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Code Example Ts

The document provides examples, called examplets, that illustrate how to perform various tasks in Java. Examplets show the classes and methods involved and how they interact. They can be used as-is or modified. It is good practice to add exception handling to examplets. The document then lists topics that have examplets covering areas like AWT, Swing, networking, databases and more.

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Code Example Ts

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Examplets from Java Developer's Almanac

Examplets from The Java Developers

Almanac 2000
Examplets are code snippets that illustrate a particular task. They're designed to show which classes
and members are involved in performing the task, and how the classes and members interact with
each other. You will see blue italicized text in an examplet; this indicates code that should be
replaced if you use it in your program.
An examplet can have enough detail for you to use it, as is. Or you might have to get more
information about the involved classes. A good place to find information about the Java 2 Platform
APIs is the Java 2 Platform API index.

It's also good practice to add catch clauses, as appropriate, to the examplets. If the code of an
examplet throws a checked exception, the code is surrounded by a try/catch statement. However, to
reduce space and distraction, the catch clause is left blank. Catch clauses should always handle the
exception and should never be left blank. So, at the very least, you should include a call to
e.printStackTrace() to display the exception on the console.
● Accessibility ● JNDI Events
● Applets ● JNDI LDAP
● AWT GUI Creation ● Language Essentials
● AWT Clipboard ● Math
● AWT Drag-n-Drop ● Networking
● AWT Events ● Printing
● AWT Fonts ● Reference Objects
● AWT Shapes ● Reflection
● Compression -- Zip Files ● RMI
● Compression -- JAR Files ● Sampled Sound
● Data Structures and Algorithms ● Sampled Sound -- MIDI
● Files, Streams, I/O ● Security
● Images ● Swing GUI Creation
● Internationization ● Swing Event Handling
● JavaBeans[tm] Technology ● Swing File Chooser
● JDBC[tm] Technology -- Database ● Swing Text Component
Access ● Swing Tree Component
● JNDI ● Swing Undo
● JNDI Directory

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Examplets from Java Developer's Almanac

Accessibility (javax.accessibility)
The Quintessential Accessible Object
Setting an Accessible Name for an Image Button
Setting a Description for Image Icons
Setting a Mnemomic for Buttons
Setting a Mnemonic for a Menu
Associating a Label with a Component
Setting a Keyboard Accelerator for a Menu Item

Applets (java.applet)
The Quintessential Applet
Getting an Applet Parameter
Making the Browser Visit a URL
Showing a Message in the Browser's Status Bar
Loading and Playing Audio in an Applet
Loading and Playing Audio in an Application
Loading and Painting an Image in an Applet
Animating an Array of Images in an Applet

AWT GUI Creation (java.awt)

The Quintessential Drawing Program
Drawing Basic Shapes
Filling Basic Shapes
Loading an Image
Drawing an Image
Scaling, Shearing, Translating, and Rotating a Drawn Image
Drawing Simple Text
Drawing Rotated Text
Getting the Dimensions of Text
Drawing Anti-Aliased Text and Graphics
Drawing with Alpha
Setting the Clipping Area with a Shape
Changing the Thickness of the Stroking Pen
Creating a Shape from a Stroked Shape
Stroking or Filling a Shape
Stroking or Filling with a Color
Stroking or Filling with a Gradient Color
Stroking or Filling with a Texture
Animating an Array of Images in an Application
Setting a Component's Cursor

AWT Clipboard (java.awt.datatransfer)

Retrieving Text from the System Clipboard
Placing Text on the System Clipboard

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Examplets from Java Developer's Almanac

AWT Drag-n-Drop (java.awt.dnd)

Making a Component Draggable
Making a Component a Drop Target
Handling a Drop Event

AWT Events (java.awt.event)

Handling Events with an Anonymous Class
Handling Action Events
Handling Key Presses
Handling Mouse Clicks
Handling Mouse Motion
Detecting Double and Triple Clicks
Handling Focus Changes

AWT Fonts (java.awt.font)

Listing All Available Fonts
Drawing a Paragraph of Text
Getting the Shape from the Outline of Text
Drawing Text with Mixed Styles

AWT Shapes (java.awt.geom)

Creating a Shape with Lines and Curves
Creating Basic Shapes
Combining Shapes
Scaling, Shearing, Translating, and Rotating a Shape

Compression -- Zips Files (java.util.zip)

Compressing a File
Decompressing a File
Listing the Contents of a ZIP File
Calculating the Checksum of a Byte Array

Compression -- JAR Files (java.util.jar)

Retrieving the Manifest of a JAR File

JDBC[tm] Technology -- Database Access (java.sql)

Connecting to a Database
Creating a Database Table
Entering a New Row into a Database Table
Getting All Rows from a Database Table
Getting Particular Rows from a Database Table
Updating a Row of Data in a Database Table
Using a Prepared SQL Statement

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Examplets from Java Developer's Almanac

JavaBeans[tm] Technology (java.beans)

The Quintessential Bean
Implementing a Bound Property
Implementing a Constrained Property
Instantiating a Bean
Handling a Property Change Event
Handling a Vetoable Property Change Event JNDI

JNDI (javax.naming)
Creating an Initial Context to the Naming Service
Looking Up an Object From the Naming Service
Listing a Context in the Naming Service
Adding, Replacing, Removing, and Renaming a Binding in the Naming Se rvice
Creating and Destroying a Subcontext in the Naming Service
Getting an Object's Fully Qualified Name
Using a URL as a Name to the Initial Context
Parsing a Composite Name
Parsing a Compound Name

JNDI Directory (javax.naming.directory)

Creating an Initial Context to a Directory
Reading an Object's Attributes from the Directory
Modifying an Object's Attributes in the Directory
Creating an Directory Entry
Adding a Binding with Attributes to the Directory
Performing a Basic Directory Search
Searching the Directory By Using a Search Filter
Searching a Subtree in the Directory
Cancelling a Directory Search
Getting an Object's Schema from the Directory
Getting an Attribute's Schema from the Directory
Authenticating to the Directory

JNDI Events (javax.naming.event)

Registering for Namespace Changes in the Directory
Registering for Object Changes in the Directory Ldap

JNDI LDAP (javax.naming.ldap)

Setting LDAP Connection Request Controls
Setting LDAP Context Request Controls
Getting LDAP Response Controls
Performing an LDAP ``Extended'' Operation

Language Essentials (java.lang)

Exiting a Java Program

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Examplets from Java Developer's Almanac

The Quintessential Thread

Making an Object Cloneable
Constructing a String
Getting a Substring from a String
Searching a String
Replacing Characters in a String
Replacing Substrings in a String
Converting a String to Upper or Lower Case
Converting a String to a Number
Shifting Elements in an Array
Copying Elements from One Array to Another
Retrieving the SuperClass of an Object
Getting the Package of an Object
Implementing a Work Queue
Executes a Command
Reading Output from a Command
Sending Input to a Command
Pausing
Getting the Current Time
Getting the Value of a System Property
Setting the Value of a System Property
Using a Thread-local Variable
Loading Native Code
Converting Unicode to UTF-8
Converting UTF-8 to Unicode
Determining a Character's Unicode Block

Math (java.math)
Operating With Big Integer Values
Operating With Big Decimal Values
Setting the Decimal Place of a Big Decimal Value

Networking (java.net)
Creating a URL
Parsing a URL
Reading Text from a URL
Calling a CGI Using POST Method
Resolving a Hostname
Creating a Client Socket
Creating a Server Socket
Reading Text from a Socket
Writing Text to a Socket
Sending a Datagram
Receiving a Datagram
Joining a Multicast Group
Receiving from a Multicast Group
Sending to a Multicast Group

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Examplets from Java Developer's Almanac

Printing (java.awt.print)
Getting the Dimensions of a Printed Page
Setting the Orientation of a Printed Page
Printing Pages with Different Formats
Displaying the Page Format Dialog
Displaying the Print Dialog

Reference Objects (java.lang.ref)

Holding onto an Object Until Memory Becomes Low
Determining When an Object Is No Longer Used
Determining When an Object Is About to be Reclaimed

Reflection (java.lang.reflect)
Getting a Class Object
Getting the Modifiers of a Class Object
Getting the Interfaces of a Class Object
Getting the Methods of a Class Object
Getting a Constructor of a Class Object
Creating an Object Using a Constructor Object
Getting the Field Objects of a Class Object
Getting and Setting the Value of a Field
Invoking a Method Using a Method Object
Getting the Modifiers of a Member Object
Getting the Name of a Class or Member Object
Determining if an Object Is an Array
Determining the Dimensions of an Array
Getting the Component Type of an Array
Creating an Array
Expanding an Array
Getting and Setting the Value of an Element in an Array
Overriding Default Access
Creating a Proxy Object

RMI (java.rmi)
Starting Up the RMI Registry
Defining and Exporting a Remote Object
Looking Up a Remote Object and Invoking a Method
Passing Parameters to a Remote Method
Returning Values from a Remote Method
Throwing an Exception from a Remote Method
Starting the Name Server
Defining and Exporting a Portable Remote Object
Looking Up a Portable Remote Object and Invoking a Method

Sampled Sound (javax.sound.sampled)

Loading and Playing Sampled Audio

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Examplets from Java Developer's Almanac

Determining the File Format of a Sampled Audio File

Determining the Encoding of a Sampled Audio File
Determining the Duration of a Sampled Audio File
Playing Streaming Sampled Audio
Continuously Playing a Sampled Audio File
Determining the Position of a Sampled Audio Player
Determining When a Sampled Audio Player has Finished Playing
Controlling the Volume of Playing Sampled Audio

Sampled Sound -- MIDI (javax.sound.midi)

Loading and Playing Midi Audio
Determining the File Format of a MIdi Audio File
Determining the Duration of a Midi Audio File
Playing Streaming Midi Audio
Determining the Position of a Midi Sequencer
Determining When a Midi Audio Player has Finished Playing
Controlling the Volume of Playing Midi Audio

Security (java.security)
Creating a New Key Pair and Self-signed Certificate
Creating and Signing a JAR File
Creating a New Policy File
Managing Policy Files
Creating a Keyed Digest Using MD5
Getting a Certificate from a Keystore
Checking Read/Write Permission for a Directory
Checking if One Permission Implies Another
Creating a Secure Random Number

Swing GUI Creation (javax.swing)

The Quintessential Swing User Interface
Centering a Frame on the Screen
Exiting an Application When a Frame Is Closed
Creating a Button
Creating a Checkbox Button
Creating a Color Chooser Dialog
Creating a ComboBox
Creating Image Radio Buttons
Retrieving the Selected Button in a Group
Firing Item Events
Creating a File Chooser Dialog
Displaying Only Directories in a File Chooser Dialog
Creating an Internal Frame
Creating a List Component
Creating a Scrolling List Component
Setting the Selection Mode of a List Component
Creating a Menu Bar, Menu, and Menu Item
Separating Menu Items in a Menu
Creating a Popup Menu

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Examplets from Java Developer's Almanac

Creating a Progess Bar

Creating Radio Buttons
Creating a Scroll Pane
Creating a Slider
Creating a Split Pane
Creating a Tabbed Pane
Creating a Text Field
Creating a Password Text Field
Creating a Table
Creating a Text Area
Displaying Simple HTML Files
Creating a Toolbar
Creating a Borderless Window
Showing a Dialog Box
Creating Key Strokes and Binding Them to Actions
Adding an InputMap to a Component
Setting a Tool Tip
Laying Out Components in a Row or Column
Separating Components in a Row or Column
Laying Out Components in a Flow (Left-to-Right, Top-to-Bottom)
Laying Out Components in a Grid
Laying Out Components Using Absolute Coordinates
Setting a Border
Adding a Title to a Border
Creating a Compound Border
Determining the Available Look and Feels
Setting the Look and Feel
Painting the Background of a Container with an Image Pattern

Swing Event Handling (javax.swing.event)

Handling Hyperlink Events
Handling Changes to a List Component

Swing File Chooser (javax.swing.filechooser)

Adding a Filter to a File Chooser Dialog

Swing Text Component (javax.swing.text)

Inserting Styled Text in a Text Pane
Inserting an Image into a Text Pane
Inserting a Component into a Text Pane

Swing Tree Component (javax.swing.tree)

Creating a Tree
Handling Selection Events in a Tree Component

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Examplets from Java Developer's Almanac

Swing Undo (javax.swing.undo)

Adding Undo and Redo to a Text Component

These code examples and other materials are subject to Sun Microsystems, Inc. Legal Terms
ExampletsSM provided by permission of the publisher, Addision-Wesley, and Author Patrick Chan.

[ This page was updated: 25-Feb-2002 ]

Glossary | Help Pages

For answers to common questions and further contact
information please see the java.sun.com Help Pages.

Unless otherwise licensed, code in all technical materials herein Copyright © 1995-2002 Sun Microsystems, Inc.
(including articles, FAQs, samples) is provided under this License. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use. Privacy Policy.

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Code Samples from the Java Developers Almanac 2000

javax.accessibility
Code Samples Index

These code examples and other materials are subject to Sun Microsystems,
Inc. Legal Terms

The Quintessential Accessible Object

You should try to subclass from JComponent or one of its
descendents since that will automatically make your object
accessible. If that is not possible, your object should implement
Accessible.

import javax.accessibility.*;

public class BasicAccessible implements Accessible {

public AccessibleContext getAccessibleContext() {
return new AccessibleContext() {
// Implement all the abstract methods in this
// abstract class.
};
}
}

Examplets TM provided by permission of the publisher, Addision-Wesley, and

Author Patrick Chan.
Order this book from Amazon

[ This page was updated: 19-Jul-2000 ]

Glossary - Applets - Tutorial - Employment - Business & Licensing - Java Store - Java in the Real World
FAQ | Feedback | Map | A-Z Index
For more information on Java technology
and other software from Sun Microsystems, call:
(800) 786-7638
Outside the U.S. and Canada, dial your country's Copyright © 1995-2000 Sun Microsystems, Inc.
AT&T Direct Access Number first. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use. Privacy Policy.

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Code Samples from the Java Developers Almanac 2000

javax.accessibility
Code Samples Index

These code examples and other materials are subject to Sun Microsystems, Inc.
Legal Terms

Setting an Accessible Name for an Image Button

You should also set the accessible name for components that only
show an image. The tool tip text, if set, serves as the accessible
name for a component. However, if the tool tip text is being used for
something else, set the component's accessible name.

JButton button = new JButton(new ImageIcon("image.gif"));

button.setToolTipText("Button Name");

// If tool tip is being used for something else,

// set the accessible name.
button.getAccessibleContext().setAccessibleName(
"Button Name");

Examplets TM provided by permission of the publisher, Addision-Wesley, and

Author Patrick Chan.
Order this book from Amazon

[ This page was updated: 19-Jul-2000 ]

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Code Samples from the Java Developers Almanac 2000

javax.accessibility
Code Samples Index

These code examples and other materials are subject to Sun Microsystems,
Inc. Legal Terms

Setting a Description for Image Icons

Image icons can be inserted in a variety of places such as in a text
or tree component. You should set a description for image icons to
help blind users.

ImageIcon icon = new ImageIcon("image.gif");

icon.setDescription("Description of Image");

Examplets TM provided by permission of the publisher, Addision-Wesley, and

Author Patrick Chan.
Order this book from Amazon

[ This page was updated: 19-Jul-2000 ]

http://developer.java.sun.com/developer/codesamples/javax.accessibility/176.html [8/1/2000 7:46:40 AM]

Code Samples from the Java Developers Almanac 2000

javax.accessibility
Code Samples Index

These code examples and other materials are subject to Sun Microsystems,
Inc. Legal Terms

Setting a Mnemomic for Buttons

JButton button = new JButton("Button");

button.setMnemonic('B');
JCheckBox checkBox = new JCheckBox("CheckBox");
checkBox.setMnemonic('C');

Examplets TM provided by permission of the publisher, Addision-Wesley, and

Author Patrick Chan.
Order this book from Amazon

[ This page was updated: 19-Jul-2000 ]

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Code Samples from the Java Developers Almanac 2000

javax.accessibility
Code Samples Index

These code examples and other materials are subject to Sun Microsystems,
Inc. Legal Terms

Setting a Mnemonic for a Menu

At least one menu in a menu bar should have a mnemonic. This
makes all the menus and menu items accessible.

JMenu menu = new JMenu("Menu");

menu.setMnemonic('M');

Examplets TM provided by permission of the publisher, Addision-Wesley, and

Author Patrick Chan.
Order this book from Amazon

[ This page was updated: 19-Jul-2000 ]

http://developer.java.sun.com/developer/codesamples/javax.accessibility/178.html [8/1/2000 7:46:42 AM]

Code Samples from the Java Developers Almanac 2000

javax.accessibility
Code Samples Index

These code examples and other materials are subject to Sun Microsystems,
Inc. Legal Terms

Associating a Label with a Component

When a label is associated with a component, you should call
setLabelFor() to make the association explicit and then set a
mnemonic on the label. The associated component will get the
focus when the mnemonic is activated.

JLabel label = new JLabel("Name:");

label.setDisplayedMnemonic('N');
label.setLabelFor(component);

Examplets TM provided by permission of the publisher, Addision-Wesley, and

Author Patrick Chan.
Order this book from Amazon

[ This page was updated: 19-Jul-2000 ]

http://developer.java.sun.com/developer/codesamples/javax.accessibility/179.html [8/1/2000 7:46:43 AM]

Code Samples from the Java Developers Almanac 2000

javax.accessibility
Code Samples Index

These code examples and other materials are subject to Sun Microsystems,
Inc. Legal Terms

Setting a Keyboard Accelerator for a Menu Item

At least one menu in a menu bar should have a mnemonic. This
makes all the menus and menu items accessible.

JMenuItem item = new JMenuItem("Item");

//The next two lines should be in one line.

item.setAccelerator(KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(KeyEvent.
VK_I, KeyEvent.SHIFT_MASK));

Examplets TM provided by permission of the publisher, Addision-Wesley, and

Author Patrick Chan.
Order this book from Amazon

[ This page was updated: 19-Jul-2000 ]

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Code Samples from the Java Developers Almanac 2000

java.applet
Code Samples Index

These code examples and other materials are subject to Sun Microsystems,
Inc. Legal Terms

The Quintessential Applet

Every applet must subclass Applet.

import java.applet.*;
import java.awt.*;

public class BasicApplet extends Applet {

public void init() {
// Called once by the browser when
// it starts the applet.
}
public void start() {
// Called whenever the page containing
// this applet is made visible.
}
public void stop() {
// Called whenever the page containing this
// applet is not visible.
}
public void destroyed() {
// Called once when the browser destroys
// this applet.
}
public void paint(Graphics g) {
// Called whenever this applet needs to
// repaint itself.
}
}
This is the applet's accompanying HTML file.

<applet code=BasicApplet width=100 height=100>

</applet>
Examplets TM provided by permission of the publisher, Addision-Wesley, and
Author Patrick Chan.
Order this book from Amazon

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Code Samples from the Java Developers Almanac 2000

java.applet
Code Samples Index

These code examples and other materials are subject to Sun Microsystems,
Inc. Legal Terms

Getting an Applet Parameter

String s = getParameter("p");
Here is a sample HTML file containing a value for the parameter
\meta{p}.

