Cs504

Most Important & Repeated Question Midterm Cs504

Cs504
Software Engineering-1
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 Most Important & Repeated Question Midterm Cs504

Short Question
2+3 Marks
Question No 1

What is software?
Answer
When we write a program for computer we named it as software. But software is not just
aprogram; many things other than the program are also included in software.

Question No 2
Adding user interface detail in the SRS is controversial a creative process i.e by adding GUI
detail to the SRS document, focus e shift from what to how (analysis design) do you agree ?

Answer
Yes I am agree because Client appreciates more the contents of the SRS document if our SRS
document contains the GUI details than if we don’t have them there.

Question No 3

How many items in software? Write name

Answer
❖ Program
❖ Data
❖ Documentation

Question No 4
Define data flow diagram

Answer
A data flow diagram (DFD) is a graphical representation of the “flow” of data through an
information system, modeling its process aspects. Often they are a preliminary step used to
create an overview of the system which can later be elaborated.

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Question No 5
What is Engineering?

Answer
The process of productive use of scientific knowledge is called engineering.

Question No 6

Define cohesion?
Answer
Cohesion is an internal property of a module. Cohesion describes the intra-component linkages
while couple shows the inter-component linkages. Cohesion measures the independence of a
module.

Question No 7
Difference between Software and Other Systems. (marks 3)
Answer

If the software has a bug and that bug was present in the older CD then that will remain in the
new one. This is a fundamental difference between software and other systems

Question No 8

Keeping connie’s case study in mind, as discussed in lecture, list down whole parts structures
which were identified.
Answer
Identify Whole-Part Structures

A store as a whole is made up of cashiers, registers, and items.

A register contains a cash drawer.
A sale is constituted of sale line items.

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Question No 9

What is elaborated Use case? Explain it

Answer
After the derivation of the use case model, each use is elaborated by adding detail of
interaction between the user and the software system. An elaborated use case has the
following components:
Use Case Name, actors, summary, precondition, post-condition, extend, uses, normal course of
events, alternative path, exception, assumption.

Question No 10
How many software Engineering phase? And write the name.
Answer
There are four basic phase of S.E
1.Vision

2.Definition
3.Development
4.Maintenance

Question No 11
Define Motivation of GUI?
Answer
Motivation for GUI

➢ System users often judge a system by its interface rather than its functionality
➢ A poorly designed interface can cause a user to make catastrophic errors
➢ Poor user interface design is the reason why so many software systems are never used

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Question No 12

Define abstraction?
Answer
An abstraction is a technique in which we construct a model of an entity based upon its
essential characteristics and ignore the inessential details.

Question No 13
Is the design of software architecture a creative process?
Answer

Design of software architecture is a creative and iterative process. This involves performing a
number of activities, not necessarily in any particular order or sequence.

Question No 14
What is Ambiguity?

Answer
Ambiguity means that two different readers of the same document interpret theruirement
differently.

Question No 15
Suppose you are working as a software engineer involved in the development of an e-
commerce website. What are the 2 most important characteristics your software must have?
Answer

Two most important characteristics are that software should be reliable and useable.

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Question No 16

Differentiate between architectural design and system architecture in a single line?

Answer
Architecture faces towards strategy, structure and purpose, towards the abstract while Design
faces towards implementation and practice, towards the concrete.

Question No 17
Write the name of Delete Information use case?
Answer

There are two existing use cases

1.Record Transaction
2.Cancel Transaction

Question No 18

Define Asynchronous Messages

Answer
Asynchronous Messages
Asynchronous messages are “signals,” denoted by a half arrow. They do not block the caller.
Asynchronous messages typically perform the following actions:
➢ Create a new thread
➢ Create a new object
Communicate with a thread that is already running

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Question No 19
Define Synchronous Messages?

Answer
Synchronous Messages
Synchronous messages are “call events” and are denoted by the full arrow. They represent
nested flow of control which is typically implemented as an operation call. In case of a
synchronous message, the caller waits for the called routine to complete its operation before
moving forward.

Question No 20

UML stands for…..?

Answer
Unified Modeling Language

Question No 21

HOW DO YOU DETERMINE THAT AN OBJECTIVE BELONGS TO CERTAIN CLASS?

