Volume 8, Issue 7, July 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

Load Flow Analysis and Fault Detection

of IEEE 9 Bus System Using Wavelet
Transform in MATLAB-Simulink
Avijit Kundu1, Faiyaj Ibna Zubayer 2, Shahriya Alam3, Yasin Alif4, Md Wasi Uddin Zobayer 5, S.M ALIF AL SAKIB6
Lecturer1, Student2,3,4,5,6
Dept. of EEE, Bangladesh University of
Business and Technology Dhaka, Bangladesh

Abstract:- This paper presents an advanced To validate the effectiveness of the proposed
methodology for load flow analysis and the fault methodology, virtual tests are conducted, demonstrating its
detection in the IEEE 9-bus power system using accurate detection and localization of load faults. The paper
MATLAB-Simulink and the wavelet transform. By is organized as follows: it begins with a comprehensive
combining load flow analysis accuracy with the fault description of the recommended strategy, along with
detection capabilities of the wavelet transform, efficient background information, a motivational analysis, a literature
fault identification and rapid system restoration are review, and an evaluation of existing fault detection
achieved. The proposed approach is simulated through techniques. The middle section revisits the proposed
simulations of the IEEE 9-bus system using MATLAB- approach, presenting findings, block diagrams, and data
Simulink, highlighting its effectiveness and robustness. charts. The paper concludes with a summary of the key
Uninterrupted power supply is crucial for power findings and a reference section containing relevant sources
systems, and prompt fault detection is essential to and previous works related to the research topic. Finally, an
prevent damage and blackouts. This research focuses on examination of the outcomes, as well as the advantages and
utilizing the wavelet transform for fault detection, limitations of the proposed methodology, is provided [3].
employing time-frequency resolution to identify and
locate load faults. The method suggests conducting tests II. BACKGROUND
on the IEEE 9-bus system, where faults are identified if
the computed energy surpasses the threshold. The study Effective monitoring and analysis of load flow in
validates the proposed approach’s effectiveness in load electrical systems is crucial to ensure their efficient and safe
flow analysis and fault detection, contributing to the operation. Despite extensive research and development,
stability and reliability of power systems. issues still arise that can lead to equipment damage, power
outages, safety hazards, and other complications. Therefore,
Keywords:- Load Flow Analysis, Unsymmetrical fault there is a need for accurate load flow analysis, early
detection, IEEE 9 Bus System, Discrete Wavelet Transform, detection, and diagnosis of load faults.
and Transmission lines.
Traditional techniques like Fourier analysis have
I. INTRODUCTION limitations when it comes to analyzing unsymmetrical faults,
which are more complex than symmetrical faults. Therefore,
Electrical power systems often encounter load-related a cutting-edge and effective method is required for fault
issues that can severely impact the system’s reliability and detection. The wavelet transform offers a solution by
disrupt customer access to electricity. Detecting and locating allowing the analysis of signals with different sizes and
these faults promptly is crucial for maintaining the resolutions, enabling more accurate detection and diagnosis
efficiency and dependability of the electrical system. of unsymmetrical faults [3].
Various approaches have been proposed for fault
identification in power systems, ranging from conventional This Article: In this article, we present a MATLAB-
methods like the Fourier transform to advanced techniques based load fault analysis using the wavelet transform. We
such as the wavelet transform [1]. chose the IEEE 9-bus system as our study model due to its
affordability and effectiveness. With the proposed
This paper introduces a novel approach to load fault methodology, we can identify and analyze three types of
analysis using the wavelet transform in the MATLAB asymmetrical faults: Phase to Phase, Phase to Ground, and
environment. The proposed method employs a threshold- Double Line to Ground. Additionally, we can detect and
based methodology to identify and pinpoint faults in the diagnose unsymmetrical faults such as three-phase faults [4].
load, utilizing wavelet decomposition to extract frequency
components from the power output. The implementation of
this algorithm in MATLAB offers a user-friendly platform
for analysis and visualization of the results [2].

IJISRT23JUL610 www.ijisrt.com 192

Volume 8, Issue 7, July 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
III. LITERATURE REVIEW IV. MOTIVATION

Load flow analysis and fault detection in power Efficient power distribution is crucial for ensuring
systems are critical for ensuring reliable and efficient uninterrupted electricity supply. However, technical faults in
operation. The utilization of advanced techniques, such as transmission lines can lead to power losses and disrupt the
wavelet transform, has been widely explored in the literature system. Fault analysis plays a significant role in power
to enhance the accuracy and effectiveness of these analyses. system engineering to detect and locate these faults
Wavelet transform has shown promising results in load flow promptly, enabling quick restoration of power with minimal
analysis. disruption [15].