<applet code=AppletClassName width=100 height=100>

<param name=p value="some text">
</applet>
Examplets TM provided by permission of the publisher, Addision-Wesley, and
Author Patrick Chan.
Order this book from Amazon

[ This page was updated: 19-Jul-2000 ]

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Code Samples from the Java Developers Almanac 2000

java.applet
Code Samples Index

These code examples and other materials are subject to Sun Microsystems,
Inc. Legal Terms

Making the Browser Visit a URL

try {

// The following 2 lines of code must be

// on the same line
getAppletContext().showDocument(new URL(
getDocumentBase(), "http://hostname/page.html"));
} catch (MalformedURLException e) {
}
Examplets TM provided by permission of the publisher, Addision-Wesley, and
Author Patrick Chan.
Order this book from Amazon

[ This page was updated: 19-Jul-2000 ]

http://developer.java.sun.com/developer/codesamples/java.applet/2.html [8/1/2000 7:46:47 AM]

Code Samples from the Java Developers Almanac 2000

java.applet
Code Samples Index

These code examples and other materials are subject to Sun Microsystems,
Inc. Legal Terms

Showing a Message in the Browser's Status Bar

showStatus("Your Message Here");

Examplets TM provided by permission of the publisher, Addision-Wesley, and
Author Patrick Chan.
Order this book from Amazon

[ This page was updated: 19-Jul-2000 ]

http://developer.java.sun.com/developer/codesamples/java.applet/3.html [8/1/2000 7:46:48 AM]

Code Samples from the Java Developers Almanac 2000

java.applet
Code Samples Index

These code examples and other materials are subject to Sun Microsystems,
Inc. Legal Terms

Loading and Playing Audio in an Applet

// The following 2 lines of code must be

// on the same line
AudioClip ac = getAudioClip(getDocumentBase(),
"http://hostname/audio.au");
ac.play();
Examplets TM provided by permission of the publisher, Addision-Wesley, and
Author Patrick Chan.
Order this book from Amazon

[ This page was updated: 19-Jul-2000 ]

http://developer.java.sun.com/developer/codesamples/java.applet/4.html [8/1/2000 7:46:49 AM]

Code Samples from the Java Developers Almanac 2000

java.applet
Code Samples Index

These code examples and other materials are subject to Sun Microsystems,
Inc. Legal Terms

Loading and Playing Audio in an Application

try {
URL url = new URL("http://hostname/audio.au");
AudioClip ac = Applet.newAudioClip(url);
ac.play();
} catch (MalformedURLException e) {
}
Examplets TM provided by permission of the publisher, Addision-Wesley, and
Author Patrick Chan.
Order this book from Amazon

[ This page was updated: 19-Jul-2000 ]

http://developer.java.sun.com/developer/codesamples/java.applet/5.html [8/1/2000 7:46:50 AM]

Code Samples from the Java Developers Almanac 2000

java.applet
Code Samples Index

These code examples and other materials are subject to Sun Microsystems,
Inc. Legal Terms

Loading and Painting an Image in an Applet

Image image;
public void init() {
image = getImage(getDocumentBase(),
"http://hostname/image.gif");
}
public void paint(Graphics g) {
g.drawImage(image, 0, 0, this);
}
Examplets TM provided by permission of the publisher, Addision-Wesley, and
Author Patrick Chan.
Order this book from Amazon

[ This page was updated: 19-Jul-2000 ]

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Code Samples from the Java Developers Almanac 2000

java.applet
Code Samples Index

These code examples and other materials are subject to Sun Microsystems,
Inc. Legal Terms

Animating an Array of Images in an Applet

This is the simplest applet to animate an array of images. In
practice, you should use double-buffering (which this example does
not use) to eliminate ``flickering.''

import java.applet.*;
import java.awt.*;

public class AnimApplet extends Applet

implements Runnable {
Image[] images = new Image[2];
int frame = 0;
volatile Thread thread;

public void init() {

images[0] = getImage(getDocumentBase(),
"http://hostname/image0.gif");

images[1] = getImage(getDocumentBase(),
"http://hostname/image1.gif");
}
public void start() {
(thread = new Thread(this)).start();
}
public void stop() {
thread = null;
}
public void paint(Graphics g) {
g.drawImage(images[frame], 0, 0, this);
}
public void run() {
int delay = 1000; // 1 second
try {
while (thread == Thread.currentThread()) {
frame = (frame+1)%images.length;
repaint();

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Code Samples from the Java Developers Almanac 2000

Thread.sleep(delay);
}
} catch (Exception e) {
}
}
}
Examplets TM provided by permission of the publisher, Addision-Wesley, and
Author Patrick Chan.
Order this book from Amazon

[ This page was updated: 31-Jul-2000 ]

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Code Samples from the Java Developers Almanac 2000

java.awt
Code Samples Index

These code examples and other materials are subject to Sun Microsystems,
Inc. Legal Terms

The Quintessential Drawing Program

This example creates a frame and draws an oval within the frame.

import java.awt.*;
import javax.swing.*;

class BasicDraw extends JComponent {

public void paint(Graphics g) {
Graphics2D g2d = (Graphics2D)g;

g2d.drawOval(0, 0, getSize().width-1,
getSize().height-1);
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

JFrame frame = new JFrame();
frame.getContentPane().add(new BasicDraw());
int frameWidth = 300;
int frameHeight = 300;
frame.setSize(frameWidth, frameHeight);
frame.setVisible(true);
}
}
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Drawing Basic Shapes

There are two ways to draw basic shapes like lines and rectangles.
The first is to use specific drawing methods like
Graphics.drawOval(). This example uses these methods. The
second is to construct a shape and then use Graphics2D.draw() to
draw the shape. See the java.awt.geom package for examples that
create shapes.

g2d.drawLine(x1, y1, x2, y2);

g2d.drawArc(x, y, w, h, startAngle, arcAngle);
g2d.drawOval(x, y, w, h);
g2d.drawRect(x, y, w, h);
g2d.drawRoundRect(x, y, w, h, arcWidth, arcHeight);

Polygon polygon = new Polygon();

polygon.addPoint(x, y);
// ...continue adding points
g2d.drawPolygon(polygon);
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Filling Basic Shapes

There are two ways to fill basic shapes like lines and rectangles.
The first is to use specific drawing methods like Graphics.fillOval().
This example uses these methods. The second is to construct a
shape and then use Graphics2D.fill() to fill the shape. See the
java.awt.geom package for examples that create shapes.

g2d.fillArc(x, y, w, h, startAngle, arcAngle);

g2d.fillOval(x, y, w, h);
g2d.fillRect(x, y, w, h);
g2d.fillRoundRect(x, y, w, h, arcWidth, arcHeight);

Polygon polygon = new Polygon();

polygon.addPoint(x, y);
// ...continue adding points
g2d.fillPolygon(polygon);
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Loading an Image

// This call returns immediately and pixels

// are loaded in background.

// The following 2 lines of code must be

// on the same line
Image image = Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getImage(
"image.gif");

// This method ensures that all pixels have

// been loaded before returning.
image = new ImageIcon("image.gif").getImage();
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Drawing an Image

public void paint(Graphics g) {

// Drawing an Image object.
g.drawImage(image, x, y, this);

// Drawing an ImageIcon object.

imageIcon.paintIcon(this, g, x, y);
}
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Scaling, Shearing, Translating, and Rotating a Drawn

Image

AffineTransform tx = new AffineTransform();

tx.scale(scalex, scaley);
tx.shear(shiftx, shifty);
tx.translate(x, y);
tx.rotate(radians);

g2d.drawImage(image, tx, this);

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Drawing Simple Text

// Set the desired font if different from default font.

Font font = new Font("Serif", Font.PLAIN, 12);
g2d.setFont(font);

// Draw the string such that its base line is at x, y.

g2d.drawString("aString", x, y);

// Draw the string such that the top-left corner

// is at x, y.
FontMetrics fontMetrics = g2d.getFontMetrics();
g2d.drawString(
"aString", x, y+fontMetrics.getAscent());
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Drawing Rotated Text

// Draw string rotated clockwise 90 degrees.

AffineTransform at = new AffineTransform();
at.setToRotation(Math.PI/2.0);
g2d.setTransform(at);
g2d.drawString("aString", x, y);

// Draw string rotated counter-clockwise 90 degrees.

at = new AffineTransform();
at.setToRotation(-Math.PI/2.0);
g2d.setTransform(at);
g2d.drawString("aString", x, y);
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Getting the Dimensions of Text

// From within the paint() method.

public void paint(Graphics g) {
Graphics2D g2d = (Graphics2D)g;
Font font = new Font("Serif", Font.PLAIN, 12);
FontMetrics fontMetrics = g2d.getFontMetrics();

int width = fontMetrics.stringWidth("aString");

int height = fontMetrics.getHeight();
}

// From within a component.

class MyComponent extends JComponent {
MyComponent() {
Font font = new Font("Serif", Font.PLAIN, 12);
FontMetrics fontMetrics = getFontMetrics(font);

int width = fontMetrics.stringWidth("aString");

int height = fontMetrics.getHeight();
}
}
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Drawing Anti-Aliased Text and Graphics

// Text only
g2d.setRenderingHint(
RenderingHints.KEY_TEXT_ANTIALIASING,
RenderingHints.VALUE_TEXT_ANTIALIAS_ON);

// Text and graphics

g2d.setRenderingHint(
RenderingHints.KEY_ANTIALIASING,
RenderingHints.VALUE_ANTIALIAS_ON);

drawGraphics(g2d);
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Drawing with Alpha

drawGraphic1(g2d);

// Set alpha. 0.0f is 100% transparent and 1.0f is

// 100% opaque.
float alpha = .7f;
g2d.setComposite(
AlphaComposite.getInstance(
AlphaComposite.SRC_OVER, alpha));

drawGraphic2(g2d);
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Setting the Clipping Area with a Shape

g2d.setClip(shape);
drawGraphics(g2d);
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Changing the Thickness of the Stroking Pen

dashPhase is the offset to start the dashing pattern.

float strokeThickness = 5.0f;

// A solid stroke
BasicStroke stroke = new BasicStroke(strokeThickness);
g2d.setStroke(stroke);
drawShape(g2d);

// A dashed stroke
float miterLimit = 10f;
float[] dashPattern = {10f};
float dashPhase = 5f;
stroke = new BasicStroke(
strokeThickness, BasicStroke.CAP_BUTT,
BasicStroke.JOIN_MITER, miterLimit,
dashPattern, dashPhase);
g2d.setStroke(stroke);
drawShape(g2d);
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Creating a Shape from a Stroked Shape

float strokeThickness = 5.0f;

BasicStroke stroke = new BasicStroke(strokeThickness);
Shape newShape = stroke.createStrokedShape(shape);
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Stroking or Filling a Shape

// Stroke the shape.

g2d.draw(shape);

// Fill the shape.

g2d.fill(shape);
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Stroking or Filling with a Color

// Use a predefined color.

g2d.setColor(Color.red);
drawShape(g2d);

// Use a custom color.

int red = 230;
int green = 45;
int blue = 67;
g2d.setColor(new Color(red, green, blue));
drawShape(g2d);
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Stroking or Filling with a Gradient Color

Color startColor = Color.red;

Color endColor = Color.blue;

// A non-cyclic gradient
GradientPaint gradient = new GradientPaint(
startX, startY, startColor,
endX, endY, endColor);
g2d.setPaint(gradient);
drawShape(g2d);

// A cyclic gradient
gradient = new GradientPaint(
startX, startY, startColor,
endX, endY, endColor, true);
g2d.setPaint(gradient);
drawShape(g2d);
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Stroking or Filling with a Texture

The buffered image used to create the TexturePaint object is scaled
down/up to width w and height h. Conceptually, the scaled
down/up buffered image is first painted at (x, y) in user space, and
then replicated around it.

TexturePaint texture = new TexturePaint(

bufferedImage,
new Rectangle(x, y, 50/*w*/, 25/*h*/));
g2d.setPaint(texture);
drawShape(g2d);
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Animating an Array of Images in an Application

This is the simplest application to animate a an array of images.

import java.awt.*;
import javax.swing.*;

public class AnimApp extends JComponent

implements Runnable {
Image[] images = new Image[2];
int frame = 0;

public void paint(Graphics g) {

Image image = images[frame];
if (image != null) {
g.drawImage(image, 0, 0, this);
}
}

public void run() {

images[0] = new ImageIcon(
"image1.gif").getImage();
images[1] = new ImageIcon(
"image2.gif").getImage();
int delay = 1000; // 1 second

try {
while (true) {
frame = (frame+1)%images.length;
repaint();
Thread.sleep(delay);
}
} catch (Exception e) {
}
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

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AnimApp app = new AnimApp();

JFrame frame = new JFrame();
frame.getContentPane().add(app);
frame.setSize(300, 300);
frame.setVisible(true);

(new Thread(app)).start();
}
}
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Setting a Component's Cursor

See the Cursor class for available cursors.

component.setCursor(Cursor.getPredefinedCursor(
Cursor.HAND_CURSOR));
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Retrieving Text from the System Clipboard

// The following 3 lines of code must be

// on the same line

Transferable t =
Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getSystemClipboard().
getContents(null);

try {
if (t != null && t.isDataFlavorSupported(
DataFlavor.stringFlavor)) {
String s = (String)t.getTransferData(
DataFlavor.stringFlavor);
process(s);
}
} catch (UnsupportedFlavorException e) {
} catch (IOException e) {
}
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Placing Text on the System Clipboard

StringSelection ss =
new StringSelection("aString");

// The following 2 lines of code must be

// on the same line

Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getSystemClipboard().
setContents(ss, null);
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Making a Component Draggable

This example demonstrates the code needed to make a component
draggable. The object being transferred in this example is a string.

// The following 3 lines of code must be

// on the same line

public class DraggableComponent extends JComponent

implements DragGestureListener,
DragSourceListener {
DragSource dragSource;

public DraggableComponent() {
dragSource = new DragSource();
dragSource.createDefaultDragGestureRecognizer(
this, DnDConstants.ACTION_COPY_OR_MOVE, this);
}
public void dragGestureRecognized(
DragGestureEvent evt) {
Transferable t = new StringSelection(
"aString");
dragSource.startDrag (
evt, DragSource.DefaultCopyDrop, t, this);
}
public void dragEnter(DragSourceDragEvent evt) {
// Called when the user is dragging this drag
// source and enters the drop target.
}
public void dragOver(DragSourceDragEvent evt) {
// Called when the user is dragging this drag
// source and moves over the drop target.
}
public void dragExit(DragSourceEvent evt) {
// Called when the user is dragging this drag
// source and leaves the drop target.

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}
public void dropActionChanged(
DragSourceDragEvent evt) {
// Called when the user changes the drag
// action between copy or move.
}
public void dragDropEnd(DragSourceDropEvent evt) {
// Called when the user finishes or cancels
// the drag operation.
}
}
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Making a Component a Drop Target

public class DropTargetComponent extends JComponent

implements DropTargetListener {
public DropTargetComponent() {
new DropTarget(this, this);
}
public void dragEnter(DropTargetDragEvent evt) {
// Called when the user is dragging and enters
// this drop target.
}
public void dragOver(DropTargetDragEvent evt) {
// Called when the user is dragging and moves
// over this drop target.
}
public void dragExit(DropTargetEvent evt) {
// Called when the user is dragging and
// leaves this drop target.
}
public void dropActionChanged(
DropTargetDragEvent evt) {
// Called when the user changes the drag
// action between copy or move.
}
public void drop(DropTargetDropEvent evt) {
// Called when the user finishes or cancels
// the drag operation.
}
}
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Handling a Drop Event

The drop target in this example only accepts dropped String
objects. A drop target must implement DropTargetListener and
supply an implementation for drop().

public void drop(DropTargetDropEvent evt) {

try {
Transferable t = evt.getTransferable();

if (t.isDataFlavorSupported(
DataFlavor.stringFlavor)) {
evt.acceptDrop(
DnDConstants.ACTION_COPY_OR_MOVE);
String s = (String)t.getTransferData(
DataFlavor.stringFlavor);
evt.getDropTargetContext().dropComplete(true);
process(s);
} else {
evt.rejectDrop();
}
} catch (IOException e) {
evt.rejectDrop();
} catch (UnsupportedFlavorException e) {
evt.rejectDrop();
}
}
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Outside the U.S. and Canada, dial your country's Copyright © 1995-2000 Sun Microsystems, Inc.
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Handling Events with an Anonymous Class

If an event handler is specific to a component (that is, not shared
by other components), there is no need to declare a class to handle
the event. The event handler can be implemented using an
anonymous inner class. This example demonstrates an anonymous
inner class to handle key events for a component.

component.addKeyListener(new KeyAdapter() {
public void keyPressed(KeyEvent evt) {
}
});
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Handling Action Events

Action events are fired by subclasses of AbstractButton and
includes buttons, checkboxes, and menus.

AbstractButton button = new JButton("OK");

button.addActionListener(new MyActionListener());

public class MyActionListener implements

ActionListener {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent evt) {
// Determine which abstract button fired the
// event.
AbstractButton button = (
AbstractButton)evt.getSource();
}
}
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java.awt.event
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Handling Key Presses

You can get the key that was pressed either as a key character
(which is a Unicode character) or as a key code (a special value
representing a particular key on the keyboard).

component.addKeyListener(new MyKeyListener());

public class MyKeyListener extends KeyAdapter {

public void keyPressed(KeyEvent evt) {
// Check for key characters.
if (evt.getKeyChar() == 'a') {
process(evt.getKeyChar());
}

// Check for key codes.

if (evt.getKeyCode() == KeyEvent.VK_HOME) {
process(evt.getKeyCode());
}
}
}
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Handling Mouse Clicks

component.addMouseListener(new MyMouseListener());

public class MyMouseListener extends MouseAdapter {

public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent evt) {
if ((evt.getModifiers() &
InputEvent.BUTTON1_MASK) != 0) {
processLeft(evt.getPoint());
}
if ((evt.getModifiers() &
InputEvent.BUTTON2_MASK) != 0) {
processMiddle(evt.getPoint());
}
if ((evt.getModifiers() &
InputEvent.BUTTON3_MASK) != 0) {
processRight(evt.getPoint());
}
}
}
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java.awt.event
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Handling Mouse Motion

component.addMouseMotionListener(
new MyMouseMotionListener());

public class MyMouseMotionListener extends

MouseMotionAdapter {
public void mouseMoved(MouseEvent evt) {
// Process current position of cursor while
// all mouse buttons are up.
process(evt.getPoint());
}
public void mouseDragged(MouseEvent evt) {
// Process current position of cursor
// while mouse button is pressed.
process(evt.getPoint());
}
}
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Detecting Double and Triple Clicks

component.addMouseListener(new MyMouseListener());

public class MyMouseListener extends MouseAdapter {

public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent evt) {
if (evt.getClickCount() == 3) {
// triple-click
} else if (evt.getClickCount() == 2) {
// double-click
}
}
}
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Handling Focus Changes

component.addFocusListener(new MyFocusListener());

public class MyFocusListener extends FocusAdapter {

public void focusGained(FocusEvent evt) {
// The component gained the focus.
}
public void focusLost(FocusEvent evt) {
// The component lost the focus.
}
}
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java.awt.font
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Listing All Available Fonts

GraphicsEnvironment ge =
GraphicsEnvironment.getLocalGraphicsEnvironment();
String fontNames[] = ge.getAvailableFontFamilyNames();
for (int i=0; i<fontNames.length; i++) {
process(fontNames[i]);
}
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Drawing a Paragraph of Text

In order to change the font of the text, you need to supply an
attributed string to the LineBreakMeasurer. See ``Drawing Text
with Mixed Styles'' for an example.

public void drawParagraph(Graphics2D g,

String paragraph, float width) {
LineBreakMeasurer linebreaker =
new LineBreakMeasurer(
new AttributedString(paragraph).getIterator(),
g.getFontRenderContext());

float y = 0.0f;
while (linebreaker.getPosition() <
paragraph.length()) {
TextLayout tl =
linebreaker.nextLayout(width);

y += tl.getAscent();
tl.draw(g, 0, y);
y += tl.getDescent() + tl.getLeading();
}
}
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Getting the Shape from the Outline of Text

Shape getTextShape(
Graphics2D g2d, String str, Font font) {
TextLayout tl = new TextLayout(
str, font, g2d.getFontRenderContext());
return tl.getOutline(null);
}
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Drawing Text with Mixed Styles

This example applies a new font and background color to a part of
the text. You can apply styles to as many parts of the text as you
need. See TextAttributes for available styles.