Answer
The basic unit of object oriented design is an object. An object can be defined as a tangible
entity that exhibits some well defined behavior. The structure and behavior of similar objects
are defined in their common class. A class specifies an interface and defines an implementation.

Question No 22
Define cohesion?

Answer
Cohesion is an internal property of a module. Cohesion describes the intra-component linkages
while couple shows the inter-component linkages. Cohesion measures the independence of a
module

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Question No 23
What is meant by “System’s Static View”?

Answer
Static view of semantic classes
Requirements are assessed and classes are extracted (and represented) as part of the analysis
model.

Static view of attributes

Every class must be explicitly described. The attributes associated with the class provide a
description of the class.
Static view of relationships

Objects are “connected” to one another in a variety of ways. The analysis model must represent
these.
Static view of behaviors
The relationships just noted define a set of behaviors that accommodate the usage scenario
(use-cases) of the system

Question No 24
Define abstraction?
Answer

An abstraction is a technique in which we construct a model of an entity based upon

Question No 25
What is Common Mistakes in Data Flow Diagrams? (marks 2)

Answer
❖ There is no input for the process Freeze Member Account
❖ In a similar manner, the process Create a New Member Account does not produce any
output.

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Question No 26
What is STD?

Answer
STD stands for State transition diagrams. This is another technique to document domain
knowledge. This is an easy technique to design a Application application.

Question No 27
What is behavior driven perceptive of an objective?
Answer
Behavior is how an object acts and reacts in terms of its state changes and message passing.
The behavior of an object is completely defined by its actions. A message is some action that
one object performs upon another in order to elicit a reaction. The operations that clients may
perform upon an object are called methods.

Question No 28

What is Textual Analysis? Explain it

Answer
Textual analysis was developed by Abbot and then extended by Graham and others. In this
technique different parts of speech are identified within the text of the specification and these
parts are modeled using different components.

Question No 29
What is Software Architecture?

Answer
Architecture is the organizational structure of a system. Architecture can be recursively
decomposed into parts that interact through interfaces, relationships that connect parts, and
constraints for assembling parts. Parts that interact through interfaces include classes,
components and subsystems.

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Question No 30

Define life line of objects ?

Answer
The boxes denote objects (or classes), the solid lines depict messages being sent from one
object to the other in the direction of the arrow, and the dotted lines are called life-lines of
objects..

Question No 31
Define Attributes ?

Answer
The first two activities would identify most of the objects (classes) in the problem domain. Now
is the time to think about the role and responsibilities of these objects. The first thing to
consider is their attributes,

Question No 32
How many types of Identify Structures?
Answer
There are two type of structures

Generalization-Specialization (Gen-Spec) and whole-part.

Question No 33
Define problem statement?

Answer
A simple cash register has a display, an electronic wire with a plug, and a numeric keypad,
which has keys for subtotal, tax, and total. This cash storage device has a total key, which
triggers the release on the drawer.

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Question No 34
What is Textual Analysis? Explain it
Answer

Textual analysis was developed by Abbot and then extended by Graham and others. In this
technique different parts of speech are identified within the text of the specification and these
parts are modeled using different components.

Question No 35
What is the purpose of collaboration diagrams?
Answer
Collaboration diagrams can also be used to depict the dynamic behavior of a system. They show
how objects interact with respect to organizational units (boundaries!). Collaboration diagrams
can also show synchronous, Asynchronous, create, and destroy message using the same
notation as used in sequence diagrams.

Question No 36

Differentiate between architectural design and system architecture in a single line?

Answer
Architecture faces towards strategy, structure and purpose, towards the abstract while Design
faces towards implementation and practice, towards the concrete.

Question No 37
What is the difference between Aggregation and Association?
Answer

As compared to association, aggregation implies a tighter coupling between the two objects
which are involved in this relationship. Therefore, one way to differentiate between
aggregation and association is that if the two objects are tightly coupled, that is, if they cannot
exist independently, it is an aggregation, and if they are usually considered as independent, it is
an association.

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Question No 38
It is fact that good design makes maintenance easier. Which design principle help this to be
achieved?

