SSRG International Journal of Thermal Engineering (SSRG-IJTE) volume 3 Issue 3 May to June 2017

Investigation of NOx in CI engine and

reducing it by water mixing with diesel
Vipul Pranami*1, Prakash Shakti*2, Sachin Patel*3, Satyavrat Patel*3
1*
Assistant Professor & Mechanical Department of KJIT
2, 3, 4*
Assistant Professor & Automobile Department of KJIT
Vadodara, (G.J.) India

Abstract: CI engine, usually called as the diesel The principal reactions major the development of NO
engines is nowadays facing the challenges of from molecular nitrogen are,
controlling NOx emission. To come across emission N2 + O NO + N,
norms, proper combustion and to control NOx N +O2 NO + O,
emissions there is done a simulation software based N + OH NO + H.
analysis to find the percentage and to control on NOx NO formed in the flame zone can be rapidly converted
by using water injection system inside combustion to NO2 via reactions such as,
chamber with diesel. NO + HO2 NO + OH.
Successively, conversion of this NO unless the NO2 to
Keywords—NOx emission, Diesel Engines, NO occurs via
Combustion Chamber, water mixing. NO2+ O NO + O2
Formed in the flame is reduced by mixing with cooler
1. INTRODUCTION fluid. This clarification is reliable with the highest
Diesel Engines has unmistakable points of interest of NO2=NO ratio occurring at high load in diesels, when
better efficiency, higher torque, and high unwavering cooler areas which could reduce the conversion back
quality over the other engines. For many SUV and to NO are general.
Commercial vehicles, for the most part diesel engine The engine design and operating conditions too affect
is utilized as the prime mover and it will keep up its the NOx formation process.
predominance for a long time to come. Be that as it Formation of Nitrogen Oxides
may, these motors require exceptionally complex
after-treatment devices to meet stringent outflow 1. Thermal NO: - By oxidation of atmospheric
focuses for NOx and residue. In the cutting edge nitrogen at high temperatures in the post-flame
turbocharged, High CRDI engines with retarding burned gases
ignition timing, the greater part of NOx in the cycle is 2. Prompt NO: - Formed at the flame visible within
created in the post burning gasses after peak pressure. the flame response zone.
In the actually suctioned Engine with long start delays 3. Fuel NO: - Oxidation of fuel-bound nitrogen at
and adequate time accessible for premixing of fuel and comparatively less temperatures
air, the commitment of premixed burning to NO
arrangement is thought to be significant. The theory Diesel engines exhausting gaseous emission and
that the majority of NOx in diesel engine is formed in particulate problem have long been observed as one of
the burned gases produced by combustion at near the major air pollution sources, particularly in urban
stoichiometric conditions. areas, and have been a source of thoughtful public
However NO and NO2 are ached together as NOx, anxiety for a long time. There has been various
there are some individual differences between these research in the field of reduction of these pollutants
two pollutants. NO is a colourless and odourless gas, subsequently diesel engines originated to major use.
while NO2 is a reddish brown gas with bitter odour. Major emissions from a diesel engine are NOx, SOx,
Both gases are reflected as toxic; but NO2 has a level CO and soots among these pollutants CO and Sox are
of toxicity 5 times greater than that of NO. Although some amount of particulate matters that are reduced
NO is basically formed from oxidation of NO, by after treatment methods, in the catalytic converter
attention has been given on how NO can be controlled etc. unlike these NOx can’t be oxidized to get some
before and after combustion. NO is occurred through clean product. Nowadays NOx emissions are reduced
the post flame combustion process at high temperature. by selective catalytic reduction.
The main source of NO development is oxidation of Using a mixing of diesel in water as a fuel has been a
nitrogen present in atmospheric air. The nitric oxide recent field of study in this field. Water/diesel (W/D)
development chain reactions are started by atomic combined preparations are stated to reduce the
oxygen, which forms from the separation of oxygen emissions of NOx, SOx, CO and particulate matter
molecules at the high temperatures reached during the (PM) without recompensing the engine’s performance.
combustion process. In this work a new kind of mixture is prepared by
spray formation with diesel. .