// Apply styles to text.

AttributedString astr =
new AttributedString("aString");
astr.addAttribute(
TextAttribute.FONT, font, start, end);
astr.addAttribute(
TextAttribute.BACKGROUND, color, start, end);

// Draw mixed-style text.

TextLayout tl = new TextLayout(
astr.getIterator(), g2d.getFontRenderContext());
tl.draw(g2d, x, y);
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Code Samples from the Java Developers Almanac 2000

java.awt.geom
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Creating a Shape with Lines and Curves

GeneralPath shape = new GeneralPath();

shape.moveTo(x, y);
shape.lineTo(x, y);
shape.quadTo(controlPointX, controlPointY, x, y);
shape.curveTo(controlPointX1, controlPointY1,
controlPointX2, controlPointY2, x, y);
shape.closePath();
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java.awt.geom
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Creating Basic Shapes

Shape line = new Line2D.Float(x1, y1, x2, y2);

Shape arc = new Arc2D.Float(x, y, w,
h, start, extent, type);
Shape oval = new Ellipse2D.Float(x, y, w, h);
Shape rectangle = new Rectangle2D.Float(x, y, w, h);
Shape roundRectangle = new RoundRectangle2D.Float(x,
y, w, h, arcWidth, arcHeight);
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Combining Shapes

Area shape = new Area(shape1);

shape.add(new Area(shape2));
shape.subtract(new Area(shape3));
shape.intersect(new Area(shape4));
shape.exclusiveOr(new Area(shape5));
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Scaling, Shearing, Translating, and Rotating a Shape

AffineTransform tx = new AffineTransform();

tx.scale(scalex, scaley);
tx.shear(shiftx, shifty);
tx.translate(x, y);
tx.rotate(radians);
Shape newShape = tx.createTransformedShape(shape);
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java.util.zip
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Compressing a File
This example creates a ZIP file with one entry.

try {
String inFilename = "infile";
String outFilename = "outfile.zip";
FileInputStream in = new FileInputStream(
inFilename);
ZipOutputStream out = new ZipOutputStream(
new FileOutputStream(outFilename));

// Add ZIP entry to output stream.

out.putNextEntry(new ZipEntry(inFilename));

byte[] buf = new byte[1024];

int len;

while ((len = in.read(buf)) > 0) {

out.write(buf, 0, len);
}

out.closeEntry();
out.close();
in.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
}

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Decompressing a File
This example reads a ZIP file and decompresses the first entry.

try {
String inFilename = "infile.zip";
String outFilename = "outfile";
ZipInputStream in = new ZipInputStream(
new FileInputStream(inFilename));
OutputStream out = new FileOutputStream(
outFilename);

ZipEntry entry;
byte[] buf = new byte[1024];
int len;

if ((entry = in.getNextEntry()) != null) {

while ((len = in.read(buf)) > 0) {
out.write(buf, 0, len);
}
}
out.close();
in.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
}
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Listing the Contents of a ZIP File

try {
ZipFile zf = new ZipFile(filename);

for (Enumeration entries = zf.entries();

entries.hasMoreElements();) {
//The next three lines should be in one
//line
process(
((ZipEntry)entries.nextElement())
.getName());
}

} catch (IOException e) {
}

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Calculating the Checksum of a Byte Array

public static long checksum(byte[] buf) {

try {
CheckedInputStream cis =
new CheckedInputStream(new
ByteArrayInputStream(buf),
new Adler32());

byte[] tempBuf = new byte[128];

while (cis.read(tempBuf) >= 0) {
}
return cis.getChecksum().getValue();
} catch (IOException e) {
return -1;
}
}

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java.util.jar
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Retrieving the Manifest of a JAR File

try {
JarFile jarfile = new JarFile(filename);

// Get manifest and write its contents

jarfile.getManifest().write(System.out);
} catch (IOException e) {
}
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java.sql
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Connecting to a Database
This example uses the JDBC-ODBC bridge to connect to a database
called ``mydatabase''.

try {
Class.forName("sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver");

String url = "jdbc:odbc:mydatabase";

Connection connection =
DriverManager.getConnection(
url, "login", "password");
} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
} catch (SQLException e) {
}
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Creating a Database Table

This example creates a table called ``mytable'' with three
columns: COL_A which holds strings, COL_B which holds integers,
and COL_C which holds floating point numbers.

try {
Statement stmt =
connection.createStatement();

stmt.executeUpdate("CREATE TABLE mytable (

COL_A VARCHAR(100), COL_B INTEGER, COL_C FLOAT)");
} catch (SQLException e) {
}
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Entering a New Row into a Database Table

This example enters a row containing a string, an integer, and a
floating point number into the table called ``mytable''.

try {
Statement stmt = connection.createStatement();
stmt.executeUpdate("INSERT INTO mytable
VALUES ('Patrick Chan', 123, 1.23)");
connection.close();
} catch (SQLException e) {
}
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Getting All Rows from a Database Table

This example retrieves all the rows from a table called ``mytable''.
A row in ``mytable'' consists of a string, integer, and floating point
number.

try {
Statement stmt = connection.createStatement();

// Get data using colunm names.

ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(
"SELECT * FROM mytable");
while (rs.next()) {
String s = rs.getString("COL_A");
int i = rs.getInt("COL_B");
float f = rs.getFloat("COL_C");
process(s, i, f);
}

// Get data using colunm numbers.

rs = stmt.executeQuery(
"SELECT * FROM mytable");
while (rs.next()) {
String s = rs.getString(1);
int i = rs.getInt(2);
float f = rs.getFloat(3);
process(s, i, f);
}
} catch (SQLException e) {
}
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Getting Particular Rows from a Database Table

This example retrieves all rows from a table called ``mytable''
whose column COL_A equals ``Patrick Chan''. A row in ``mytable''
consists of a string, integer, and floating point number.

try {
Statement stmt = connection.createStatement();
ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(
"SELECT * FROM mytable WHERE COL_A =
'Patrick Chan'");
rs.next();
String s = rs.getString("COL_A");
int i = rs.getInt("COL_B");
float f = rs.getFloat("COL_C");
process(s, i, f);
} catch (SQLException e) {
}
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Updating a Row of Data in a Database Table

This example updates a row in a table called ``mytable''. In
particular, for all rows whose column COL_B equals 123, column
COL_A is set to ``John Doe''.

try {
Statement stmt = connection.createStatement();
int numUpdated = stmt.executeUpdate(
"UPDATE mytable SET COL_A =
'John Doe' WHERE COL_B = 123");
connection.close();
} catch (SQLException e) {
}
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Using a Prepared SQL Statement

A prepared statement should be used in cases where a particular
SQL statement is used frequently. The prepared statement is more
expensive to set up but executes faster than a statement. This
example demonstrates a prepared statement for getting all rows
from a table called ``mytable'' whose column COL_A equals
``Patrick Chan''. This example also demonstrates a prepared
statement for updating data in the table. In particular, for all rows
whose column COL_B equals 123, column COL_A is set to ``John
Doe''.

try {
// Retrieving rows from the database.
PreparedStatement stmt =
connection.prepareStatement(
"SELECT * FROM mytable WHERE COL_A = ?");
int colunm = 1;
stmt.setString(colunm, "Patrick Chan");
ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery();

// Updating the database.

stmt = connection.prepareStatement(
"UPDATE mytable SET COL_A =
? WHERE COL_B = ?");
colunm = 1;
stmt.setString(colunm, "John Doe");
colunm = 2;
stmt.setInt(colunm, 123);
int numUpdated = stmt.executeUpdate();
} catch (SQLException e) {
}
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Creating a Set

Set set = new HashSet(); // hash table

set = new TreeSet(); // sorted set

// Some operations.
set.add(value);
boolean b = set.contains(value);
set.remove(value);

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Creating a List

// doubly-linked list
List list = new LinkedList();
// list implemented as growable array
list = new ArrayList();

// Some operations.
list.add(value);
list.get(0);
list.remove(value);

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Creating a Hash Table

Map map = new HashMap(); // hash table

map = new TreeMap(); // sorted map

// Some operations.
map.put(key, value);
value = map.get(key);
map.remove(key);

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Truncating a List

list.subList(index, list.size()).clear();

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Converting a Collection to an Array

Object[] objectArray = list.toArray();

AnObject[] array = (AnObject[])list.toArray(
new AnObject[list.size()]);

objectArray = set.toArray();
array = (AnObject[])set.toArray(
new AnObject[set.size()]);

objectArray = map.keySet().toArray();
array = (AnObject[])map.keySet().toArray(
new AnObject[set.size()]);

objectArray = map.values().toArray();
array = (AnObject[])map.values().toArray(
new AnObject[set.size()]);

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Converting an Array to a Collection

// Ungrowable list.
List list = Arrays.asList(array);

// Growable list.
list = new LinkedList(Arrays.asList(array));

// Duplicate elements are discarded.

Set set = new HashSet(Arrays.asList(array));

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Implementing a Queue

LinkedList queue = new LinkedList();

// Add to end of queue.

queue.add(object);

// Get head of queue.

Object o = queue.removeFirst();

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Implementing a Stack

LinkedList stack = new LinkedList();

// Push on top of stack.

stack.addFirst(object);

// Pop off top of stack.

Object o = stack.getFirst();

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Iterating the Elements of a Collection

// For sets and lists

for (Iterator it=collection.iterator();

it.hasNext(); ) {
process(it.next());
}

// For keys of a map

for (Iterator it=map.keySet().iterator();

it.hasNext(); ) {
process(it.next());
}

// For values of a map

for (Iterator it=map.values().iterator();

it.hasNext(); ) {
process(it.next());
}

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Sorting an Array

int[] intArray = new int[] {4, 1, 3, -23};

Arrays.sort(intArray);

String[] strArray = new String[] {"z", "a", "C"};

Arrays.sort(strArray);

// Case-insensitive sort.
Arrays.sort(strArray,
String.CASE_INSENSITIVE_ORDER);

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Finding an Element in a Sorted Array

This example also works if the object is a primitive type.

int index = Arrays.binarySearch(

sortedArray, object);

if (index < 0) {
// not found
}

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Finding an Element in a Sorted List

int index = Collections.binarySearch(

sortedList, object);

if (index < 0) {
// not found
}

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Inserting an Element into a Sorted List

int index = Collections.binarySearch(

sortedList, object);

if (index < 0) {
sortedList.add(-index-1, object);
}

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Generating a Random Number

Random rand = new Random();

int rnum = rand.nextInt();
// Continually call nextInt() for more random
//integers.

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Breaking a String into Words

String aString = "word1 word2 word3";

StringTokenizer parser =
new StringTokenizer(aString);

while (parser.hasMoreTokens()) {
processWord(parser.nextToken());
}

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Reading Properties from a Properties File

A properties filename has the form ``basename_locale.properties''.
You only pass the string ``basename'' to getBundle().

ResourceBundle bundle =
ResourceBundle.getBundle("basename");

// Enumerate contents of resource bundle

//The next two lines should be in one line.

for (Enumeration props = bundle.getKeys();

props.hasMoreElements(); ) {

String key = (String)props.nextElement();

process(key, bundle.getObject(key));
}

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Creating Date Object From a Particular Date

Calendar xmas = new GregorianCalendar(

1998, Calendar.DECEMBER, 25);
Date date = xmas.getTime();

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Parsing a Date Using a Pattern

try {
SimpleDateFormat formatter =
new SimpleDateFormat("EEEE, MMMM dd, yyyy");

Date d = formatter.parse(
"Tuesday, January 03, 1956");

formatter = new SimpleDateFormat(

"EE, MMM d, yy");

d = formatter.parse("Tue, Jan 3, 56");

formatter = new SimpleDateFormat(

"EE, MM d, yy");

d = formatter.parse("Tue, 01 3, 56");

process(d);
} catch (ParseException e) {
}

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Reading and Writing a Properties File

// Read properties file.

Properties properties = new Properties();

try {
properties.load(new FileInputStream(
"infilename"));
} catch (IOException e) {
}

// Write properties file.

try {
properties.store(new FileOutputStream(
"outfilename"), null);
} catch (IOException e) {
}

Here is an example of the contents of a properties file:

# a comment
! a comment

a = a string
b = a string with escape sequences \t
\n \r \\ \" \' \ (space) \u0123
c = a string with a continuation line \
contination line
d.e.f = another string
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Getting and Setting Properties

String string = properties.getProperty("a.b");

properties.setProperty("a.b", "new value");

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Scheduling a Timer Task to Run at a Certain Time

Date timeToRun =
new Date(System.currentTimeMillis()+
numberOfMillisecondsInTheFuture);
Timer timer = new Timer();

timer.schedule(new TimerTask() {
public void run() {
// Task here
}
}, timeToRun);

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Scheduling a Timer Task to Run Repeatedly

// delay for 5 sec.

int delay = 5000;

// repeat every sec.

int period = 1000;

Timer timer = new Timer();

timer.scheduleAtFixedRate(new TimerTask() {
public void run() {
// Task here
}
}, delay, period);

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Constructing a Path
On Windows, this example creates the path \blash a\blash b. On
Unix, the path would be /a/b.

String path = File.separator + "a" + File.separator

+ "b";
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Reading Text from Standard Input

try {
BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(
new InputStreamReader(System.in));
String str = "";
while (str != null) {
System.out.print("> prompt ");
str = in.readLine();
process(str);
}
} catch (IOException e) {
}
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Reading Text from a File

try {
BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(
new FileReader("infilename"));
String str;
while ((str = in.readLine()) != null) {
process(str);
}
in.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
}
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Writing to a File
If the file does not already exist, it is automatically created.

try {
BufferedWriter out = new BufferedWriter(
new FileWriter("outfilename"));
out.write("aString");
out.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
}
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Creating a Directory

(new File("directoryName")).mkdir();
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Appending to a File

try {
BufferedWriter out = new BufferedWriter(
new FileWriter("filename", true));
out.write("aString");
out.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
}
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Deleting a File

(new File("filename")).delete();
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Deleting a Directory

(new File("directoryName")).delete();
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Creating a Temporary File

try {
// Create temp file.
File temp = File.createTempFile(
"pattern", ".suffix");

// Delete temp file when program exits.

temp.deleteOnExit();

// Write to temp file

BufferedWriter out = new BufferedWriter(
new FileWriter(temp));
out.write("aString");
out.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
}
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Using a Random Access File

try {
File f = new File("filename");
RandomAccessFile raf = new RandomAccessFile(f, "rw");

// Read a character.
char ch = raf.readChar();

// Seek to end of file.

raf.seek(f.length());

// Append to the end.

raf.writeChars("aString");
raf.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
}
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Listing the File System Roots

UNIX file systems have a single root, "/". On Windows, each drive
is a root. For example the C drive is represented by the root
"C:\blash{}".

File[] roots = File.listRoots();

for (int i=0; i<roots.length; i++) {
process(roots[i]);
}
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Setting File Modification Time

This example sets the modified time of a file to the current time.

File file = new File("filename");

boolean success = file.setLastModified(
System.currentTimeMillis());
if (!success) {
// operation failed.
}
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Serializing an Object
The object to be serialized must implement java.io.Serializable.

try {
ObjectOutput out = new ObjectOutputStream(
new FileOutputStream("filename.ser"));
out.writeObject(object);
out.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
}
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Deserializing an Object
This example deserializes a java.awt.Button object.

try {
ObjectInputStream in = new ObjectInputStream(
new FileInputStream("filename.ser"));
AnObject object = (AnObject) in.readObject();
in.close();
} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
} catch (IOException e) {
}
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Traversing a Directory

public static void traverse(File f) {

process(f);

if (f.isDirectory()) {
String[] children = f.list();
for (int i=0; i<children.length; i++) {
traverse(new File(f, children[i]));
}
}
}
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Reading UTF-8 Encoded Data

try {
BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(
new InputStreamReader(
new FileInputStream(
"infilename"), "UTF8"));
String str = in.readLine();
} catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
} catch (IOException e) {
}
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Writing UTF-8 Encoded Data

try {
Writer out = new BufferedWriter(
new OutputStreamWriter(new FileOutputStream(
"outfilename"), "UTF8"));
out.write(aString);
out.close();
} catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
} catch (IOException e) {
}
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Reading ISO Latin-1 Encoded Data

try {
BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(
new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(
"infilename"), "8859_1"));
String str = in.readLine();
} catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
} catch (IOException e) {
}
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Writing ISO Latin-1 Encoded Data

try {
Writer out = new BufferedWriter(
new OutputStreamWriter(new FileOutputStream(
"outfilename"), "8859_1"));
out.write(aString);
out.close();
} catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
} catch (IOException e) {
}
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java.awt.image
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Converting an Image to a Buffered Image

BufferedImage toBufferedImage(Image image) {

// This code ensures that all the pixels in
// the image are loaded.
image = new ImageIcon(image).getImage();

// Create the buffered image.

BufferedImage bufferedImage = new BufferedImage(
image.getWidth(null), image.getHeight(null),
BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);

// Copy image to buffered image.