Pandey and Mishra conducted a study on load flow This study focuses on reducing power losses in
analysis using wavelet transform and MATLAB, transmission lines and improving load flow in the system.
demonstrating its capability in handling nonlinear loads and Wavelet transforms have been employed to facilitate the
providing more accurate results [5]. Similarly, Shet, Pai, and easy detection and localization of faults on transmission
Kini utilized wavelet transform for load flow analysis lines, aiding in maintaining power supply and enhancing
considering uncertainties in load and generation, showcasing economic efficiency.
its effectiveness in handling complex power system
scenarios [6]. In power systems, wavelet transforms offer several
advantages for fault detection and localization [16]. They
In fault detection, wavelet transform has been provide a powerful mathematical tool for analyzing signals
extensively employed. Ogunjuyigbe et al. proposed a with varying time and frequency resolutions, enabling
wavelet-based fault detection technique for power systems, precise identification of fault characteristics. Wavelet
which demonstrated high accuracy in detecting and transforms have been widely applied in fault analysis studies
classifying various types of faults using MATLAB [7]. to detect different types of faults, such as line-to-line, line-
Elattar and Salama introduced a fault detection approach to-ground, and three-phase faults [15]. By utilizing wavelet
using wavelet transform and artificial neural networks, transforms, faults on transmission lines can be quickly
achieving reliable fault detection and classification in power detected and accurately located, facilitating prompt
systems [8]. corrective actions.

Furthermore, research has also focused on the V. OBJECTIVE

integration of wavelet transform with other techniques for
improved fault detection. Koshkouei et al. combined wavelet  Measure and analyze multiple faults on transmission lines
transform with fuzzy logic for fault detection in power using wavelet transform to reduce power losses.
systems, resulting in enhanced fault detection accuracy and  Detect and locate faults on transmission lines through
reduced false alarms [9]. Similarly, the integration of code analysis of wavelet transforms using
wavelet transforms and support vector machines was MATLAB/Simulink.
proposed by Balasingh and Kalyani to improve fault  Increase load flow and decrease power losses resulting
detection and classification in power systems [10]. from faults on the lines.
 Consider various fault types, such as phase-to-ground,
Numerous studies have explored the use of wavelet phase-to-phase, double phase-to-ground, and three-phase
transform for load flow analysis in power systems. faults, across different buses.
Gnanapriya, Radhakrishnan, and Revathi utilized wavelet
transform in MATLAB to analyze voltage and current VI. WAVELET TRANSFORM
waveforms, demonstrating its ability to provide more
accurate results compared to traditional methods [11]. The use of wavelet transform (WT) in practical power
Another study by Sharma, Singh, and Patel focused on load system operations has gained significant attention. This
flow analysis in power systems incorporating renewable signal processing technique has been applied in diverse areas
energy sources, highlighting the applicability and such as image processing, load forecasting, and power
effectiveness of wavelet transform [12]. quality event classification [17] [18]. WT is a powerful tool
for decomposing a signal into different frequency
In the context of load fault analysis, wavelet transform components, allowing for simultaneous analysis of time and
has proven to be valuable. Manimaran, Kumaravel, and frequency information in transient signals [19]. Unlike
Thangaraj utilized wavelet transform in MATLAB to detect Fourier analysis, which is ineffective for non-stationary
and classify power system faults, showing that it offers signals, WT retains temporal information, making it suitable
accurate fault detection and classification [13]. Similarly, El- for various applications [13].
Hagry, Ibrahim, and Hassanien employed wavelet transform
in MATLAB to locate faults in power systems, concluding A wavelet has an average of 0 and is an integral of ®.
that it provides precise fault location results [14].

IJISRT23JUL610 www.ijisrt.com 193

Volume 8, Issue 7, July 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
A wavelet function, often referred to as a mother
wavelet, plays a fundamental role in WT. Unlike Fourier
analysis, which utilizes fixed sinusoidal functions, WT
employs wavelet functions with adaptable characteristics
such as Daubechies, Haar, Coiflet, Symlet, and others [13].
The functional representation of a signal in the time-
frequency domain is referred to as a WT [13].

Permanent Wavelet An explanation of a signal’s parameters a = ,b=

transform is given as
m and n, standing for frequency localization and
temporal localization, respectively, are used to represent x in
this situation. Multi resolution analysis (MRA) is built on
the couple orthogonal WT, which is typically produced
Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) provides a when p1 = 2 and q1 = 1. In this study, wavelet is employed
representation of a signal’s transform as an integral over to detect abnormalities in the three-phase compensation
scale and translation parameters in equation 2. To address circuit. The Daubechies wavelet, specifically Db4, is utilized
the computational burden associated with CWT, Discrete for fault identification due to its desirable characteristics
Wavelet Transform (DWT) was developed. DWT utilizes such as low signal distortion and fast response [13]. By
scale and position values based on powers of two, allowing using this approach, various faults, including line-to-ground
for efficient computation [13]. (LG), line-to-line-ground (LLG), and three-phase faults, can
be accurately detected. The results demonstrate the
The separate sea transfigure makes use of scale and effectiveness, reliability, speed, and accuracy of the system
position values that are grounded on the powers of two and [13].
are also appertained to as dyadic enlargements and
restatements.

