Stohr/Walsh, Corrections: A Text/Reader (Second Edition) Instructor Resources

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Section II:
A History of Corrections
Multiple Choice (36)
1) In 1831, which pair came to America with the intention to study the newly minted prison
system? (c)
a. Bentham and Beccaria
b. Howard and Penn
c. Beaumont and Tocqueville
d. Dix and Maconochie
2) Which of the following was a benefit when examining the extent of punishment among tribal
groups? (e)
a. Gender
b. Wealth
c. Status
d. Both a and c
e. Both b and c
3) What was the first type of correctional facility to develop? (c)
a. Day reporting centers
b. Prisons
c. Jails
d. Bridewells
4) In Ancient Greece and Rome, citizens who broke the law might be subjected to: (e)
a. Fines
b. Exile
c. Imprisonment
d. Death
e. All of the above
5) King Henry II required that gaols be built for the purpose of: (c)
a. Extorting fine money from citizens
b. Removing the poor from the streets
c. Holding the accused for trial
d. All of the above
Stohr/Walsh, Corrections: A Text/Reader (Second Edition) Instructor Resources

6) The Catholic church had their greatest influence on punishment during: (a)
a. The Middle Ages
Stohr/Walsh, Corrections: A Text/Reader (Second Edition) Instructor Resources

b. Elizabethan England
c. The Reform Era
d. None of the above
7) Galley slavery was used more regularly: (b)
Stohr/Walsh, Corrections: A Text/Reader (Second Edition) Instructor Resources

a. By the ancient Greeks and Romans

b. By the late Middle Ages
c. In the American colonies
d. In Norfolk Island, Australia
8) After the disintegration of feudalism, what sparked government entities to increasingly respond
in a more severe fashion in the demand for resources? (c)
a. Crime
b. Prostitution
c. Poverty
d. War
9) Early workhouses were known as: (d)
a. Gaols
b. Reformatories
c. Prisons
d. Bridewells
10) The removal of those deemed as criminal to other locations such as the American colonies or
Australia is known as: (c)
a. The Marks System
b. Galley slavery
c. Transportation
d. Corporal punishment
11) Which of the following is a benefit associated with the practice of transportation? (d)
a. The removal of criminal classes
b. Exploitation of labor to satisfy a growing need
c. Humane treatment of criminals
d. Both a and b
e. Both a and c
12) Which Enlightenment Period influenced reformer personally experienced incarceration while he
was a prisoner of war? (c)
a. Jeremy Bentham
b. Cesare Beccaria
c. John Howard
d. William Penn
13) Which Enlightenment Period influenced reformer wrote in his book On Crimes and Punishment
that “it is essential that [punishment] be public, speedy, necessary, the minimum possible in the
given circumstances, proportionate to the crime, and determined by law”? (b)
a. Jeremy Bentham
b. Cesare Beccaria
c. John Howard
d. William Penn
14) Which Enlightenment Period influenced reformer was the Sheriff of Bedford, in England? (c)
a. Jeremy Bentham
b. Cesare Beccaria
c. John Howard
Stohr/Walsh, Corrections: A Text/Reader (Second Edition) Instructor Resources

d. William Penn
15) Which Enlightenment Period influenced reformer created the panopticon? (a)
a. Jeremy Bentham
b. Cesare Beccaria
c. John Howard
d. William Penn
16) Which Enlightenment Period influenced reformer sought reform in every gaol throughout
England and Europe? (c)
a. Jeremy Bentham
b. Cesare Beccaria
c. John Howard
d. William Penn
17) Which Enlightenment Period influenced reformer was also influenced by his Quaker religious
principles? (d)
a. Jeremy Bentham
b. Cesare Beccaria
c. John Howard
d. William Penn
18) Which Enlightenment Period influenced reformer instituted his Great Law which deemphasized
the use of corporal and capital punishment for all but the most serious crimes? (d)
a. Jeremy Bentham
b. Cesare Beccaria
c. John Howard
d. William Penn
19) Which Enlightenment Period influenced reformer was imprisoned in the Great Tower of London
for his promotion of his religion and defiance of the English Crown? (d)
a. Jeremy Bentham
b. Cesare Beccaria
c. John Howard
d. William Penn
20) The influence of religion on early prison operations in the United States is due primarily to: (b)
a. The Shakers
b. The Quakers
c. Enlightenment thinkers
d. Presbyterians
21) Which of the following is one of the early institutions built in America that followed the Quaker
principles and ideas? (c)
a. Newgate Prison
b. San Quentin
c. Walnut Street Jail
d. All of the above
22) The first jail in America, built around 1606, was located in: (a)
a. Jamestown, Virginia
b. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Stohr/Walsh, Corrections: A Text/Reader (Second Edition) Instructor Resources