Graphics g = bufferedImage.createGraphics();

// Clear background and paint the image.

g.setColor(Color.white);
g.fillRect(0, 0, image.getWidth(null),
image.getHeight(null));
g.drawImage(image, 0, 0, null);
g.dispose();

return bufferedImage;
}
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Getting Pixels from a Buffered Image

// Get one pixel.

int rgb = bufferedImage.getRGB(x, y);

// Get all the pixels.

int w = bufferedImage.getWidth(null);
int h = bufferedImage.getHeight(null);
int[] rgbs = new int[w*h];
bufferedImage.getRGB(0, 0, w, h, rgbs, 0, w);

// Set a pixel.
rgb = 0xFF00FF00; // green
bufferedImage.setRGB(x, y, rgb);
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Getting a Sub-Image of an Image

// From an Image.
image = createImage(new FilteredImageSource(
image.getSource(), new CropImageFilter(x, y, w, h)));

// From a BufferedImage.
bufferedImage = bufferedImage.getSubimage(x, y, w, h);
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Creating and Drawing on a Buffered Image

// Creating a BufferedImage with a component.

bufferedImage =
(BufferedImage)component.createImage(w, h);

// Creating a BufferedImage without a component.

bufferedImage = new BufferedImage(
w, h, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);

// Draw on the image.

Graphics2D g2d = bufferedImage.createGraphics();
drawGraphics(g2d);
g2d.dispose();
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Scaling, Shearing, Translating, and Rotating an Image

AffineTransform tx = new AffineTransform();

tx.scale(scalex, scaley);
tx.shear(shiftx, shifty);
tx.translate(x, y);
tx.rotate(radians, bufferedImage.getWidth()/2,
bufferedImage.getHeight()/2);

AffineTransformOp op = new AffineTransformOp(

tx, AffineTransformOp.TYPE_BILINEAR);
bufferedImage = op.filter(bufferedImage, null);
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Converting a Color Image to Gray

ColorSpace cs = ColorSpace.getInstance(
ColorSpace.CS_GRAY);
ColorConvertOp op = new ColorConvertOp(cs, null);
bufferedImage = op.filter(bufferedImage, null);
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Blurring an Image
This example demonstrates a 3x3 kernel that blurs an image.

Kernel kernel = new Kernel(3, 3, new float[] {

1f/9f, 1f/9f, 1f/9f,
1f/9f, 1f/9f, 1f/9f,
1f/9f, 1f/9f, 1f/9f});
BufferedImageOp op = new ConvolveOp(kernel);
bufferedImage = op.filter(bufferedImage, null);
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Sharpening an Image
This example demonstrates a 3x3 kernel that sharpens an image.

Kernel kernel = new Kernel(3, 3,

new float[] {
-1, -1, -1,
-1, 9, -1,
-1, -1, -1});
BufferedImageOp op = new ConvolveOp(kernel);
bufferedImage = op.filter(bufferedImage, null);
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Embossing an Image
This example demonstrates a 3x3 kernel that embosses an image.

Kernel kernel = new Kernel(3, 3,

new float[] {
-2, 0, 0,
0, 1, 0,
0, 0, 2});
BufferedImageOp op = new ConvolveOp(kernel);
bufferedImage = op.filter(bufferedImage, null);
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Formatting and Parsing a Locale-specific Number

// Format
Locale locale = Locale.CANADA;
String string = NumberFormat.getNumberInstance(
locale).format(123.45);

// Parse
try {
Number number = NumberFormat.getNumberInstance(
locale).parse("123.45");
if (number instanceof Long) {
// Long value
} else {
// Double value
}
} catch (ParseException e) {
}

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Formatting and Parsing Locale-specific Currency

// Format
Locale locale = Locale.CANADA;
String string = NumberFormat.getCurrencyInstance(
locale).format(123.45);

// Parse
try {
Number number =
NumberFormat.getCurrencyInstance(
locale).parse("$123.45");
if (number instanceof Long) {
// Long value
} else {
// Double value
}
} catch (ParseException e) {
}

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Formatting and Parsing a Locale-specific Percentage

// Format
Locale locale = Locale.CANADA;
String string = NumberFormat.getPercentInstance(
locale).format(123.45);

// Parse
try {
Number number = NumberFormat.getPercentInstance(
locale).parse("123.45%");
if (number instanceof Long) {
// Long value
} else {
// Double value
}
} catch (ParseException e) {
}

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Formatting and Parsing a Locale-specific Date

// Format
Locale locale = Locale.FRENCH;
Date date = new Date();
String string = DateFormat.getDateInstance(
DateFormat.DEFAULT, locale).format(date);

// Parse
try {
//The next three lines should be in one line.
date = DateFormat.getDateInstance(
DateFormat.DEFAULT, locale).parse(
"15 nov. 98");
} catch (ParseException e) {
}

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Formatting and Parsing Locale-specific Time

// Format
Locale locale = Locale.FRENCH;
Date date = new Date();
String string = DateFormat.getTimeInstance(
DateFormat.DEFAULT, locale).format(date);

// Parse
try {
date = DateFormat.getTimeInstance(
DateFormat.DEFAULT, locale).parse("01:37:11");
} catch (ParseException e) {
}

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Formatting and Parsing a Locale-specific Date and

Time

// Format
Locale locale = Locale.ITALIAN;
Date date = new Date();
String string = DateFormat.getDateTimeInstance(
DateFormat.DEFAULT,
DateFormat.DEFAULT, locale).format(date);

// Parse
try {
date = DateFormat.getDateTimeInstance(
DateFormat.DEFAULT,
DateFormat.DEFAULT, locale).parse(
"15-nov-98 1.45.12");
} catch (ParseException e) {
}

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Determining the Type of a Character

You should use the methods in the class Character to determine
the properties of a character. These methods work for the entire
Unicode character set.

char ch = 'a';

if (Character.isLetter(ch)) {
} else if (Character.isDigit(ch)) {
} else if (Character.isLowerCase(ch)) {
} else if (Character.isUpperCase(ch)) {
}
// See Character for more methods.

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Comparing Strings in a Locale-independent Way

Collator collator = Collator.getInstance(

Locale.CANADA);
int compare = collator.compare(aString1, aString2);

if (compare < 0) {
// aString1 < aString2
} else if (compare > 1) {
// aString1 > aString2
} else {
// aString1 = aString2
}

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Determining the Character Boundaries in a Unicode

String

BreakIterator iterator =
BreakIterator.getCharacterInstance(Locale.CANADA);
iterator.setText("aString");

for (int index=iterator.first(); index !=

BreakIterator.DONE; index=iterator.next()) {
process(index);
}

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Determining the Word Boundaries in a Unicode String

The word break iterator finds both the beginning and end of words.

BreakIterator iterator =
BreakIterator.getWordInstance(Locale.CANADA);
iterator.setText("a sentence");

for (int index=iterator.first(); index !=

BreakIterator.DONE;

index=iterator.next()) {
process(index);
}

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Determining the Sentence Boundaries in a Unicode

String

BreakIterator iterator =
BreakIterator.getSentenceInstance(Locale.CANADA);

iterator.setText("A sentence. Another

sentence.");
for (int index=iterator.first();
index != BreakIterator.DONE;
index=iterator.next()) {
process(index);
}

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Determining Potential Line Breaks in a Unicode String

BreakIterator iterator =
BreakIterator.getLineInstance(Locale.CANADA);

iterator.setText("line1\nline2");

for (int index=iterator.first(); index !=

BreakIterator.DONE; index=iterator.next()) {

process(index);
}

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java.beans
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The Quintessential Bean

This example bean has a single property called ``property''. If the
property were not a boolean, it would not have an is\meta{X()}
method. Also, if the property were read-only, it would not have a
set\meta{X()} method.

import java.io.Serializable;

public class BasicBean implements Serializable {

boolean property;
public BasicBean() {
}
public boolean getProperty() {
return property;
}
public boolean isProperty() {
return property;
}
public void setProperty(boolean newValue) {
property = newValue;
}
}
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Implementing a Bound Property

Bound properties fire a PropertyChangeEvent whenever its value is
changed. This example bean implements a single bound integer
property called ``property''.

int property;
public int getProperty() {
return property;
}
public void setProperty(
int newValue) {
property = newValue;
pceListeners.firePropertyChange(
"property"
,new Integer(property),
new Integer(newValue));
}

// Create the listener list.

PropertyChangeSupport pceListeners =
new PropertyChangeSupport(this);

// The listener list wrapper methods.

public synchronized void addPropertyChangeListener(
PropertyChangeListener listener) {
pceListeners.addPropertyChangeListener(listener);

}
public synchronized void removePropertyChangeListener(
PropertyChangeListener listener) {
pceListeners.removePropertyChangeListener(
listener);
}

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Implementing a Constrained Property

Constrained properties fire a PropertyChangeEvent whenever its
value is about to be changed. Any listener can veto the event,
thereby preventing the change. This example bean implements a
single constrained integer property called ``property.''

int property;
public int getProperty() {
return property;
}
public void setProperty(int newValue) throws
PropertyVetoException {
try {
vceListeners.fireVetoableChange(
"property",
new Integer(property),
new Integer(newValue));
property = newValue;
} catch (PropertyVetoException e) {
throw e;
}
}

// Create the listener list.

VetoableChangeSupport vceListeners =
new VetoableChangeSupport(this);

// The listener list wrapper methods.

public synchronized void
addVetoableChangeListener(
VetoableChangeListener listener) {
vceListeners.addVetoableChangeListener(
listener);
}
public synchronized void
removeVetoableChangeListener(

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VetoableChangeListener
listener) {
vceListeners.removeVetoableChangeListener(
listener);
}
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Instantiating a Bean

try {
MyBean bean = (MyBean)Beans.instantiate(
ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader(), "MyBean");
} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
} catch (IOException e) {
}
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Handling a Property Change Event

Property change events are fired when a bound property is changed.

bean.addPropertyChangeListener(
new MyPropertyChangeListener());

class MyPropertyChangeListener implements

PropertyChangeListener {
public void propertyChange(PropertyChangeEvent evt) {
Object oldValue = evt.getOldValue();
Object newValue = evt.getNewValue();
process(oldValue, newValue);
}
}
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Handling a Vetoable Property Change Event

Vetoable property change events are fired when a constrained
property is changed. A listener can veto the change by throwing
PropertyVetoException.

bean.addVetoableChangeListener(
new MyVetoableChangeListener());

class MyVetoableChangeListener implements

VetoableChangeListener {
public void vetoableChange(PropertyChangeEvent evt)
throws PropertyVetoException {
Object oldValue = evt.getOldValue();
Object newValue = evt.getNewValue();
if (!process(oldValue, newValue)) {
throw new PropertyVetoException(
"message", evt);
}
}
}
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Operating With Big Integer Values

// Create via a string.

BigInteger bi1 = new BigInteger(
"1234567890123456890");

// Create via a long.

BigInteger bi2 = BigInteger.valueOf(123);

bi1 = bi1.add(bi2);
bi1 = bi1.multiply(bi2);
bi1 = bi1.subtract(bi2);
bi1 = bi1.divide(bi2);
bi1 = bi1.negate();
int exponent = 2;
bi1 = bi1.pow(exponent);
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Operating With Big Decimal Values

// Create via a string.

BigDecimal bd1 = new BigDecimal(
"123456789.0123456890");

// Create via a long.

BigDecimal bd2 = BigDecimal.valueOf(123);

bd1 = bd1.add(bd2);
bd1 = bd1.multiply(bd2);
bd1 = bd1.subtract(bd2);
bd1 = bd1.divide(bd2, BigDecimal.ROUND_UP);
bd1 = bd1.negate();
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Setting the Decimal Place of a Big Decimal Value

int decimalPlaces = 2;

// Truncates the big decimal value.

bd = bd.setScale(decimalPlaces,
BigDecimal.ROUND_DOWN);
String string = bd.toString();
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Creating a URL

try {
// With components.
URL url = new URL("http", "hostname", 80,
"index.html");

// With a single string.

url = new URL("http://hostname:80/index.html");
} catch (MalformedURLException e) {
}
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Parsing a URL

try {
URL url = new URL(
"http://hostname:80/index.html#_top_");
String protocol = url.getProtocol(); // http
String host = url.getHost(); // hostname
int port = url.getPort(); // 80
String file = url.getFile(); // index.html
String ref = url.getRef(); // _top_
} catch (MalformedURLException e) {
}
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Reading Text from a URL

try {
URL url = new URL(
"http://hostname:80/index.html");
BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(
new InputStreamReader(url.openStream()));

String str;
while ((str = in.readLine()) != null) {
process(str);
}
in.close();
} catch (MalformedURLException e) {
} catch (IOException e) {
}
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Calling a CGI Using POST Method

try {
// Construct data.
String line = URLEncoder.encode("key1")
+ "=" + URLEncoder.encode("value1");
line += &" + URLEncoder.encode("key2")
+ "=" + URLEncoder.encode("value2");

// Send data.
URL url = new URL("http://hostname:80/cgi");
URLConnection conn = url.openConnection();
conn.setDoOutput(true);
OutputStreamWriter wr = new OutputStreamWriter(
conn.getOutputStream());
wr.write(line);
wr.flush();
wr.close();

// Read lines from cgi-script.

BufferedReader rd = new BufferedReader(
new InputStreamReader(
conn.getInputStream()));
while ((line = rd.readLine()) != null) {
process(line);
}
rd.close();
} catch (Exception e) {
}
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Resolving a Hostname

try {
InetAddress addr = InetAddress.getByName(
"java.sun.com");
} catch (UnknownHostException e) {
}
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Creating a Client Socket

try {
InetAddress addr = InetAddress.getByName(
"java.sun.com");
int port = 80;
Socket sock = new Socket(addr, port);
} catch (IOException e) {
}
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Creating a Server Socket

try {
int port = 2000;
ServerSocket srv = new ServerSocket(port);

// Wait for connection from client.

Socket socket = srv.accept();
} catch (IOException e) {
}
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Reading Text from a Socket

try {
BufferedReader rd = new BufferedReader(
new InputStreamReader(socket.getInputStream()));

String str;
while ((str = rd.readLine()) != null) {
process(str);
}
rd.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
}
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Writing Text to a Socket

try {
BufferedWriter wr = new BufferedWriter(
new OutputStreamWriter(socket.getOutputStream()));
wr.write("aString");
wr.flush();
} catch (IOException e) {
}
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Sending a Datagram

public static void send(InetAddress dst,

int port, byte[] outbuf, int len) {
try {
DatagramPacket request =
new DatagramPacket(outbuf, len, dst, port);
DatagramSocket socket =
new DatagramSocket();
socket.send(request);
} catch (SocketException e) {
} catch (IOException e) {
}
}
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Receiving a Datagram

try {
byte[] inbuf = new byte[256]; // default size
DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket();

// Wait for packet

DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket
(inbuf, inbuf.length);
socket.receive(packet);

// Data is now in inbuf

int numBytesReceived = packet.getLength();
} catch (SocketException e) {
} catch (IOException e) {
}
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Joining a Multicast Group

public void join(String groupName, int port) {

try {
MulticastSocket msocket =
new MulticastSocket(port);
group = InetAddress.getByName(groupName);
msocket.joinGroup(group);
} catch (IOException e) {
}
}
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Receiving from a Multicast Group

Once you've created a multicast socket and joined the group, all
datagrams sent to its corresponding multicast address will be
available to be read from the socket. You can read from the socket
just like you would from a unicast socket.

public void read(

MulticastSocket msocket, byte[] inbuf) {
try {
DatagramPacket packet =
new DatagramPacket(inbuf, inbuf.length);

// Wait for packet

msocket.receive(packet);

// Data is now in inbuf

int numBytesReceived = packet.getLength();
} catch (IOException e) {
}
}
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Sending to a Multicast Group

You can send to a multicast socket using either a DatagramSocket
or a MulticastSocket. What makes it multicast is the address that is
in the datagram. If the address is a multicast address, the
datagram will reach the multicast members in the group. You only
need to use MulticastSocket if you want to control the time-to-live
of the datagram.

byte[] outbuf = new byte[1024];

int port = 1234;
try {
DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket();
InetAddress groupAddr =
InetAddress.getByName("228.1.2.3");
DatagramPacket packet =
new DatagramPacket(outbuf, outbuf.length,
groupAddr, port);
socket.send(packet);
} catch (SocketException e) {
} catch (IOException e) {
}
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java.awt.print
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The Quintessential Printing Program

Note that (0, 0) of the Graphics object is at the top-left of the
actual page, outside the printable area. In this example, the
Graphics object is translated so that (0, 0) becomes the top-left
corner of the printable area.

import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.print.*;

public class BasicPrint extends JComponent

implements Printable {
public int print(Graphics g, PageFormat pf,
int pageIndex) {
if (pageIndex > 0) {
return Printable.NO_SUCH_PAGE;
}
Graphics2D g2d = (Graphics2D)g;
g2d.translate(pf.getImageableX(),
pf.getImageableY());
drawGraphics(g2d, pf);
return Printable.PAGE_EXISTS;
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

PrinterJob pjob = PrinterJob.getPrinterJob();
PageFormat pf = pjob.defaultPage();
pjob.setPrintable(new BasicPrint(), pf);
try {
pjob.print();
} catch (PrinterException e) {
}
}
}
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Getting the Dimensions of a Printed Page

Note that (0, 0) of the Graphics object is at the top-left of the
actual page, which is outside the printable area.

public int print(Graphics g, PageFormat pf,

int pageIndex) {
// The area of the printable area.
double ix = pf.getImageableX();
double iy = pf.getImageableY();
double iw = pf.getImageableWidth();
double ih = pf.getImageableHeight();

// The area of the actual page.

double x = 0;
double y = 0;
double w = pf.getWidth();
double h = pf.getHeight();
return Printable.NO_SUCH_PAGE;
}
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Setting the Orientation of a Printed Page

PrinterJob pjob = PrinterJob.getPrinterJob();

PageFormat pf = pjob.defaultPage();

if (portrait) {
pf.setOrientation(PageFormat.PORTRAIT);
} else {
pf.setOrientation(PageFormat.LANDSCAPE);
}

pjob.setPrintable(printable, pf);
try {
pjob.print();
} catch (PrinterException e) {
}
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Printing Pages with Different Formats

A Book object is used when printing pages with different page
formats. This example prints the first page in landscape and five
more pages in portrait.

public class PrintBook {

public static void main(String[] args) {
PrinterJob pjob = PrinterJob.getPrinterJob();
Book book = new Book();

// First part.
PageFormat landscape = pjob.defaultPage();
landscape.setOrientation(PageFormat.LANDSCAPE);
book.append(new Printable1(), landscape);

// Second part.
PageFormat portrait = pjob.defaultPage();
portrait.setOrientation(PageFormat.PORTRAIT);
book.append(new Printable2(), portrait, 5);

pjob.setPageable(book);
try {
pjob.print();
} catch (PrinterException e) {
}
}
static class Printable1 implements Printable {
public int print(Graphics g, PageFormat pf,
int pageIndex) {
drawGraphics(g, pf);
return Printable.PAGE_EXISTS;
}
}
static class Printable2 implements Printable {
public int print(Graphics g, PageFormat pf,
int pageIndex) {

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drawGraphics(g, pf);
return Printable.PAGE_EXISTS;
}
}
}
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Displaying the Page Format Dialog

The page format dialog allows the user to change the default page
format values such as the orientation and paper size.