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 SSRG International Journal of Thermal Engineering (SSRG-IJTE) volume 3 Issue 3 May to June 2017

1.1 DIESEL-WATER MIXING

When mixed right, diesel being a lighter liquid than

water comes to the top and water slowdown in the
bottom. By using a suitable surfactant the molecules
of water and diesel can be bound together. The
stability of the emulsion made is very important,
because if it’s not stable for an appreciable period of
time it won’t be practically useful. Using water mixing
agent with diesel has many benefits on different ways.
It has been describe in many previous researches that
it reduces the flame temperature thus reducing the
NOx emissions considerably. Mixing of water also
improves atomization and mixing which is attributed
to droplet micro emulsion. The better mixing is due to
the improved vaporized jet fuel momentum giving air
more way to get into the fuel jet. This also supports in
reduction in NOx from diffusive burning portion of Fig. 1 A basic detail of combustion chamber
combustion event as well as reducing the carbon
2.1 CFD ANALYSIS OF NOX
formation. This results along with the chemical
consequence of water results in increase in ignition The boundary circumstances should be given after
delay. There is also an extensive proof that mixing designing the geometry. In the analysis viscous
water to diesel can reduce the soot particulates and standard k-e model is allowed for non-premixed
smoke emission. combustion model. The detailed combustion
There has been a developing importance in diesel fuel analysis is shown in figure by giving it results.
industry to produce and apply the diesel water
combination as usable fuels for diesel engines.
However its effect on the heat instability passage the
combustion chamber components i.e. cylinder heads
and cylinder liners, chamber temperature and thermal
loading.
In the give work there is done a cfd analysis mixing
diesel and water with 94.5 % diesel + 4.5% water +
0.5% of 20 + 0.5% span 20
Now a stable liquid was obtained. The liquid was
milky white in colour and endured as it is for a very
long period of time. This will used as a new fuel.

2. ANALYSIS OF NOX COMBUSTION

The all work is done by using 3D modelling and
analysis software. Design of combustion chamber is
shown. Fig. 2 Fuel spray

Fig. 3 CO2 Formation

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 SSRG International Journal of Thermal Engineering (SSRG-IJTE) volume 3 Issue 3 May to June 2017

Fig. 7 Formation of No
Fig. 4 H2o Formation

Fig. 8 Formation of No_top view

Fig. 5 Formation of N2

Fig. 9 Formation No_top2

Fig. 6 Formation of No

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 SSRG International Journal of Thermal Engineering (SSRG-IJTE) volume 3 Issue 3 May to June 2017

Graph 3. Generation of NOx

Fig. 10 Formation of O2

Graph 4. Pollution of NOx

Fig. 11 Temperature

GRAPH

Graph 5. Temperature rise

Graph 1. Fuel spray

Graph 2. Generation of NOx

Graph 6. Crank Angle

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 SSRG International Journal of Thermal Engineering (SSRG-IJTE) volume 3 Issue 3 May to June 2017

The NOx emission is brought down by 32% - 45 % by

use of diesel water combination. This tendency goes
on increasing with increase in amount of water in the
combination.

At low speed the hydrocarbon emissions are lesser for

combination as compared to diesel, though when the
speed increased HC emissions are higher for
emulsions.

Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide emissions

increase with increase in water percentage in diesel.
This is due to the fact that most of the hydrocarbons
Graph 7. Actual Valve Opening are burnt at low speed.

TABLE 1: ENGINE PARAMETERS For ideal results usage of diesel water combination
Bore 80mm with 7.5% water content will have the finest results in
Stroke 144.5 terms of performance and emissions.
Injector nozzle size 0.3 mm ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Nozzle type 5 point
182.7 Kpa This Research work grateful to Department of
Pressure Inlet valve
Mechanical & Automobile Engineering faculty of K.J.
Exhaust valve 182.7 Kpa
Institute of Engineering & Technology.
Bottom 567 K
Temperature Chamber REFERENCES
Top Chamber 567 K
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3. CONCLUSIONS
Reference Books
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