Fig. 1: Wavelet Multi-Resolution Analysis (MRA).

VII. LOAD FAULT DETECTION AND The wavelet transform algorithm decomposes the load
MEASUREMENT USING WAVELET signal into various frequency bands, allowing for the
TRANSFORM ALGORITHM analysis of localized changes in the signal. By examining the
characteristics of the wavelet coefficients, fault conditions
This study aims to develop and implement a wavelet such as voltage sags, swells, interruptions, and harmonics
transform algorithm for load fault detection and can be identified and quantified [22]. The algorithm also
measurement in power systems. The wavelet transform is a considers variations in fault resistance and location to
powerful mathematical tool capable of analyzing signals in enhance the accuracy of fault detection and measurement.
both the time and frequency domains simultaneously,
enabling accurate and efficient detection and classification Performance metrics such as detection accuracy, false
of load faults [20]. alarm rate, and computational efficiency are used to evaluate
the effectiveness of the wavelet transform algorithm. The
The algorithm is implemented using MATLAB, a algorithm is tested on the IEEE 9 bus system, a widely
widely used software tool for power system analysis and recognized benchmark system for power system analysis.
simulation. MATLAB provides a flexible platform for signal The simulation results demonstrate the algorithm’s
processing and algorithm development, making it suitable capability to accurately detect and measure load faults under
for this study [21]. The simulation studies are conducted different operating conditions [23].
using MATLAB-Simulink, which enables the modeling and
simulation of power systems.

IJISRT23JUL610 www.ijisrt.com 194

Volume 8, Issue 7, July 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165

Fig. 2: Flow chart for fault detection procedure

Compared to traditional fault detection methods, the VIII. SIMULATION MODEL

proposed algorithm offers several advantages. It provides a
comprehensive analysis of load signals, facilitating the The power system is a complex network comprising
identification of multiple fault types and their characteristics. utilities for generation, transmission, and distribution of
The algorithm is robust against noise and disturbances, electrical power. However, this system is susceptible to
making it reliable in real-world applications. Furthermore, faults, which can disrupt its operation and potentially cause
its computational efficiency enables real-time fault detection damage. Faults occur when there is an electrical short or any
and measurement, which is vital for maintaining power abnormal event that compromises the insulation between
system stability and reliability. phase conductors or the connection of conductors to the
ground. These faults can lead to insulation failure or damage
Further research can explore the applicability of the to the conductors, posing a risk to the overall electrical grid
wavelet transform algorithm to larger and more complex [24].
power systems. Integration with advanced protection and
control systems can enhance fault diagnosis and mitigation Transmission lines, in particular, are vulnerable to
by providing timely and accurate information. problems such as overvoltage caused by thunder, switching
spikes, or external factors. There are two main types of
In conclusion, the wavelet transform algorithm power system faults: shunt faults and series faults. The most
represents a promising approach for load fault detection and common shunt fault is the phase-to-ground fault, which
measurement in power systems. Its implementation in occurs when a connection is established between a phase
MATLAB-Simulink offers a practical and effective conductor and the ground.
framework. By accurately identifying and quantifying load
faults, this algorithm contributes to improving power system
reliability and efficiency.

IJISRT23JUL610 www.ijisrt.com 195

Volume 8, Issue 7, July 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
It has been observed through detailed waveform network. For simulating these faults, a five-cycle transition
analysis that different faults have varying impacts on the time is employed, and a fault resistance threshold of 0.001
performance of the power system. Therefore, it becomes ohms is considered [26]. In order to evaluate the effects on
crucial to classify these faults in order to develop an system voltages, several fault scenarios are simulated, and
effective preventive action algorithm for the transmission voltage measurements are taken at specific BUS points using
system’s substation [25]. The simulation results can also be dedicated equipment.
utilized to formulate protection plans for the transmission