PrinterJob pjob = PrinterJob.getPrinterJob();

// Get and change default page format settings if

// necessary.
PageFormat pf = pjob.defaultPage();
pf.setOrientation(PageFormat.LANDSCAPE);

// Show page format dialog with page format settings.

pf = pjob.pageDialog(pf);
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Displaying the Print Dialog

The print dialog allows the user to change the default printer
settings such as the default printer, number of copies, range of
pages, etc.

PrinterJob pjob = PrinterJob.getPrinterJob();

PageFormat pf = pjob.defaultPage();
pjob.setPrintable(new PrintableClass(), pf);
try {
if (pjob.printDialog()) {
pjob.print();
}
} catch (PrinterException e) {
}
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Holding onto an Object Until Memory Becomes Low

A soft reference holds onto its referent until memory becomes low.

// Create up the soft reference.

SoftReference sr = new SoftReference(object);

// Use the soft reference.

Object o = sr.get();
if (o != null) {
process(o);
} else {
// The object is being collected or has been reclaimed.
}
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Determining When an Object Is No Longer Used

A weak reference is used to determine when an object is no longer
being referenced.

// Create the weak reference.

ReferenceQueue rq = new ReferenceQueue();
WeakReference wr = new WeakReference(object, rq);

// Wait for all the references to the object.

try {
while (true) {
Reference r = rq.remove();
if (r == wr) {
// Object is no longer referenced.
}
}
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
}
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Determining When an Object Is About to be Reclaimed

A phantom reference is used to determine when an object is just
about to be reclaimed. Phantom references are safer to use than
finalization because once an object is phantom reachable, it cannot
be resurrected.

// Create the phantom reference.

ReferenceQueue rq = new ReferenceQueue();
PhantomReference pr = new PhantomReference(object, rq);

// Wait until the object is about to be reclaimed.

try {
while (true) {
Reference r = rq.remove();
if (r == pr) {
// The object is about to be reclaimed.
// Clear the referent so that it can be reclaimed.
r.clear();
}
}
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
}
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java.lang.reflect
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Getting a Class Object

There are three ways to retrieve a Class object.

// By way of an object.
Class cls = object.getClass();

// By way of a string
try {
cls = Class.forName("java.lang.String");
} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
}

// By way of .class
cls = java.lang.String.class;
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Getting the Modifiers of a Class Object

int mods = cls.getModifiers();

if (Modifier.isPublic(mods)) {
// class is public
}
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Getting the Interfaces of a Class Object

Class[] intfs = cls.getInterfaces();

for (int i=0; i<intfs.length; i++) {
process(intfs[i]);
}
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Getting the Methods of a Class Object

There are three ways of obtaining a Method object from a Class
object.

Class cls = java.lang.String.class;

// By obtaining a list of all declared methods.

Method[] methods = cls.getDeclaredMethods();

// By obtaining a list of all public

// methods, both declared and inherited.
methods = cls.getMethods();
for (int i=0; i<methods.length; i++) {
Class returnType = methods[i].getReturnType();
Class[] paramTypes =
methods[i].getParameterTypes();
process(methods[i]);
}

// By obtaining a particular Method

// object.
// This example retrieves String.substring(int).
try {
Method method = cls.getMethod(
"substring", new Class[] {int.class});
process(method);
} catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {
}
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Getting a Constructor of a Class Object

There are two ways of obtaining a Constructor object from a Class
object.

// By obtaining a list of all Constructors object.

Constructor[] cons = cls.getDeclaredConstructors();
for (int i=0; i<cons.length; i++) {
Class[] paramTypes = cons[i].getParameterTypes();
process(cons[i]);
}

// By obtaining a particular Constructor object.

// This example retrieves java.awt.Point(int, int).
try {
Constructor con =
java.awt.Point.class.getConstructor(
new Class[]{int.class, int.class});
process(con);
} catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {
}
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Creating an Object Using a Constructor Object

This example creates a new Point object from the constructor
Point(int,int).

try {
java.awt.Point obj = (
java.awt.Point)con.newInstance(
new Object[]{new Integer(123), new Integer(123)});
} catch (InstantiationException e) {
} catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
} catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
}
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Getting the Field Objects of a Class Object

There are three ways of obtaining a Field object from a Class
object.

Class cls = java.awt.Point.class;

// By obtaining a list of all declared fields.

Field[] fields = cls.getDeclaredFields();

// By obtaining a list of all public fields,

// both declared and inherited.
fields = cls.getFields();
for (int i=0; i<fields.length; i++) {
Class type = fields[i].getType();
process(fields[i]);
}

// By obtaining a particular Field object.

// This example retrieves java.awt.Point.x.
try {
Field field = cls.getField("x");
process(field);
} catch (NoSuchFieldException e) {
}
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Getting and Setting the Value of a Field

This example assumes that the field has the type int.

try {
// Get value
field.getInt(object);

// Set value
field.setInt(object, 123);
} catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
}
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Invoking a Method Using a Method Object

try {
Object result = method.invoke(
object, new Object[] {param1, param2, ..., paramN});
} catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
} catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
}
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Getting the Modifiers of a Member Object

Field, Constructor, and Method are all subclasses of Member.

// Modifiers from a field.

int mods = member.getModifiers();
if (Modifier.isPublic(mods)) {
// member is public
}
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Getting the Name of a Class or Member Object

This example shows how to get the fully-qualified and
non-fully-qualified name of a class and reflected objects.

// Non-fully-qualified names.
name = cls.getName().substring(
cls.getPackage().getName().length()+1);
name = field.getName();
name = constructor.getName().substring(
cls.getPackage().getName().length()+1);
name = method.getName();

// Fully-qualified names.
name = cls.getName();
name = cls.getName()+"."+field.getName();
name = constructor.getName();
name = cls.getName()+"."+method.getName();
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Determining if an Object Is an Array

object.getClass().isArray();
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Determining the Dimensions of an Array

public static int getDim(Object array) {

int dim = 0;
Class cls = array.getClass();
while (cls.isArray()) {
dim++;
cls = cls.getComponentType();
}
return dim;
}
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Getting the Component Type of an Array

The component type of an array is the type of an array's elements.
For example, the component type of int[] is int. The component
type of int[][] is int[].

object.getClass().getComponentType();
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Creating an Array

// An array of 10 ints.
int[] ints =
(int[])Array.newInstance(int.class, 10);

// An array of 10 int-arrays.
int[][] ints2 =
(int[][])Array.newInstance(int[].class, 10);

// A 10x20 2-dimenional int array.

ints2 = (int[][])Array.newInstance
(int.class, new int[]{10, 20});
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Expanding an Array
The length of an array cannot be changed. The closest thing to
expanding an array is to create a larger one of the same type and
copy the contents from the old array.

Object newArray = Array.newInstance(

array.getClass().getComponentType(),
Array.getLength(array)*2);
System.arraycopy(array, 0, newArray,
0, Array.getLength(array));
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Getting and Setting the Value of an Element in an Array

// Get the value of the third element.

Object o = Array.get(array, 2);

// Set the value of the third element.

Array.set(array, 2, newValue);
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Overriding Default Access

By default, a reflected object enforces the access as defined by the
Java language. For example, by default you cannot retrieve the
value from a Field object if the Field object represents a private
field. To bypass these access checks, you call setAccessible() on
the reflected object. However, the program may not have
permission to call setAccessible(), in which case SecurityException
is thrown.

field.setAccessible(true);
constructor.setAccessible(true);
method.setAccessible(true);
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Creating a Proxy Object

public interface MyInterface {

void method();
}

public class MyInterfaceImpl implements MyInterface {

public void method() {
}
}

public class ProxyClass implements InvocationHandler {

Object obj;
public ProxyClass(Object o) {
obj = o;
}

public Object invoke(Object proxy, Method m,

Object[] args) throws Throwable {
Object result = null;
try {
// do something before the method is called
result = m.invoke(obj, args);
} catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
} catch (Exception e) {
} finally {
// do something after the method is called
}
return result;
}
}

// This fragment creates a proxy for a

// MyInterface object.
MyInterface myintf =
(MyInterface)Proxy.newProxyInstance(
MyInterface.class.getClassLoader(),

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new Class[]{MyInterface.class},
new ProxyClass(new MyInterfaceImpl()));

// Invoke the method

myintf.method();
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java.rmi
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Starting Up the RMI Registry

Starting up the RMI registry allows you to create and export
remote objects.

> rmiregistry
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Defining and Exporting a Remote Object

1. Define the remote interface.

import java.rmi.*;

public interface RObject

extends Remote {
void aMethod() throws RemoteException;
}
2. Define the remote object implementation.

import java.rmi.*;
import java.rmi.server.UnicastRemoteObject;

public class RObjectImpl

extends UnicastRemoteObject
implements RObject {
public RObjectImpl()
throws RemoteException {
super();
}
// All remote methods must
//throw RemoteException
public void aMethod()
throws RemoteException {
}
}
3. Compile the remote object implementation.

> javac RObject.java RObjectImpl.java

4. Generate the skeletons and stubs.

> rmic RObjectImpl

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5. Create an instance of the remote object and bind it to the RMI

Registry.

try {
RObject robj =
new RObjectImpl();
Naming.rebind(
"//localhost/RObjectServer", robj);
} catch (MalformedURLException e) {
} catch (UnknownHostException e) {
} catch (RemoteException e) {
}
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Looking Up a Remote Object and Invoking a Method

try {
// Look up remote object
RObject robj = (RObject) Naming.lookup(
"//localhost/RObjectServer");

// Invoke method on remote object

robj.aMethod();
} catch (MalformedURLException e) {
} catch (UnknownHostException e) {
} catch (NotBoundException e) {
} catch (RemoteException e) {
}
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Passing Parameters to a Remote Method

Arguments to remote methods must be primitive, serializable, or
Remote. This example demonstrates the declaration and use of all
three parameter types.
1. Define the remote interface.

import java.rmi.*;

public interface RObject extends Remote {

// This parameter is primitive.
void primitiveArg(int num)
throws RemoteException;

// This parameter implements Serializable.

void byValueArg(Integer num)
throws RemoteException;

// This parameter implements Remote.

void byRefArg(ArgObject arg)
throws RemoteException;
}

public interface ArgObject extends Remote {

int aMethod()
throws RemoteException;
}
2. Define the remote object implementation.

import java.rmi.*;
import java.rmi.server.UnicastRemoteObject;

public class RObjectImpl

extends UnicastRemoteObject
implements RObject {
public RObjectImpl()

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throws RemoteException {
super();
}
public void primitiveArg(int num)
throws RemoteException {
}
public void byValueArg(Integer num)
throws RemoteException {
}
public void byRefArg(ArgObject arg)
throws RemoteException {
}
}
3. Compile the remote object implementation.

> javac RObject.java RObjectImpl.java

4. Generate the skeletons and stubs.

> rmic RObjectImpl

5. Create an instance of the remote object and bind it to the RMI
Registry.

try {
RObject robj = new RObjectImpl();
Naming.rebind("//localhost/RObjectServer", robj);
} catch (MalformedURLException e) {
} catch (UnknownHostException e) {
} catch (RemoteException e) {
}
6. Look up the remote object and pass the parameters.

try {
// Look up the remote object
RObject robj =
(RObject) Naming.lookup(
"//localhost/RObjectServer");

// Pass a primitive value as argument

robj.primitiveArg(1998);

// Pass a serializable object as argument

robj.byValueArg(
new Integer(9));

// Pass a Remote object as argument

robj.byRefArg(
new ArgObjectImpl());

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} catch (MalformedURLException e) {
} catch (UnknownHostException e) {
} catch (NotBoundException e) {
} catch (RemoteException e) {
}
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Returning Values from a Remote Method

Return values from remote methods must be primitive, serializable,
or Remote. This example demonstrates the declaration and use of
all three return types.
1. Define the remote interface.

import java.rmi.*;

public interface RObject extends Remote {

// This return value is primitive.
int primitiveRet() throws RemoteException;

// This return value implements Serializable.

Integer byValueRet() throws RemoteException;

// This return value implements Remote.

ArgObject byRefRet() throws RemoteException;
}

public interface ArgObject extends Remote {

int aMethod() throws RemoteException;
}
2. Define the remote object implementation.

import java.rmi.*;
import java.rmi.server.UnicastRemoteObject;

public class RObjectImpl extends UnicastRemoteObject

implements RObject {
public RObjectImpl() throws RemoteException {
super();
}
public int primitiveRet() throws RemoteException {
return 3000;
}

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public Integer byValueRet() throws RemoteException {

return new Integer(2000);
}
public ArgObject byRefRet() throws RemoteException {
return new ArgObjectImpl();
}
}
3. Compile the remote object implementation.

> javac RObject.java RObjectImpl.java

4. Generate the skeletons and stubs.

> rmic RObjectImpl

5. Create an instance of the remote object and bind it to the RMI
Registry.

try {
RObject robj = new RObjectImpl();
Naming.rebind("//localhost/RObjectServer", robj);
} catch (MalformedURLException e) {
} catch (UnknownHostException e) {
} catch (RemoteException e) {
}
6. Look up the remote object, invoke the methods, and receive the
return values.

try {
// Look up the remote object
RObject robj = (RObject) Naming.lookup(
"//localhost/RObjectServer");

// Receive the primitive value as return value

int r1 = robj.primitiveRet();

// Receive the serializable object as return value

Integer r2 = robj.byValueRet();

// Receive the Remote Object as return value

ArgObject aobj = robj.byRefRet();
} catch (MalformedURLException e) {
} catch (UnknownHostException e) {
} catch (NotBoundException e) {
} catch (RemoteException e) {
}
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Throwing an Exception from a Remote Method

1. Define the remote interface.

import java.rmi.*;

public interface RObject extends Remote {

void aMethod() throws RemoteException;
}
2. Define the remote object implementation.

import java.rmi.*;
import java.rmi.server.UnicastRemoteObject;

public class RObjectImpl extends UnicastRemoteObject

implements RObject {
public RObjectImpl() throws RemoteException {
super();
}
public void aMethod() throws RemoteException {
// The actual exception must be wrapped in
// a RemoteException
throw new RemoteException(
"message", new FileNotFoundException(
"message"));
}
}
3. Compile the remote object implementation.

> javac RObject.java RObjectImpl.java

4. Generate the skeletons and stubs.

> rmic RObjectImpl

5. Create an instance of the remote object and bind it to the RMI
Registry.

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try {
RObject robj = new RObjectImpl();
Naming.rebind("//localhost/RObjectServer", robj);
} catch (MalformedURLException e) {
} catch (UnknownHostException e) {
} catch (RemoteException e) {
}
6. Look up the remote object, invoke the method, and catch the
exception.

try {
// Look up the remote object.
RObject robj = (RObject) Naming.lookup(
"//localhost/RObjectServer");

// Invoke the method.

robj.aMethod();
} catch (MalformedURLException e) {
} catch (UnknownHostException e) {
} catch (NotBoundException e) {
} catch (RemoteException e) {
// Get the actual exception that was thrown.
Throwable realException = e.detail;
}
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javax.sound.sampled
Code Samples Index

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Loading and Playing Sampled Audio

Supported audio file formats: aif, au, and wav.

try {
// From file
AudioInputStream stream =
AudioSystem.getAudioInputStream(
new File("audiofile"));

// From URL
stream = AudioSystem.getAudioInputStream(
new URL("http://hostname/audiofile"));

// At present, ALAW and ULAW encodings must be

//converted
// to PCM_SIGNED before it can be played.
AudioFormat format = stream.getFormat();
if (format.getEncoding() !=
AudioFormat.Encoding.PCM_SIGNED) {
format = new AudioFormat(
AudioFormat.Encoding.PCM_SIGNED,
format.getSampleRate(),
format.getSampleSizeInBits()*2,
format.getChannels(),
format.getFrameSize()*2,
format.getFrameRate(),
true); // big endian
stream = AudioSystem.getAudioInputStream(
format, stream);
}
DataLine.Info info = new DataLine.Info(
Clip.class, stream.getFormat(),

//The next two lines should be in one line.

((int)stream.getFrameLength(
)*format.getFrameSize()));

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Clip clip = (Clip) AudioSystem.getLine(info);

// This method does not return until the audio

//file is completely loaded.
clip.open(stream);

// Start playing.
clip.start();
} catch (MalformedURLException e) {
} catch (IOException e) {
} catch (LineUnavailableException e) {
} catch (UnsupportedAudioFileException e) {
}

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javax.sound.sampled
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Determining the File Format of a Sampled Audio File

try {
// From file
AudioFileFormat fformat =
AudioSystem.getAudioFileFormat(
new File("audiofile"));

// From URL
fformat = AudioSystem.getAudioFileFormat(
new URL("http://hostname/audiofile"));

if (fformat.getType() ==
AudioFileFormat.Type.AIFC) {
} else if (fformat.getType() ==
AudioFileFormat.Type.AIFF) {
} else if (fformat.getType() ==
AudioFileFormat.Type.AU) {
} else if (fformat.getType() ==
AudioFileFormat.Type.WAVE) {
}

} catch (MalformedURLException e) {
} catch (IOException e) {
} catch (UnsupportedAudioFileException e) {
// File format is not supported.
}
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Determining the Encoding of a Sampled Audio File

try {
// From file
// The next three lines should be in one line
AudioInputStream stream =
AudioSystem.getAudioInputStream(
new File("audiofile"));

// From URL
stream = AudioSystem.getAudioInputStream(
new URL("http://hostname/audiofile"));

AudioFormat format = stream.getFormat();

if (format.getEncoding() ==
AudioFormat.Encoding.ULAW) {
} else if (format.getEncoding() ==
AudioFormat.Encoding.ULAW) {
}
} catch (MalformedURLException e) {
} catch (IOException e) {
} catch (UnsupportedAudioFileException e) {
// Audio format is not supported.
}

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Determining the Duration of a Sampled Audio File

To create a DataLine object, see ``Loading and Playing Sampled
Audio'' and ``Playing Streaming Sampled Audio''.

double durationInSecs = dataline.getBufferSize() /

//The next two lines should be in one line
(dataline.getFormat().getFrameSize(
) * dataline.getFormat().getFrameRate());

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Playing Streaming Sampled Audio

try {
// From file
AudioInputStream stream =
AudioSystem.getAudioInputStream(
new File("audiofile"));

// From URL
stream = AudioSystem.getAudioInputStream(
new URL("http://hostname/audiofile"));

// At present, ALAW and ULAW encodings must be

// converted
// to PCM_SIGNED before it can be played.
AudioFormat format = stream.getFormat();
if (format.getEncoding() !=
AudioFormat.Encoding.PCM_SIGNED) {
format = new AudioFormat(
AudioFormat.Encoding.PCM_SIGNED,
format.getSampleRate(),
format.getSampleSizeInBits()*2,
format.getChannels(),
format.getFrameSize()*2,
format.getFrameRate(),
true); // big endian
stream = AudioSystem.getAudioInputStream(
format, stream);
}
SourceDataLine.Info info = new DataLine.Info(
//The next two lines should be in one line
SourceDataLine.class, stream.getFormat(),
//The next two lines should be in one line
((int)stream.getFrameLength(
)*format.getFrameSize()));

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//The next two lines should be in one line

SourceDataLine line = (SourceDataLine)
AudioSystem.getLine(info);
line.open(stream.getFormat());
line.start();

int numRead = 0;
byte[] buf = new byte[line.getBufferSize()];

//The next two lines should be in one line

while ((numRead = stream.read(buf,
0, buf.length)) >= 0) {
int offset = 0;
while (offset < numRead) {
offset += line.write(buf, offset,
numRead-offset);
}
}
line.drain();
line.stop();
} catch (MalformedURLException e) {
} catch (IOException e) {
} catch (LineUnavailableException e) {
} catch (UnsupportedAudioFileException e) {
}

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Continuously Playing a Sampled Audio File

Only DataLine objects that are of type Clip can be repeated. See
the ``Loading and Playing Sampled Audio'' examplet to create a
clip.