Answer
A good design from one angle may not seem to be suitable when looked from a different
perspective. For example, a design that yields efficient and compact code may not be very easy
to maintain. In order to establish whether a particular design is good or not, we therefore have
to look at the project and application requirements.

Question No 39
What are architectural designs Process, explain briefly?

Answer
System structuring
System structuring is concerned with decomposing the system into interacting sub-systems.
The system is decomposed into several principal sub-systems and communications between
these sub-systems are identified.

Control modeling
Control modeling establishes a model of the control relationships between the different parts
of the system.
Modular decomposition

During this activity, the identified sub-systems are decomposed into modules. This design
process is further elaborated in the following section where architectural views are discussed.

Question No 40

Keeping in mind the Connie’s case study, what rule of thumbs was identified, list them down.
Answer
Who I Know – Rules of Thumb
➢ An actor knows about its participants person knows about cashier
➢ A transaction knows about its participants a session knows about its register and cashier
➢ A transaction contains its transaction line items sale contains its sales line items
➢

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➢ A transaction knows its sub transactions session knows about its sales sale knows about
its payments
➢ A place knows about its transactions store knows about its sessions
➢ A place knows about its descriptive objects store knows about its tax categories
➢ A container knows about its contents a store knows about its cashiers, items, and
registers

Question No 41
The CPU of a computer consists of an ALU and a CU. Intel and AMD are two types of CPUs,
which are widely used in computers. Users of computers can be either novices or experts.
Consider the following classes.
(i) CPU and AMD
(ii) User and Computer
(iii) CPU and ALU

Answer
CPU and AMD
There is relationship between CPU and AMD is “A kind of” type as AMD is a kind of CPU.
User and Computer

The relationship between User and Computer is “simple Association” type as there is weak
relationship between user and computer.
CPU and ALU
Relationship between CPU and ALU is “composition” type as ALU is a part of CPU.

Question No 42
How can we decrease Coupling explain it?
Answer

That is, we can reduce the coupling of a system by minimizing the number of messages in the
protocol of a class.

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Question No 43
Define data flow diagram?

Answer
A data flow diagram (DFD) is a graphical representation of the “flow” of data through an
information system, Modeling its process aspects. Often they are a preliminary step used to
create an overview of the system which can later be elaborated.

Question No 1

What is the Cardinality of Objective?

Answer
Cardinality. The data model must be capable of representing the number of occurrences
Objects in a given relationship. Tillmann [TIL93] defines the cardinality of an object/relationship
pair in the following manner:
➢ One-to-one (l:l)—An occurrence of [object] ‘A’ can relate to one and only one
occurrence of [object] ‘B,’ and an occurrence of ‘B’ can relate to only one occurrence of
‘A.’
➢ One-to-many (l:N)—One occurrence of [object] ‘A’ can relate to one or many
occurrences of [object] ‘B,’ but an occurrence of ‘B’ can relate to only one occurrence
of ‘A.’ For example, a mother can have many children, but a child can have only one
mother.
➢ Many-to-many (M:N)—An occurrence of [object] ‘A’ can relate to one or more
occurrences of ‘B,’ while an occurrence of ‘B’ can relate to one or more occurrences of
‘A.’ For example, an uncle can have maany nephews, while a nephew can have many
uncles.

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Question No 2
What parameters are used to measure and analyze design quality?
Answer

A software design can be looked at from different angles and different parameters can be used
to measure and analyze its quality. These parameters include efficiency, compactness,
reusability, and maintainability. A good design from one angle may not seem to be suitable
when looked from a different perspective. For example, a design that yields efficient and
compact code may not be very easy to maintain. In order to establish whether a particular
design is good or not, we therefore have to look at the project and application requirements.

Question No 3

Discuss some of the purpose of interacting diagram?

Answer
The purposes of interaction diagrams are to visualize the interactive behaviour of the system.
Now visualizing interaction is a difficult task. So the solution is to use different types of models
to capture the different aspects of the interaction.

That is why sequence and collaboration diagrams are used to capture dynamic nature but from
a different angle.
So the purposes of interaction diagram can be describes as:
To capture dynamic behaviour of a system.

To describe the message flow in the system.