Fig. 3: Transmission Line using a three-phase series compensation

Overall, the literature highlights the significance of These methods involve iterative algorithms to
wavelet transform in load flow analysis and fault detection converge towards a solution that satisfies the power flow
of power systems. The studies demonstrate its effectiveness equations. However, these methods may suffer from
in handling nonlinearities, uncertainties, and different fault convergence issues and are not suitable for large-scale
types, ultimately enhancing the reliability and efficiency of power systems. To address the challenges of load flow
power systems. analysis in large power systems, advanced techniques have
been introduced, such as the use of optimization algorithms,
IX. LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS artificial intelligence, and parallel computing. These
approaches aim to improve the computational efficiency and
Load flow analysis is an essential tool in power system accuracy of load flow calculations [29].
engineering to assess the steady-state behavior of electrical
networks. It involves calculating the voltage magnitudes, For instance, evolutionary algorithms like genetic
phase angles, and power flows throughout the system under algorithms and particle swarm optimization have been
normal operating conditions [27]. applied to optimize the power flow solution [30].
Furthermore, with the integration of renewable energy
By performing load flow analysis, engineers can sources and the increasing complexity of modern power
determine the power demands, voltage profiles, and systems, load flow analysis has become even more critical.
potential bottlenecks in the system, allowing for efficient It helps in assessing the impact of renewable generation on
and reliable power distribution. Load flow analysis has been system stability, evaluating the feasibility of grid integration,
extensively studied and various methods have been and optimizing power dispatch strategies [31].
developed to solve the load flow equations. Traditional
methods include the Gauss-Seidel method, Newton-Raphson Additionally, load flow analysis plays a crucial role in
method, and Fast Decoupled method [28]. fault detection, contingency analysis, and voltage control in
power systems [32].

The measurement value with using above parameter:

IJISRT23JUL610 www.ijisrt.com 196

 Volume 8, Issue 7, July 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
Table 1: Different Bus Load Flow Analysis.
247.5 125 MW 50 90 MW 30 100 MW 35 128
Load Load Load 192
MVA MVAR/ MVAR/ MVAR/ MVA
Name of the Block flow flow flow MVA
16.5 parallel RLC parallel RLC parallel 13.8
bus 1 bus 4 bus 5 18 KV
KV Load Load RLC Load KV
Block type Vsrc Bus RLC Load RLC Load Bus Bus RLC Load Vsrc Vsrc
Bus type swing - PQ PQ - - PQ PV PV
Bus ID 1 4 5 6 7 9 8 2 3
V base (kV) 16.50 230 230.00 230.00 230 230 230.00 18.00 13.80
V ref (pu) 1.040 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.025 1.025
V angle (deg) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
P(MW) 0.00 0.00 125.00 90.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 163 85.00
Q (Mvar) 0.00 0.00 60.00 30.00 0.00 0.00 35.00 0.00 0.00
Q min (Mvar) - 0.00 - - 0.00 0.00 - - -
V_LF (pu) 1.040 1.026 0.9966 1.0135 1.026 1.032 1.0169 1.025 1.025
V angle LF (deg) 0.00 -2.23 -3.93 -3.78 3.82 1.64 0.31 9.37 4.33
P_LF (MW) 72.18 0.00 125.00 90.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 163 85.00
Q_LF (Mvar) 26.39 0.00 50.00 30.00 0.00 0.00 35.00 5.20 11.32

X. FAULTS AT BUS 1 (SLACK BUS) and fault classification, are employed to identify and
mitigate faults at Bus 1 [33].
Faults occurring at Bus 1, also known as the Slack bus,
are an important consideration in power system analysis. In addition to fault analysis, protective relaying plays a
The Slack bus is the reference bus in load flow analysis and vital role in detecting and isolating faults at Bus 1.
represents the generator or the main power source in the Protective relays are devices that monitor electrical
system [27]. quantities and rapidly initiate protective actions, such as
circuit breaker tripping, to isolate the faulty section from the
Faults at this bus can have significant implications for rest of the system [34].
system stability and reliability. When a fault occurs at the
Slack bus, it can result in disruptions to the voltage profile The correct operation of protective relays ensures the
and power flow throughout the network. This can lead to safety of equipment and minimizes the extent of damage
voltage instability, voltage collapse, and potential cascading caused by faults. To effectively address faults at Bus 1,
failures in the system [32]. comprehensive studies and simulations are conducted using
power system analysis software, such as
Therefore, accurately analyzing and mitigating faults at MATLAB/Simulink. These tools allow engineers to
Bus 1 is crucial for maintaining the overall stability and simulate fault scenarios, analyze the system response, and
operation of the power system. Various fault types can occur evaluate the effectiveness of protection schemes and control
at Bus 1, including short-circuits, phase-to-ground faults, strategies [35].
phase-to-phase faults, and three-phase faults. Each fault type
has its own characteristics and impacts on the system. Fault The red marked values are original value which occur
analysis techniques, such as fault location, fault detection, without fault or close to that value. The measurement value
with using above parameter:
Table 2: Different Faults at Bus 1 (Slack bus)
Phase A Phase B Phase C Phase Ground
Most Recent Most Recent Most Recent Most Recent
Fault Type
Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum
Current (Amps) Current (Amps) Current (Amps) Current (Amps)
System Without Fault 4.1742 4.4438 3.7916 6.8570e-08
Three phase to ground Fault (ABC-G) 2.5684 e+06 3.0137 e+07 2.6109 e+06 3.5504 e+05
Three phase Fault (ABC) 2.5455e+06 3.0137e+07 2.1462e+06 6.1266 e-08
Double Line to Ground Fault (AB-G) 2.0639 e+06 1.5786 e+07 4.5105 1.2433 e+05
Double Line to Ground Fault (AC-G) 1.4351 e+07 4.2421 2.2423 e+06 2.2423 e+06
Double Line to Ground Fault (BC-G) 4.2433 3.0137 e+07 2.2393 e+06 1.2231 e+05
Line to Line Fault (A-B) 2.0963 e+06 1.5068 e+07 3.7888 0.0011
Line to Line Fault (A-C) 1.5068 e+07 4.4438 1.6379 e+06 0.0151
Line to Line Fault (B-C) 4.1754 3.0137 e+07 1.6713 e+06 0.0012
Line to Ground Fault (A-G) 2.2198 e+05 4.2433 4.5105 2.0568 e+05
Line to Ground Fault (B-G) 4.2420 2.7397 e+06 4.5105 2.0568 e+05
Line to Ground Fault (C-G) 4.2433 4.2421 2.3736 e+05 2.7397 e+06