// Loop forever.
clip.loop(Clip.LOOP_CONTINUOUSLY);

// Loop for a certain number of times.

clip.loop(3);

// Start playing.
clip.start();
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Determining the Position of a Sampled Audio Player

To create a DataLine object, see ``Loading and Playing Sampled
Audio'' and ``Playing Streaming Sampled Audio''.

double timeInSeconds =
dataline.getMicrosecondPosition()/1000000.0d;

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Determining When a Sampled Audio Player has

Finished Playing
To create a DataLine object, see ``Loading and Playing Sampled
Audio'' and ``Playing Streaming Audio''.

dataline.addLineListener(new LineListener() {
public void update(LineEvent evt) {
if (evt.getType() == LineEvent.Type.STOP) {
}
}
});

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Controlling the Volume of Playing Sampled Audio

To create a DataLine object, see ``Loading and Playing Sampled
Audio'' and ``Playing Streaming Audio''.

// Set Volume
FloatControl gainControl =
(FloatControl)dataline.getControl(
FloatControl.Type.MASTER_GAIN);
double gain = .5d; // number between 0 and 1.
float dB = (float)(Math.log(gain)/Math.log(10.0)*20.0);
gainControl.setValue(dB);

// Mute On
//The next three lines should all be in one line
BooleanControl muteControl =
(BooleanControl)dataline.getControl(
BooleanControl.Type.MUTE);
muteControl.setValue(true);

// Mute Off
muteControl.setValue(false);

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Loading and Playing Midi Audio

Supported audio file formats: mid

try {
Sequencer sequencer = MidiSystem.getSequencer();
sequencer.open();

// From file
Sequence sequence = MidiSystem.getSequence(
new File("midifile"));

// From URL
sequence = MidiSystem.getSequence(new URL(
"http://hostname/midifile"));

sequencer.setSequence(sequence);

// Start playing.
sequencer.start();
}
catch (MalformedURLException e) {
}
catch (IOException e) {
}
catch (MidiUnavailableException e) {
}
catch (InvalidMidiDataException e) {
}
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Determining the File Format of a Midi Audio File

try {
// From file
MidiFileFormat fformat =
MidiSystem.getMidiFileFormat(new File(
"midifile"));

// From URL
fformat = MidiSystem.getMidiFileFormat(new URL(
"http://hostname/midifile"));

switch (fformat.getType()) {
case 0:
// mid
break;
case 1:
// rmf
break;
}

}
catch (MalformedURLException e) {
}
catch (IOException e) {
}
catch (InvalidMidiDataException e) {
// File format is not supported.
}
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Determining the Duration of a Midi Audio File

To create a Sequencer object, see ``Loading and Playing Midi
Audio'' and ``Playing Streaming Midi Audio''.

double durationInSecs =
sequencer.getMicrosecondLength() / 1000000.0;

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Playing Streaming Midi Audio

Supported audio file formats: mid, rmf

try {
Sequencer sequencer = MidiSystem.getSequencer();
sequencer.open();

// From file
InputStream is = new BufferedInputStream(
new FileInputStream(new File("midifile")));

// From URL
is = new BufferedInputStream(
new URL("http://hostname/rmffile").openStream());

sequencer.setSequence(is);

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Determining the Position of a Midi Sequencer

To create a Sequencer object, see ``Loading and Playing Midi
Audio'' and ``Playing Streaming Midi Audio''.

double seconds = sequencer.

getMicrosecondPosition() / 1000000.0;

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Determining When a Midi Audio Player has Finished

Playing
To create a Sequencer object, see ``Loading and Playing Midi
Audio'' and ``Playing Streaming Midi Audio''.

sequencer.addMetaEventListener(
new MetaEventListener() {
public void meta(MetaMessage event) {
if (event.getType() == 47) {
// Sequencer is done playing
}
}
});

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Controlling the Volume of Playing Midi Audio

To create a Sequencer object, see ``Loading and Playing Midi
Audio'' and ``Playing Streaming Midi Audio''.

if (sequencer instanceof Synthesizer) {

Synthesizer synthesizer = (Synthesizer)sequencer;
MidiChannel[] channels = synthesizer.getChannels();

// gain is a value between 0 and 1.

for (int i=0; i<channels.length; i++) {
channels[i].controlChange(7, (int)(gain * 127.0));
}
}

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Creating a New Key Pair and Self-signed Certificate

This example uses the keytool program to create a new key pair
and self-signed certificate for the principal Duke.

< keytool -genkey -alias alias -keystore .keystore

Enter keystore password: password
What is your first and last name?
[Unknown]: Duke
What is the name of your organizational unit?
[Unknown]: JavaSoft
What is the name of your organization?
[Unknown]: Sun
What is the name of your City or Locality?
[Unknown]: Cupertino
What is the name of your State or Province?
[Unknown]: CA
What is the two-letter country code for this unit?
[Unknown]: US
Is correct?
[no]: yes

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Creating and Signing a JAR File

> jar cf myjar.jar MyClass.class

> jarsigner -keystore .keystore -storepass

password myjar.jar alias
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Creating a New Policy File

Use policytool to create or edit an existing policy file. This is an
example of a policy file created using policytool. It grants two
permissions. It grants code signed by ``Duke'' permission to read files
located in the user's home directory. It also grants code from the
location ``http://someserver/myjar.jar'' (regardless of who signed it)
to read the ``file.encoding'' system property.

> policytool -file .policy

keystore ".keystore";
grant signedBy "Duke" {
permission java.io.FilePermission "${user.dir}/-",
"read";
};
grant codeBase "http://someserver/myjar.jar" {
permission java.util.PropertyPermission "file.encoding",
"read";
}
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Managing Policy Files

The Java Runtime provides default policy files to be used. See

http://java.sun.com/products/jdk/1.2/docs
/guide/security/PolicyFiles.html
for more information. The location of these file is specified in the
file java.home/lib/security/java.security. By default, this file specifies two
locations:

file:/java.home
/lib/security/java.policy
file:/user.home
/lib/security/.java.policy
The runtime's policy is the union of entries in these files. To specify
an additional policy file, you can add entries to the java.security file:

> java -Djava.security.manager

-Djava.security.policy=someURL MyApp
or specify the addition at runtime:

> appletviewer
-J-Djava.security.policy=someURL HTMLfile
To ignore the policies in the java.security file, and only use the
specified policy, use == instead of =:

>java -Djava.security.manager
-Djava.security.policy==someURL MyApp
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Creating a Keyed Digest Using MD5

A ``keyed'' digest is one in which a secret key is used to create a
digest for a buffer of bytes. You can use different keys to create
different digests for the same buffer of bytes.

public static byte[] getKeyedDigest(byte[]

buffer, byte[] key) {
try {
MessageDigest md5 =
MessageDigest.getInstance("MD5");
md5.update(buffer);
return md5.digest(key);
} catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) {
}
return null;
}
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Getting a Certificate from a Keystore

try {
KeyStore keyStore = KeyStore.getInstance(
KeyStore.getDefaultType());

InputStream in = new FileInputStream(".keystore");

keyStore.load(in, "password".toCharArray());

java.security.cert.Certificate cert =
keyStore.getCertificate("Principal");
process(cert);
} catch (KeyStoreException e) {
} catch (java.security.cert.CertificateException e) {
} catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) {
} catch (java.io.IOException e) {
}
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Checking Read/Write Permission for a Directory

AccessController.checkPermission(new FilePermission(
"/tmp/*", "read,write"));
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Checking if One Permission Implies Another

Permission perm1 = new FilePermission(

"/tmp/*", "read,write");
Permission perm2 = new FilePermission(
"/tmp/abc", "read");

if (perm1.implies(perm2)) {
// perm1 implies perm2
}
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Creating a Secure Random Number

public static float create(byte[] seed) {

SecureRandom sr = new SecureRandom(seed);
return sr.nextFloat();
}
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The Quintessential Swing User Interface

This example creates and shows a frame with a button.

import java.awt.*;
import javax.swing.*;

public class BasicUI {

public static void main(String[] args) {
JButton button =
new JButton("Label");
JFrame frame = new JFrame();

// Add button to the frame.

frame.getContentPane().add(
button, BorderLayout.CENTER);

// Set initial size.

frame.setSize(300,
300);

// Show the frame.

frame.setVisible(true);
}
}

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Centering a Frame on the Screen

//The next two lines should be in one line.

Dimension dim = Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit(
).getScreenSize();
int w = frame.getSize().width;
int h = frame.getSize().height;
int x = (dim.width-w)/2;
int y = (dim.height-h)/2;

frame.setBounds(x, y, w, h);

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Exiting an Application When a Frame Is Closed

// The next two lines should be in one line.

frame.
addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter() {
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent evt) {
System.exit(0);
}
});

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Creating a Button

JButton button = new JButton("Label");

button.addActionListener(actionListener);

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Creating a Checkbox Button

JCheckBox checkBox = new JCheckBox("Label");

checkBox.addActionListener(actionListener);

// Set the current state of the checkbox.

checkBox.setSelected(false);

// Get the current state of the checkbox.

boolean on = checkBox.isSelected();

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Creating a Color Chooser Dialog

Color initialColor = Color.red;

Color newColor = JColorChooser.showDialog(
frame, "Dialog Title", initialColor);

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Creating a ComboBox

// A read-only combo box.

String[] items = {"item1", "item2"};
JComboBox readOnlyCB = new JComboBox(items);
readOnlyCB.addActionListener(actionListener);

// An editable combo box.

JComboBox editableCB = new JComboBox(items);
editableCB.setEditable(true);
editableCB.addActionListener(actionListener);

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Creating Image Radio Buttons

When using an image to represent the state of a radio button, it is
necessary to provide it with two images - one that represents the
``selected'' state and another to represent the ``unselected''
state. The ``unselected'' image is assigned via the JRadioButton
constructor while the ``selected'' image is assigned via the method
setSelectedIcon().

ButtonGroup group = new ButtonGroup();

JRadioButton b1 = new JRadioButton("image1.gif");

b1.setSelectedIcon(new ImageIcon("images1s.gif"));
b1.addActionListener(actionListener);
group.add(b1);

JRadioButton b2 = new JRadioButton("image1.gif");

b1.setSelectedIcon(new ImageIcon("images2s.gif"));
b2.addActionListener(actionListener);
group.add(b2);

// Set one of the radio buttons on.

group.setSelected(b1.getModel(), true);

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Retrieving the Selected Button in a Group

When you ask a button group for the currently selected button, it
returns the selected button's model (rather than the selected
button itself). Fortunately, the button group maintains the list of
buttons and so you can iterate over this list looking for one with
the same model.

static AbstractButton getSelection(ButtonGroup group) {

// The next two lines should be in one line.
for (Enumeration e=group.getElements();
e.hasMoreElements(); ) {
// The next two lines should be in one line.
AbstractButton b =
(AbstractButton)e.nextElement();
if (b.getModel() == group.getSelection()) {
return b;
}
}
return null;
}

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Firing Item Events

An object wishing to fire item events must implement ItemSelectable. This
example shows typical code that an object must implement to fire item
events. When an item event is to be fired, fireItemEvent() should be called.

public class ItemEvents implements ItemSelectable {

protected EventListenerList listenerList =
new EventListenerList();

public Object[] getSelectedObjects() {

return selectedObjects;
}

public void addItemListener(ItemListener l) {

listenerList.add(ItemListener.class, l);
}

public void removeItemListener(ItemListener l) {

listenerList.remove(ItemListener.class, l);
}

void fireItemEvent(int selected) {

ItemEvent evt = null;
// The next two lines should be in one line
Object[] listeners =
listenerList.getListenerList();

for (int i=0; i<listeners.length-2; i+=2) {

if (listeners[i] == ItemListener.class) {
if (evt == null) {
// The next two lines should be in one line
evt = new ItemEvent(
this, ItemEvent.ITEM_STATE_CHANGED,
this, selected);
}
// The next two lines should be in one
// line.
((ItemListener)listeners[i+1])
.itemStateChanged(evt);
}

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}
}
}

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Creating a File Chooser Dialog

String filename = File.separator+"tmp";

JFileChooser fc = new JFileChooser(new File(filename));

// Open file dialog.

fc.showOpenDialog(frame);
openFile(fc.getSelectedFile());

// Save file dialog.

fc.showSaveDialog(frame);
saveFile(fc.getSelectedFile());

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Displaying Only Directories in a File Chooser Dialog

JFileChooser fileChooser = new JFileChooser(file);

fileChooser.setFileSelectionMode(
JFileChooser.DIRECTORIES_ONLY);

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Creating an Internal Frame

boolean resizable = true;

boolean closeable = true;
boolean maximizable = true;
boolean iconifiable = true;
int width = 200;
int height = 50;
JInternalFrame iframe =
new JInternalFrame("", resizable, closeable,
maximizable, iconifiable);
iframe.setSize(width, height);

// Add component to internal frame.

// Add internal frame to desktop.

JDesktopPane desktop = new JDesktopPane();
desktop.add(iframe);

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Creating a List Component

The list fires a list selection event whenever its set of selected
items changes.

// A multiple selection list.

String[] items = {"item1", "item2"};
JList list = new JList(items);
// The next two lines should be in one line.
list.addListSelectionListener(
new MyListSelectionListener());

// Make the list single selection mode

// The next two lines should be in one line.
list.setSelectionMode(
ListSelectionModel.SINGLE_SELECTION);

// The next two lines should be in one line.

class MyListSelectionListener implements
ListSelectionListener {
// The next two lines should be in one line.
public void valueChanged(
ListSelectionEvent evt) {
if (!evt.getValueIsAdjusting()) {
JList list = (JList)evt.getSource();
// The next two lines should be in one line.
Object[] selected =
list.getSelectedValues();
for (int i=0; i<selected.length; i++) {
process(selected[i]);
}
}
}
}

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Creating a Scrolling List Component

JList doesn't directly support scrolling. You need to wrap a JList in a
JScrollPane.

JList list = new JList(new String[]{"element1",

"element2", "element3"});
JScrollPane scrollingList = new JScrollPane(list);

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Setting the Selection Mode of a List Component

// The default mode is MULTIPLE_INTERVAL_SELECTION.

JList list = new JList(new String[]{"element1",
"element2", "element3"});
ListSelectionModel lsm = list.getSelectionModel();

// Only one item can be selected.

lsm.setSelectionMode(
DefaultListSelectionModel.SINGLE_SELECTION);

// The selected items must be in a contiguous range.

lsm.setSelectionMode(
DefaultListSelectionModel.SINGLE_INTERVAL_SELECTION);

// Multiple ranges of selected items are allowed.

lsm.setSelectionMode(
DefaultListSelectionModel.MULTIPLE_INTERVAL_SELECTION);

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Creating a Menu Bar, Menu, and Menu Item

When the user selects a menu item, it fires an action event.

// Create the menu bar.

JMenuBar menuBar = new JMenuBar();

// Create a menu.
JMenu menu = new JMenu("Menu Label");
menuBar.add(menu);

// Create a menu item.

JMenuItem item = new JMenuItem("Item Label");
item.addActionListener(actionListener);
menu.add(item);

// Install the menu bar in the frame.

frame.setJMenuBar(menuBar);

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Separating Menu Items in a Menu

menu.add(item1);
menu.add(new JSeparator());
menu.add(item2);

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Creating a Popup Menu

final JPopupMenu menu = new JPopupMenu();

// Create and add a menu item.

JMenuItem item = new JMenuItem("Item Label");
item.addActionListener(actionListener);
menu.add(item);

// Set the component to show the popup menu.

component.addMouseListener(new MouseAdapter() {
public void mousePressed(MouseEvent evt) {
if (evt.isPopupTrigger()) {
menu.show(evt.getComponent(), evt.getX(),
evt.getY());
}
}
public void mouseReleased(MouseEvent evt) {
if (evt.isPopupTrigger()) {
menu.show(evt.getComponent(), evt.getX(),
evt.getY());
}
}
});

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Creating a Progess Bar

int minimum = 0;
int maximum = 100;
JProgressBar progress = new JProgressBar(
minimum, maximum);

// Change the progess bar's value.

int initValue = 50;
progress.setValue(initValue);

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Creating Radio Buttons

ButtonGroup group = new ButtonGroup();

JRadioButton b1 = new JRadioButton("Label1");

b1.addActionListener(actionListener);
group.add(b1);

JRadioButton b2 = new JRadioButton("Label2");

b2.addActionListener(actionListener);
group.add(b2);

// Set one of the radio buttons on.

group.setSelected(b1.getModel(), true);

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Creating a Scroll Pane

The Swing components do not typically have scroll bars. In order to
automatically display scroll bars, you need to insert the component
in a scroll pane.

JTextArea textArea = new JTextArea(10, 10);

JScrollPane scrollableTextArea =
new JScrollPane(textArea);

JList list = new JList();

JScrollPane scrollableList = new JScrollPane(list);

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Creating a Slider

int minimum = 0;
int maximum = 100;
int initValue = 50;

// A horizontal slider.
JSlider hSlider = new JSlider(
JSlider.HORIZONTAL, minimum, maximum, initValue);
hSlider.addChangeListener(new MyChangeListener());

// A vertical slider.
JSlider vSlider = new JSlider(
JSlider.VERTICAL, minimum, maximum, initValue);
vSlider.addChangeListener(new MyChangeListener());

class MyChangeListener implements ChangeListener {

public void stateChanged(ChangeEvent evt) {
JSlider slider = (JSlider)evt.getSource();

if (!slider.getValueIsAdjusting()) {
int value = slider.getValue();
process(value);
}
}
}

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Creating a Split Pane

// A left-right split pane.

JSplitPane hpane = new JSplitPane(
JSplitPane.HORIZONTAL_SPLIT, leftComponent,
rightComponent);

// A top-bottom split pane.

JSplitPane vpane = new JSplitPane(
JSplitPane.VERTICAL_SPLIT, topComponent,
bottomComponent);

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Creating a Tabbed Pane

int location = JTabbedPane.TOP; // or BOTTOM,

LEFT, RIGHT
JTabbedPane pane = new JTabbedPane(location);

ImageIcon icon = new ImageIcon("image.gif");

// or null;
pane.addTab("Tab Label", icon, panel,
"Tool Tip Text");

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Creating a Text Field

When the user hits RETURN, the text field fires an action event.

