble whether you're up or down, broke or
Fire-protection strategies are those activities designed to minimize the harms you experience. flush, and you'll keep gambling regardless of the consequences—even
extent of the fire. People use drugs for many reasons, these reasons might include to: when you know that the odds are against you or you can't afford to
Fire is the state of combustion resulting from a chemical reaction that feel good
requires the presence of three elements in order to begin and develop. relax lose. Of course, you can also have a gambling problem without being
Extinguishing a fire usually involves removing at least one of these cope with stress, anxiety or feelings of depression
elements. deal with emotional pain or a history of trauma totally out of control. Problem gambling is any gambling behavior that
For fire-extinguishment purposes, the fuels are classified as follows: experiment disrupts your life. If you're preoccupied with gambling, spending more
Class A: carbon-based products such as wood and paper stay awake and more time and money on it, chasing losses, or gambling despite
Class B: flammable gases and liquids fall asleep serious consequences in your life, you have a gambling problem.
Class C: combustible materials where electricity may be present increase confidence
Class D: combustible metals, such as aluminum, magnesium, titanium, enhance social experiences – such as partying A gambling addiction or problem is often associated with other
and zirconium Not all drug use leads to dependence. And not everyone who uses drugs behavior or mood disorders. Many problem gamblers also suffer with
Class K: liquid cooking media or alcohol wants (or needs) help. substance abuse issues, unmanaged ADHD, stress, depression, anxiety,
Each fuel classification also has a unique symbol or bipolar disorder. To overcome your gambling problems, you'll also
need to address these and any other underlying causes as well.
Fıre alarms and detectors The home is supposed to be where you and your family are safe and
Fire detection systems are designed to discover fires early in their protected but every year accident and emergency units deal with serious
development when time will still be available for the safe evacuation of injuries and sometimes fatal accidents that occur in the home. It is not
occupants. Early detection also plays a significant role in protecting the just children and the elderly that can come to harm in the home with
safety of emergency response personnel. Property loss can be reduced things like chemicals and choke hazards. Accidents in the home claim
and downtime for the operation minimized through early detection 18,000 lives each year in America alone. It also accounts for 21 million
because control efforts are started while the fire is still small. Most medical visits annually, which costs a staggering $220 billion a year.

alarm systems provide information to emergency responders o These Many of these accidents are preventable and dealing with a serious
systems have numerous advantages as discussed above. The one major accident that could have been avoided can lead to a lifetime of guilt.
limitation is that they do nothing to contain or control the fire.
Suppression systems such as automatic sprinklers act to control the fire. We have put together this quick guide to alert you to the hazards in your
They also provide notification that they are operating, so they can fill home so that you can keep your family as safe as possible.
the role of a heat detection-based system if connected to notification 1. Falls
appliances throughout the building. They will not, however, operate as 2. Poısonıng
quickly as a smoke detection system. This is why facilities where rapid 3. Carbom monoxıde
notice is essential, even when equipped with sprinklers, still need 4. Fıre hazard
detection and alarm systems.n the location of the fire, speeding the 5. Drownıng
6. Chokıng
process of fire control. 7. Sharp objects
8. Stows
A fire alarm system is a set of devices that detect and alert people to the 9. Dıshwashers
presence of smoke, fire, carbon monoxide, or other fire-related 10. Suffocatıon
emergencies. Fire alarms systems are required in most commercial 11.
buildings and are installed to protect life, and property. Examples
include, schools, churches, restaurants, and corporate buildings. These
devices may include smoke detectors, heat detectors, and manual fire
alarm activation devices which are all connected to a Fire Alarm
Control Panel (FACP) normally found in an electrical room. The
purpose of a fire alarm system is to notify occupants, and emergency
forces. They do this so that they can take action to protect themselves
and others