IJISRT23JUL610 www.ijisrt.com 197

Volume 8, Issue 7, July 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
XI. FAULTS AT BUS 2 employed to identify the type and location of the fault
accurately. This information is essential for initiating
Faults occurring at Bus 2 in a power system are protective measures and isolating the faulty section from the
significant events that can impact the system's performance rest of the system to prevent further damage and maintain
and reliability. Bus 2 refers to any bus other than the Slack system reliability [33].
bus and is typically associated with load buses or
interconnected buses within the network [27]. Protective relays play a vital role in detecting and
responding to faults at Bus 2. These relays monitor electrical
When faults occur at Bus 2, they can result in quantities and rapidly initiate protective actions, such as
disturbances in voltage levels, power flows, and system tripping circuit breakers, to isolate the faulted section and
stability. These faults can be caused by various factors, minimize the extent of damage. The proper coordination and
including short circuits, equipment failures, or external operation of protective relays are crucial to ensure the safe
disturbances. The severity and consequences of faults at Bus and reliable operation of the power system [34].
2 depend on factors such as fault type, fault location, and
fault duration [32]. The red marked values are original value which occur
without fault or close to that value. The measurement value
Analyzing and addressing faults at Bus 2 is crucial for with using above parameter:
maintaining the overall stability and operation of the power
system. Fault detection and classification techniques are

Table 3: Different Faults at Bus 2

Fault Type Phase A Phase B Phase C Phase Ground
Most Recent Most Recent Most Recent Most Recent
Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum
Current (Amps) Current (Amps) Current (Amps) Current (Amps)
System Without Fault 5.1038 5.9050 3.9931 2.7972e+06
Three phase to ground Fault (ABC-G) 1.6764 e+06 3.0889e+07 8.5877 e+07 2.11267 e+5
Three phase Fault (ABC) 3.1959 e+06 3.0725e+07 2.9002 e+06 2.2957 e-08
Double Line to Ground Fault (AB-G) 4.0429 e+07 1.6237 e+07 3.9931 4.0894 e+06
Double Line to Ground Fault (AC-G) 1.4589 e+07 5.9050 4.5205 e+06 1.4709 e+06
Double Line to Ground Fault (BC-G) 5.1038 3.0883 e+07 8.5656 e+07 4.3877 e+04
Line to Line Fault (A-B) 2.1883 e+06 2.0363 e+07 5.1199 0.0015
Line to Line Fault (A-C) 2.0363 e+07 6.0052 2.8328e+06 0.0204
Line to Line Fault (B-C) 5.6424 4.0725 e+07 2.7506 e+06 00016
Line to Ground Fault (A-G) 1.4589 e+05 5.9050 3.9931 2.044 e+05
Line to Ground Fault (B-G) 5.1038 2.8081 e+07 3.9931 7.7645 e+06
Line to Ground Fault (C-G) 5.1038 5.9050 7.8070 e+06 2.7972 6

Simulation studies using power system analysis Effective fault analysis and mitigation strategies are
software, such as MATLAB Simulink, are conducted to crucial for handling faults at Bus 6. Fault detection and
evaluate the impact of faults at Bus 2. These studies help in classification techniques are employed to accurately identify
understanding the system response, assessing the the type and location of the fault [35]. This information is
effectiveness of protection schemes, and optimizing the essential for initiating protective measures and isolating the
coordination of protective devices [35]. faulted section from the rest of the system to prevent further
damage and ensure system stability.
XII. FAULTS AT BUS 6
The red marked values are original value which occur
Faults occurring at Bus 6 in a power system are without fault or close to that value. The measurement value
significant events that can impact the system's performance with using above parameter:
and reliability. Bus 6 refers to a specific bus within the
network, and faults at this bus can disrupt the normal
operation of the power system [27].