JTextField textfield =
new JTextField("Initial Text");
textfield.addActionListener(new MyActionListener());

class MyActionListener implements ActionListener {

public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent evt) {
JTextField textfield =
(JTextField)evt.getSource();
process(textfield.getText());
}
}

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Creating a Password Text Field

When the user hits RETURN, the text field fires an action event.

JPasswordField textfield = new JPasswordField(

"Initial Text");
textfield.setEchoChar('#');
textfield.addActionListener(actionListener);

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Creating a Table
A table fires change events when the contents of one of its cells is
modified.

Object[][] cellData = {
{"row1-col1", "row1-col2"},
{"row2-col1", "row2-col2"}};
String[] columnNames = {"col1", "col2"};

JTable table = new JTable(cellData, columnNames);

// The next two lines should be in one line.
table.getModel().addTableModelListener(
new MyTableChangedListener());

// Make the table scrollable.

JScrollPane scrollPane = new JScrollPane(table);

// The next two lines should be in one line.

class MyTableChangedListener
implements TableModelListener {
public void tableChanged(TableModelEvent evt) {
int row = evt.getFirstRow();
int column = evt.getColumn();
// The next three lines should all be in one line.
Object data =
((TableModel)evt.getSource()).getValueAt(
row, column);

process(data);
}
}

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Creating a Text Area

The text area fires a document event whenever the text changes or
some style on the text changes.

TextArea textArea = new JTextArea("Line1\nLine2");

TextArea.getDocument().addDocumentListener(
new MyDocumentListener());

// The next two lines should be in one line.

class MyDocumentListener implements
DocumentListener {
public void insertUpdate(DocumentEvent evt) {
// Some text was inserted.
}
public void removeUpdate(DocumentEvent evt) {
// Some text was inserted.
}
public void changedUpdate(DocumentEvent evt) {
// The style of some text was changed.
}
}

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Displaying Simple HTML Files

try {
String url = "http://java.sun.com";
JEditorPane editorPane = new JEditorPane(url);
editorPane.setEditable(false);

JFrame frame = new JFrame();

frame.getContentPane().add(editorPane,
BorderLayout.CENTER);
frame.setSize(width, height);
frame.setVisible(true);
} catch (IOException e) {
}

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Creating a Toolbar
This example adds an image button to the toolbar.

ImageIcon icon = new ImageIcon("image.gif");

JButton button = new JButton(icon);
button.addActionListener(actionListener);

JToolBar toolbar = new JToolBar();

toolbar.add(button);

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Creating a Borderless Window

JWindow window = new JWindow();

// Add component to the window.

// The next two lines should be in one line.
window.getContentPane().add(component,
BorderLayout.CENTER);

// Set initial size.

window.setSize(300, 300);

// Show the window.

window.setVisible(true);

<
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Showing a Dialog Box

// Modal dialog with OK button.

JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(frame, "Line1\nLine2");

// Modal dialog with yes/no button.

int answer = JOptionPane.showConfirmDialog(
frame, "Line1\nLine2");
if (answer == JOptionPane.YES_OPTION) {
// User clicked YES.
} else if (answer == JOptionPane.NO_OPTION) {
// User clicked NO.
}

// Modal dialog with OK/cancel and a text field

String text = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(
frame, "Line1\nLine2");
if (text == null) {
// User clicked cancel
} else {
process(text);
}

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Creating Key Strokes and Binding Them to Actions

// Some examples of keystrokes

component.getInputMap().put(KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(
"F2"), "actionName");
component.getInputMap().put(KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(
"control A"), "actionName");
component.getInputMap().put(KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(
"shift F2"), "actionName");
component.getInputMap().put(KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(
'('), "actionName");
component.getInputMap().put(KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(
"button3 F"), "actionName");
component.getInputMap().put(KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(
"typed x"), "actionName");
component.getInputMap().put(KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(
"released DELETE"), "actionName");
component.getInputMap().put(KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(
"shift UP"), "actionName");

component.getActionMap().put("actionName",
new AbstractAction("actionName") {
// The next two lines should be in one line
public void actionPerformed(
ActionEvent evt) {
process(evt);
}
}
);

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Adding an InputMap to a Component

InputMap inputMap = new InputMap();

// Add a KeyStroke
inputMap.put(KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(
"F2"), "actionName");

inputMap.setParent(component.getInputMap(
JComponent.WHEN_FOCUSED));
component.setInputMap(
JComponent.WHEN_FOCUSED, inputMap);

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Setting a Tool Tip

component.setToolTipText("aString");

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Laying Out Components in a Row or Column

// Use Y_AXIS for a vertical column.

Box box = new Box(BoxLayout.X_AXIS);
box.add(component1);
box.add(component2);

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Separating Components in a Row or Column

Box box = new Box(BoxLayout.X_AXIS);

// Glue spreads the components as far apart as

// possible.
box.add(component1);
box.add(Box.createGlue());
box.add(component2);

// Strut spreads the components apart by a fixed

// distance.
int width = 10;
box.add(Box.createHorizontalStrut(width));
box.add(component3);

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Laying Out Components in a Flow (Left-to-Right,

Top-to-Bottom)

int align = FlowLayout.CENTER; // or LEFT, RIGHT

JPanel panel = new JPanel(new FlowLayout(align));
panel.add(component1);
panel.add(component2);

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Laying Out Components in a Grid

When components are added to the container, they fill the grid
left-to-right, top-to-bottom.

int rows = 2;
int cols = 2;
// The next two lines should be in one line.
JPanel panel = new JPanel(new GridLayout(
rows, cols));
panel.add(component1);
panel.add(component2);

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Laying Out Components Using Absolute Coordinates

JPanel panel = new JPanel(null);

component.setBounds(x, y, w, h);
panel.add(component);

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Setting a Border
This example lists the various borders that are available.

component.setBorder(
BorderFactory.createEmptyBorder());
component.setBorder(
BorderFactory.createLineBorder(
Color.black));
component.setBorder(
BorderFactory.createEtchedBorder());
component.setBorder(
BorderFactory.createRaisedBevelBorder());
component.setBorder(
BorderFactory.createLoweredBevelBorder());

ImageIcon icon = new ImageIcon("image.gif");

component.setBorder(BorderFactory.createMatteBorder(
-1, -1, -1, -1, icon));

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Adding a Title to a Border

// Use default border.

TitledBorder titledBorder =
BorderFactory.createTitledBorder("Title");

// Create around existing border.

titledBorder = BorderFactory.createTitledBorder(
border, "Title");

// Also available: DEFAULT_JUSTIFICATION, LEFT,

// RIGHT
titledBorder.setTitleJustification(
TitledBorder.CENTER);

// Also available: DEFAULT_POSITION, ABOVE_TOP, TOP,

// ABOVE_BOTTOM, BOTTOM, BELOW_BOTTOM
titledBorder.setTitlePosition(
TitledBorder.BELOW_TOP);

component.setBorder(titledBorder);

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Creating a Compound Border

// border1 is around border2

Border newBorder =
BorderFactory.createCompoundBorder(border1, border2);
component.setBorder(newBorder);

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Determining the Available Look and Feels

UIManager.LookAndFeelInfo[] info =
UIManager.getInstalledLookAndFeels();
for (int i=0; i<info.length; i++) {
String humanReadableName = info[i].getName();
String className = info[i].getClassName();
// The className is used with
// UIManager.setLookAndFeel()
}

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Setting the Look and Feel

To change the look and feel, you need to know the class name of
the new look and feel. This example changes it to the Windows look
and feel.

try {
// The next three lines should all be in one line.
UIManager.setLookAndFeel(
"com.sun.java.swing.plaf.windows.
WindowsLookAndFeel");
} catch (InstantiationException e) {
} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
} catch (UnsupportedLookAndFeelException e) {
} catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
}

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Painting the Background of a Container with an Image

Pattern
This example shows how to use an image pattern to fill the
background of a container instead of a solid color. The method
used in this example makes use of a TexturePaint object to paint
the image pattern. For information on how to convert an image to
a buffered image, see "Converting an Image to a Buffered Image".

public class ImageBgPanel extends JPanel {

TexturePaint texture;

ImageBgPanel() {
texture = new TexturePaint(bufferedImage,
// The next two lines should be in one line.
new Rectangle(0, 0,
bufferedImage.getWidth(
), bufferedImage.getHeight()));
}

// The class should override this method.

public void paintComponent(Graphics g) {
Graphics2D g2d = (Graphics2D)g;
g2d.setPaint(texture);
// The next two lines should be in one line.
g2d.fillRect(0, 0, getSize(
).width, getSize().height);
}
}

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Handling Hyperlink Events

Hyperlink events are fired by a JEditorPane when the user clicks on
a hyperlink.

try {
String url = "http://java.sun.com";
JEditorPane editorPane = new JEditorPane(url);
editorPane.setEditable(false);
editorPane.addHyperlinkListener(
new MyHyperlinkListener());
} catch (IOException e) {
}

class MyHyperlinkListener implements HyperlinkListener {

public void hyperlinkUpdate(HyperlinkEvent evt) {
if (evt.getEventType() ==
HyperlinkEvent.EventType.ACTIVATED) {
JEditorPane pane =
(JEditorPane)evt.getSource();
try {
// Show the new page in the editor pane.
pane.setPage(evt.getURL());
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}

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Handling Changes to a List Component

List data events are fired by a ListModel whenever one or more
items are changed, added, or removed.

JList list = new JList(new DefaultListModel());

list.getModel().addListDataListener(
new MyListDataListener());

class MyListDataListener implements ListDataListener {

public void contentsChanged(ListDataEvent evt) {
// A non-contiguous set of items were added,
// removed, or modified.
ListModel model = (ListModel)evt.getSource();
// The next tow lines should be in one line
for (int i=evt.getIndex0(); i<=evt.getIndex1();
i++) {
process(model.getElementAt(i));
}
}

public void intervalAdded(ListDataEvent evt) {

// The items between evt.getIndex0() and
// evt.getIndex1(), inclusive, were added.
ListModel model = (ListModel)evt.getSource();
for (int i=evt.getIndex0();
i<=evt.getIndex1(); i++) {
process(model.getElementAt(i));
}
}
public void intervalRemoved(ListDataEvent evt) {
// The items between evt.getIndex0()
// and evt.getIndex1(), inclusive,
// have been removed.
}
}

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Adding a Filter to a File Chooser Dialog

This example add a filter for .java files to the file chooser.

JFileChooser fileChooser =
new JFileChooser(new File(filename));
fileChooser.addChoosableFileFilter(new MyFilter());

// Open file dialog.

fileChooser.showOpenDialog(frame);
openFile(fileChooser.getSelectedFile());

class MyFilter extends

javax.swing.filechooser.FileFilter {
public boolean accept(File file) {
String filename = file.getName();
return filename.endsWith(".java");
}
public String getDescription() {
return "*.java";
}
}

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Creating a Tree
This example creates a tree component with a root node and a
child of the root node. You build the tree hierarchy by adding nodes
to nodes.

DefaultMutableTreeNode root =
new DefaultMutableTreeNode("Root Label");
root.add(new DefaultMutableTreeNode(
"Node Label"));

JTree tree = new JTree(root);

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Handling Selection Events in a Tree Component

This example adds a listener for selection events to a tree
component.

tree.addTreeSelectionListener(
new TreeSelectionListener() {
public void valueChanged(TreeSelectionEvent evt) {
DefaultMutableTreeNode node =
(DefaultMutableTreeNode)
(evt.getPath().getLastPathComponent());
process(node);
}
});

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Inserting Styled Text in a Text Pane

See the StyleConstants class for more attributes.

try {
JTextPane textPane = new JTextPane();
StyledDocument doc =
(StyledDocument)textPane.getDocument();
Style style = doc.addStyle("StyleName", null);

// Italic
StyleConstants.setItalic(style, true);

// Bold
StyleConstants.setBold(style, true);

// Font Family
StyleConstants.setFontFamily(style, "SansSerif");

// Font Size
StyleConstants.setFontSize(style, 30);

// Background Color
StyleConstants.setBackground(style, Color.blue);

// Foreground Color
StyleConstants.setForeground(style, Color.white);

// Append to document.
doc.insertString(doc.getLength(),
"Some Text", style);
} catch (BadLocationException e) {
}

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Inserting an Image into a Text Pane

try {
Style style = doc.addStyle("StyleName", null);
StyleConstants.setIcon(style,
new ImageIcon("imagefile"));

doc.insertString(doc.getLength(),
"ignored text", style);
} catch (BadLocationException e) {
}

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Inserting a Component into a Text Pane

try {
Style style = doc.addStyle("StyleName", null);
StyleConstants.setComponent(
style, new JButton("OK"));

doc.insertString(doc.getLength(),
"ignored text", style);
} catch (BadLocationException e) {
}

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The Quintessential Java Application

The parameters to the application are made available in ``args''.

public class BasicApp {

public static void main(String[] args) {
for (int i=0; i<args.length; i++) {
// process args[i];
}
}
}
This is the command to run the program:

>java BasicApp param1 param2 ...

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Exiting a Java Program

// Normal termination.
System.exit(0);

// Abnormal termination.
int errorCode = -1;
System.exit(errorCode);
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The Quintessential Thread

There are two ways to declare a thread. The first way is to declare
a class that extends Thread. Here is an example followed by code
used to create and start the thread.

class BasicThread1 extends Thread {

public void run() {
// This method is called when the thread runs.
}
}
Thread thread = new BasicThread1();
thread.start();
The second way is to have a class implement Runnable. This
method is typically used when a class makes use of a thread that is
not shared with other classes. This example demonstrates the
typical way in which such classes declare, create, and start a
thread.

class BasicThread2 implements Runnable {

public void run() {
// This method is called when the thread runs.
}
public void aMethod() {
// Create and start a thread.
Thread thread = new Thread(this);
thread.start();
}
}
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Making an Object Cloneable

class AnObject implements Cloneable {

public AnObject() {
}
public Object clone() {
AnObject theClone = new AnObject();
// Initialize theClone.
return theClone;
}
}
Here's some code to create a clone.

AnObject anObject = new AnObject();

AnObject copy = (AnObject)anObject.clone();
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Constructing a String
If you are constructing a string with several appends, it may be
more efficient to construct it using a StringBuffer and then convert
it to an immutable String object.

StringBuffer buf = new StringBuffer("Initial Text");

// Modify
int index = 1;
buf.insert(index, "123"); // I123nitial Text
buf.append("456"); // I123nitial Text456
buf.delete(1, 4); // Initial Text456
buf.replace(12, 15, " XY"); // Initial Text XY

// Convert to string
String s = buf.toString(); // Initial Text XY
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Getting a Substring from a String

int start = 1;
int end = 4;
String substr =
"aString".substring(start, end); // Str
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Searching a String

String string = "aString";

// First occurrence.
int index = string.indexOf('S'); // 1

// Last occurrence.
index = string.lastIndexOf('i'); // 4

// Not found.
index = string.lastIndexOf('z'); // -1
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Replacing Characters in a String

// Replace all occurrences of 'a' with 'o'

String newString = string.replace('a', 'o');
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Replacing Substrings in a String

static String replace(

String str, String pattern, String replace) {
int s = 0;
int e = 0;
StringBuffer result = new StringBuffer();

while ((e = str.indexOf(pattern, s)) >= 0) {

result.append(str.substring(s, e));
result.append(replace);
s = e+pattern.length();
}
result.append(str.substring(s));
return result.toString();
}
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Converting a String to Upper or Lower Case

// Convert to upper case

String upper = string.toUpperCase();

// Convert to lower case

String lower = string.toLowerCase();
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Converting a String to a Number

int i = Integer.parseInt("123");
long l = Long.parseLong("123");
float f = Float.parseFloat("123.4");
double d = Double.parseDouble("123.4e10");
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Shifting Elements in an Array

// Shift all elements right by one

System.arraycopy(array, 0, array, 1, array.length-1);

// Shift all elements left by one

System.arraycopy(array, 1, array, 0, array.length-1);
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Copying Elements from One Array to Another

System.arraycopy(src, 0, dst, 0, Math.min(

src.length, dst.length));
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Retrieving the SuperClass of an Object

Class supercls = object.getClass().getSuperclass();

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Getting the Package of an Object

Package pkg = object.getClass().getPackage();

String pkgName = pkg.getName();
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Implementing a Work Queue

The work queue is thread-safe so that multiple threads can
simultaneously add and remove objects from it.

class WorkQueue {
LinkedList queue = new LinkedList();
public synchronized void addWork(Object o) {
queue.addLast(o);
notify();
}
public synchronized Object getWork()
throws InterruptedException {
while (queue.size() == 0) {
wait();
}
return queue.removeFirst();
}
}
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Executes a Command

try {
String command = "ls";
Process child =
Runtime.getRuntime().exec(command);
} catch (IOException e) {
}
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Reading Output from a Command

try {
// Execute command
String command = "ls";
Process child =
Runtime.getRuntime().exec(command);

// Get input stream to read from it

InputStream in = child.getInputStream();
int c;
while ((c = in.read()) != -1) {
process((char)c);
}
in.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
}
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Sending Input to a Command

try {
// Execute command
String command = "cat";
Process child =
Runtime.getRuntime().exec(command);

// Get output stream to write from it

OutputStream out = child.getOutputStream();

out.write("some text".getBytes());
out.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
}
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Pausing

try {
Thread.sleep(5000); // 5 seconds
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
}
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Getting the Current Time

There are two ways of getting the current time.

// One way
long time = System.currentTimeMillis();

// Another way
Date now = new Date();
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Getting the Value of a System Property

String dir = System.getProperty("user.dir");

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Setting the Value of a System Property

String previousValue = System.setProperty(

"application.property", "newValue");
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Using a Thread-local Variable

static ThreadLocal tlData = new ThreadLocal();

public void aMethod() {

// Retrieve value.
Object o = tlData.get();

// Set value.
tlData.set(o);
}
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Loading Native Code

On Windows, loadLibrary(``s'') loads s.dll. On Solaris, it loads s.so.

System.loadLibrary("libraryName");
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Converting Unicode to UTF-8

try {
String string = "\u5639\u563b";
byte[] utf8 = string.getBytes("UTF8");
} catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
}
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Converting UTF-8 to Unicode

public static String toUnicode(byte[] utf8buf) {

try {
return new String(utf8buf, "UTF8");
} catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
}
return null;
}
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Determining a Character's Unicode Block

char ch = '\u5639';
Character.UnicodeBlock block =
Character.UnicodeBlock.of(ch);

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Creating an Initial Context to the Naming Service

This example uses the JNDI/COS naming service provider to
connect to the local tnameserv.