To describe structural organization of the objects.
To describe interaction among objects.

Question No 4
What should be consideration for maintain design?
Answer
In order to make a design that is maintainable, it should be understandable and the changes
should be local in effect. That is, it should be such that a change in some part of the system
should not affect other parts of the system. This is achieved by applying the principles of

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modularity, abstraction, and separation of concern. If applied properly, these principles yield a
design that is said to be more cohesive and loosely coupled and thus is easy to maintain.

Question No 5
To manage the complexity of the system we need to apply the principle of abstraction.
Discuss briefly?
Answer

An abstraction is a technique in which we construct a model of an entity based upon its

essential characteristics and ignore the inessential details. The principle of abstraction also
helps us in handling the inherent complexity of a system by allowing us to look at its important
external characteristic, at the same time, hiding its inner complexity. Hiding the internal details
is called encapsulation.

Question No 6
Discuss the relationship between sequence diagram and logical complexity?
Answer

It is important to understand that the diagrams are meant to make things clear. Therefore, in
order to keep them simple, special attentions should be paid to the conditional logic. If it is
simple then there is no harm in adding it to the diagram. On the other hand if the logic is
complex then we should draw separate diagrams like flow charts.

Question No 7
What is action-oriented approach for Software Design?
Answer

In the case of action-oriented approach, data is decomposed according to functionality

requirements. That is, decomposition revolves around function. In the OO approach,
decomposition of a problem revolves around data. Action-oriented paradigm focuses only on
the functionality of a system and typically ignores the data until it is required. Object- oriented
paradigm focuses both on the functionality and the data at the same time. The basic difference
between these two is decentralized control mechanism versus centralized control mechanism
respectively. Decentralization gives OO the ability to handle essential complexity better than
action-oriented approach.

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Question No 8
Collaboration Diagrams depict Dynamic behavior of the system, explain it.

Answer
Collaboration diagrams
Collaboration diagrams can also be used to depict the dynamic behavior of a system. They show
how objects interact with respect to organizational units (boundaries!).

Since a boundary shapes communication between system and outside world e.g. user interface
or other system, collaboration diagrams can be used to show this aspect of the system. The
sequence of messages determined by numbering such as 1, 2, 3, 4, This shows which operation
calls which other operation.

Question No 9
What is the importance of Classification in identifying Classes and objects?
Answer
Consider a large university library. Tens of thousands of books, periodicals, and other
information resources are available for use. But to access these resources, a categorization
scheme must be developed. To navigate this large volume of information, librarians have
defined a classification scheme that includes a Library of Congress classification code,
keywords, author names, and other index entries. All enable the user to find the needed
resource quickly and easily.

Question No 10
Narrate some of the architectural design guidelines that can help in addressing non-
functional requirements challenges.
Answer
Software architecture must address the non-functional as well as the functional requirements
of the software system. Following are some of the architectural design.

Performance –Performance can be enhanced by localizing operations to minimize sub-system

communication.

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That is, try to have self-contained modules as much as possible so that inter-module
communication is minimized.
Security –Security can be improved by using a layered architecture with critical assets put in
inner layers. Safety –Safety-critical components should be isolated
Availability –Availability can be ensured by building redundancy in the system and having
redundant components in the architecture.
Maintainability–Maintainability is directly related with simplicity. Therefore, maintainability
can be increased by using fine-grain, self-contained components.

Question No 11
Comparison of software architecture and Building architecture

Answer
When building a house, the architect, the general contractor, the electrician, the plumber, the
interior designer, and the landscaper all have different views of the structure. Although these
views are pictured differently, all are inherently related: together, they describe the building’s
architecture. The same is true with software architecture. Architectural design basically
establishes the overall structure of a software system.

Question No 12
Difference between computer science and software engineering?

Answer
When we use physics in making machines like engines or cars then it is called mechanical
engineering. And when we apply the knowledge of physics in developing electronic devices
then the process is called electrical engineering. The relation of computer science with software
engineering is similar as the relation of physics with the electrical, mechanical or civil
engineering or for that matter the relation of any basic science with any engineering field. So,
This is the process of utilizing our knowledge of computer science in effective production of
software systems.

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