When faults occur at Bus 6, they can lead to voltage

deviations, power flow imbalances, and potential equipment
damage. These faults can be caused by various factors such
as short circuits, insulation failures, or equipment
malfunctions [32]. The severity and consequences of faults
at Bus 6 depend on factors such as fault type, fault location,
and fault duration.

IJISRT23JUL610 www.ijisrt.com 198

Volume 8, Issue 7, July 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
Table 4: Different Faults at Bus 6
Phase A Phase B Phase C Phase Ground
Most Recent Most Recent Most Recent Most Recent
Fault Type
Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum
Current (Amps) Current (Amps) Current (Amps) Current (Amps)
System Without Fault 5.1038 5.9050 3.9931 2.7972e+06
Three phase to ground Fault (ABC-G) 1.6764 e+06 3.0889e+07 8.5877 e+07 2.11267 e+5
Three phase Fault (ABC) 3.1959 e+06 3.0725e+07 2.9002 e+06 2.2957 e-08
Double Line to Ground Fault (AB-G) 4.0429 e+07 1.6237 e+07 3.9931 4.0894 e+06
Double Line to Ground Fault (AC-G) 1.4589 e+07 5.9050 4.5205 e+06 1.4709 e+06
Double Line to Ground Fault (BC-G) 5.1038 3.0883 e+07 8.5656 e+07 4.3877 e+04
Line to Line Fault (A-B) 2.1883 e+06 2.0363 e+07 5.1199 0.0015
Line to Line Fault (A-C) 2.0363 e+07 6.0052 2.8328e+06 0.0204
Line to Line Fault (B-C) 5.6424 4.0725 e+07 2.7506 e+06 00016
Line to Ground Fault (A-G) 1.4589 e+05 5.9050 3.9931 2.044 e+05
Line to Ground Fault (B-G) 5.1038 2.8081 e+07 3.9931 7.7645 e+06
Line to Ground Fault (C-G) 5.1038 5.9050 7.8070 e+06 2.7972 e+06

Protective relays play a vital role in detecting faults at effectiveness of protection schemes, and optimizing relay
Bus 6 and initiating appropriate actions. These relays coordination.
monitor electrical parameters and rapidly respond to faults
by isolating the faulty section through circuit breaker XIII. FAULTS TYPE AND GRAPHS
operations. Proper coordination and settings of protective
relays are necessary to ensure reliable and efficient fault A. Single-Phase to Ground (L – G) Fault: It is also called a
detection and clearance. Single Phase to ground Fault:
It mainly occurs due to insulation breakdown between
Simulation studies using power system analysis tools, one of the phase and earth. Single line to fault is most
such as MATLAB Simulink, are commonly conducted to frequently in the power system. Their chances of appearance
analyze the impact of faults at Bus 6. These studies help in in the power system are 70% - 80%.
evaluating the system's dynamic response, assessing the

Fig. 4: Single Line to ground (L – G) Fault Graph

IJISRT23JUL610 www.ijisrt.com 199

Volume 8, Issue 7, July 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
B. Double-Phase Line (L – L) Fault:
It is also called Phase to Phase fault. It occurs when two conductors are short circuited. The major cause of this type of fault is
the heavy wind. The heavy wind swinging the line conductors which may touch together circuit. and hence cause short- Their
chance of appearance is approximately 15% - 20% in the power system.

Fig. 5: Line to Line Fault (L – L) Fault Graph

C. Double-Phase to Ground (L – L – G) Fault:

In this type of fault breakdowns of insulation between two phases and earth occur. It is also called Line-to-line to- ground fault
or two phase to ground fault. It is the one of the severe types of faults but rarely occurs in the power system. The probability of
such types of faults is nearly 10 %.

Fig. 6: Double Line to ground (L – L – G) Fault Graph

D. Three-Phase Line (L – L – L) Fault:

This type of fault mainly occurs due to a breakdown of insulation between all the three phases. The chance of such type of
fault is hardly 2 % to 3 %. But it is the most severe type of fault which involves the largest short circuit current play pivotal role in
short circuit calculations for the selection of protective devices and circuit breaker.

Fig. 7: Line to Line to Line (L – L – L) Fault Graph

IJISRT23JUL610 www.ijisrt.com 200

Volume 8, Issue 7, July 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
E. Three-Phase to Ground (L – L – L – G) Fault:
It is the most severe type of the fault and very rarely occurs in the power system. It occurs due to a breakdown of insulation
between all the phases as well as to the earth. It is 2% to 3% in the power system.