String url = "iiop://localhost/";

Hashtable env = new Hashtable();
env.put(Context.INITIAL_CONTEXT_FACTORY,
"com.sun.jndi.cosnaming.CNCtxFactory");
env.put(Context.PROVIDER_URL, url);
try {
Context ctx = new InitialContext(env);
} catch (NamingException e) {
}

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Looking Up an Object From the Naming Service

This example looks up an object from the naming service.

try {
Object obj = ctx.lookup("Sample");
} catch (NamingException e) {
}

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Listing a Context in the Naming Service

This example lists a context in the naming service.

try {
NamingEnumeration enum = ctx.list("child");
while (enum.hasMore()) {
NameClassPair entry =
(NameClassPair)enum.next();
process(entry);
}
} catch (NamingException e) {
}

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Adding, Replacing, Removing, and Renaming a Binding

in the Naming Service

try {
// Add a binding.
ctx.bind("Name", new SampleObjectImpl());

// Replace a binding.
ctx.rebind("Name", new SampleObjectImpl());

// Remove a binding.
ctx.unbind("Name");

// Rename a binding.
ctx.rename("Name", "NewSample");
} catch (NamingException e) {
}

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Creating and Destroying a Subcontext in the Naming

Service
This example creates a subcontext in the naming service.

try {
// Create a subcontext.

Context childCtx = ctx.createSubcontext(

"child");

// Destroy the subcontext.

ctx.destroySubcontext(
"child");

} catch (NamingException e) {
}

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Getting an Object's Fully Qualified Name

This example gets an object's fully qualified name in its own
namespace.

try {
Context obj = (Context)childCtx.lookup(
"grandChild");
String fullname = obj.getNameInNamespace();

} catch (NamingException e) {
}

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Using a URL as a Name to the Initial Context

This example looks up an object from the naming service by using
a URL as a name.

try {
Object obj = new InitialContext().lookup(
"iiop://localhost/Sample");
} catch (NamingException e) {
}

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Parsing a Composite Name

In the composite name space, forward-slash (/) separates the
composite components.

try {
CompositeName composite = new CompositeName(
"cn=John,o=hits/report/summary.txt");
String first = composite.get(0);

// summary.txt
String last = composite.get(composite.size()-1);

// cn=John,o=hits
// wiz.com/cn=John,o=hits/report/summary.txt
composite.add(0, "wiz.com");

// wiz.com/cn=John,o=hits/summary.txt
composite.remove(2);
} catch (NamingException e) {
}

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Parsing a Compound Name

This example parses a compound name using a parser from an
LDAP service in which components are arranged from right to left,
delimited by the comma character (",").

try {
NameParser parser = ctx.getNameParser("");
Name dn = parser.parse(
"cn=John, ou=People, o=JNDITutorial");

// ou=People
dn.remove(1);

// cn=John,o=JNDITutorial,c=us
dn.add(0, "c=us");

// cn=fs,cn=John,o=JNDITutorial,c=us
dn.add("cn=fs");
} catch (NamingException e) {
}

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Creating an Initial Context to a Directory

This example uses the JNDI/LDAP service provider to connect to an
LDAP server on the local machine.

String url = "ldap://localhost/o=JNDITutorial";

Hashtable env = new Hashtable();
env.put(Context.INITIAL_CONTEXT_FACTORY,
"com.sun.jndi.ldap.LdapCtxFactory");
env.put(Context.PROVIDER_URL, url);
try {
DirContext ctx = new InitialDirContext(env);
} catch (NamingException e) {
}

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Reading an Object's Attributes from the Directory

This example reads some of an object's attributes from the
directory.

try {
// Specify the ids of the attributes to return
String[] attrIDs =
{"sn", "telephonenumber", "golfhandicap",
"mail"};

// Get the attributes requested

Attributes answer =
ctx.getAttributes("cn=Ted Geisel,
ou=People", attrIDs);

NamingEnumeration enum = answer.getAll();

while (enum.hasMore()) {
Attribute attr = (Attribute)enum.next();
process(attr);
}
} catch (NamingException e) {
}

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Modifying an Object's Attributes in the Directory

This example modifies some of an object's attributes from the
directory.

try {
// Specify the changes to make
ModificationItem[] mods =
new ModificationItem[3];

// Replace mail attribute with new value

mods[0] = new ModificationItem(

//The next four lines should be in one line

DirContext.REPLACE_ATTRIBUTE,
new BasicAttribute(
"mail",
"[email protected]"));

// Add additional value to "telephonenumber"

mods[1] = new ModificationItem(
DirContext.ADD_ATTRIBUTE,

//The next two lines should be in one line

new BasicAttribute("telephonenumber",
"+1 555 555 5555"));

// Remove jpegphoto
mods[2] = new ModificationItem(
DirContext.REMOVE_ATTRIBUTE,
new BasicAttribute("jpegphoto"));

// Perform requested modifications on named object

// The next three lines should be in one line
ctx.
modifyAttributes("cn=Ted Geisel,

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ou=People", mods);
} catch (NamingException e) {
}

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Creating an Directory Entry

This example creates an entry in the directory.

try {
// Create attributes to be associated with the
//new entry

// case-ignore
Attributes attrs = new BasicAttributes(true);
Attribute objclass = new BasicAttribute(
"objectclass");
objclass.add("top");
objclass.add("extensibleObject");
attrs.put(objclass);

// Create the context

Context entry = ctx.createSubcontext(
"cn=Sample", attrs);
} catch (NamingException e) {
}

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Adding a Binding with Attributes to the Directory

This example adds a name-to-object binding along with attributes
to the directory.

try {
// Create attributes to be associated with the
// new entry

// case-ignore
Attributes attrs =
new BasicAttributes(true);
Attribute objclass =
new BasicAttribute(
"objectclass");
objclass.add("top");
objclass.add("extensibleObject");
attrs.put(objclass);

// Create the object to be bound

Object obj = new SampleObjectImpl();

// Create the context

ctx.bind("cn=Sample", obj, attrs);
} catch (NamingException e) {
}

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Performing a Basic Directory Search

This example searches the directory for objects that have certain
specified attributes.

try {
// Specify the ids of the attributes to return
String[] attrIDs = {"sn", "telephonenumber",
"golfhandicap", "mail"};

// Specify the attributes to match

// Ask for objects that have attribute "sn" ==
// Geisel and the "mail" attribute
Attributes matchAttrs = new BasicAttributes(
true); // ignore case
matchAttrs.put(new BasicAttribute(
"sn", "Geisel"));
matchAttrs.put(new BasicAttribute("mail"));

// Search for objects with those matching

// attributes
NamingEnumeration enum = ctx.search(
"ou=People", matchAttrs, attrIDs);

while (enum.hasMore()) {
SearchResult entry =
(SearchResult)enum.next();
process(entry);
}
} catch (NamingException e) {
}

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javax.naming.directory
Code Samples Index

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Searching the Directory By Using a Search Filter

This example searches the directory for objects by using a search
filter.

try {
// Specify the ids of the attributes to return
String[] attrIDs = {"sn", "telephonenumber",
"golfhandicap", "mail"};

SearchControls ctls = new SearchControls();

ctls.setReturningAttributes(attrIDs);

// Specify the search filter to match

// Ask for objects that have attribute "sn" ==
// Geisel and the "mail" attribute
String filter = "(&(sn=Geisel)(mail=*))";

// Search for objects using filter

NamingEnumeration enum = ctx.search("ou=People",
filter, ctls);

while (enum.hasMore()) {
SearchResult entry = (SearchResult)enum.next();
process(entry);
}
} catch (NamingException e) {
}

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Code Samples from the Java Developers Almanac 2000

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Code Samples Index

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Searching a Subtree in the Directory

This example searches a subtree in the directory for objects by
using a search filter.

try {
SearchControls ctls = new SearchControls();
ctls.setSearchScope(SearchControls.SUBTREE_SCOPE);

// Specify the search filter to match

// Ask for objects that have attribute "sn" ==
// Geisel and the "mail" attribute
String filter = "(&(sn=Geisel)(mail=*))";

// Search for objects using filter

NamingEnumeration enum = ctx.search("", filter,
ctls);

while (enum.hasMore()) {
SearchResult entry = (SearchResult)enum.next();
process(entry);
}
} catch (NamingException e) {
}

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Code Samples from the Java Developers Almanac 2000

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Code Samples Index

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Cancelling a Directory Search

This example searches the directory for objects and abandons the
search before it completes.

try {
// Specify the attributes to match
// Ask for objects that have attribute
// "sn" == Geisel and the "mail" attribute

// ignore case
Attributes matchAttrs = new BasicAttributes(true);
matchAttrs.put(new BasicAttribute("sn", "Geisel"));
matchAttrs.put(new BasicAttribute("mail"));

// Search for objects with those matching

// attributes
NamingEnumeration enum = ctx.search("ou=People",
matchAttrs);

if (enum.hasMore()) {
SearchResult entry =
(SearchResult)enum.next();

// Abandon rest of results

enum.close();
}
} catch (NamingException e) {
}

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Code Samples Index

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Getting an Object's Schema from the Directory

This example reads an object's schema from the directory.

try {
// Get context containing class definitions for
//cn=Ted Geisel entry
DirContext tedClasses = ctx.getSchemaClassDefinition(
"cn=Ted Geisel, ou=People");

// Enumerate class definitions

NamingEnumeration enum =
tedClasses.search("", null);
while (enum.hasMore()) {
DirContext entry = (DirContext)enum.next();
process(entry);
}
} catch (NamingException e) {
}

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Code Samples from the Java Developers Almanac 2000

javax.naming.directory
Code Samples Index

These code examples and other materials are subject to Sun Microsystems,
Inc. Legal Terms

Getting an Attribute's Schema from the Directory

This example reads an attribute's schema from the directory.

try {
// Get an attribute of that type
Attributes attrs = ctx.getAttributes("cn=Ted Geisel,
ou=People", new String[]{"cn"});
Attribute cnAttr = attrs.get("cn");

// Get its attribute definition

DirContext cnSchema =
cnAttr.getAttributeDefinition();

// Get cnSchema's attributes

Attributes cnAttrs = cnSchema.getAttributes("");
} catch (NamingException e) {
}

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Code Samples from the Java Developers Almanac 2000

javax.naming.directory
Code Samples Index

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Authenticating to the Directory

This example uses the JNDI/LDAP service provider to create an
authenticated session to an LDAP server on the local machine, by
using "simple" authentication.

String url = "ldap://localhost/o=JNDITutorial";

Hashtable env = new Hashtable();
env.put(Context.INITIAL_CONTEXT_FACTORY,
"com.sun.jndi.ldap.LdapCtxFactory");
env.put(Context.PROVIDER_URL, url);
env.put(Context.SECURITY_AUTHENTICATION, "simple");
env.put(Context.SECURITY_PRINCIPAL, "userDN");
env.put(Context.SECURITY_CREDENTIALS, "secret");
try {
DirContext ctx = new InitialDirContext(env);
} catch (NamingException e) {
}

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Code Samples from the Java Developers Almanac 2000

javax.naming.event
Code Samples Index

These code examples and other materials are subject to Sun Microsystems,
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Registering for Namespace Changes in the Directory

This example registers with the directory to receive notification
when changes are made to the namespace.

try {
// Get event context for registering listener
EventContext ctx = (EventContext)(new
InitialContext(env).lookup("ou=People"));

// Create listener
NamingListener listener =
new SampleNCListener();

// Register listener for namespace change events

ctx.addNamingListener(
"cn=John", EventContext.ONELEVEL_SCOPE,
listener);
} catch (NamingException e) {
}

public class SampleNCListener implements

NamespaceChan
geListener {
public SampleNCListener() {
}
public void objectAdded(NamingEvent evt) {
process(evt.getNewBinding());
}
public void objectRemoved(NamingEvent evt) {
process(evt.getOldBinding());
}

public void objectRenamed(NamingEvent evt) {

process(evt.getOldBinding());
}

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Code Samples from the Java Developers Almanac 2000

public void namingExceptionThrown(

NamingExceptionEvent evt) {
processException(evt.getException());
}
}

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Code Samples from the Java Developers Almanac 2000

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Code Samples Index

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Registering for Object Changes in the Directory

This example registers with the directory to receive notification
when changes are made to objects that have certain attributes.

try {
// Get event context for registering listener
EventDirContext ctx = (EventDirContext)(
new InitialContext(env).lookup("ou=People"));

// Create listener
NamingListener listener =
new SampleObjListener();

// Specify to search the subtree

SearchControls ctls = new SearchControls();
ctls.setSearchScope(
SearchControls.SUBTREE_SCOPE);

// Specify the search filter of objects in which

// you're interested
// Ask for objects that have "mail" attribute
String filter = "(mail=*)";

// Register listener for object change events

ctx.addNamingListener(
"cn=John", filter,
ctls, listener);
} catch (NamingException e) {
}

public class SampleObjListener implements

ObjectChangeListener {
public SampleObjListener() {
}
public void objectChanged(NamingEvent evt) {

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Code Samples from the Java Developers Almanac 2000

process(evt.getNewBinding());
process(evt.getOldBinding());
}
public void namingExceptionThrown(
NamingExceptionEvent evt) {
processException(evt.getException());
}
}

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Code Samples from the Java Developers Almanac 2000

javax.naming.ldap
Code Samples Index

These code examples and other materials are subject to Sun Microsystems,
Inc. Legal Terms

Setting LDAP Connection Request Controls

This example uses the JNDI/LDAP service provider to connect to an
LDAP server on the local machine and initializes its connection
request controls.

try {
// Create connection controls to use
Control[] connectCtls = new Control[]{
new SomeControl()};

LdapContext ctx = new InitialLdapContext(

env, connectCtls);
} catch (NamingException e) {
}

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Code Samples from the Java Developers Almanac 2000

javax.naming.ldap
Code Samples Index

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Setting LDAP Context Request Controls

This example uses the JNDI/LDAP service provider to connect to an
LDAP server on the local machine. It sets the context's request
controls to be a server-side Sort control and then performs a list().
The results of list() will be sorted.

try {
LdapContext ctx = new InitialLdapContext(
env, null);

// Create critical Sort that sorts based on CN

Control[] ctxCtls = new Control[]{
new SortControl(
new String[]{"cn"}, Control.CRITICAL)
};

// Sets context request controls; effect until

// unset
ctx.setRequestControls(ctxCtls);

// Perform list() with controls in effect

NamingEnumeration answer = ctx.list("");

// Enumerate answers
while (answer.hasMore()) {
NameClassPair item =
(NameClassPair)answer.next();
}
} catch (NamingException e) {
}

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Code Samples from the Java Developers Almanac 2000

javax.naming.ldap
Code Samples Index

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Inc. Legal Terms

Getting LDAP Response Controls

This example uses the JNDI/LDAP service provider to connect to an
LDAP server on the local machine. It then performs a search and
looks for controls returned with the search responses.

try {
LdapContext ctx = new InitialLdapContext(
env, null);

// Perform search
NamingEnumeration answer = ctx.search(
"ou=People", "(cn=*)", null);

// Examine the response controls (if any)

process(ctx.getResponseControls());

// Enumerate answers
while (answer.hasMore()) {
SearchResult si =
(SearchResult)answer.next();

// Examine the response controls (if any)

if (si instanceof HasControls) {
process(
((HasControls)si).getControls());
}
}
// Examine the response controls (if any)
process(ctx.getResponseControls());
} catch (NamingException e) {
}

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Code Samples from the Java Developers Almanac 2000

javax.naming.ldap
Code Samples Index

These code examples and other materials are subject to Sun Microsystems,
Inc. Legal Terms

Performing an LDAP ``Extended'' Operation

This example performs an "extended" operation on an LDAP
context.

try {
LdapContext ctx = new InitialLdapContext(
env, null);

// Create "extended" operation to use

ExtendedRequest req = new GetTimeRequest();

// Perform the operation

GetTimeResponse response = (
GetTimeResponse) ctx.extendedOperation(req);
} catch (NamingException e) {
}

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Code Samples from the Java Developers Almanac 2000

javax.rmi
Code Samples Index

These code examples and other materials are subject to Sun Microsystems,
Inc. Legal Terms

Starting the Name Server

If you are using RMI over the Java Remote Method Protocol
(JRMP), start up the RMI registry so that you can create and export
remote objects.

> rmiregistry

If you are using RMI over the Internet Inter-ORB Protocol (IIOP),
start up the CORBA Common Object Services (COS) name server
so that you can create and export remote objects.

> tnameserv
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Code Samples from the Java Developers Almanac 2000

javax.rmi
Code Samples Index

These code examples and other materials are subject to Sun Microsystems, Inc. Legal Terms

Defining and Exporting a Portable Remote Object

1. Define the remote interface.

import java.rmi.*;

public interface RObject extends Remote {

void aMethod() throws RemoteException;
}
2. Define the portable remote object implementation.

import java.rmi.*;
import java.rmi.server.UnicastRemoteObject;

public class RObjectImpl extends UnicastRemoteObject implements RObject {

public RObjectImpl() throws RemoteException {
super();
}
// All remote methods must throw RemoteException
public void aMethod() throws RemoteException {
}
}
3. Compile the remote object implementation.

> javac RObject.java RObjectImpl.java

4. Generate the skeletons and stubs.

Using RMI over IIOP

> rmic -iiop RObjectImpl

Using RMI over JRMP

> rmic RObjectImpl
5. Create an instance of the remote object and bind it to a name service.

import javax.naming.*;
import java.rmi.RemoteException;

// JRMP: name = "rmi://localhost/RObjectServer";

// IIOP: name = "iiop://localhost/RObjectServer";
try {
RObject robj = new RObjectImpl();
new InitialContext().bind(name, robj);
}
catch (NamingException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
catch (RemoteException e) {

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Code Samples from the Java Developers Almanac 2000
e.printStackTrace();
}
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javax.rmi
Code Samples Index

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Looking Up a Portable Remote Object and Invoking a Method

import javax.naming.*;
import java.rmi.RemoteException;
import javax.rmi.PortableRemoteObject;

// JRMP: name = "rmi://localhost/RObjectServer";

// IIOP: name = "iiop://localhost/RObjectServer";
try {
// Look up remote object
Object obj = new InitialContext().lookup(name);

// Cast to the appropriate type

RObject robj = (RObject)PortableRemoteObject.narrow(obj, RObject.class);

// Invoke method on remote object

robj.aMethod();
}
catch (NamingException e) {
}
catch (RemoteException e) {
}

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Code Samples from the Java Developers Almanac 2000

javax.swing.undo
Code Samples Index

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Adding Undo and Redo to a Text Component

JTextArea textarea = new JTextArea();

final UndoManager undo = new UndoManager();
Document doc = textarea.getDocument();

//The next two lines should be in one line.

doc.addUndoableEditListener(
new UndoableEditListener() {
The next two lines should be in one line.
public void undoableEditHappened(
UndoableEditEvent evt) {
undo.addEdit(evt.getEdit());
}
});

textarea.getActionMap().put("Undo",
new AbstractAction("Undo") {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent evt) {
try {
if (undo.canUndo()) {
undo.undo();
}
} catch (CannotUndoException e) {
}
}
});
textarea.getInputMap().put(KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(
"control Z"), "Undo");

textarea.getActionMap().put("Redo",
new AbstractAction("Redo") {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent evt) {
try {
if (undo.canRedo()) {
undo.redo();

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Code Samples from the Java Developers Almanac 2000

}
} catch (CannotRedoException e) {
}
}
});
textarea.getInputMap().put(KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(
"control Y"), "Redo");

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