c. Ossining, New York

d. Barnstable, Massachusetts
23) One of the earliest American makeshift prisons known as Newgate prison in Simsbury,
Connecticut started as a: (d)
a. Well
b. Cave
c. Dungeon
d. Mine
24) In what year did the American Prison Congress convene? (b)
a. 1860
b. 1870
c. 1880
d. 1890
25) The separate system is part of which model? (a)
a. Pennsylvania Prison Model
b. New York Prison Model
c. Walnut Street Jail
d. Western Pennsylvania Prison
26) The congregate system is part of which model? (b)
a. Pennsylvania system
b. New York system
c. Walnut Street Jail
d. Western Pennsylvania Prison
27) Which early prison was built to hold inmates in complete solitary confinement, with no labor,
for the full span of their sentence? (b)
a. Walnut Street Jail
b. Western Pennsylvania Prison
c. Auburn Prison
d. Sing Sing Prison
28) To which early facility did inmates refer to as being sent “up the river”? (d)
a. Walnut Street Jail
b. Eastern Pennsylvania Prison
c. Auburn Prison
d. Sing Sing Prison
29) In Beaumont and Tocqueville’s outline, which prison did they consider to be even worse than
Walnut Street? (c)
a. Auburn
b. Sing Sing
c. Pittsburgh
d. Cherry Hill
Stohr/Walsh, Corrections: A Text/Reader (Second Edition) Instructor Resources

30) Beaumont and Toqueville attributed the first ideas of American prison reform to ?
(a)
a. Pennsylvania
b. New York
c. Ohio
d. Massachusetts
31) The Eastern State Penitentiary had what before the White House? (c)
a. Security guards
b. On site garden
c. Central Air
d. None of the Above
32) What scandal(s) did Cherry Hill face 5 years after its construction? (d)
a. Prisoner communication
b. Double occupancy
c. Prisoner labor
d. All of the above
33) Who led the movement to establish separate prisons for women? (a)
a. Women
b. Men
c. Wardens
d. The Quakers
34) What was missing from the first confinement of women in penitentiaries? (d)
a. Matrons
b. Discipline
c. Solitary
d. All of the Above

True/False (26)
1) True or False? Beaumont and Tocqueville came to the United States but did not observe
anything wrong with the systems that they studied. (F)
2) True or False? One of the constant themes in corrections is that money, or a lack thereof is a
factor that exerts over virtually all correctional policy decisions. (T)
3) True or False? Prisons and other such institutions serve as a social control mechanism. (T)
4) True or False? Religious influence is not one of the themes that are apparent in corrections
history. (F)
5) True or False? Among tribal groups, the wealthy and poor were treated equally under the eyes
of punishment. (F)
6) True or False? The use of imprisonment can be traced back to the Old Testament in the Bible. (T)
7) True or False? The Protestant church had its greatest influence on punishment in the Middle
Ages. (F)
Stohr/Walsh, Corrections: A Text/Reader (Second Edition) Instructor Resources