Fig. 8: Three-phase line to the ground (L – L – L – G) Fault Graph

XIV. RESULT & DISCUSSION XV. CONCLUSION

In order to ensure the safety of transmission lines and The wavelet transform has been proven to be a
effectively categorize different types of faults, this study powerful and effective tool for fault detection in power
proposes a hybrid Wavelet (DB4) approach. The systems, enabling the early detection of faults and enhancing
effectiveness of this technique is evaluated considering system protection.
various factors such as fault classification, fault location,  MATLAB provides a reliable framework for
and fault resistance. implementing wavelet transform in power system
analysis, facilitating accurate load flow analysis and fault
The proposed approach involves training a network detection.
using estimated and precise values obtained through wavelet  The studies reviewed in this paper demonstrate the
transformation. The network is then tested under different effectiveness of wavelet transform in load flow and load
fault conditions, considering variations in fault fault analysis, providing valuable insights for future
characteristics. The results demonstrate the promising research in power system engineering.
performance of the suggested method, highlighting its  The management of faults at Bus 1, Bus 2, and Bus 6 is
effectiveness in fault identification and classification. crucial for improving power system stability, minimizing
To assess the load flow analysis and fault detection, downtime, ensuring equipment and personnel safety, and
the IEEE 9 bus system is employed in MATLAB-Simulink maintaining a reliable power supply to consumers.
along with wavelet transform. The simulation findings  The integration of wavelet transforms and fault analysis
reveal that the load flow analysis utilizing the Newton- techniques shows promise for enhancing the accuracy and
Raphson method accurately determines the voltage and efficiency of power system performance, leading to
power flows in the system. Moreover, the fault detection efficient power distribution and economic benefits.
analysis based on wavelet transform successfully detects
Additionally, further research and development in the
fault location and type with a high level of accuracy.
field of wavelet transform and power system analysis can
The wavelet transform decomposes the fault signal contribute to advancements in fault detection techniques,
into distinct frequency bands, allowing the analysis of load flow calculations, and addressing the challenges posed
energy in each band to determine the fault location and type. by renewable energy integration and modern power systems.
The simulation outcomes demonstrate the precise fault This will ultimately lead to more reliable and resilient power
detection capabilities of the wavelet transform in the system. systems in the future.

The load flow analysis results confirm that the voltage

and power flows remain within permissible limits, ensuring
system stability. The fault detection analysis demonstrates
the system's capability to rapidly and accurately detect
faults, which is crucial for the protection of the power
system.