8) True or False? Galley Slavery was only used to get the poor off the streets. (F)
9) True or False? Under 18th century England, a person could receive the death penalty for rioting
over wages or food. (T)
10) True or False? Brideswells provided a location to send poor people in order to remove them
from the streets. (T)
11) True or False? The practice of transportation was short-lived in the correctional system. (F)
12) True or False? Americans continued to transport their prisoners well after the Revolutionary
War. (F)
13) True or False? Historically, prison labor was considered part of an inmate’s punishment, rather
than solely a means of revenue. (T)
14) True or False? The Progressive period was the era that spelled out major changes incorrectional
reform and gave rise to such great thinkers as Cesare Beccaria. (F)
15) True or False? John Howard believed that English gaols treated inmates inhumanely and needed
to be reformed. (T)
16) True or False? William Penn is credited with creating the panopticon, which was the first prison
ever to be constructed. (F)
17) True or False? William Penn proposed the Great Law, which deemphasized the use of corporal
punishment and capital punishment for all crimes, but the most serious. (T)
18) True or False? One of the oldest American prisons was a copper mine. (T)
19) True or False? The first jail built in America was in Philadelphia Pennsylvania in 1790. (F)
20) True or False? Dorothea Dix was the first warden of the Elmira Reformatory. (F)
21) True or False? The state of Ohio shocked Beaumont and Tocqueville by the barbarous state of
its prisons compared to its mildness of its penal code. (T)
22) True or False? Beaumont and Toqueville extensively covered the Southern states in their
outline of American prisons. (F)
23) True or False? In the reading Norman Johnston proclaimed Cherry Hill as “the most influential
prison ever built.” (T)
24) The architect of the “most influential prison ever built” was Samuel Wood. (F)
25) The first penitentiary conditions for women were “worse than death”. (T)
26) Mount Pleasant was the first state penitentiary to include a nursery. (T)

Short Answer (10)

1) What are constant themes that have been seen throughout the history of corrections? (p. 15-
16)
2) According to the text, prior to their widespread use in England, where could early versions of
gaols be found? (p. 16-17)
3) According to the text the Riot Act, created during 18th century England, allowed the use of
capital punishment for what behavior? (p. 18)
4) Where did Brideswells get their name? (p. 18)
5) Why did transportation from England to the American colonies end? (p. 18-19)
6) John Howard’s genius was his main insight regarding corrections. What was this insight? (p. 19-
20)
Stohr/Walsh, Corrections: A Text/Reader (Second Edition) Instructor Resources

7) Though they created separate deterrence theories, on what specifics did both Bentham and
Beccaria agree? (p. 20-21)
8) Bentham believed that his creation, the panopticon, would greatly enhancing supervision of
inmates by melding which two ideas? (p. 20-21)
9) What did William Penn’s Great law seek to achieve? (p. 21)
10) Why were Southern prisons little used prior to the Civil War? (p. 30-31)

Essay (8)
1) What key events as described in the text facilitated the widespread use of gaols in England? (p.
16-17)
2) Discuss the history of gallery slavery from its first uses to its end as well as the rationale behind
it. (p. 17)
3) Compare and contrast the separation (classification) of inmates from early Brideswells with
those of the early European and British Prisons. (p. 18)
4) Discuss the history of transportation from its first uses to its end, as well as the rationale behind
it. (p. 18-19)
5) What was the significance of the enlightenment on correctional thinking? (p. 19)
6) Pick one of the four Enlightenment Period reformers discussed in detail from the text. What did
they believe in regards to reforming corrections? How did they propose to promote such
reform? (p. 19-21)
7) Discuss the Pennsylvania and New York Systems. Which do you believe was better from
inception? Why? (p. 24-27)
8) What is the Declaration of Principles? Do you think they should be applied to our system today
(in part or in whole)? Why or why not? (p. 28-29)

Reader Questions (12)

1) Compare and contrast the two conflicting penitentiary systems written about by De Beaumont
and De Tocqueville. (p. 36-43)
2) List the names and locations of four of the prisons studied by Beaumont and Tocqueville. (p. 3-
43)
3) Which two cities did Beaumont and Tocqueville describe as having horrible prison situations? (p.
42)
4) What was the conclusion of Beaumont and Tocqueville at the end of the reading? (p. 43)
5) What is name of “The world’s most influential Prison” from your second reading and why was it
built? (p. 44-49)
6) Discuss some of the technology implemented in the construction of “The world’s most
influential prison”. (p. 47-48)
7) What were some of the scandals involved with the operation of “The world’s most influential
prison? (p. 48)
8) Discuss “The world’s most influential prison’s” fall from grace. (p. 50)
9) What is main theme of “Much and Unfortunately Neglected” your third reading? (p. 54-55)
Stohr/Walsh, Corrections: A Text/Reader (Second Edition) Instructor Resources

10) Discuss some of the negative observations of the Ohio prison in “Much and Unfortunately
Neglected”. What were the causes? (p. 56-57)
11) Who led the reform on segregation near the end of the nineteenth century in “Much and
Unfortunately Neglected” and what grudging changes proceeded it? (p. 60-62)
12) Where was Mount Pleasant constructed? Why was it significant for its time? (p. 62-65)