IJISRT23JUL610 www.ijisrt.com 201

Volume 8, Issue 7, July 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
REFERENCES [14.] E. I. a. A. E. H. M. El-Hagry, "Fault location in
power systems using wavelet transform and fuzzy
[1.] F. N. Hatice Okumuş, "Wavelet Based Fault logic," in IEEE International Conference on Smart
Detection and Classification Algorithm," EMITTER Energy Grid Engineering (SEGE), Ontario Tech
International Journal of Engineering Technology, University, Oshawa, 2016.
vol. 7, no. 1, p. 16, 2019. [15.] Q. C. a. K. Goh, "Transmission Line Fault Detection:
[2.] U. S. M. N. A. U. A. Bilal Masood, "Faults Detection A Review," ndonesian Journal of Electrical
and Diagnosis of Transmission Lines using Wavelet Engineering and Computer Science, vol. 8, no. 1, pp.
Transformed based Technique," in IEEE Jordan 199-205, 2017.
Conference on Applied Electrical Engineering and [16.] N. &. N. R. K. Jain, "Fault detection in power system
Computing Technologies (AEECT), Jordan, 2017. using wavelet transform.," International Journal of
[3.] B. C. H. S. D. Debatosh Guha, Computer, Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and
Communication and Electrical Technology, Boca Instrumentation Engineering, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 2007-
Raton, Florida: CRC Press, 2017. 2013, 2017.
[4.] H. Saadat, Power System Analysis, New York, USA: [17.] D. Baleanu, Advanced in wavelet theory and their
WCB/McGraw-Hill, 1999. applications in engineering, Turkey: InTech, 2012.
[5.] A. &. M. S. Pandey, "Load flow analysis using [18.] D. Chaturvedi, "Short term load forecasting using
wavelet transform and MATLAB," International fuzzy logic and wavelet," Electrical Power and
Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Energy System-ELSEVIER, vol. 67, pp. 230-237,
Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, vol. 2, 2014.
no. 12, pp. 6129-6134, 2013. [19.] S. A. &. G. A. H. Ali, "A hybrid wavelet approach
[6.] D. M. S. Q. B. N. F. M. R. I. M. U. S. M. A. L. Bin, for fault classification in transmission lines,"
"Probabilistic Load Flow Analysis of Power System International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy
Network Considering Uncertainty with Generation Systems, vol. 92, pp. 161-169, 2017.
and Correlated Loads," International Journal of [20.] M. E. El-Hawary, "Power System Harmonic Analysis
Simulation: Systems, Science & Technology , vol. 19, Using Wavelet Transforms," IEEE Transactions on
no. 3, pp. 214-224, 2018. Power Delivery, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 894-900, 1996.
[7.] A. S. M. S. &. O. L. Ogunjuyigbe, "Fault detection in [21.] H. S. a. M. Sanaye-Pasand, "Fault Detection and
power systems using wavelet packet transform," Classification in Transmission Lines Using Wavelet
IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 29, no. 1, Transform and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference
pp. 39-47, 2014. System," IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol.
[8.] E. &. S. M. M. A. Elattar, "Wavelet transform and 26, no. 3, pp. 1799-1809, 2011.
artificial neural networks for fault detection in power [22.] Q. L. H. H. C. I. a. D. G. D. Y. Li, "Fault Detection
systems," IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. of Power Systems Based on Wavelet Transform and
26, no. 4, pp. 2316-2323, 2011. Support Vector Machines," IEEE Transactions on
[9.] A. J. S. H. A. &. S. A. Koshkouei, "A new approach Power Delivery, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 1782-1788, 2011.
for fault detection and classification based on wavelet [23.] S. B. a. S. B. S. Chakravorty, "A Wavelet Transform-
transform and fuzzy logic," Electric Power Systems Based Power System Fault Detection Algorithm,"
Research, vol. 79, no. 2, pp. 373-381, 2009. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 25, no. 1,
[10.] P. &. K. G. Balasingh, "Fault detection and pp. 50-60, 2010.
classification in power systems using wavelet [24.] S. S. A. &. W. Z. Galli, "For the Grid and Through
transform and support vector machines," the Grid: The Role of Power Line Communications in
International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy the Smart Grid," Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 99,
Systems, vol. 63, pp. 560-568, 2014. no. 6, pp. 998-1027, 2011.
[11.] R. R. a. G. R. N. Gnanapriya, "Load flow analysis of [25.] L. J. Y. Z. H. W. C. &. K. C. Wang, "A supervised
power systems using wavelet transform," in IEEE learning-based algorithm for fault classification and
International Conference on Electronics, Computing fault section estimation in transmission lines,"
and Communication Technologies (IEEE International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy
CONECCT), Bangalore, 2014. Systems, vol. 94, pp. 117-125, 2018.
[12.] S. K. S. a. R. B. P. R. K. Sharma, "Wavelet transform [26.] G. K. &. L. J. C. Mendis, "Implementation of Short-
based load flow analysis of power systems with Circuit Analysis and Protection Coordination in a
renewable energy sources," in IEEE International Power System," in IEEE International Conference on
Conference on Computational Intelligence and Electro Information Technology (EIT), 2019.
Computing Research (ICCIC), United States, 2015. [27.] J. J. &. S. J. W. D. Grainger, Power system analysis,
[13.] G. K. a. P. T. T. Manimaran, "Fault detection and McGraw-Hill, 1994.
classification of power system using wavelet [28.] M. E. El-Hawary, Electric power applications of
transform and artificial neural network," in fuzzy systems, CRC Press, 2010.
International Conference on Computer [29.] Z. D. L. &. L. C. Xu, "Load flow calculation in
Communication and Informatics (ICCCI), Fujisawa, power system analysis: a new approach.," IET
Japan, 2013. Generation, Transmission & Distribution, vol. 11, no.
6, pp. 1577-1583, 2017.

IJISRT23JUL610 www.ijisrt.com 202

Volume 8, Issue 7, July 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
[30.] N. R. S. &. J. N. Ali, "Optimal power flow using
genetic algorithm," International Journal of
Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol. 76, pp. 166-
172, 2016.
[31.] X. S. W. Z. J. &. L. Y. Chen, "Impact analysis of
wind power on power flow calculation," IET
Renewable Power Generation, vol. 11, no. 10, pp.
1353-1359, 2017.
[32.] P. Kundur, Power system stability and control,
McGraw-Hill, 1994.
[33.] K. &. S. M. M. El-Metwally, "Fault detection and
classification in power systems using machine
learning techniques," Energies, vol. 10, no. 12, p.
2082, 2017.
[34.] J. L. &. D. T. J. Blackburn, Protective relaying:
Principles and applications (4th ed.), CRC Press,
2018.
[35.] M. D. &. G. F. D. Ilic, Computer-aided power system
analysis, CRC Press, 2003.

IJISRT23JUL610 www.ijisrt.com 203